TheFutureofIndianPolitics 10081570
TheFutureofIndianPolitics 10081570
TheFutureofIndianPolitics 10081570
AN N I E B E SAN T , D L
. .
F E LL O W O F B E N A RE S
U N I V ER S I T Y
AN D LI F E M E M B E R O F TH E U N I V E R S I T Y C O U RT
-
F E LL O W O F TH E N AT I O N A L U N I V ER S I T Y
T H E O SO P H I C A L P UB L I S HI N G H O USE
9 S . M r ti n
a
’
s St . I N D IA I n di a n B o o k S hop
L o n do n A D YAR M e do w S t r e e t
W . C 2 . AN D B E N AR E S B o m ba y
$ 5 4 8 0
C O PYR I G HT
In E ng l a n d, In d ia
TO A LL H ER C H I L DREN ,
W H I T E A ND C O L O URED ,
W H O HAV E W O R K ED S U FF ER E D AN D D I E D
,
F O R H ER
I N L O V E AN D L O Y A LTY ,
I N FA I TH I N H ER F UT U RE ,
H ER S ERV ANT
L AY s AT H ER F EE T TH I S L I TT L E B O O K
62 9 fi 3 fl
’ f
FO R E WO RD
T H I S bo o kl e t is i n t e n d e d t o o ff e r to th o s e
i n t e r e st e d in th e fat e o f I n d ia an d G r e at
Britai n a pi c tu r e sh o w i n g th e pr o bl e ms that
,
I n d ia has to s o lv e in th e n e ar futur e in c o n n e c
ti o n with S e lf D e t e rmi n ati o n an d S e lf G o v e r n
- -
m e n t an d in h e r d e cisi o n b e tw e e n s o litary
,
I n d e p en d en c e an d P art n e rship in a C o mm o n
w e alth o f Fr e e N ati o n s u n d e r t h e British
,
u n d e rsta n di n g an d t he d e cisio n o f th e s e t w o
supr e m e qu e sti o n s d e t e r mi n i n g t h e futur e O f
,
in t h e pr o bl e ms A n I n trodu c ti o n giv e s A
’
Bird s Ey e V i e w
-
o f th e r e lati o n s b e tw e e n
O f 1 9 1 4 I n d ian s in t h e War a n d t h e d e m a n d
, ,
fo r t h e r e c o g n iti o n O f I n d ia as a c o m p o n e n t
”
pa r t O f t h e E mpi r e . T h e G r e at Agitati o n
tak e s u p th e n e xt t wo chapt e rs a n d ca rr i e s u s
,
to t h e c o m i n g t o I n d ia o f t h e S e c r e ta r y O f Stat e.
T h e N e w Spi r it in I n d ia ma r ks t h e ca u s e s
o f h e r C ha n g e d attitud e . T h e St r uggl e o v e r
”
t h e R e f o r ms t e lls o f t h e D e ath o f t h e O l d
C o n g r e ss a n d t h e R e f o r m e d L e gislatu r e s .
T h e R e v o luti o n a r y M o v e m e n ts th e ir caus e s
a n d w o rki n gs tak e us up t o a n d th r o ug h t h e
N o n CO O p e rati o n activity
- -
. Th e n f o ll o w t h e
two last c hapt e r s .
A NN IE B E S A N T
CON T E N T S
P A GE
I N TR O DU C T I O N : A Bird s Ey e V i e w
’
-
. I St e p by St e p
I I A N e w D e parture
.
I I I T h e G r e at A gitati o n
.
I V T h e G r e at Agitati o n ( C o ntinued)
.
V T h e N e w Spirit in I n dia
. .
V I T h e Struggl e O v e r t h e R e f o rms
.
V II
. T h e R e v o luti o n ary M o v e m e n ts
V III .Se lf D e t e r m i n a t i o n a n d Se lf
-
G o v e rn m e n t
IX In a W o rld C o mm o n w e alth o r A l o n e ?
.
-
App e n di c e s
I
II
I n de x
I N T R O U C TIO N
D 3 5
A B I R D S E YE VI E W
’
-
T HE liv e s O f I n d ia a n d E n gla n d b e c am e
i n t e rw o v e n o n D e c e mb e r 31 A D 1 600 wh e n
, . .
,
“
E lizab e th o f E n gla n d gav e a chart e r to T h e
G o v e r n o r a n d C o mpa n y o f M e rcha n ts O f
”
L o n d o n tradi n g in t h e E ast I n d ie s
, Th e n .
w e r e li n k e d t o g e th e r th e d e sti n i e s o f t h e t wo
N ati o n s th o ugh littl e d id th e y b e thi n k th e m
,
s e lv e s O f th e w o n d r o us tr e e that was to sp ri n g
fr o m th at littl e s e e d .
T h e P o r tugu e s e w e r e t h e first m o d e r n
E ur o p e a n N ati o n to c o m e to I n d ia fo r V asco ,
th e W e st C oast , on May 20 1 4 98 a n d
, ,
2 THE FU T URE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S
i the fi r st
i
ES
'
d
’
t b IIS h E u r p a s ttl m t i
‘
e a e o e n e e e n n
,
w
r e mai n s u n d e r that r ul e T h e Fr e n ch w e r e
.
n e xt in t h e fi e ld s e n d i n g o v e r m e n to r e p o r t
,
to t h e F r e n ch G o v e r n m e n t o f B e r n i e r a n d
Tav e r n i e r d uri n g th e r e ig n o f Auru n gz e b
( 1 6 5 8— 1 7 0 7 ) a r e classical T h e. F r e n ch “
E ast
”
I n d ia C o mpa n y was f o r m e d in 1 664 but ,
Au r u n g z e b d e p r iv e d it o f G o lc o n d a i n 1 687 .
“ ”
a U n it e d E ast I n d ia C ompa n y o f th e i r o wn
i n t h e f o ll o wi n g y e ar ; th e y built s o m e fa c t o r i e s
o n t h e E ast C o ast but fi n ally d e v o t e d th e m
,
se lv e s to t h e c o n qu e st o f Java a n d Sumatra ,
3
’
A B I RD S EY E VIE W -
from 1 64 9 o n war d s D e n ma r k f o ll o w e d n e xt
.
,
“
a n d ma d e a sta r t with a n E ast I n d ia C o m
”
p a n y in 1 61 2 but h e r littl e e a r th e n p o t ha d
,
no cha n c e am o n g t h e ir o n o n e s h u r tli n g
agai n st e ach Ot h e r a n d sh e fad e d quickly
,
c e n t r e s in S o uth e r n I n d ia a n d s o m e tra c e s
,
”
O st e n d C o mpa n y a n d i n 1 64 4 P russia mad e
,
a n e xp e ri m e n t w ith h e r E m d en C o mpa n y
But all th e s e disapp e a r e d e x c e pt t h e P o rtu
g u e s e
,
l e a vi n g F ra n c e a n d E ngla n d t o battl e ,
in t h e w o mb o f t h e futur e Fo r t h e first
.
l oo k rou n d M e a n wh il e a C aptai n H ip p o n
'
.
,
start e d t wo t r a d i n g e stablishm e n ts o n t h e E as t
4 TH E FU T U RE OF I N D I AN PO L I T IC S
.
—
Masulipatam In 1 61 2 o r 1 61 3 b o th dat e s ar e ,
—
giv e n t h e E ast I n d ia C o mpa n y ma d e a s e rio us
b e gi n n i n g fo r th e M ughal E mp e r o r J e ha n gir
, ,
e e n t h c e n tu r i e s w ill sh o w u s h o w th e stag e
,
E ur o p e a n c o n tr o l o f I n d ia th e vict o ry o f Gr e at
,
Britai n fo r t h e swift a n d d o w n h e r e u n
, , ,
British R aj ( K i n g d o m ) a n d t h e r e c o g n i ,
ti o n O f th e British S o v e r e ig n s by th e I n d ian
5
’
A B I R D s- E YE VI E W
Mo n ar c h s as L o r ds P aramou n t of
,
n —
I n d ia i
t h e traditi o n al w o rd a s C h a k r a v a r tis
, .
t h e ma n y K i n g d o ms i n to which t h e vast
p e n i n sula o f I n d ia was d ivid e d h e s e n t o ut a
,
H o rs e de ma n d e d a c k n o wl e d gm e n t O f th eir
K i n g as L o rd P aram o u n t O f t h e whol e o f I n d ia ,
a n d tribut e as a S ig n O f that a c k n o wl e d gm e n t ;
M o n ar c h was r e c o g n is e d as th e C hakravar ti ,
6 T HE FU T U RE OF I NDI A N POLI T I CS
mi tr a t h e f o u n d e r o f t h e Su nga D y n asty in
, ,
c h r o n icl e r s O f t h e W e st I t must b e r e m e m
.
“
b e r e d that t h e U n ity O f I n d ia t h e fu n d am e n tal
U n ity , as Pr o f e sso r R adha k u m ud M uk e r j i
c alls it has al w ays b e e n r e ligi o us a n d c u ltural
, ,
“
dat e s I giv e n o t fr o m w e st e r n hist o r ical
d o cum e n ts but fr o m t h e O c cult R e c o rd s t h e ,
m e m o ry o f N atur e ( H i n d u r e c o r ds pla c e
a n d o n t h e gr e at L e muria n C o n ti n e n t But .
this by t h e way I t is a n o th e r st o r y
. T his
U n ity was Ar ya n a n d has a lit e r atu r e ad mit
,
t e dl y at l e ast y e a r s O l d In this sh e is
.
”
n o t k n ow n as I n d ia but a s B h arata var sh a
, ,
A r y ava r ta J am b fi dvi p a ; t h e gr e at E mp e r o r
'
n a th in t h e N o rt h to K a nchi a n d R am e sh v a r a m
in t h e S o uth fr o m Dvar a k a in t h e W e st t o
.
h e l d by M u sal m an s A s e ri o us bl o w w a s
.
s truggl e f o ll o w e d ; in A D 1 1 62 t h e P ath a n s
. .
,
e stablish e d th e ms e lv e s o n t h e thr o n e O f
P rith v ir aj, t h e last r e ig n i n g d e s c e n d a n t at
D e lhi O f Yu dh ish th ir a a n d Babar th e Mughal
, , ,
d e f e at e d t h e P ath a n Sult a n in A D 1 52 6 a n d. .
,
w a s p r oclaim e d E mp e r o r O f I n d ia a t D e l hi t h e ,
T h e tw o c o u n tri e s had i n cr e as e d in p o w e r
d u r i n g th e ris e O f th e Mar a thas with o ut d r aw
,
in 1 67 4 a n d e stablish e d its g o v e r n m e n t th e r e
,
.
Pr i n c e o r a n o th e r w ith a V i e w l e ss o f aidi n g
t h e Pr i n c e tha n o f w e ak e n i n g his a n tag o n ist ,
We n e e d n o t d e lay on it n o r o n th e arm e d
,
E n glish w o n a n d l o o ki n g b e l o w t h e surfa c e
, ,
fo r thos e wh o b e li e v e in an I n n e r Gov e r n m e n t
11
’
A B IR D s -
EYE VI E W
it in 1 9 1 5
Britai n su cc e e d e d b e c aus e S h e w a s t h e P o we r
,
that h e ld in h e r t h e m o st f e rtil e s e e d O f fr e e
i n stituti o n s b e c aus e s h e w a s o n t h e e v e O f e stab
,
l ishin g d e m o c rati c g o v e r n m e n t o n he r o w n s o il o n
t h e sur e s t basis s o that w hil e sh e might e n thrall
,
w a s i n e vitabl e F ra n c e had b e hi n d h e r th e n o n ly
.
Fr ee do m I n tro du c ti o n p xx x vi )
, . . .
“
I c o n cl u d e this Bi rd s Ey e V i e w by
’
-
’
o n e g o o d O f B r itai n s r u l e i n th is c o u n try ; t h e
,
r ul e is d ivisibl e i n t o t w o p e ri o d s ; t h e G o v e r n
m e n t by t h e E a st I n d ia C o m pa n y fr o m t h e
battl e o f P lass e y o n Ju n e 2 3 1 7 57 to t h e , ,
12 THE FU T URE OF INDI AN PO LI T IC S
p assi n g O f t h e R e f o rm A c t in 1 9 1 9 Th e first .
t h e f o u n d ati o n s o f R e sp o n sibl e G o v e r n m e n t .
H e r e w a s a C o m p a n y t o a l l i n t e n ts a n d
,
—
,
s ub s e qu e n t h o rr o rs r e lat e d by M a c aulay T h e re wa s
.
a B o ard o f C o n tr o l w a s e stablish e d i n 1 7 84 a n d t h e
—
,
pr e c e d e d by a n e n quiry w hi c h at last r e v e al e d t h e
— ,
h e r o w n t r o ub l e s h e r l o ss O f h e r A m e ri c a n C o l o n i e s
‘
, ,
mad e tr e a ti e s a n d bro k e th e m o r f o rg e d th e m if , ,
m o r e c on v e n i e n t ; it c h e at e d r o bb e d murd e r e d
o ppr e s s e d a n d,
— ,
T h e C o mpa n y e n d e d in th e Se p o y W a r o f 1 857 an d ,
t h e Cr o w n assum e d t h e s o v e r e ig n ty in 1 858 ( H o w .
In dia Wr o ug h t fo r Fr e e d o m I n tro du c ti o n pp
, , .
x xxix X I ) , .
’
T h e r e sults O f t h e C o mpa n y
s rul e d u r i n g its
first fifty y e a r s w e r e sum m e d up by Macaulay
wh o gi v e s a t e rr ibl e a c cou n t o f t h e o p p r e s
sio n s O f th e C o mpa n y at this tim e
T hirty milli o n s o f huma n b e i n gs w e r e r e du c e d
t o t h e e xtr e mity o f w r e t c h e d n e ss T h e y had b e e n .
,
14 THE FU T URE OF I N DI AN PO L I T IC S
But t h e p e o pl e u n d e r th e ir d o mi n i o n gr o a n e v e ry
wh e r e a n d ar e r e du c e d t o p o v e rty a n d dis t r e ss
, .
O G o d $ c o m e t o t h e assista n c e O f t h y affli c t e d
s e rva n ts , a n d d e liv e r th e m fr o m t h e o p p r e ssi o n s
w hi c h th e y suff e r
”
In 1 7 7 0 th e r e w a s a n a w ful
.
“
fami n e ; t h e H o o ghly e v e ry day r o ll e d d o w n
th o usa n ds o f c o r p s e s c l o s e t o t h e p o rti c o e s a n d
g ard e n s o f t h e E n glish c o n qu e r o rs . T h e v e ry
str e e ts O f Cal c utta w e r e bl o c k e d u p by t h e dyi n g
”
a n d t h e d e ad I t wa s o ffi c ially r e p o rt”e d t o hav e
.
x liii x liv )
, .
ma d e h e r fo r a tim e th e gr e at e st ma n ufacturi n g
, ,
c o u n t r y i n t h e w o rl d T h e r e sult o n I n d ia
.
p o pulatio n o n t h e la n d a similar r ui n in
I r e la n d ha d a similar r e sult in fa mi n e but th e r e ,
half h e r p e o pl e e migrat e d to A m e ri c a ; I n d ia
h a d n o such r e s o u r c e so h e r p e o pl e d i e d
,
a s is sh o w n by t h e a v e rag e l i f e o f h e r p o p ul a
t h e av e r a g e a g e i n N e w $e ala n d is 60 y e a r s .
s p e e ch e s in t h e b o d y O f th e b o o k ; o r I n d ia
—
,
A N a t io n ) that I w ill n o t r e p e at it h e r e h e r
pr e s e n t p o v e rty is alm o st i n cr e d ibl e but star e s
,
st r e n gth in t h e H om e R ul e m o ve m e n t a n d ,
w o n t h e R e f o rm A c t .
T hat t h e E n glish c o n n e c t i o n u n d e r t h e C o m
,
i n dustri e s a n d that u n d e r t h e Cr o wn t h e G o v e r n
, , ,
I t is f e lt in I n d ia th at h e r o w n sy ste m o f
V illag e C o u n cils a n d t h e asc e n di n g grad e s o f
,
kill e d o ut by i n f e ri o r c h e ap g o o d s ; that h e r
irrigati o n so car e fully pr o vi d e d by h e r o wn
,
b ee n tO O r e a d y t o r e s o r t to c o e rci o n wh e r e
.
d e ad.
“ ”
a n d th e r e f o r e o n D harma mutual O bliga
,
a m a n i s b o r n i n t o a n e twork o f o bligati o n s .
ba n ks h e r t r a d e a n d c o mm e r c e r e mai n e d with
, ,
a n u n rivall e d stability fo r a t l e as t ye a rs ,
N o n e t h e l e ss with th e e fflux O f ti me t h e
, ,
g re w dispr o p o r ti o n at e ly stro n g a n d t he e a r li e r
,
20 T HE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N PO L I T IC S
a n d habituat e d t o passiv e O b e di e n c e Th e y
.
l oo k e d o n g o v e r n i n g as th e busi n e ss o f th e
g o v e r n o rs a n d if t h e g o v e r n o r g o v e r n e d
,
tyra n n ically it wa s fo r G o d n o t fo r th e m to
, , ,
politi c al fatalism .
la c k O f publi c spirit r e ig n i n g in I n d ia Th e y
.
s e c o n d quart e r o f t h e n i n e t e e n th c e n tury a n d ,
s tru c k a fi n e n o t e
e ve r c ome I kn o w n ot
, But n e v e r w ill I att e m p t t o
.
av e rt o r r e tard it W h e n e v e r it c o m e s it w ill b e
.
,
a gr e at p e o pl e su n k i n t h e l o w e st d e pths O f slav e ry
a nd sup e rstiti o n to hav e so rul e d th e m a s to
,
d e ra n g e o u r m o st pr o f o u n d s c h e m e s o f p o li c y .
a r e triumph s w hi c h a r e f o ll o w e d by n o r e v e rs e .
Mr Da dab h a i N ao r o j i said
.
as p irati o n as th e ir gr e at e st g o o d a r e at t h e b o tt o m o f
all th e ir pr e s e n t si n c e re a n d e ar n e st l o yalty in spit e ,
o f a c e n tury a n d a half .
( Ibid p
.
, .
ons , an d r e s e ar c h e s i n t o h e r l o n g history
23
’
B IRD S EYE VIE W
$
A -
a n d e ducat e d th e i r h o p e s I n t o su c h a N atio n
.
,
o n I d e als o f L ib e r ty .
w h e r e o f M a c aulay said in pr o ph e ti c w o rd s : G od
f o rbid that w e sh o uld i n fli c t o n h e r t h e c urs e o f t h e
n e w c ast e , that we sh o uld s e n d h e r a n e w br e e d o f
Brahmi n s auth o ris e d to tre at all t he n ativ e p o p ula
,
”
t i o n a s P ariahs ( Sp e ech e s p
.
, .
24 THE FU T URE OF I NDI A N PO LI T IC S
o f th e ir aspirati o n s is in b e c o mi n g a Se lf G o v e rn i n g
-
Le t us cl o s e on th et O f th e word s that I
no e
sai d w e sh o ul d r e m e mb e r : U ltimat e fr e e d o m
”
u n d e r h e r rul e was i n e vitabl e .
26 THE FU T URE OF I NDI A N POLI T IC S
I t w a s at t h e Th eo s o p hical C o n v e n ti o n o f that
y e ar that a small gr o up o f e ar n e st Th eo
—
s o phists d e e ply c o n c e r n e d fo r t h e p o liti c al
futur e O f th e ir c o u n try a n d ar o us e d to a s e n s e
of h e r pas t p o w e rs a n d h e r th e n pr e s e n t
imp o t e n c e by th e awak e n i n g c r usad e s o f
H P Blavatsky a n d H e n ry St e e l e O l c o tt
. .
,
stirri n g th e e d ucat e d t o s e lf r e sp e c t a n d r e s
-
p e c t f o r th e ir N ati o n — m e e ti n g i n Adyar ,
’
f e lt st r o n g i n th e ir b e li e f that I n dia s
a n c i e n t Rsh is still watch e d o ve r Th e ir a n ci e n t
a n d e v e r w e ll lov e d la n d a n d w o uld aid th e ir
-
,
s e v e n t e e n is th e r e giv e n qu o t e d fr o m th e
,
I n di a n M i r r or a n d th e y w e r e m o stly d e l e gat e s
,
to th e T h e o s o phical C o n v e n ti o n fr o m C alcutta ,
O u d h a n d t h e N o rthw e st P r o vi n c e ( n o w th e
U n it e d P r o vi n c e s ) a n d M ad r as O n e o f th e m
, .
,
N o r e n dr a n a t h Se n Ed itor o f t h e ( C alcutta )
,
T h e d e l e gat e s w h o att e n d e d t h e $ Th e o
s o phical ] C o n v e n ti o n w e r e m o st O f th e m m e n
w h o s o cially a n d i n t e ll e ctually a r e t h e l e ad e r s
, ,
O f t h e S o ci e ty in which th e y m o v e in d iff e r e n t
”
pa r ts o f th e c o u n try Th e y r e s o lv e d that o n
.
C o m m itt e e in h is o w n t o w n o r P r o vi n c e a n d ,
“
c o n sult h o w to m ak e th e i r dr e a m a r e ality In .
Ma r ch 1 885 it w a s de ci d e d to h o ld a m e e ti n g
, ,
t h e th e n c o mi n g C hristmas ( P r o c ee d i ng s of
t he F ir s t I n dia n N a t io n a l C o ng r ess) Th e y .
28 THE FU T URE OF INDI A N POLI T IC S
a n d had t r ai n e d th e m in p o liti c al k n o wl e dg e .
I n d ia n patri o ts I t m e t y e arly a n d d e ma n d e d
.
d e fi n it e impro v e m e n ts i n t h e syst e m o f
G o v e r n m e n t d e fi n it e cha n g e s in l e gislati o n
, ,
1 906 mov e d to a n g e r by t h e C u rz o n ia n r eg i me
, ,
Mr D adab h a i N ao ro ii a s P r e sid e n t w e n t
.
, ,
be yo n d partial r e fo r ms a n d d e c lar e d
,
that
I n dia n s sh o uld c o n trol I n dia a s E n glish m e n
,
S T E P BY ST E P 29
T h e w h o l e matt e r c a n b e c o mpris e d in o n e
w o rd , Se lf G o v e rn m e n t , o r Swaraj , lik e that o f t h e
-
U n it e d K i n gd o m o r t h e C o l o n i e s Se lf G o v e r n
-
m e n t is t h e o n ly a n d c hi e f r e m e dy . In Se lf
G o v e rn m e n t l ie o ur h o p e , stre n gth a n d gr e at n e ss
B e u n it e d , p e rs e v e r e , s o that t h e milli o n s n o w
p e rishi n g by p o v e rty , fami n e a n d plagu e a n d t h e,
o cc upy h e r pr o ud p o siti o n o f y o r e am on g t h e
gr e at e st a n d c ivilis e d N ati o n s o f t h e We st .
This cl e ar n o t e w a s d r o w n e d in th e fl o o d o f
a n g e r which br o k e th r o ugh all barri e rs at t he
succ e e di n g C o n g r e ss at Surat a n d br o ugh t
,
a c o n s e qu e n t t e a r i n g apart o f th e C o n gr e ss
party T h e C o n g r e ss th e r e aft e r r e sum e d it s
.
m e th o d o f p r e ssing r e fo r m s pi e c e m e al u n til
f
of 1 91 4 .
30 THE FU T U RE OF INDI AN POLI T IC S
t h e m o f t h e n e e d of a n e w m o v e f o rwards fo r
t h e f o urf o ld r e g e n e ratio n o f I n d ia a n d ask e d
,
“
t h e ir h e lp . I t wa s a C o n f e r e n c e o f Th e o
”
s o p hical W o rk e r s call e d by m e to o rga n is e
,
p la c e a s t h e spi r itual t e a c h e r O f ma n ki n d
.
T we n ty y e a r s o f I n dia n e xp e ri e n c e w e r e
b e hi n d m e a n d n o w t h e f o urf o ld activity wa s
,
o n t h e w o r k e r s w h o ha d b e e n pursui n g with
m e o n e o r o th e r O f th e s e li n e s . Th e y w e r e
r e f o rms in ( 1 ) R e ligi o n ; (2 ) E d ucati o n ; (3)
S o cial C ust o m s ; (4 ) P o litics ; c o rr e sp o n d i n g to
’
m a n s f o u r f o ld c o n stituti o n : ( 1 ) Spi r it ; ( 2 )
M i n d ; (3) E m o ti o n s ; ( 4 ) P hysical B o dy . In
1 893 I had b e gu n t h e w o rk fo r ( 1 ) R e ligi o n
,
S T EP B Y S T E P 31
H e l e n a P e tro v n a Blavatsky ; h e ha d w o r k e d
‘
h e s e rv e d b o th it a n d I sl a m to a m o r e limit e d
e xt e n t ; gr e at was his r e j o i c i n g wh e n h e f o u n d
, , ,
In ( 2) E ducati o n C o l o n e l O lc o tt ha d ch i e f
,
ly c o n fi n e d hims e lf to f o u n di n g Bu d dhist
s c h o o ls in C e yl o n a n d fiv e P a nc h a m a ( o ut
,
ha d als o sta r t e d ma n y B a la Sa m aj a s B o ys — ’
—
Soci e ti e s fo r r e ligi o us i n st r ucti o n G o v e r n
,
—
h e r o w n r e li g io n wh e r e v e r possibl e by a ,
—
t e ach e r b e l o n gi n g to it a n d a c o mm o n r e l ig i
ous s e rvi c e o p e n s e a c h day in s c hool T h e .
o th e r e n thusiasts in f o u n d i n g in 1 898 t h e
, ,
C e n tral H i n d u C o ll e g e a n d Schoo l in B e n ar e s ,
a n d w e c arri e d it o n
— givi n g a n Ed ucati o n
r e ligi o us i n t e ll e c tual m o ral an d physical
, ,
T ag o r e b e ca m e C h an c e ll o r a n d Si r S ub r a m a n ia
Ai y e r P r o C ha n c e ll o r fl o u r ish e d e xc e e d i n gly
-
,
l e ss e n e d public c o n t r ib u ti o n s f o r ci n g u s to
,
c o n t r act o ur wo r k In ( 3) S o cial R e f o rm
.
,
t h e w o rk fo r c ha n gi n g ba d s o cial c u st o m s
w e n t sl o w ly in c o m p a r is o n w ith t h e p re
c e di n g t wo b u t w ithi n t h e Th e o s o phical
,
So ci e ty w e o r ga n is e d a ba n d o f S o cial R e
,
a p r o m is e f r o m t h e pa r e n ts n o t to mar r y th e m
—
Whil e in t h e Sch oo l fo r t he uplift o f t h e sub
m e rg e d class e s fo r fo r e ig n t r av e l a n d t h e
,
e x ti n c ti o n o f o utcasti n g as a p e n alty th e r e f o r .
We also w o r k e d ha r d fo r Sva de sh i t h e —
u se O f I n dia n ma d e a r ti c l e s in pr e f e r e n c e to
-
STE P B Y STE P 35
for e ig n - —f
ma d e o r T e mp e r a n c e for th e r e m o val
,
m o val O f t h e c o l o u r ba r b e t we e n t h e whit e an d
c o lou re d r ac e s in I n d ia a n d in a l l pa r ts o f th e
British E mpi r e Fo r th e s e thi n gs w e f o rm e d
.
a ba n d O f w o rk e r s u n it e d by a pr o mis e of
,
practical w o r k In (4 ) P o litics I w o r k e d m o r e
.
t hat u n til p r i d e i n I n d ia w a s a r o us e d p r i d e in
,
s e lf r e sp e c t a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e w e r e a w ak e n e d
-
,
se t, w a s b r a n d e d as s e d iti o us by th e L i e ut .
G o v e r n o r Si r A n t o n y Mac d o n n e ll n o w L o rd
,
-
Ma cd o n n e ll a n d still a n e n e my o f I n d ia n
—
,
TH E
b y i nsulti n g tr e atm e n t o f I n d ia n s I n ra i l r o ad s ;
r e staura n ts , a n d o th e r publi c plac e s Th e .
b ecause I liv e d am o n g H i n d u s as o n e O f th e m
s e lv e s sha ri n g in t h e ir family li fe a n d O bs e rvé
,
i n g th ei r c ustoms . Fo r a whit e w o ma n
”
thus to d e grad e h e r s e lf to b e s e e n walki n g
‘
At th e C o n f e r e n c e o f Th e o s o phical W o rk e rs ,
th e s e f o ur li n e s o f w o rk w e r e syst e matis e d in a
”
small ba n d n a m e d T h e B r o th e r s O f S e rvic e
, ,
c ir c ulat e d as a l e afl e t
T h e o s o p hy must b e mad e pra cti c al was a
s e n t e n c e w ritt e n a n d p ublish e d l o n g a g o b y o n e o f
T h o s e w h o m T h e os o phists r e gard as M ast e rs .
STE P B Y S T EP 37
Si n c e M r s A n n i e B e sa n t c am e t o I n dia in 1 893 sh e
.
,
o n ly b e ar o us e d a n d t h e h e adl o n g rush t o w a rd s
imitati o n o f w e st e r n m e th o ds c o uld o n ly b e c h e c k e d ,
m e n t o f a n I n dia n H o st e l in L o n d o n an d o f a ,
1
F o r ma n y y e ars ma n y O f h e r m o r e atta c h e d
f o ll o we rs hav e b e e n p l e dg e d to d e lay t h e marryi n g
o f th e ir c hildr e n fo r s o m e y e ars b e y o n d t h e c ust o m
o f th e ir c ast e a n d n e ighb o urh o o d In P o liti c s sh e .
,
T hi s is anrr o r ; w o n ly k p t a r gi s t r f lo d gi n g hou s s
e e e e e o e
wi t h t ru two rt hy l a n d l d i
s d of pr i v a t e f mili s wh e r e
a e s, an a e
I n d i n l a d s woul d b t k n s p yi n g gu t s
a e a e a a es .
38 T HE FU T U RE OF I ND I A N PO L I T IC S
N o w a n o th e r st e p ha s b e e n tak e n , and s o m e o f
t h e b e st T S an d E S w o rk e rs e n r o ll e d th e ms e lv e s
. . . .
o n t h e 20th Se p t e mb e r 1 91 3 i n a ba n d w h o hav e
, ,
tak e n t h e f o ll o w i n g s w e e p i n g p r o mis e
B e li e vi n g that t h e b e st i n t e r e sts o f I n dia l ie
in h e r risi n g i n t o o rd e r e d fr e e d o m u n d e r t h e British
Cr o w n , in t h e c asti n g a w ay o f e v e ry c u st o m w hi c h
pr e v e n ts u n i o n am o n g all w h o d w e ll w ithi n h e r
b o rd e rs a n d in t h e r e st o rati o n to H i n d uism O f s o c ial
,
fl e xibility a n d br o th e rly f e e li n g ,
I P RO M ISE
H O T o disr e gard all r e stri c ti o n s ba s e d o n Cast e .
e n t e r e d th e ir s e v e n t e e n th y e ar ( M arry
‘
.
i n c lud e s a n y c e r e m o n y w hi c h w id o w s o n e
party o n t h e d e ath o f th e o th e r )
—
.
3 . T o e du c at e my wif e a n d daught e rs a n d t h e
o th e r w o m e n o f my family s o far as th e y
—
w ill p e rmit t o pr o m o t e girls e du c ati o n
’
,
an d to dis c o u n t e n a n c e th e se c lu s i o n o f
wo m e n .
To pr o m o t e t h e e du c ati o n o f the ma s s e s a s
far as l i e s I n my p o we r .
T o ig n o r e a l l c o l o ur di sti n c ti o n s in s o c ial a n d
p o liti c al lif e a n d to do w hat I c an t o
,
w id o w s wh o r e marry .
7 . TOpr o m o t e u n i o n am o n g th e w o rk e rs in t h e
fi e lds O f spiritual e du c ati o n al s o c ial a n d
, ,
dir e c ti o n o f t h e I n d ia n N ati o n al C o n gr e ss .
B r e a c h o f a n y c la us e e n tails e xpulsi o n fr o m th e
o rga n isati o n .T h o s e wh o a r e n o t pr e p ar e d t o tak e
t h e w h o l e O f this m a y tak e a n y c laus e o r c laus e s
,
whi c h th e y f e e l th e y c an w o rk fo r T hus s o m e
.
4 , 5 and
O n t h e 21 sta n o th e r m e e ti n g wa s h e ld o f all wh o
w e r e wo rki n g fo r e du c ati o n o r s o c ial o r p o liti c al
,
o p e rativ e m o v e m e n t w as r e c o g n is e d as o n e O f V ital
imp o rta n c e in t h e d e partm e n t o f So c ial R e f o rm .
M rs An n i e B e sa n t s c ar e fully pla n n e d an d
.
’
se qu e n tial w o rk o f t h e la st t we n ty y e ars s e e ms to b e
I ssui n g in h e r c arryi n g with h e r t h e bulk o f t h e
—
T h e o so phi c al So c i e ty wh il e guardi n g it fro m
40 THE FU T URE OF I NDI A N POLI T IC S
a n i n spirati o n Sh e aims at t h e e v e r c l o s e r u n i o n
.
-
w ith i n t e re st .
T 0 3
t h is
was add e d a s e c o n d l e afl e t
So m e e arn e st w o rk e rs fo r So c ial a n d R e ligi o us
R e f o rm hav e d e t e rmi n e d t o mak e a r e so lut e e ff o rt
t o s e rv e I n dia by bri n gi n g ab o ut t h e c ha n g e s me c e s
s ary t o e n abl e h e r t o tak e h e r e qual pla c e am o n g t h e
Se lf G o v e r n i n g N ati o n s w hi c h o w e all e gia n c e t o t h e
-
i e s i n t h e w a y o f all wh o a r e ah e ad O f th e ir tim e
‘
l e c tur e . Th e y f o rm e d t h e public b e gi n n i n g o f
t h e n e w campaig n Th e y ar o us e d v e r y gr e at
.
I n t e r e st in M a d ras a n d w e r e o n t h e f o ll o wi n g
,
sub j e cts
—
F o r e ig n T rav e l : Chairma n D r S Subrama n ia . .
H igh C o urt
—
.
H o n D e wan B a h ad r T Sa dasiv a I y e r M L
. .
, .
m e n t : Chairma n D e wan B a h ad fir M A di . .
N araya n a I yah .
A pp e n di x t o th e ab o v e L e c ture .
1 Ex p o rts
. .
2 We avi n g
. .
3 P o liti c al E ff e c ts
. .
4 M o ral E ff e c ts
—
. .
M ill e r .
I n dia n M e mb e r o f t h e Ex e c utiv e C o u n c il ,
Bda dr as .
ST E P B Y STE P 43
T he l e ctu r e s w e r e publish e d as a b o o k ,
t h e titl e Wa k e Up I n di a
, , . T h e pr e fac e e xplai n
e d its g e n e sis , a n d c o n clud e d with t h e sig n ifi
c a n t w o r ds M ay t h e Gua r d ia n o f I n d ia bl e s s
”
this e ff o r t i n spir e d by H im
, .
lay t h e cha n g e s pr o p o s e d In r e c o mm e n d i n g
.
a n I m p e rial C o u n c il gath e r e d r o un d t h e p e rs o n o f t h e
K i n g in w hi c h Se lf G o v e r n i n g I n dia wil l hav e h e r
,
-
r e pr e s e n tativ e s as mu c h a s an y o th e r c o n stitu e nt
,
4 44 THE F U T U RE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S
t o g o o n t h e li n e s o f mutual r e sp e c t o f lib e r ty o f , ,
en t
o f I n dia w h e r e h e r p e o pl e s will c a n b e c arri e d o ut
’
,
, a C o u n c il mark e d o ut by t h e c hara c t e r t h e h o no ur . ,
. .
S T E P BY S T EP
”
a migh ty S e lf Gov e r ni n g Co mmu n ity ; tha t
-
t he o l d syst e m o f g ov e r n me n t in In di a mor e
,
‘
G o v e r n m e n t in th e peo pl e it sho ws th at t he
'
'
' ‘
”
I ndi an; a s it w e r e by natur e is capabl e Of ,
o n Ov e r a n are a wh e re t h e p e o pl e w h o Comp o s e
“
th e a n c i e n t sy st e m pr e val e n t h e r e d e alt w i t h
th in gs in a mu c h mo r e p r a c ti c al way a way
1
'
c o mpe t e n t a n d r e al
”
I f t he futur e is to be
‘
C ou n cils t he
, g r o upe d villa g e s
’
C o u n cil s ;
and SO Oh in ext e ndi n g are a s to t he D ist ri ct
$
‘
t o t h e ar e a o v e r w hich his k n o wl e dg e e xt e n d e d ,
“
a nd th e r e w o uld b e n o bar r i e r a n ywh e r e t o
”
t h e risi n g o f t h e c o mp e t e n t . Th e r e w o uld
b e I n dividual P o litics o r C ivics th e trai n i n g
, ,
c o n t e n t e d agricultural an d i n d ustrial p o p ul a
,
”
worl d . I poi n t e d o u t als o h o w C o O p e rativ e
-
S T EP B Y S T E P 47
S o c i e ti e s w o ul d w o rk in h e lpi n g hom e in ,
du st er i s c ottag
,
e i n dustri e s e mb r o i,d e r y a n d
the
“
spi n n i n g o f thr e a d which ,agai n is a
woma n s i n d ust r y
’
whil e t h e m e n might
,
with S e lf G o v e r n m e n t n o t m e r e rhaps o di e s
-
,
o n t h e ch a r ka a n d kha d da r as n i n e y e a r s
,
lat e r .
an d a r e n o t m e r e ly t h e struggl e s d e f e ats , ,
a n d vict o r i e s d i r e ct e d by R ul e r s G e n e r als
, , ,
D ra m a I b e li e v e that m e n a n d w o m e n by t h e
.
,
cou n tl e ss ch o i c e s b e tw e e n t h e s e lfish a n d
the u n s e lfish b e twe e n p e rs o n al gai n a n d
,
48 TH E FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S :
part s O f h e r o a n d villai n t h e sm al l e r p ar ts o f
,
'
Sp ec ial A c t o f t h e W o r ld P lay a n d I ,
to play t h e parts d e ma n d e d by th e G r e at P la n ,
or W o rl d D rama as wh e n t h e sp e ctato r is
,
su r p r is e d to se e a n army o f li o n s c o mma n d
” ’
e d by ass e s ,
in s o m e t r ag e dy in a N ati o n s
lif e With i n fi n it e S kill t h e passio n s a n d
.
,
d e sir e s o f m e n wh e th e r g o o d o r e vil ar e
”
, ,
utilis e d to subs e rv e t h e w o r ki n g o ut O f th e
divi n e purp o s e o f e v o luti o n that m e n m a y ,
had cr e at e d a n d l e d t h e C o n g r e ss w e r e thos e
wh o had t h e r ight to d e c id e its acti o n an d that ,
that th o s e who a gr e e d o n th e b r o ad li n e s o f
P o litical R e f o rm sh o uld n o t mar th e ir u n ity
by i n tr o duci n g o th e r matt e rs H e w r o t e v e ry
.
pr e v e n t e d t h e m e e ti n g M r Da dab h a i N ao rO j i
. .
2 1 9 1 4 to e mb o d y t h e f o urf o l d I d e al a n d
, , ,
“
an a r ticl e w ith t h e c apti o n O u r P o licy
,
M i n d t h e E m o ti o n s a n d t h e B o dy as b e i n g diff e r
,
e n t e x p r e ssi o n s o f O n e L if e a n d as th e r e f o r e c l o s e ly
,
of N ati o n al R e f o rm i n e v e ry c o u n try a n d a n y ,
a n tag o n is m b e t we e n th e m n a y a n y mutual c o ld n e s s
, ,
o f h e alth .
b e c aus e as M r A O H u m e p o i n t e d o u t in 1 885 :
, . . .
th e n fo r U n i o n am o n g a l l w o rk e rs I n t h e N ati o n al
,
o f t h e f o ur gr e at d e partm e n ts .
In R el ig io n it st o o d fo r i n d i v idual lib e r ty
, ,
t o G o d a n d r e c o g n isi n g t h e r e ligi o u s c o n
,
s c io us n e s s n o t any,
o u t e r a u th o r ity as t h e ,
b e pr o t e c t e d in th e ir lib e r ty a n d that n o n e ,
52 TH E FU T U RE OF INDI A N PO LI T IC S
S h o uld b e privil e g e d In E d u ca t io n it pl e ad e d
.
,
c o u ra g e m e n t of i n itiativ e in t e ach er s a n d
pupils i n c lusi o n O f physical m o r al a n d r e ligio us
, ,
c ultu r e t h e l o w e r i n g O f f e e s t h e e n c o urag e
, ,
“
u n iv e rsal e ducati o n o n N ati o n al li n e s with ,
a n d c o O p e rati o n
-
n o t o f d isu n i o n hat r e d a n d
, ,
S T E P B Y ST E P 53
no n - c o -O p e rati o n I t i n d i c at e s o ur p o litical
.
C h e l m sf o rd R e f o r ms t h e w o rki n g O f R e f o rms
, ,
a n d in t h e lat e r o pp o siti o n to t h e N o n C O -
O p e r ati o n m o v e m e n t l e d by Mr Ga n dhi
, . .
I t r un s :
In P o lit ic a l Re fo r m w e aim at t h e buildi n g up O f
c o m p l e t e Se lf G o v e r n m e n t fr o m V illag e C o u n c ils ,
-
e qual in it s p o w e rs t o t h e l e gislativ e b o di e s o f t h e
Se lf G o v e r n i n g C o l o n i e s , by w hat e v e r n a m e th e s e
-
o f I n dia n m o v e m e n ts a n d o f t h e m e n w h o w ill
,
In 1 9 14 , I w e n t to E n gla n d a n d th e r e ,
H o u s e o f C o m m o n s to p r o m o t e I n dia n i n t e r e sts .
p o r t e r s f e a r e d to e mbarrass Mr Asquith t h e .
,
H o m e R ul e fo r I n d ia H o w e v e r I l e c ture d
. ,
, ,
’ ’
T h e p r ic e O f I n d ia s l o yalty is I n dia s F r e e
”
do m . Mr Jin n a h an d L 515 L a j pa t R ai
.
supp o r te d m e a n d t h e m e e ti n g was a gr e at
,
su c c e ss .
STE P BY STE P 55
M a dr a s S t a n d a r d . T h e first n umb e r w a s
issu e d o n July 1 4 1 9 1 4 a n d it w a s s oon
, ,
r e n am e d N ew I n dia I t s o u n d e d o ut t h e
.
S e lf G o v e r n m e n t n o t e o f 1 906a n d urg e d th at
-
i n st e ad O f aski n g fo r R e f o rms pi e c e m e al w e ,
sh o ul d b e n d o u r e n e r gi e s to w i n S e lf G o v e r n
-
m e n t H o m e R ul e a n d mak e th e r e f o rms fo r
, ,
o u r s e lv e s . In a n a r ticl e o n J uly 2 3 o n ,
“ ”
N ati o n al E ducati o n I pl e ad e d th at t h e
,
c o mi n g H i n d u U n iv e rsity sh o uld b e a
”
N atio n al n ot a
, G o v e r n m e n t U n I ve rsity ,
c o n t r o ll e d by I n d ia n s ( B o th. p o i n ts w e r e
t h e d e v o ti o n o f T u k ar am K abir a n d G uru N an ak
, ,
l o o k to N e ls o n a n d We lli n gt o n as h e r o e s a n d t o ,
la n d T h e y hav e giv e n us o f th e ir b e st a n d n e v e r ,
N ati o n al s e lf c o n s c i o us n e ss ; w e o we t o th e m t h e
-
th r ill e d to t h e w o r d s o f Asquith a n d L l o yd
G e o r g e Sh e wa s aflam e with e n thusiasti c
.
p r i d e a n d l o v e T h e Mad r as Bar v o lu n t e e r e d
.
t h e r e j e cti o n O f th e ir war m h e a r t e d e n t h u -
sia s m . T h e O ff e r o f th e ir ma n h oo d r e fus e d ,
in all o u r h e arts in th o s e fi r st m o n th s o f Wa r ,
a n d I put it o n r e c o rd h e r e th at I may b e ar ,
wit n e ss fo r th o s e w h o w o r k e d po litically in
I n d ia fr o m 1 9 1 4 to 1 9 1 9 fo r th e i d e als fo r
w hich o u r m e n I n d ia n s a n d E n glish alik e
, ,
w e r e fighti n g i n t he tr e n c h e s O f n o rth e as t e r n -
STE P B Y S TE P 59
T h e war fo r L ib e rty ab r o a d fi r e d u s to w in
L ib e rty at H o m e that o ur s o ldi e r s migh t
,
r e tur n to an I n d ia gr o wi n g i n t o F r e e d o m T h e .
wa v e o f passi o n fo r L ib e r ty that sw e pt o v e r
t h e w o r l d a n d a t last d r o v e Am e ri c a i n t o t h e
,
’
War with Wils o n s r i n gi n g w o rd s c o ul d n o t
, ,
thr obbi n g An d so I w r o t e
.
at t h e m o n e s e e s th e m trampl e d i n t o c rims o n m ud
, ,
ea
c o mi n g us e l e ss w at c hi n g fo r h o m e ward h e will
, ,
a n d s o n s , fath e rs a n d l o ve r s , fi n d n o r e c o rd i n t h e
pi c tur e d pag e s th o ugh d e ar t o th e h e arts that l o v e
,
th e m as a r e t h e n o bl e a n d w e althy w h o ’th e r e o n
hav e th e ir pla c e ? F o r w hat t h e w o rld s gr e at
S T EP B Y S T E P 61
w hat
T h e r e hav e b e e n w ars b e gu n fo r tra n si e n t
o bj e c ts fo r t h e c o n qu e st o f a p i e c e o f la n d fo r t h e
, , ,
a n d t h e ag e d in t h e ri c h spl e n d o ur o f h i s w h it e n e d
62 THE FU T U RE OF IND I A N POLI T IC S
h e ad . T o b e w o u n d e d in this Wa r is t o b e e n r o ll e d
i n t h e ra n ks o f H uma n ity s Warri o rs , t o hav e f e lt
’
b o dy t h e gl o ri o us sc ar s o f a n im mo rtal struggl e .
t h e fashi o n o f th e ir o ut w o rki n g i n t h e fe w C o l o n i e s
t hat it is f o u n di n g t h e o utli n i n g o f t h e u n b o r n e mbry o
, .
—
T he first e mb o di e s th o ugh as y e t but partially
—
r e alis e d t h e I d e al o f F re e d o m ; o f e v e r i n c r e asi n g -
S e lf G o v e r n m e n t ; o f P e o pl e s risi n g i n t o p o w e r
-
an d s e lf d e v e l o pm e n t al o n g th e ir o wn li n e s ; O f a
-
S upr e m e G o v e rn m e n t br o ad bas e d u p o n t h e
“
-
u n d e v e l o p e d ra c e s aidi n g n o t e n slavi n g t h e m ; it
,
e mb o di e s t h e e mbry o o f t h e s p l e n did D e m o c ra c y o f
—
, ,
I d e al ; a n d that G re at B ritai n h a s s e t h e r f e e t in t h e
p at h w hi c h l e ad s t o it is p r o v e d n o t o n ly by h e,
r
pa st i n t e ri o r h ist o ry w ith its struggl e s t o ward s
L ib e rty but als o by h e r gra n ti n g o f auto n o my t o h e r
,
C o lo nie s h e r f o rmati o n O f t h e b e gi n n i n gs o f
,
‘
a ttitud e t o ward s t h e u n d e v e l o p e d ra c e s
—a s in usi n g
t h e Salvati o n A rmy t o c ivilis e t h e c rimi n al trib e s in
—
I n dia all p ro mi si n g ad va n c e s t o ward s th e I d e al .
M o re o v e r , sh e v e r sh e lt e r e d t h e o p p r e ss e d
ha s e
s hi n e o ut gl o ri o usly a s w i t n e s se s in h e r fav o ur ; s h e
has f o ught agai n st t h e sla v e trad e a n d w e ll n ig h -
a b o lish e d it A n d at t h e pr e s e n t m o m e n t s h e is
'
d e f e n c e o f N ati o n al H o n o ur o f Justi c e t o t h e w e a k
, ,
o f that L a w o b e di e n c e t o
, w hi c h by t h e str o n g
Stat e s is t h e o n ly guara n t e e O f futur e P e a c e t h e ,
a l l l o we r r e as o n i n gs a n d spri n g in g t o h e r f e e t s e n t
, ,
o ut a li o n s r o ar o f d e fia n c e t o t h e br e ak e r s o f
’
tr e ati e s utt e r e d a ri n gi n g sh o ut fo r h e l p t o h e r
,
fr o m t h e pl o ugh fro m t h e f o rg e fr o m t h e mi n e
,
—
fr o m th e fur n a c e ; a n d this n o t fo r gai n s h e ha s
, ,
n aught —
to gai n f r o m t h e W a r but b e c a us e s h e
l o v e d L ib e rty H o n o ur Justi c e La w b e tt e r tha n
, , , ,
bl e ss h e r ; fo r this h e r dyi n g So n s ad o r e h e r ; fo r ,
P e o pl e s a n d sh e shall b e t h e P ro t e c t o r n o t th e
, ,
b o di e s t h e I d e al o f Aut o c ra c y f o u n d e d o n F o r c e .
t h e s c al e o f W a r
R m mb r t h t t h G r m n p o p l
e e e t h ch o
a n of G o d
e e a e e ar e e se .
On m on m e, G rm n E m p r o r t h S piri t o f G o d h
e, as e a e , e as
d c n d d I m H i w p on H i w o rd d H i V ic g r n t
es e e . a s ea , s s , an s e e e .
W t th di o b di nt D th t c ow r d
oe o e s e e d u n b li v r
. ea o a s an e e e s.
de se rt w h e r e th e y p e rish e d o f hu n g e r a n d
”
t h irst . O n this sampl e , w e r e fus e t h e g o o d s
o ff e r e d
. M o re o v e r , w e hav e s e e n t he E m p ire at
wo rk , c arry i n g o ut in B e lgium it s th e o ri e s O f
m urd e r , rap e , a n d l o o t T h e c h o s e n p e o pl e o f th e
.
”
( G e rma n ) G o d sti n k in t h e n o strils O f E uro p e .
o f t h e n e x t A g e o f t h e Wo rld tu rn s n o w o n t h e c h o i c e
mad e by t h e N ati o n s I c a l l o n all w h o are pl e dg e d
,
h o o d agai n st T yra nn y .
A N EW D E P A R T UR E
AT th e T w e n ty i n th N ati o n al Co n gr e ss in
'
-n
M ad r as in D e c e mb e r 1 9 1 4 a n e w d e partur e
, ,
wa s tak e n .
( F o r th o s e w h o may b e puzzl e d ,
o n r e f e rri n g to t h e C o n gr e ss R e p o r ts by fi n d
,
i n g t h is C o n gr e ss c all e d t h e Tw e n ty n i n th -
,
t h e sam e P r e si d e n t t h e H o n Mr R a sh Bih a ri
, . .
Gh o s e a s still t h e Tw e n ty thir d Co n g r e ss
,
-
.
T h e n c e forwar d t h e n umb e r o f t h e C o n gr e ss
i s o n e l e ss tha n it sh o uld b e ac c o rd i n g to t h e
y e ars si n c e
B e f o r e t h e C o n gr e ss Of 1 9 1 4 m e t a fat e ful
,
‘ ,
1 9 1 8 a n d br o k e n d e fi n it e ly i n 1 9 1 9 o v e r t h e
,
R e f o rm A c t o f that y e ar O n th at o ccasi o n .
,
“
h o w e v e r t h e C o n g r e ss w e n t with t h e
, Ex
”
t r e m is t s
, an d th e M o d e r at e s a n d N ati o n
”
a l H o m e R ul e r s t oo k n o furth e r pa r t in it ,
t h e Sp e cial C o n g r e ss o f 1 92 0 at C alcutta , ,
’
a d o pti n g M r Ga n dhi s m e th o d O f N o n CO
.
-
O p e rati o n a n d t h e An n ual C o n gr e ss at N ag
,
mm 1 9 2 0 c h,
a n gi n g its cr e e d a n d c o n stit u ti on .
We must r e tur n to 1 9 1 4 .
’
of I n dia S o ci e ty s h o m e in P o o n a in t h e autum n ,
of 1 9 1 4 ,
h e ask e d m e t o g o to Mr Tilak his .
,
at Surat might b e h e al e d H e sh o w e d m e th e
.
party m ight r e e n t e r t h e C o n g r e ss a n d a
-
,
U n it e d I n dia might w o rk fo r S e lf G o v e r n m e n t -
”
withi n t h e E mpir e o n C o l o n ial li n e s as t h e
“
,
c r ee d O f th e C o n gr e ss laid d o w n I w e n t an d
saw M r .
—
Tilak w h o ha d b e e n a m e mb e r of
th e Th eo s o phical S o c i e ty in t h e e arly days a s ,
w e r e so ma n y O f t h e o rigi n al Co n gr e ssm e n
a n d w e had s o m e c o n v e rsati o n s U ltimat e .
M r Tilak cam e to se e Mr G o kh al e a n d it
. .
,
C o n g r e ss to o p e n th e way fo r th e r e tu rn i n to
,
“ ”
t h e C o n gr e ss of t h e E xtr e mists a s th e y ,
w e r e th e n c all e d U n ha ppily a c ru e l a cc us a
.
,
ho no ur j ust be f o r e th e C o n gr e ss an d h e s e n t
, ,
C o n gr e ss of 1 9 1 5 t he n e c e ssary c h a n g e was
,
”
m ad e a n d t h e
,
Tilak party r e join e d th e
C o n gr e ss in 1 91 6 at L uc k n ow
,
.
A N EW D EP A R T URE 71
t o c o n v e y t o H i s M aj e sty t h e K i n g E mp e ro r an d t h e
-
p e o pl e o f E n gla n d its pr o f o u n d d e v o ti o n t o t h e
T hr o n e it s u n swe rvi n g all e gia n c e t o t h e British
,
P e o p l e s o f I n dia at t h e b e gi nn i n g o f t h e W a r has ,
str e n gth e n s t h e b o n d w hi c h u n it e s th e P ri n c e s an d
P e o p l e s O f I n dia to H is R o yal H o us e a n d t h e p e rs o n
o f H is G ra c i o us M aj e sty .
.
—
V Re so lve d T hat this C o n gre ss n o t e s with
gratitud e and satisfa cti o n t h e d espat c h o f th e I n di a n
72 THE FU T U RE OF I NDI A N PO L I T IC S
b e gs t o o ff e r t o H E t h e V i c e ro y t h e m o st h e art
. .
c aus e o f th e E mpir e
—
.
Sc h oo ls an d C o ll e g e s w h e r e th e y may b e trai n e d
,
a n d i n vi e w o f th e ir pr o v e d l o yalty s o u n mistakably
an d sp o n ta n e o usly ma n if e st e d a n d t h e str o n gl y
,
o f v o lu n t e e ri n g s o a s t o e n abl e t h e p e o pl e o f thi s
,
c o u n tr y
w ith o ut disti n c ti o n o f ra c e o r c l ass t o
, ,
”
m e n t without disti n c tio n o f ra c e o r c la ss o f
“ ”
c itiz e n soldi e rs of th e E mpir e
-
M o difi c atio n s .
74 THE FU T UR E OF INDI AN POLI T IC S
o f fa c t , th e r e w a s n o e quality of sa c rifi c e in
t h e C o l o n i e s a n d I n d ia fo r I n dia had l o n g at
, ,
H ar d i n g e to fli n g ac r o ss th e s e as i n t o F ra n c e
a n Army r e a d y to tak e t h e fi e ld r ight athwart
,
“
c o n t e mptibl e littl e Army O f Britai n ; to
falsify th e b o ast o f t h e K ais e r that h e w o uld
”
di n e in P aris in a f o rt n ight ; to sav e Britai n
in th e hour of h e r bitt e r n e e d . T h e G e rma n s
wou l d hav e w o n whil e t h e C o lo n i e s w e r e
pr e pari n g an d Britai n wa s trai n i n g th e ir raw
l e vie s aft e r th ey la n d ed ; an d th e fra n ti c
e n thusiasm with wh i c h P arliam e n t w e l c om e d
LL D. . in h is i n valuabl e book
, Wi t h t he
I n dia n s in F r a n ce publish e d in 1 92 0
, I t is .
d e di c at e d
T o M Y B R AV E C O M RA D E S
O F A LL RA N K S O F T H E i N D IAN A R M Y
I D E D I CA T E T H I S B O O K , W H I C H I S A N
E A R N E ST E N D E A V O U R T O R E C O R D T H E I R
L O Y A LT Y A N D U N P E R I S H AB LE V A L O U R
O N T H E B A TT L E F I E L D S O F-
F R ANC E A N D B E L G I U M
76 THE FU T U RE OF I ND I AN PO LI T IC S
ti o nth at fe w if a n y hav e a b e tt e r k n o wl e d g e
“
, ,
“
of th e s e H ist o ry will assur e dl y fur n ish a
brillia n t ac c o u n t I t is n o t always so o f I n dia n
.
b e sid e y o u in th e t r e n ch e s H e c o n c lud e s
.
H e r s o n s hav e shar e d t h e gl o ry o f t h e E m p ir e .
F r o m t h e b o ggy fi e lds a n d tr e n c h e s o f F la n d e rs a n d
t h e d e s e rt sa n d s o f E gyp t ; fr o m t h e imm o rtal
h e ights o f G alli p o li fro m t h e burn i n g p lai n s O f
M e s o p o tamia a n d t h e imp e n e trabl e ju n gl e s o f E ast
A fri c a c o m e s up w ith o n e v o i c e fr o m t h e th o usa n d s
, ,
w h o f o ught a n d bl e d fo r E n gla n d
I n dia h a s tak e n a n e w birth
T h e h e av e n s ab o v e t h e s e a t h e e arth
, ,
H av e c ha n g e d fo r a y e t h e dark n e ss di e s
, ,
Si n c e A rmag e dd o n s day
’
.
“
th e Army o f I n dia w a s littl e u n d e r st o o d in
Gr e at Britain , wh e r e n e wspap e r writ e r s
th o ught that it w a s c o mp o s e d o f Sikhs a n d
Gu r khas , wh e r e a Sikh squadr o n wa s
78 THE F U T URE OF IND I A N POLI T IC S
wa s r e p o rt e d by o n e pap e r a s c o n sisti n g of
”
mou n tai n gu n s bor n e o n Abyssin ia n mul e s .
B ut t h e g e m wa s fr o m a for e ig n pap e r ,
w h o a r e n o w o cc upyi n g t h e fi n e st h o t e l in M ar
se ill e
. T h e ir n am e s a r e P ri n c e Siky e ( e vid e n tly
a c o rru pti o n o f Sikh ) P rin c e G o ro k ( G urkhas ) ; a n d
P ri n c e B al ukin ( m e a n t fo r Balu c his ) .
u se o f ha n d gr e n a d e s a n d tr e n c h mortars a n d
-
,
tr e n c h e s H e says
I have no d e sire u n n e c e ssarily t o stri n g o ut th e
m a n if e st disadva n tag e s t h e I n dia n C o rps lab o ure d
A N EW D EP A R T URE 79
k n o wn T h e r e is a gr o wi n g b o dy o f I n dia n s wh o
.
r e ward e d M o re o v e r as c o mma n d e r O f th o se
.
,
i n F ra n c e my b e li e f was h e ight e n e d t o pr o f o u n d
-
d a y I k n e w that by n o m e a ns c o u l d th e y b e r e
,
th e ir K i n g E mp e r o r , pro ud o f th e ir p r o f e ssi o n O f
-
arms ; th e y f o rm e d t h e e ss e ntial li n k b e t we e n t h e
B ritish O ffi c e rs a n d m e n In o rdi n ary c ir c umsta n c e s
.
On e Of m y c hi e f d iffi c ulti e s at t h e b e gi n n i n g o f
this w a r wa s t o mak e it u n d e rst o o d that t h e I n dia n s
c a n n o t b e tr e at e d a s pure ma c hi n e s a n d that ,
it at t h e b e gi n n i n g o f t h e F la n d e rs fighti n g but as
82 T HE FU T URE OF i N D IA N POLI T IC S
i t is a gre at drivi n g fo r c e ; i t i a is e s m e n in t h e
e stimati o n o f th e ir f e ll o w s w hilst t h e l o ss o f it
,
de bas e s th e m .
’
In j u d gi n g t h e e ff e ct o f t h e War o n I n dia s
outl o o k w e must tak e acc o u n t o f t h e fact that
,
th e m th e m e m o r i e s o f t h e ir c o mra d e s in th e
tr e n c h e s t h e m e m o ri e s o f t he whit e tr o o ps
,
th e y f o ught a gai n st t h e m e m o r i e s o f t h e
,
galla n t d e e ds p e rf o r m e d by I n dia n s o l d i e rs a n d
,
of t h e h o n o ur pai d to th e m in F ra n c e a n d
E n gla n d .Thus t h e V illag e r s cam e i n t o t o u ch
with a larg e r lif e a wi d e r o utl o o k a k n o w
, ,
l e d g e O f f r e e c o u n tri e s a n d o f t h e h o n o u rs
,
w o n by I n d ia n s i n th e fi e l d s wh e r e t h e y
,
co mi n g back f r o m f r e e c o u n tri e s wh e r e th ey ,
h ad f o ugh t fo r fr e e d o m a n d l e ft th e i r d e a d
b e hi n d i n t o a c o u n t r y wh e r e d e spit e all th e y
, .
,
h ad s uff e r e d th e y f o u n d th e ms e l v e s still u n d e r
,
“
th e i n to l e rabl e d e gradati o n O f t h e y o k e O f a
f o r e ig n N ati o n .
T o r e tu r n to th e C o n gr e ss o f 1 9 1 4 T he .
R e s o lutio n r a n
X . Re s o —
i n V i e w o f t h e pro f o u n d
l ve d T hat
a n d av o w e d l o yalty that t h e p e o p l e O f I n dia hav e
ma n if e st e d in t h e p r e s e n t c risis , this C o n gre ss
a p p e als to t h e G o v e r n m e n t to d e e p e n a n d p e rp e tuat e
it a n d ma k e it a n e n duri n g an d valuabl e a ss e t o f t h e
,
a n d ab ro a d b e t w e e n H is M aj e sty s I n dia n a n d o th er
’
,
subj e c ts by r e d e e mi n g t h e p l e dg e s o f P ro vi n c ial
,
t h e fr e e e n j o ym e n t o f t h e rights b e l o n g i n g t o that
status .
Th u s was th e n o t e st r u ck T h e R e s o luti o n
.
was m o v e d by t h e w e ll k n o w n patri o t M r
-
,
.
Su r e n dr a n a th Ba n n e r j i In a w e ll r e as o n e d
,
-
84 THE FU T URE OF I N DI A N PO L I T IC S
’
S p e e c h basi n g I n d ia s c laim o n t h e Pr o c lama
,
“
1 9 1 1 a n d d e cla r i n g in favo ur o f a n umb e r o f
,
th e m a n d p o ss e ssi n g p o we rs to i n t e rf e r e in
,
$
”
c as e o f m is g o v e r n m e n t
- H e ask e d th e
.
audi e n c e to formulat e a s c h e m e a n d pr e ss it
o n t h e British publi c In supp o rti n g it I urg e d
,
ask e d C o n gr e ss to f o rm a d e fi n it e s c h e m e o f
S e lf G o v e r n m e n t to pr e s e n t to E n gla n d aft e r
-
t h e War .
T H E G RE AT A G I T A T I O N
N ew I n di a a n d T he C o m mo n wea l l e d t he way ,
n e w in I n d ia n p o litics . I t w a s a n E n glish
p o litical agitatio n c arri e d o n with u n br o k e n
,
N e w Y e ar s D ay 1 9 1 5 it was pr o p o s e d to
’
, ,
”
s tart a Madras P arliam e n t i a a D e bati n g
:
. .
, ,
1 7 p e rs o n s f o rm e d its e lf e a r ly in F e bruary ,
1 9 1 5 a n d dr e w up rul e s ; t h e H o n M r Justic e
, . .
. .
G o vin da r ag h av a I y e r was O ff e r e d th e p o st o f
,
L e a d e r O f t h e H o us e but as h e d e cli n e d it w a s
, ,
l e ft to t h e m e mb e rs to e l e ct th e i r o wn m an
( C o m m o n w e a l ,
F e bruary 1 2 1 9 1 5
,
pp 1 2
, 5 .
,
T h e i n augural m e e ti n g w a s h e ld o n
Fe bruary 1 4 wh e n aft e r t h e r e gistrati o n o f
, ,
m e mb e rs A n n i e B e sa n t was e l e ct e d P rim e
,
M i n i s t er a nd S e cr et a r y f or t he Tr ea s u r y , A n n ie
B e sa n t . Un de r -
Secr e t a r y ( no t y e t ch o s e n ) . L o ca l
G over n men t B oa r d , T . Ra ng ach ar i . Un der
S e cr e t a r y , K C De sik ach ar ia r E d u ca t ion
. . .
,
C P R a mas wa mi Aiyar
. . Un der S ecr e t a r y .
-
,
C Jin ar aj a dasa
. I n d us t r ies Ho n M r B N
.
,
. . . .
-
.
Un der S e cr e t a r y C Go pala M e n o n
-
, C o op er a
. .
-
Un d er S e c r et a r y
-
V Ve n k atasub b a y a H o me
, . .
D ep a r t me n t De w a n Ba h adfi r L A G o vi n da
, . .
r ag h a v a I ye r Un der S ecr e t a r y H o n M rf
‘
-
. .
,
L aw wa s C l e rk Of th e H o us e
, T h e Whip s .
,
fi r st m e e ti n g was h e l d u n d e r th e shad o w o f a
g r e at l o ss I had c o n sult e d M r G o khal e o n
.
t h e subj e ct a n d h e ga v e it h is e n thusiastic
” ’
approval , a n d o n F e bruary 1 3 wir e d h is wis h
88 TH E FU T UR E OF I N DI AN PO L I T IC S
“
on F e bruary 2 6: N e e d l e ss to sa y I had
c o u n t e d o n his a d v i c e as it w e n t o n fo r e arly
,
i n 1 9 1 4 h e had a c c e pt e d m e as a f e ll o w
,
w o rk e r in t h e p o litical fi e ld a n d I r e li e d o n
,
his e xp e r i e n c e fo r c o u n s e l in a n y p o litical
w o r k a n d di d n o t i n t e n d to tak e a n y st e p
,
had i n t e n d e d to u se it in pr e parati o n fo r th e
n e xt C o n gr e ss to whi c h with imp r o v e d
, ,
”
h e alth h e wa s looki n g f o rwa r d . U n d e r h is
bl e ssi n g th e P arliam e n t di d mu c h us e ful
,
work . I se e n am e s n o w in th e C o u n c il O f
Stat e th e L e gislativ e A ss e mbly th e Madras
, ,
’
P arliam e n ts a n d p r actis e d th e ir p r e n tic e
e ff o rts i n o u r l o c al P arliam e n t Th e latt e r
.
di e d in Ju n e 1 9 1 7 wh e n thr e e of its m e m
, ,
be rs w e r e i n t e r n e d a n d t h e oth e rs thr e w
,
90 THE FU T U RE OF IND I A N POLI T I C S
t h e m o tt o
H o w l o n g e r e th o u tak e stati o n
H o w l o n g e r e thralls liv e fre e
o u s pr o pa ga n da .
p rov e d .
THE G RE A T AG I TAT ION
e ag e r ly at t h e i d e a a n d in S e pt e m b e r I w e n t
,
T h e l o cal l e ad e r s h o we v e r d id n o t w e lc o m
, ,
e
th e i d e a thi n ki n g it mig ht w e ak e n th e
,
C o n gr e ss wh e r e as th e h O p e was to st r e n gth
,
bo d y to c ar r y o n a st e a d y a n d p o w e r ful
,
agitatio n fo r H o m e R ul e T he w o rd s H o m e
.
”
R ul e w e r e chos e n a s a sh o rt p o pula r,
by 1 9 1 7 th e w o rds h a d b e c o m e as Mr Ga n d h i ,
.
“ ”
sai d , a ma n tr am in e v e ry c o tta g e In a .
“ ”
i ssu e d t h e E n glish wor d s .
, H o m e R ul e .
i a a r t i n a N ati o n al C o n gr e ss to which fe w
p ,
f M u sa l m an s cam e , an d an All I n d ia
-
Muslim
L e agu e to whic h o n ly Muslims w e r e ad mitt e d .
e ducati o n al —
agitatio n a th o r o ughly h e althy
a n d c o n stit u ti o n al o n e ,n e v e r o n c e d isfigur e d
—
b y vi o l e n c e wa s g o i n g o n all o v e r t he c o u n try ,
u n w o rthy of h e r st o ri e d past a n d O f t h e
,
virility o f h e r p e o pl e in the pr e s e n t wh e n ,
c a m e m o r e a n d m o r e t e rribl e a s it sw e pt Ov e r
94 TH E FU T URE OF I N DI A N PO L I T IC S
wh ich sh e fill e d in t h e e y e s o f t he w o r l d A .
W a s th at why h e r s o n s w e r e tre at e d a s c o o li e s
i n t h e o utsi d e w o r l d ? D i d a f o r e ig n y o k e at
h o m e m e a n u n sp e akabl e humiliati o n s ab r o ad ?
Th e n t h e pri d e o f t h e A rya n M o th e rl a n d t‘
a wo k e
. . H ad sh e n o t a civilisatio n dati n g ba c k
b y mill e n n ia b e si d e whi c h th e s e whit e r ac e s
, ,
sp r u n g fr o m h e r w o mb w e r e but o f y e st e rd ay
.
,
H a d sh e n o t b e e n r ich st r o n g a n d s e lf r ul e d
, ,
-
,
t h e w o r l d wh e n t h e st r e e ts o f N i n e v e h w e r e
,
c ro w d e d w h e n E gypt w a s t h e t e ach e r o f
,
w h e n Gr e e k phil o s o p hy wa s a n o ffsh o o t o f
TH E G RE AT A G I T A T IO N 95
h er c h oo ls wh e n R o m e clad h e r haughti e st
s ,
m at r o n s in th e p r o ducts o f h er l oo ms ? H a d n o t
ma n y a N ati o n i n va d e d h e r a n d h a d s h e n o t ,
a n d r e cr e at e d th e m i n t o I n d ia n s ? H ad n o t
-
t h e g o l d o f t h e w o r l d fl o w e d i n t o h e r c o ff e rs ?
Ye t n o w s ize wa s po or H a d n o t gr e at E m pi r e s
.
,
n o w d e ad s e n t ambassad o rs to h e r C o u r ts
, But
n ow s he wa s a D ep en den cy f
o a l it t l e f a r -
f
o
I sl a n d i n n o r t he r n s ea s . Sh e ha d b ee n asl e e p .
Sh e ha d b e e n d r e ami n g But n o w s he a w ak e n
.
ed . Sh e o p e n e d h e r e y e s a n d l o o k e d ar o u n d ,
but h o l d i n g th e ir o w n a s s o l d i e r s ab r o a d T h e .
’
c o oli e s d e spis e d in E n gla n d s C o l o n i e s w e r e
, ,
c h e e r e d a s h e r o e s by E n glishm e n i n t h e str e e ts
“
t h e i n t o l e r ab l e d e g r a d ati o n o f a f o r e ig n
yo ke I f sh e w a s w o r thy t o fight fo r F r e e
do m sh e was w o r thy to e n j o y it
, I f sh e .
C ol o n ials in t h e t r e n c h e s a n d h e r p o ur e d o u t
, ,
-
soaki n g i n t o F r e n ch an d F l e mish s o il th e n ,
to h e r f e e t — a N ati o n .
whil e as h e r n a tu r al l e ad e r w h o had bl o w n ,
An d
’
t h e c o n c h fo r L ib e rty s battl e in I n dia .
sh e sa n g
WA K E U P I N D I A ,
Calls u s to t h e fray .
C HAP TE R IV
T H E G R E AT A G I TAT I O N ( Co n t in ued)
BO M B AY L U C K N O W A N D T H E
, ,
H O M E RU LE L EA GU E S
t h e bulk of t h e d e l e gat e s w e r e co n c e r n e d a
H o m e R ul e C o n gr e ss throbbi n g with lif e a n d
,
n e w e n e rgy . But t h e O ld e r m e n t h e l e ad e rs
, ,
w o uld w e ak e n the C o n gr e ss We h a d a m e e t
'
i n g o f l e a d i n g adh e r e n ts o f th e t wo pa rti e s ,
a n d a g r e e d that if t h e C o n gr e ss ha d n o t sta r t e d
of th o s e w h o f o ll o w e d my pr o gr a m m e w e r e
a n gry with m e fo r yi e ldi n g so far to t h e w ish e s
o f t h e O ld e r m e n e sp e c i al l y as Mr D a da b h a i
, .
N ao rO JI had app r o v e d t h e i d e a I f e lt h o w.
,
fo r t h e sak e o f u n i o n a n d t hat it w a s n o t fo r
,
,
- —
m e a n e w c o m e r i n t o t h e C o n g r e ss ha v i n g
a tt e n d e d it fo r t h e fi r st tim e i n 1 9 1 4
— to g o
agai n st t h e o l d e r m e n w h o had b o r n e t h e
,
burd e n a n d h e at o f t h e d ay I ma n ag e d.
t h e r e s o lutio n t o f o rm a d e fi n it e sch e m e a s ,
s ugg e st e d t h e y e ar b e f o r e .
du c e d says t h e A n gl o I ndia n M a d r as Ma l l
“
,
- amidst ,
sce ne s of g re a t e n th u s iasm t h e sp e a k e r s b e i n g
,
r e p e at e dly c h e e r e d n o ta b l x t h e H o n M r Sur e n
, . .
dra n a th Ba n n e r j i M r s B e sa n t a n d t h e H o n P a n di t
, .
,
o f G o v e r n m e n t in this c o u n try s o as t o s e c ur e t o
t h e p e o pl e a n e ff e c tiv e c o n tr o l o v e r it by a m o n gst
o th e rs
( a ) t h e i n tr o du c ti o n o f P r o vi n c ial Aut o n o my
i n c ludi n g fi n a n c ial i n d e p e n d e n c e ;
( 6) e x pa n si o n a n d r e f o rm o f th e L e gislativ e
C o u n c ils s o as t o mak e th e m truly a n d ad e quat e ly
r e pre s e n tativ e o f all s e c ti o n s o f t h e p e o pl e an d t o
giv e th e m e ff e c tiv e c o n tr o l o v e r t h e a c ts o f t h e
-
E x e c utiv e G o v e r n m e n t ;
( 0) t h e r e c o n stru c ti o n o f t h e vari o us Ex e cu
tiv e C o u n c il s a n d t h e e stablishm e n t o f si mil ar
E x e c utiv e C o u n c ils in P r o vi n c e s w h e r e th e y do n o t
e x i st ;
( d) th e r e f o rm o r t h e ab o liti o n o f th e C o u n c il
o f t h e Se c r e tary o f Stat e fo r I n dia
m en t .
R e f o rm A c t .
I wr o t e fr o m B o mbay o n D e c e mb e r
to N ewJa dea , i n l e tt e r I n which t h e f o ll o wi n g
Occ urr e d .
“
ab o ut e mbarrassi n g t h e G o v e r n m e n t n o w that t h e
,
b e c arri e d o n ( N e w In dia D e c e mb e r 31 1 91 5 p
.
, , , .
THE G RE AT A G I T AT ION 1 03
A s~ susp e n si o n o f th e f o rmati o n o f
r e g a r ds th e
th e H R L . t h e p o siti o n i s r e ally quit e c l e ar
.
, I .
a s a m e mb e r o f t he A ll I n dia C o n gr e ss C o mmitt e e
-
,
we r e agai n st t h e f o rmati on o f a n e w b o d y u n d e r t h e
c ha n g e d c o n diti o n s a n d my o w n ju dgm e n t agr e e d
,
y o u n g m e n i n t o a pr o paga n da w ith o ut t h e pr o t e c ti o n
o f t h e e ld e rs w hi c h I had s o ught t o gai n fo r th e m ,
w h e n th e y c o uld do e xa c tly t h e sa m e w o r k u n d e r
t h e a gi s o f t h e C o n g r e ss T h e f o rmati o n w a s
.
th e r e f o re adj o ur n e d I f t h e Al l I n dia C o n gr e ss
.
-
C o mmitt e e d o e s n o t c a r ry o u t t h e m a n dat e o f th e
C o n gre ss a n d if t h e C o n gr e ss o rga n isati o n g o e s t o
,
sl e e p th e n w e c a n g o o n w ith o u r a d j o urn e d m e e t
,
I f w e a r e to w in H o m e R ul e u n i o n is abs o lut e ly
,
O pp o s e d t o I n dia n Se lf G o v e r n m e n t by i n sisti n g o n
-
w o rk y i e l di n g t o t h e fissipar o u s t e n d e n c y w hi c h i s
,
t h e w o rk w e pr o p o s e d t o do a s a n auxilia r y i n t o its ,
th e c o u n try a n d w as add e d to t he w o rk b e gu n
,
in 1 9 1 5 a n d c o n ti n u e d thr o ug h 1 9 1 6an d 1 91 7 ,
g r e w e v e r gr e at e r duri n g th e s e y e ars .
Th e y e ar 1 9 1 6o p e n e d u n d e r g o o d auspi c e s .
I wr o t e in T he C o m mo n wea l O f Ja n uary 7 ,
1 9 1 6(p 2] .
T h e tim e fo r pi e c e m e al r e f o rm s is o v e r a n d t h e
,
-
t h e c o m bi n a t i o n p r o c laimi n g t h e r e u n i o n o f t h e
R ight a n d L e ft W i n gs O f t h e N ati o n al party a —
n e c e ssary p r e limi n ary t o su cc e ssful a c ti o n M r . .
W e i n M adras a r e p la n n i n g o u r c am p aig n a n d we ,
Si n dh w e k n o w is e ag e r fo r w o rk
, , T h e p o pula r
pr o paga n da c a n b e c arri e d o n up o n t h e br o ad li n e s
w e a re alr e ady agr e e d up o n whil e we pr e par e t h e
,
app e a r e d o n D e c e mb e r 31 1 9 1 5 p 1 1 , , .
A matt e r o f gr e at r e j o i c i n g i s t h e C l o si n g o f t h e
br e a c h b e t we e n t h e t wo w i n gs o f t h e N ati o n al
P arty a n d t h e d e c larati o n that it is n o t n e c e ssary
,
t o g e th e r fo r t h e c o mm o n M o th e rla nd a n d b e r iva l s ,
o n ly i n d e v o ti o n t o h e r .
”
B r itai n I wr o t e (p 3)
, .
G r e at a n d e p o c h maki n g is t h e p o i n t in th e mi n t
-
hap p i n e ss o f y e t u n b o r n g e n e rati o n s in b o th la n d s .
e may w e ll s p e n d t h e m o n ths w hi c h l ie b e f o r e
us e r e t he Wa r c a n e n d a n d t h e t e r ms o f p e a c e c a n
, ,
a n d t h e p lai n S p o k e n d e c larati o n s o f t h e P r e si d e n t o f
-
t h e w o rl d o f id e als i n t o t h e w o rld o f a c ts .
Aft e r p o i n ti n g o u t th at t h e pr e pa r ati o n o f th e
C o n g r e ss Sch e m e must b e acc o mpa n i e d by a
p r o gram m e fo r e ducati o n al p r o paga nd a du r i n g
”
t h e y e ar , so tha t t h e p e o pl e m ight b e c o m
C i r cl e S h o uld p r e pa r e l e a fl e ts a n d pamphl e ts
t o aid this p r o paga n da F u r th e r I pl e ad e d
.
,
t hat H o m e R ul e w o ul d r e m o v e t h e ca uses of
1 10 THE FU T UR E OF I N DI AN POLI T I C S
o f a ra c e c o n s c i o us o f its fr e e d o m t o d e f e n d th e ,
a n d t h e Su e z Ca n al as saf e as t h e c e n tr e o f E n gla n d .
T h e Wa r w o uld hav e b e e n o v e r in a fe w w e e ks if ,
i n d e e d it h a d e v e r b e gu n w ith t h e milli o n s o f a
,
: :
a s w e l c o m e r e sid e n ts in e a c h o th e r s c o u n tri e s i n
’
,
S hall th e y b e k n it t o g e th e r by ti e s o f l o v e that
n o thi n g c a n r e n d asu n d e r T h e n S hall E ast a n d
.
W e st u n d e rst a n d e a c h o th e r ha n d c lasp e d in ha n d
, ,
o f P r o vi d e n c e i n bri n gi n g th e m t o g e th e r he n o l o n g e r
i n s c rutabl e fo r th e y S hall f o rm a n E m p ire that
,
b e t he h o m e o f L ib e rty t h e G uardia n o f w e ak
,
N ati o n s t h e t e rr o r o f t h e w o uld b e o p p r e ss o r t h e
,
-
,
gl o ri o us h o m e o f Sc i e n c e o f Lit e rature o f A r t a n
, , ,
I f t h e y e ar 1 9 1 6 mark e d t h e b e gi n n i n g o f
a n e w p has e in t h e struggl e for L ib e rty it ,
T HE G RE A T A G I T A T IO N
als o sa w th e b e gi nn i n g o f a n e w f o rm o f r e sist
a n c e to it T h e growi n g str e n gth o f t h e H o m e
.
P e n tl an d t h e th e n G o v e r n o r wa s plia n t in
’
, ,
—
t h e ir h a n ds a w e ll m e a n i n g but w e a k m a n
- -
.
Th e y d e t e rmi n e d o n r e p r e ssi o n a n d t h e ,
p ap e r a t t h e m e r c y o f t h e L o c al G o v e r n m e n t
was i n v o k e d O n May 2 6 1 9 1 6 n o ti c e w a s
.
, ,
s e r ve d o n N e w I n d ia a n d a s e c u r ity l e vi e d of
,
RS . pai d o n Ju n e 5 I t was th e fi r st .
s t e p o f t h e P e n tla n d G o v e r n m e n t o n t h e path
U n iv e r sity o f w hich I w as a m e mb e r t o o k
, ,
a n d a n e w s e cu r ity o f R S . l e vi e d T h e .
a cc ru e d T h e Madras G o v e r n m e n t h o w e v e r
.
, ,
a g e n ts put t h e i n t e r e st i n t o t h e G o v e r n m e n t
tr e asury thus l e vyi n g o n N e w I n dia a c o n ti n u
,
i n g fi n e o f R s 350 a y e ar r e ck o n i n g i n t e r e st at
.
,
t h e l o w figur e o f 3% p e r c e n t . Such w e r e t h e
pl e asa n t littl e ways o f t h e Madras Gov e r n m e n t
a t that tim e .
1 14 THE FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
e d t h e p e o pl e to u n d e rsta n d t h e b e n e fits of
pr e ss f o rf e it e d aft e r a s e c o n d f o rf e itur e o f t h e
s e c urity c o uld g o o n upo n its u n r e p e n ta n t way
,
T wo H o m e R ul e L e agu e s w e r e f o rm e d
duri ng t h e y e ar 1 9 1 6 Mr Tilak f o rm e d o n e
. .
a n d I t h e o th e r o n t h e gr o u n d that s o m e p eo pl e
,
an d lov ed m e ; h e nc e in g tog e th e r s e pa
- -
r a t e l y w a s t h e b e st p o lic We o f t h e Co n g r e ss
of 1 9 1 5 f o rm e d ou r All I n d ia H o m e R ul e
$
-
L e agu e in S e pt b e r 1 1 91 6 a cc o rdi n g to th e
, ,
1 91 5 . I t w o rk e d spl e n d i d ly a nd su cc e ssfully
through t h e r e mai n i n g mo n ths o f 1 9 1 6 through ,
1 91 7 an d 1 91 8
.
THE G RE A T A G I TA T IO N
c r e at e d in E n gla n d so liv e ly a n i n t e r e st in
I n dia th at th e G o v e r n m e n t th e r e l o ok e d o n it
suspi c iously with o ut t h e small e st r e as o n
, ,
it a n d s e n t it to e v e ry m e mb e r o f P arliam e n t
, .
Mu r i e l C o u n t e ss De L a Wa r r Miss Barb a r a
—
, ,
of d ir e ct actio n a n d M r Jo h n Sc u r r w e r e
'
.
,
t h e m o st pr o mi n e n t m e mb e rs o f it .
At th e C o n gr e ss o f 1 9 1 6 at L uck n ow we
, ,
by t h e C o n gr e ss a n d t h e M uslim L e agu e .
t h e Madras G o v e r n m e n t casti n g ab o ut fo r a
,
n e w w e ap o n agai n st t h e ir r e pr e ssibl e H o m e
—
R ul e r s w h o c o n ti n u e d th e ir c o n stituti o n al
st r uggl e fo r R e f o rms a n d ha d n o w a Co n
g r e ss L e agu e Sch e m e w hich th e y w e r e b e n t
-
o n p o pula r isi n g
— f o r m e d by s o m e o f its m e m
b e r s a n allia n ce w ith Dr N ai r a p o w e r ful
.
,
w r it e r w ith a savag e p e n a n d r e ga r di n g
, ,
t h e H o m e R ul e m o v e m e n t as chi e fly a m o n g
B r a h ma nas p re e mi n e n tly t h e i n t e llig e n tsia
,
-
o f t h e c o u n try a n d p r e d o mi n a n t am o n g C o n
g r e ss l e ad e r s it was re s o lv e d to sti r up
—
,
t h e N o n Br a hma nas
-
wh o i n clud e d m o st o f
'
t h e g r e at la n d l o r d s a n d t h e w e a l th y m e r
cha n t class as w e ll as a m aj o rity o f th e
—
,
T h e la n d l o r d s a n d r ic h m e r cha n ts w e r e e v e n
1 18 T HE FU T UR E OF I N DI A N P OLI T IC S
In N ew I n di a Ja n uary 2 2 1 9 1 7 p 5 a
, , , .
,
r e port i s g i v e n o f a m e e ti n g o f t h e n e wl y
’
f o rm e d S o uth I n d ia n P e o pl e s Ass o c iati o n .
T h e m o v e m e n t w a s th e n sai d R ao Ba h adfir
,
th e y had al r e a d y R s a n d w e r e sur e o f
.
G o v e rn m e n t by t h e p e o pl e m e a n t that th e y
sh o uld hav e a b o d y o f i n t e llig e n t p e o pl e We re .
th e y in a p o siti o n t o hav e G o v e rn m e n t by t h e
p e o pl e ? Wo uld th e y pr e f e r t o b e g o v e r n e d by a
typi c al E n glishma n o r a typi c al Brahma n a ? T h e
,
p e o pl e a n d th e ir we ak n e ss T h e ir H o m e R ul e
.
G o v e rn m e n t o r E n glishm e n a s e n e mi e s .
Thu s b e ga n t he H ym n o f H at e a g aI n st a
small but brillia n tly i n t e ll e c tual a n d c ultur e d
c lass ; it b e c am e a v e n d e tta a crusad e by ra n k
, ,
o f th e syst e m o f G o v e r n m e n t fo r E n gla n d s
’
’
sak e as w e ll as fo r I n d ia s T h e wh o l e H o m e
.
R ul e rs r e c o g n is e d that H o m e R ul e was a
c o n d iti o n o f p r e s e rvi n g t h e British c o n n e ctio n .
T h e allia n c e b e tw e e n m e mb e rs o f t h e Ma d ras
G o v e r n m e n t a n d th e n o n B r a h ma na o r r ath e r
-
,
s e n c e o f Sir Al e xa n d e r C a rd e w at a m e et i n g
h e ld in Madras o n N o v e mb e r 2 4 1 9 1 7 wh e n , ,
.
,
.
,
K V e n ka ta R e d d i N aidu a n d R Ve n k atar a tn am
. .
ti o n w e r e pr e s e n t to w e lc o m e t h e n o n B r a h
,
-
ma na gra d uat e s o f t h e y e a r a n d Dr N a ir ,
.
1 22 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
—
T h e e arly m o n th s o f 1 9 1 7 SO far as w e
—
w e r e c o n c e r n e d w e r e pass e d in acti ve p r o
p g
a a n da p
, o pularisi n g t h e C o n gr e ss L e agu e -
Sch e m e O n t he o th e r ha n d L o r d P e n tla n d
.
,
( N e w In dia M a y 2 5
, , 1 91 7 p, .
w a s i n t e n d e d to put a sudd e n e n d to th e -
advocat e of H om e R ul e ; N ew I n dia as
it w o uld n ot stop for s e curiti e s sh o uld —
b e stopp e d by t h e i n t e r n m e n t o f its E ditor ,
THE G RE AT A G IT A T IO N
most pu n g e n t c o n tributo r A n n i e B e sa n t ,
B P Wadia a n d G S A r un dal e
. . . . An ord e r .
s e qu e st e r e d an d all w o uld be w e ll I t wa s .
N O r e as o n wa s assig n e d a n d w e n e v e r l e ar n t
,
what w as o ur e xa c t O ff e n c e L o rd P e n tla n d .
i n o r d e r to sav e t h e s e c urity a n d t h e pr e ss ,
s o ld th e Va san ta P r e ss to R ai S a hab
G Soob b iah C h e tty a n d r e c o v e r e d i ts Rs
.
, .
th e N ew I n dia P r e ss to Mr P K T e la n g . . .
,
r e c o v e ri n g RS
. a n d Rs a n d issu e d
.
u n d e r s e cu r iti e s o f o n ly Rs . e a c h i n st e ad ,
o f Rs . I do n o t thi n k that t h e P r e ss
A c t was i n t e n d e d t o h av e a motor car driv e n
- -
,
u n c o n c e r n a n d p e r f e ct g o o d t e mp e r B e f o r e
, .
w e l e ft Mr H o rn im a n a n d Mr K e lka r ki n dly
, . .
c am e o v e r fr o m B o mbay a n d P o o n a to o ff e r
h e lp a n d e a c h wr o t e a n a r ticl e fo r N ew I n dia
,
O f th e 2 1 st ; as th e y w e r e alr e ady e d it o r s w e ,
i n gs w e r e h e ld r e s o lutio n s fl e w ab o ut ; C P
, . .
C o n gr e ssm e n e v e ry wh e r e fa n ne d t h e s t o rm
,
a nd r o d e it Th e y pr e s e rv e d p e rf e c t ord e r ; n e v e r
.
w o ma n o r child w e n t to ga ol . Fo r thr e e
mo n th s th e v e h e m e n t agitatio n c o n ti n u e d u n
b r ok e n ly w ith o ut e v e r br e aki n g a law a n d
, ,
t h e stud e n ts w h o wa n t e d to strik e w e r e k e pt
i n th e i r s c h oo ls a n d c o ll e g e s a n d th e n
,
t hr e e i n t e r n ee s w e r e t o b e lib e rat e d .
T HE G RE AT A G I T AT IO N 1 27
by a U n it e d I n dia a n d w a s c r o w ne d by th e
,
e l e c ti o n o f t h e H o m e R ul e P r e sid e n t as P r e
s ide n t of th e N atio n al C o n gr e ss o f 1 9 1 7 .
to I n d ia a n d trav e ll e d wit h t h e V ic e r o y
, ,
L e agu e s pr e s e n t e d at D e lhi o n N o v e mb e r 2 6 ,
1 9 1 7 m e m o rials aski n g fo r H o m e R ul e
, The .
N atio n al C o n gr e ss a n d t h e L e agu e we r e
r e pr e s e n t e d by a Jo i n t D e putati o n fr o m
t h e ir r e sp e c tiv e E xe cutiv e s a n d t h e m e m o rial
,
wa s r e ad by Mr Su re n dr a n at h Ba n n e r j I Aft e r
. .
I n d ia n cas e it w o u n d up
,
a r e n e e d e d as mu c h in t h e i n t e r e sts o f th e g o o d
g ov e rn m e n t o f t he c o u n try a n d th e happi n e ss a n d
1 28 T
HE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T I C S
r e c o g n iti o n o f I n dia s p la c e am o n g t h e fr e e a n d
’
p o w e r o n e arth maki n g fo r t h e g oo d o f ma n ki n d ,
T h e t w o H o m e R ul e L e agu e s w e r e r e p r e
s e n t e d by M r Tilak a n d mys e l f r e sp e ctiv e l y
.
t h e All I n d ia H o m e R u l e L e agu e pr e s e n t e d
-
tu r e s gath e r e d in th e Pr e sid e n cy a n d c o n v e y e d
, ,
t o him i n th r e e o r f o ur ca r ts .
I t was t h e e n d o f a st r e n u o us struggl e o f
thr e e crowd e d y e a r s to m e th e e n d o f a n o th er
C HAPTE R V
T H E N E W S PI RI T I N I N D I A
WRI T I N G at t h e e n d of 1 9 1 7 I sk e t c h e d out
,
wh at s e e m e d to me to b e t h e C aus e s of what
“ ”
I c all e d t h e N e w Spirit in I n dia I t wa s
.
pa rt of my sp e e c h a s P r e si d e n t o f t h e N atio n al
Co n gr e ss t h e post which si n c e 1 885 h a d b e e n
, , ,
a n d l o ve .R e a d i n g that sk e tch t o d ay in 1 9 2 2 , ,
I do n o t f e e l th at I c an b e tt e r
h e r e a n d it has t h e adva n ta g e o f ma r ki n g t h e
,
pla c e h e l d at t h e e n d o f 1 9 1 7 by t h e N a t io n al
M o ve m e n t in I n d ia as s e e n by o n e wh o w a s
,
e ff e c t o f t r av e l i n E u r o p e Japa n a n d t h e
,
U n it e d Stat e s o f A m e r ica a n d o th e r r e c o g n is e d
,
c a u s e s fo r th e cha n g e d o utl oo k in I n d ia th e r e ,
hav e b e e n sp e cial f o r c e s at w o r k d u r i n g t h e
last fe w y e a r s to a r o us e a N e w Spi r it i n I n d ia ,
( a ) T h e Aw a k e n i n g o f Asia .
( )
b D iscussi o n s ab r o ad o n Ali e n R ul e a n d
I mp e r ial R e c o n stru c ti o n .
( )
d T h e Awak e n i n g o f t h e M e r cha n ts .
( )
e T h e A w ak e n i n g o f t h e W o m e n to
claim th e i r A n ci e n t P o sitio n .
( )
f T h e A w ak e n i n g o f t h e Mass e s .
e n e d t h e rat e o f e v o luti o n o f t h e w o rl d a n d n o ,
( )
a The A wa ke n ing o f A sia
“ ”
t h e so c all e d
-
u n r e st in I n dia an d r e c og n is e d
,
C ha n gi n g c o n ditio n s in t h e o ut e r world I .
larg e r m o v e m e n t c o mm o n to t h e wh o l e E ast ,
in P e r sia hi n d e red by t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e o f
,
c ha n g e d t h e c o n d iti o n s b e f o r e e xisti n g in
I n dia Acr o ss Asia b e y o n d t h e H im a layas
.
, ,
1 905 wh e n t h e gr e at p e ri o d of r e p r e ssi o n se t
,
in . Bu t in futu r e u n l e ss I n dia wi n s S e lf
,
S e lf G o v e r n i n g n e ighb o u r s a n d t h e c o n tr a st
-
,
will i n t e n sify h e r u n r e st .
-
T H E N E W S PIRI T IN I N DI A 1 35
B ut v e n if s he gai n s H om e R ul e a s I
e ,
“
Mr L ai n g o n c e sai d : I n dia is th e mil c h c o w
.
-
”
O f E n gla n d a K a madh e n u in fact a co w of
, , ,
ca pabl e of s e lf d e f e n c e b o th by la n d a n d se a
-
.
h e rs e lf .
1 36 TH E FU T UR E OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
t o hol d h e r o w n a n d t o aid th e D o mi n i o n s ,
a n d i m m e n s e u n o c cupi e d a n d u n d e f e n d e d a r e a .
p r o
-
G e rma n sympathi e,s a n d h o w lik e ly aft e r
t h e War is a n allia n c e b e tw ee n th e s e t wo
1 38 T HE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
th e y h av e i n v e st e d th e r e Why
th e n sh o uld th e y c laim to d o mi n at e I n d ia o n
t h e gr o u n d o f th e ir i n v e stm e n ts ? Brit o n s must
giv e u p t h e id e a that I n dia is a p o sse ssio n to
.
s e e h e r a s a f r i e n d a n e qual a S e lf G o v e r n i n g
, ,
-
but n o t a d e p e n d e n t . T h e d e mo c rati c m o v e
m e n t in Japa n C hi n a a n d R ussia in Asia h as
,
6
( ) D is c ussio n s A br oa d on A l ie n R u l e an d
R e co n s t r u c t ion
at fi r st b e li e v e d wh o l e h e art e d ly that Gr e at
Britai n was fighti n g fo r t h e fr ee d o m of al l
N ati o n aliti e s E v e n n o w Mr Asquith d e c lar e d
—in h is sp e e c h in the H ous e o f Co mm o n s
.
, .
r e p o rt e d h e r e la st O ct o b e r o n th e p e a c e
—
,
“
t h e A l li e s a re fighti n g fo r n o thi n g b ut
“
f re ed o m, an d an imp o r ta n t ad d iti o n
,
fo r
”
n o thi n g sh o r t o f f r e e d o m . In his sp e e c h
d e cla r i n g th at Britai n w o uld sta n d by F ra n c e
in h e r claim fo r t h e r e st o rati o n o f Alsa c e
L o r rai n e h e s po k e o f t h e i n t o l e rabl e d e grada
,
“
t h e r ul e d a r e b o th o f E u r o p e a n bl oo d simila r
,
wa s on ly r e gar d e d a s i n t o l e r abl e fo r me n
o f whit e r ac e s ; that f r e e d o m w as lavishly
pr o mis e d to all Ex c e pt to I n d ia ; that n e w
po w e r s w e r e to b e giv e n to t h e D o mi n i o n s ,
but n o t to I n d ia I n d ia was ma r k e d ly l e ft o u t
.
”
o f t h e F iv e N ati o n s a n d t h e
, c o l o ure d rac e s
w e r e lump e d tog e th er a s t h e wa rd s o f th e
W h it e E mpi r e d o o m e d to a n i n d e fi n it e
,
m i n o rity .
pla c e th e r e i n T h e D o mi n i o n s w e r e pr o claim
ed as part n e rs ; w a s I n dia to r e mai n a
D e p e n d e n cy ? M r B o n ar L aw ba d e t h e
.
D o mi n i o n s st r ik e whil e th e i r o n w a s hot
w a s I n dia to wait til l it w a s c o ld I n d ia sa w
h e r soldi e rs fighti n g fo r fr e e d o m in F la n d e rs ,
142 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S
’
t i o n in I n d ia s cas e was o f t h e G o v e r n m e n t o f ,
t h e y w e r e s e l e c t e d by th e Gov e r n m e n t a n d ,
n o t by t h e e l e c t e d m e mb e rs o f t h e S u p re m e
by t h e H o n K h a n Bah a d u r M M Sh a fi o n
. . .
O ctob e r 2 1 9 1 5 wa s p o i n t e d o u t by t h e H o n
, ,
.
M y L o rd vi e w o f a S ituati o n s o full o f h o p e
, in
a n d pr o mis e it s e e ms t o m e that my fri e n d s Re ’
,
L o rd I r e c o g n is e t h e fa c t that t h e I m p e r ial C o n
,
c o n sisti n g o f M i n ist e rs o f t h e Un it e d K i n gd o m a n d
o f t h e Se lf G o v e r n i n g C o l o n i e s
- But my L o rd th e re
.
, ,
is a n e ss e n tial diff e re n c e b e t we e n th e m a n d o u r
s e lv e s . In th e ir c as e th e M i nist e rs a r e t h e e l e c t o f
,
t h e p e o pl e th e ir o rga n a n d th e ir v o i c e a n s we rabl e
, ,
t o th e m fo r th e ir c o n du c t a n d th e ir p ro c e e d i n gs In .
“
t hat I n d ia n R e pr e s e n tativ e s t o o k part i n
t he Co n fere n c e R e pr e s e n tativ e s th e y w e r e
.
,
I n d ia n o t o f I n d ia wh e r e a s th e i r c oll e agu e s
, ,
r e p r e s e n te d th e ir N atio n s Th e y did g o o d .
14 4 THE FU T U RE OF I N D IA N POLI T IC S
w o rk , non e t he l e ss fo r
th e y w e r e abl e
,
us in t h e I mp e rial P r e f e r e n c e C o n f e r e n c e ,
qu e sti o n Ye t w e h o p e that th e pr e s e n c e in
.
e quals .
T h e R e p o rt o f th e P ubli c S e r vi c e s C o mmis
sio n th o ugh n o w too o bviously o bs o l e t e to
,
r e s e n tm e n t ; fo r it sh o w e d that in t he e y e s o f ,
o n ly h o ld a pitiful 2 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e high e r
appoi n tm e n ts in t h e I C S a n d t he P o li c e I
. . . .
F r e n c h ma n in F ra n c e t h e Am e rica n i n
,
t h e I n dia n w a s t o r ul e n o wh e r e al o n e am o n g
t h e p eo pl e s o f t h e w o rld h e wa s n o t to f ee l
,
“
h is o w n c o u n try as h is o wn B r itai n fo r
.
” “
t h e British was righ t a n d n atu r al ; I n dia
”
for t h e I n d ia n s was wr o n g e v e n s e diti o us
, .
”
I t must b e I n d ia fo r t h e E mpir e
‘
o r no t ,
“
e v e n fo r t h e E mpir e , but fo r t h e r e st o f t h e -
”
E mpir e car e l e ss o f h e rs e lf
, British supp o r t
.
’
Stat e fo r I n dia o f t h e V i c e r o y s i n vitatio n to
,
wa s mad e to w e l c o m e t h e c o mi n g o f a
fri e n d .
H o m e R ul e Sh e is r e a d y to c o n si d e r t e rms o f
.
”
p e ac e but it must b e
, p e ac e w ith h o n o ur ,
a n d ho n o ur in this c o n n e cti o n m e a n s F r e e d o m :
I f this b e n o t g r a n t e d a n e v en m o r e vig o r o u s
,
agitatio n wil l b e gi n .
14 8 T HE FU T U RE OF I N D IA N POLI T IC S
o f t he Whi t e R a ces
l e a d t h e I n dia n p eo pl e to a s e n s e o f th e valu e
o f th e ir o wn civilisati o n to prid e in th e ir past
, ,
cr e ati n g s e lf r e sp e ct in t h e pr e s e n t a n d s e lf
-
,
W e st Tak e t h e f oll o wi n g
.
Child re n o f I n dia I am h e r e
, to sp e ak to y o u to
day ab o ut s o m e pra c ti c al thi n gs , a n d my o bj e c t in
1 50 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI AN PO LI T IC S
th e s e w a s c on fi n e d to t h e fe w a n d did n o t
r e a c h t h e ma n y Th e fi r st g r e at sh o c k to
.
t h e ir b e li e f i n wh it e sup e r i o rity ca m e fr o m th e
triumph o f Japa n o v e r R u ssia t h e faci n g ,
of a h ug e E ur o p e a n P o we r by a c o mpa r a tiv e ly
small e ast e r n N ati o n t h e e xp o sur e o f th e
,
w e ak n e ss a n d r o tt e n n e ss o f t h e R ussia n
l e ad e rs a n d t h e c o n t r ast with th e i r ha r dy
,
thi n g fo r th e i r c o u n t r y .
T h e s e c o n d g r e at sh o ck has c o m e fr o m th e
fra n k brutality o f G e r ma n th e o r i e s o f th e
S tat e a n d th e ir practical c arryi n g o ut in t h e
,
wast e o f e vacuat e d a r e as in r e tr e at . T he
t e ach in gs o f Bismarck an d th e ir practical
appli c ati o n in F ra n c e F la n d e r s B e lgium
, , ,
a n d e v e r i n v e n ti n g n e w tortur e s fo r r e n di n g
r e ligi o n s a n d h e r o w n civilisatio n s .
In e a sur e s i n c r e as e d in n umbe r a n d m o r e
harshly appli e d si n c e 1 905 th e carryi n g o f
,
d e e p e n e d th e mistrust A fra n k a n d co ur a g
.
al o n e r e m o v e I t. T h e tim e fo r political
ti n k e ri n g i s past ; th e tim e fo r wis e an d
d e fi n it e c ha n g e s is h e r e
.
’
that th e sugg e sti o n s mad e in th e P eo pl e s
A ss e mbly in My sor e a r e fully c o n sid e r e d a nd ,
1 54 THE F U T U RE OF I N DI A N PO LI T IC S
to i n d ust r i e s which ha d b e e n c o n n e ct e d C l o s e ly
with G e rma n t r a d e a n d w e r e m e n ac e d w ith
rui n by t h e War ; by t h e r e fusal to aid t h e
e ffo r ts ma d e t o r e plac e n e c e ssa r i e s
— hith e rt o
—
S uppli e d by G e r ma n y b y th e f o u n di n g o r
fi n a n c i n g o f fact o r i e s fo r th e i r pr o d u cti o n at
h o m e by t h e r e s t r ictio n s put o n trad e u n d e r p re
t e xt o f t h e War that pr e v e n t e d t h e l e gitimat e
,
by th e abs e n c e o f e ff o rt to r e li e v e th e st r i n g e n cy
o f t h e m o n e y mark e t w e althy m e rcha n ts b e i n g
,
tra n smit t h e m o n e y th e y ow e d ; s o me w e r e
T H E N E W S PI RI T IN I N DI A 1 55
c e n tr e s a n d th e w e althy a n d i n d e p e n d e n t
,
D i r e ct o rat e c o mplai n e d o f fo r y e a r s
, The
.
t h e stability o f th e Go v e r n m e n t wh e n it s
,
s e c u r i ti e s fe ll so l o w .
1 56 TH E FU T URE OF I N D I A N PO LI T I C S
i n diff e r e n c e .
T h e c o pra a n d c o ir i n dustry o f t h e W e st
C o ast ha d pass e d i n to G e rma n h a n ds ; stru c k
a way f r om th e m by t h e War th e r e was da n g e r
,
t h e firm o f Tata a n d S o n s st e pp e d i n a n d r e s
c u e d it, a n d it r e mai n s a n I n dia n i n dustry .
T e n y e ars a g o t h e w o rki n g o f t h e bl e n d k n o w n
,
a s m o n azit e a n i n gr e di e n t in mu n iti o n s w a s
, ,
a bs o rb e d by G e rma n y . I n dia n mi c a mi n e s
b e cam e G e rma n pr o p e rty U n dr e ss e d hid e s
.
w e r e e xp o rt e d wh o l e sal e to G e r ma n y although
,
h e lp w e r e n e e d e d to e n sur e th e ir d r e ssi n g a n d
t a nn in g, if n o t also th e ir w orki n g h e r e , .
I n st e ad o f that t h e u n dr e ss e d hid e s w e r e
,
1 58 TH E FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
fa c tu re r s s e ttl e d h e r e .
de p e n d e n t o n t h e o ut e r w o rl d fo r t h e s uppli e s
o f ma n ufactu r e d g oo ds We h e ar t ily e n d o rs e
t his vi e w This h a s l o n g b e e n th e c r y fr o m
.
I n d ia n s fo r I n d ia with h e r va r i e ti e s of s o il
, ,
n e e ds a n d with h e r surplu s g oo ds S h e c a n
,
— as
P h il lim o r e said o f h e r in t h e s e v e n t e e n th
c e n tury with t h e d r o ppi n gs o f h e r s o il f e e d
”
d ista n t N ati o n s . But t h e E ast I n d ia C om
p a n y first t
, h e British Gov e r n m e n t n e xt
, a n d
lat e ly e xpl o iti n g b o di e s o f I mp e rialist Trad e rs ,
o ut of th e m . A s Ma c aulay p o i n te d o ut t h e ,
’
V ic e r o y will e ar n I n dia s u n dyi n g g r atitu d e if ,
W e ca n n o t f o r g e t th at a c e n tury a g o t h e
trac e s o f iro n W e r e f o u n d in th e C e n tral P ro
‘
t h e O pportu n ity a n d h is sh ar e s o f Rs 30 ar e
, .
n o w S old at R s 1 1 80 . . H e start e d a gr e at
i n dustry a n d Tata 8 st e e l is sought so larg e l y
,
th at h e c a nn ot m e e t t h e d e ma n d H ad t he .
on Britai n fo r o ur ma c hi n e ry t h e wa n t o f
,
but pr o c e e ds
T h e mark e d su cc e ss w hi c h h as f o ll o w e d th e
o rga n isati o n o f r e s e ar c h a n d d e m o n strati o n w o rk i n
s c i e n tifi c agri c ultur e a n d t h e assista n c e w hi c h h as
,
ti o n a n d e n c o ura g e m e n t o f i n dustri e s by
—
Gov e r n m e n t u n l e ss it b e a H o m e G o ve r n
—
m e n t u n d e r th e ir o w n co n t r o l d o e s n o t
,
is playi n g a gr e at pa r t in t h e f e ar which h a s
c aus e d t h e Awak e n i n g o f th e M e r c ha n ts T h e
.
te a i n dust r y fo r i n sta n c e is in t h e ha n ds of
, ,
E n glish p la n t e rs a n d whil e i n c o m e s d r aw n
,
—
c e rtai n ly a n agri c ultural pr o fit hav e wholly
e sc ap e d till lat e ly I f this p o licy b e pursu e d
.
,
m o n e y pla c e s t h e i n dustri e s in f o r e ig n ha n ds ,
m o r e a n d m o r e o n wag e s driv e n l o w e r a n d ,
l o w e r by i n c r e asi n g c o mp e titi o n .
s e lv e s to h o l d th e ir o w n M r T o z e r i n h is . .
,
B r i t is h I n d ia a n d I t s Tr a d e says : ,
d e ve lo p m e n t . Sugar a n d t o ba cc o a re pro du c e d in
larg e qua n titi e s but b o th r e quir e t h e a p p li c ati o n o f
,
i n st e ad o f b e i n g e x p o rt e d ; w hil e c o tt o n s e e ds a s y e t ,
H id e s a n d S k in s n o w larg e ly e x p o rt e d r a w mig ht
, ,
w h e e ls a n d axl e s tyr e s a n d o th e r ir o n wo rk
, At .
a n d t h e n u m b e r o f ir o n f o u n dri e s a n d ma c hi n e
s h o ps, alth o ugh i n c r e asi n g is c a p a b l e o f gre at e r
,
e x pa n si o n . M a c hi n e ry a n d ma c hi n e t o o ls h a v e
fo r t h e m o st part t o b e imp o rt e d M illi o n s o f .
1 64 THE FU T URE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S
a n d sh o e s s addl e ry
, har n e ss c l o c ks w at c h e s a n i
, , , ,
c utl e ry .
suffici n g a n d as o f o l d e xp o rt h e r surplus
, , , . .
I mp o r ts w e r e st e a d ily risi n g b e f o r e t h e
War but d r o pp e d with it (a m o u n ts giv e n in
,
p o u n ds st e rli n g )
1 91 1 1 2 - P i e c e G o o ds
12 13 -
53
.
13 14 -
1 4 -1 5
15 16 -
1 66 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
Is it a n y wo n d e r th at th e y d e sir e a H o m e
Gov e r n m e n t that will put duti e s o n th e s e
,
f o r e ig n goods an d prot e ct th e ir o wn p ro
du c ts ?
T h e furious uprisi n g o f t h e E urop e a n A s
so c iatio n s e v e r i n diff e r e n t to p o litics wh ic h
,
o n ly c o n c e r n I n dia n i n t e r e sts h as sh o w n th e m
. ,
th e m Th e y wa n t privil e g e n o t justi c e a n d a
.
,
fair fi e ld Muc h o f th e ir f e ar a n d a n g e r t h e
.
,
giv e Gr e at Britai n u n d e r pr e s e n t c ir c um
,
sta n c e s ,
t he c o n tro l o v e r I n di a n f o r e ig n trad e a n d i n t e r
n al i n du s tr y that w o uld b e s e c ur e d by a co mm o n
tariff wo uld b e a n u n pard o n abl e i n iquity Can it
b e c o n c e iv e d that w e r e I n dia s fis c al arra n g e m e n t s
’
w ith a n e y e t o British i n t e r e st s I n t e n s e j e a l o us y
1 68 T HE FU T URE OF I N DI A N PO LI T IC S
a n d to av e rt it th e y ar e w e l c o mi n g H o me R ul e .
in a d e cad e by R s 1 60 milli o n s
. .
O n t h e r e v e n u e sid e t h e taxatio n o n
,
C h arg e s r e du c e d .
th e ir e n try i n to t h e H o m e R ul e C amp .
( )
e Tb e A wa ke n ing f
o t he Wo men
L ig ht o f t h e H o m e ; s o m e t oo k up t h e as c e ti c
lif e r e mai n e d u n marr ied a n d so ught t h e
, ,
k n o wl e dg e of Brahma n T h e st o ry of t h e
.
’
R a ni D amaya n ti to wh o m h e r husba n d s
” ' ‘
t h e R a j a s ga mbli n g ; that o f G a n dh a ri in t h e
’
C o u n cil o f K i n gs a n d war r i o r C hi e fs r e mo n ,
M i r ab ai o f M a rw a r th e sw e e t po e t e ss of
, ,
Of ,
—
I n d o r e t h e gr e at rul e r all th e s e a d n ?
c o u n tl e ss o th e rs a r e w e ll k n ow n .
u n h e lp e d in publi c lif e . E v e n n o w th e y ,
t h e n e gl e c t o f Sa msk rt a n d t h e V e r n a c ular ,
h av e ma d e a barri e r b e tw ee n t he c ultur e o f
t h e husba n d a n d that o f t h e wif e , a n d hav e
shut t h e w o ma n o ut fr o m h e r o ld sympath y
with t h e larg e r lif e o f m e n W hil e t h e
.
e n tir e ly o n e o f d e v o ti o n ; a n d la c ki n g th e
s tr o n g stimulus o f k n o wl e d g e , it mor e e asily
s lid e s d o w n i n t o sup e rstiti o n i n t o d e p e n d e n c e
,
o n f o r ms n o t u n d e rst o o d .
T h e wish to sav e th e ir s o n s fr o m t h e
m at e rialisi n g r e sults o f E n glish e du c atio n
‘
livi n g i n t e r e st .
’
i n diff e r e n t to th e gr e at mov e m e n t fo r I n d ia s
l ib e rty . An d du r i n g t h e last fe w y e a r s t h e
hi d d e n fir e lo n g bu r n i n g in th e ir h e a r ts fir e ,
o f l o v e to B h ar a ta m ata , fir e o f r e s e n tm e n t
a gai n st t h e l e ss e n e d i n flu e n c e o f t h e r e ligio n
d islik e o f t h e f o r e ig n e r as ruli n g in th e ir la n d ,
o f larg e n umb e r s o f w o m e n w h o b r i n g to i ts
,
’
O ur L e agu e s b e st r e c r uits a n d r e cruit e rs a r e
a m o n g t h e w o m e n o f I n d ia a n d t h e wom e n of
,
praye rs in t h e t e mpl e s se t t h e i n t e r n e d
c aptiv e s fr e e. H o m e R ul e h a s b e com e so
i n t e rtwi n e d with r e ligi o n by th e pray e rs o ff e re d
T H E N EW S PIRI T I N I N D IA 1 75
up in th e gr e at south e r n T e mpl e —
s sacr
ed
—
plac e s o f pilgrima g e an d spr e adi n g fr o m
t h e m to villag e t e mpl e s an d als o by its b e i n g
,
pr e ach e d up a n d d ow n t h e c o u n try by
, ,
S adhus a n d Sa n n y a si n s that i t h a s b e c o m e
,
i n t h e mi n d s o f t h e w o m e n a n d o f t h e e v e r
r e ligio us mass e s i n e xtricably i n t e rtwi n e d with
,
way o f wi nn i n g alik e th e w o m e n of t he
h igh e r C lasse s a n d t he m e n a n d wo m e n vil
lag e rs An d that is why I j ust said that t he
.
“
t wo w o rds H o m e R ul e
, h a ve b e com e a
,
M an tram .
(f ) T he A wa ke n i ng f t he M a sses
o
a n d Sa n n y a si n s a n d t he campaig n o f p r ay e r ,
d e e p i n t h e villag e s I t must b e r e m e mb e r e d
.
ti o n s a n d l e g e n ds an d folk lor e c o mi n g d o w n
-
,
“
for w ho is t h e Sirkar a n d v e ry mu c h for
,
f e lt th e y w e r e suff e ri n g with th e ir K i n g as ,
wh e r e as th ey a r e c rush e d n o w in a n ir o n
1 78 THE FU T URE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S
in t he $ u a r t er l y R eview r e mark e d ,
T he ha n g e o f attitud e o n t h e part o f t h e
C
i s t h e o utsta n di n g a c hi e v e m e n t o f t h e past d e c ad e ,
a n d at t h e sam e tim e t h e c hi e f gr o u n d fo r t h e r e c e n t
c o n fid e n c e w ith whi c h agri c ultural re f o rm e rs c an
n o w fa c e t h e futur e .
In ma n y pa r ts o f t h e c o u n try wh e r e C o n ,
fe r e n c e s a r e carri e d o n in th e v e r n a c ular th e ,
day is d aw n i n g .
mo r e d e fi n it e n e ss th e ir plac e in t he H ous e
,
h av e b e e n stirri n g in th e m a s e n s e o f s e lf
r e sp e ct . T h e Br a hma nas awak e n i n g to a
,
se n s e o f th e ir l o n g n e gl e c t e d du ty hav e d o n e
-
,
mu c h to h e lp th e m an d th e prosp e c t of th e ir
,
futur e bright e n s y e ar b y y e a r .
i n to o pp o siti o n to H o m e R ul e Th e y play
.
Twe n ty y e a r s a g o a n d m o r e I v e n tur e d to
,
u rg e t h e da n g e r to H i n du So c i e ty that w a s
b e e n d o n e si n c e th e n but it i s o n ly a drop in
,
t h e o c e a n n ee d ed. Th e y k n ow v e ry w e ll of ,
1 80 THE FU TU RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
th e ir I n d ia n f e ll o w c o u n t r ym e n fo r t h e futur e
-
.
I t is t h e urg e n t d uty o f e v e r y l o v e r o f t h e
M o th e r la n d to dra w th e s e h e r n e gl e c t e d
,
chil d r e n i n t o t h e c o mmo n H o m e
, .
’
M r Ga n dhi s capital id e a o f a m o n st e r
.
P r e si d e n cy ha d b e e n w e ll pr e pa r e d by a wid e
dist r ibuti o n o f p o pula r lit e r atur e a n d t h e P r o
,
p ga a n d a C o mmitt e e ha d scatt e r e d o v e r t h e
I T H E V I T A L R E A SO N
.
( )
a Wh a t is a N a t ion ?
S e lf G o v e r n m e n t is n e c e ssary to t h e s elf
-
d o n e by th e A r ms A c t whi c h R a j a R a mp a l
,
Si n gh v o ic e d in t h e S e c o n d C o n gr e ss as a
wr o n g which o utw e igh e d all t h e b e n e fits of .
e ff e c t o n I n dia n ma n h o o d W e c a n no t he
.
”
,
”
S h ee p This was do n e n o t by the fa c t that a
—
.
G o d h as w ritt e n a li n e o f H is th o ught o v e r th e
c ra dl e o f e v e ry p eo ple T hat I S its sp e c ial missi o n
. .
I t c a n n o t b e c an c e ll e d ; it must b e fr e e ly d e v e l o p e d .
a n d childr e n wh o m it bi n ds t o g e th e r i n t o o n e
, .
d e p e n d on th e fragm e n t of th e D ivi n e L if e
e mbodi e d in it th e L if e
, which shap e s
it e volv e s it c o lours it an d mak e s it
, ,
“ ”
c all e d it s sp e c ial missi o n th e d u ty giv e n to
,
Gr e e c e th at o f B e auty R o m e that o f L aw
, .
d e t e r m i n e d in its e v o l u ti o n I t must b e I ts e lf
.
,
a n d n o t A n o th e r T h e wh o l e w o r ld suff e r s
.
( )
b Th e C ry fo r S elf R u l e
-
H e n c e t h e c r y o f a N ati o n fo r F r e e d o m fo r ,
S el f R ul e is n o t a c r y o f m e r e s e lfish n e ss
-
, ,
d e ma n d i n g m o r e R ights that it m ay e n j o y
m o r e happi n e ss E v e n in that th e r e is
.
clai m But t h e d e ma n d fo r S e lf R ul e is a
.
-
d e ma n d fo r th e e v o l u ti o n o f its o w n n atu r e fo r
t h e S e r vic e o f H uma n ity I t is a d e ma n d o f
.
1 86 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
w e ak e n e d by a for e ig n ad mi n istrati o n a n d ,
an e xp r e ssi o n w hi c h e ve ry s c h o o lb o y at E t o n o r
,
G lad st o n e a N e ls o n o r a W e lli n gt o n a n d w hi c h
, , ,
w hi c h o u r ma n h o o d is c a p abl e o f risi n g c a n n e v e r
b e r e a c h e d by us u n d e r t h e pr e s e n t syst e m The .
m o ral e l e vati o n w hi c h e v e ry Se lf g o v e r n i n g p e o pl e
-
f e e l c a n n o t b e f e lt by us O ur admi n istrativ e a n d
.
The Ho n Mr Bh up e n dr a n at h Basu h a s
. .
S pok e n on similar l i n e s
A bur e au c rati c admi n ist r ati o n c o n du c t e d b y , an
I mp o rt e d ag e n c y an d c e n t e ri n g all p o we r I n
.
, Its
T H E N E W S PIRI T I N IN D IA 1 87
all f e e li n g o f s e lf r e sp e c t
- .
In this c o n n e c ti o n t h e war n i n g of L o rd
’
Salisbury to C oo p e r s H ill stu d e n ts is Sig n ifi
c ant :
No syst e m o f G o v e rn m e n t c a n b e p e rma n e n tly
s af e w h e r e th e r e is a f e e li n g o f i n f e ri o rity o r o f
m o rtifi c ati o n aff e c ti n g th e r e lati o n s b e t w e e n t h e
g o v e rn i n g a n d t h e g o v e rn e d T h e r e i s n o thi n g I
.
t h e o n ly e n e mi e s E n gla n d h a s t o f e ar Th e y are .
t h e p e rs o n s wh o c an if th e y w ill d e al a bl o w o f t h e
, ,
h a s i n cr e as e d o f lat e y e ars in c o n s e qu e n c e o f
,
t h e gr o wi n g s e lf r e sp e c t of t h e I n dia n s
-
But .
rat e f o r e ig n e rs ; t h e P ri n c ipal o f a C o ll e g e
sh o ul d b e a f o r e ig n e r ; f o r e ig n h ist o r y is m o r e
imp o r ta n t tha n I n d ia n ; to h av e w r itt e n o n
E n glish villag e s is a qualificati o n fo r t e achi n g
~
e c o n o mi c s in I n dia ; t h e w h o l e at m osp h e r e
o f t h e Sch o o l a n d t h e C o ll e g e e mphasis e s t h e
sup e r i o rity o f t h e f o r e ig n e r e v e n wh e n th e
,
pr o fe ss o rs abstai n f r o m o p e n ass e r ti o n th e r e o f.
T h e E ducati o n D e pa r tm e n t c o n tr o ls t h e e du
c atio n giv e n a n d it is pla n n e d o n f o r e ig n
,
m o d e ls a n d its o bj e c t is to s e rv e f o r e ig n r ath e r
,
at t h e b e gi n n i n g of t he War su c h a c o n diti on
,
t h e f e e li n g of a n i n h e r e n t right to S e lf
d e t e rmi n atio n , to b e th e ms e lv e s . I n dia n
dr e ss I n dia n foo d I n dia n ways I n d ia n
, , ,
c a n n ot mak e a n e du c at e d m a n I n dia n s as .
claimi n g t h e G o v e r n m e n t p f th e ir o w n c o u n try ,
wh at S h e wi l l give T h e wh o l e thin g i s .
’
that I n d ia s e y e s a r e o p e n i n g ; t h at myria d s
of h e r p eo pl e r e alis e that t h e y a re m e n with ,
’
a ma n s right to f r e e d o m in his o w n c o u n t r y ,
a m a n s rig ht to ma n ag e h is o w n affairs I n d ia
’
.
is n o l o n g e r o n h e r k n e e s for b oo n s ; sh e is o n
h e r f e e t fo r R ights I t is b e caus e I have
.
o f this C o ng r e ss t o day -
.
1 92 TH E FU T URE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S
t his is wh at e v e ry B r it o n f e e ls in B r itai n fo r
his o w n c o u n try a n d w hat e v e ry I n d ia n
,
h e rs e lf as Sh e is claimi n g it n o w Wh e n
, .
I n d ia a n d G r e at B r itai n b e c o m e a g o l d e n li n k
o f m utual l o v e a n d s e r vic e a n d t h e ir o n chai n
,
liv e a n d w o r k S i d e by si d e with n o s e n s e o f
,
c o mm o n e n ds A n d f r o m t h at u n i o n S hall
.
w e alth that t h e w o r l d h a S e v e r k n o wn a
, ,
’
C o m m o n w e alth that i n Go d s g oo d tim e S hall
, ,
p u t a n e n d t o War .
1 94 T HE FU T URE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S
th o s e applia n c e s o f m o de r n G o v e rn m e n ts w hi c h t h e
Briti s h G o v e rn m e n t h a s appli e d in this c o u n try ,
d o e s fo r E du c ati o n w hat t h e G o v e rn m e n t d o e s fo r
,
c ultural d e v e l o pm e n t a n d s o f o rth
, T hat i s my
.
T H E N E W S PIRI T IN I N D IA 1 95
a r e c o n sid e r e d
. A n d last ly w e must c o n sid e r h o w
, ,
$H er e e n ds t he p i
r e r nt ]
On all th e s e t e sts M r G o khal e poi n ts out
, .
T H E ST RU GG L E O V E R T HE R EF O R M S
D E AT H OF THE O LD C O N G R E S S
T H E R EFOR M ED L E G I S L AT URE S
o f p r e se r v m g t h e B ritish co n n e c ti o n a n d re
mai n i n g withi n th e E mpir e H avi n g h e ld up
.
b e f o r e I n d ia th e I d e al of R e sp o n sibl e Gov e r n
—
m e n t wh i c h b e it r e m e mb e r e d w a s n o t
—
, ,
fou n d in t h e C o n gr e ss L e agu e S c h e m e it
-
19 8 TH E FU T U RE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S
d is c ussio n in I n dia a n d wh e n th e H o m e R ul e
,
w
, ,
d e l e gat e s w e r e ca n c e ll e d b e W a r C abi n e t ,
in t h e Pr o vi n cial C o n f e r e n c e in May wh e r e ,
a s b e i n g willi n g to ac c e pt i n a d e quat e R e f o r m s ,
a t Amritsar in 1 9 1 9 a n d wa s r e p e at e d at
,
C alcutta in S e pt e mb e r 1 9 2 0 B o yc o tt t h e
,
”
C o u n cils .
Mu c h d is c ussio n w e n t o n in t h e e arly m o n th s
o f 1 9 1 8 a s to t h e f o r thc o mi n g R e f o r ms s o m e ,
pr o p o si n g to stay o ut o f t h e n e w Co u n c ils if
t h e R e fo r m s w e r e i n a d e quat e wh il e w e said ,
w e sh o ul d g o i n t o th e m a n d utilis e all th e y
gav e in o r d e r to r e a c h o u r goal ( C o mmon wea l ,
“
agitat e fo r all w e wa n t e d but that if th e ,
”
t o w in H om e R ul e ( l b i d May 31 p .
, , .
In t he ligh t o f subs e qu e n t e v e n ts t h e f o ll o wi n g
w o rd s s e e m alm o st p r o p h e ti c
It h as b e e n a sk e d m e in p rivat e c o n v e rsati o n
W h y rais e that qu e sti o n n o w b e f o re t he statut e is
,
p e rs o n s c o mmitt e d th e ms e lv e s t o t h e p o li c y o f
b o y c o tti n g t h e n e w C o u n c ils it might b e diffi c ult
,
fo r th e m t o r e tra c e th e ir st e ps an d P arlia me n t , ,
200 T HE F U T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
re li e v e d fro m t h e f e ar o f a n I ri sh pa r ty in t h e
n e w C o u n c ils
, that w o uld p r o v e a c o n ti n ual diffi
c ulty w o uld ig n o r e t h e agitati o n a n d S it t ig h t a n d
, .
pass th e ir i n ad e quat e m e as u r e T h e r e is su c h a
.
s o m e tim e s b e w e ll t o l o o k ah e ad
.
( Ibid )
.
”
c o n sid e rabl e alt e r ati o n s ; t h e H o m e R ul e rs
did n o t ac c e pt th e m bu t urg e d similar m o di
,
29 to S e pt e mb e r 1 was att e n d e d in f o r c e by
,
2 02 T HE FU T UR E OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
a larg e party e l e ct e d m e as t h e P r e si d e n t o f
t h e oth e r S ec tio n w hich t oo k th e n am e o f t h e
,
t i o n t o E n gla n d a n d b o th d i d v e ry
us e ful w o rk c o llab o rati n g w ith e ac h o th e r a n d
,
A c t b e f o r e t h e A m r itsar C o n gr e ss o f 1 9 1 9
, ,
t h e R e f o rm A c t w ith a small ba n d o f 30
N atio n al H o m e R ul e rs agai n st t h e C o n g r e ss
r e s o l u ti o n d e n o u n c i n g t h e Act in t h e la n guag e
of 1 9 1 8 d e spit e t h e ra d ical C ha n g e s in it w hich
,
ha d b e e n mad e / T h e o l d e r L e agu e st oo d by
.
M r M K Ga n d hi a n d it fi n ally succumb e d e n
. . .
,
C o O p e rati o n m o v e m e n t
-
T h e N a tfdfi al Ho m e
.
R ul e L e agu e w o rk e d fo r t h e R e f o rm Act s e n d ,
l e afl e ts in E n glish a n d in t h e l e a d i n g v e r n a
”
c ul a r s a n d c o o p e rat e d w ith t h e
,
-
M o d e rat e s ,
”
w h o t oo k t h e n am e o f L ib e r als b o th o pp o si n g ,
t h e N o n C o O p e r ati o n m o v e m e n t as w ill b e
- -
,
’
S how n lat e r a n d supp o rti n g e ac h o th e r s
,
ca n d i d at e s in t h e e l e ctio n s o f 1 9 20 .
In 1 92 0 t h e C o n g r e ss at N a gp u r at t h e
, ,
i n sta n c e o f Mr M K Ga n d hi a d o pt e d a n ew
. . .
,
“ ”
-
S e lf Go v e r n m e n t
-
o n C o l o n ial li n e s ie ,
. .
,
—
withi n t h e B r itish E mpir e to S war a j S e lf ,
”
O p e n t he qu e sti o n o f withi n o r with o ut a n d ,
o rigi n al d r e am I n d ia a s a F r e e N ati o n i n a
,
2 04 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S
g r e at e st W o rld P o w e r ; t h e o th e r l e adi n g to
-
p r o v e d tru e u n d e r o ur e y e s to day T h e -
.
”
qu e sti o n a s to Th e F utu r e O f I n dia n P o liti c s
—
i n 1 9 2 2 S e v e n y e ars aft e r t h e ab o v e w o r d s
—
w e r e pri n t e d is n o l o n g e r wh e th e r I n d ia shall
b e fr e e shall h av e S e lf G o v e r n m e n t but
,
-
,
F r e e N ati o n in a C o mm o n w e alth o f F r e e
N ati o n s ? S hall t h e c o n n e c ti o n b e tw e e n I n d ia
an d B r itai n b e mai n tai n e d as valuabl e a n d
,
b e n e ficial to b o th , o r S hall it b e r e n t in
t wai n
2 06 THE FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S
O ff e n d e rs a n d t h e C o u n cils w e r e i n d ig n a n t ly
,
d e sc r ib e d by a m e mb e r in a fi n al s e ssio n a s a
far c e In th e C e n t r al C ou n c il d e spit e th e des
,
p e ra t e r e sista n c e o f t h e e l e ct e d m e mb e r s w as ,
t i o n a gai n st which b e ga n t h e N o n C O O p e ra - -
t i o n M o v e m e n t t h e H o n P a nd i t Mada n M o ha n
, .
M a l av iy a w a s l e ft to battl e al o n e in his e ff o rt
t o b r i n g t h e P a n j a b at r o ci t i e s t o public n o tic e ,
—
a n d i n t h e last S e ssi o n ca m e t h e r e fusal o f
t h e V ic e r o y in a n sw e r to t h e H o n Mr V S . . . .
’
—
S ri n ivasa Sa str i s r e qu e st t o giv e a day for
T H E ST RU GG LE OVER THE REFOR M S 207
“
T he o f ficial bl o c as it was call e d w a s t h e
,
”
machi n e r y o f aut o cr acy i n t h e C e n tral
L e gislativ e C o u n cil .
m aj o r i t y i n t h e C o u n c il o f S tat e T h e E xe
c u ti ve G o v e r n m e n t in t h e P r o vi n c e s was
f o rm e d o f a n E x e cutiv e C o u n cil o f t wo o r f o ur
C o u n cill o rs half I n dia n a n d half B r itish i r r e
, ,
m o vabl e a n d r e sp o n sibl e o n ly t o t h e G o v e r n o r
, ,
“
d e ali n g w ith c e r tai n subj e c ts call e d r e s er v
”
ed , a n d t w o o r th r e e Mi n ist e r s all I n d ia n
, ,
t o t h e V ic e r o y o n ly Bu t a m aj o r ity o f e l e ct e d
.
ra pidity p o w e r is passi n g i n to t h e ha n d s o f
,
d e adl o c ks whi c h a s e xp e r i e n c e I n t h e Co l o n ie s
, ,
h as pr o v e d bri n g ab o ut e r e l o n g R e sp o n sibl e
,
G o v e r n m e n t A n d I n dia is w e ll o n t h e way
.
’ ”
Britai n s rul e is i n e vitabl e a n d is alm o st
,
withi n h e r grasp .
T h e fi r st e l e c ti o n s u n d e r t h e R e form A c t
too k pla c e in t h e autum n o f 1 92 0 Th e .
N o n C o O p e rati o n mov e m e n t ( se e b e l o w i n
- -
m e e ti n g o n S e pt e mb e r 1 th e b o y c o tt o f t h e
,
“ ”
th e C o n gr e ss ma n dat e to t he op e n i n gs for
210 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S
work e d t o g e th e r ; h art r e n di n g wa s th e br e ak
e -
first tim e o b e d i e n c e to it s ma n d at e w a s d e ma n d
e d fr o m a dissid e n t mi n o rity U n til th e n t h e
.
C o n g r e ss ha d b e e n f r e e o p e n t o all w h o w e r e
,
ad o pt e d N o n Co O p e r ati o n a n d t h e n e w C o n
- -
,
st it ut io n t o b e ad o pt e d at N a gp u r shut o ut o f
, ,
a c ti o n T h e o l d fr e e C o n gr e ss w a s d e ad a n d ,
t h e l o ss to th o s e w h o h a d built it w a s in v e r ity
h e art r e n di n g
- .
—
booths L ib e rals a n d H om e R ul e rs with a ,
e l e c t e d o n diff e r e n t r e gist e rs op e n e d at t h e
be gi n n i n g o f 1 92 1 .
H R H t h e D uk e o f C o n n aught c am e to o p e n
. . .
t h e f o ur c hi e f L e gislatur e s a n d la n di n g o n Ja n uary
,
B e n gal C o u n c il h e o p e n e d o n F e bruary 3 O n .
F e bruary 9 h e o p e n e d t h e C o u n c il o f Stat e a n d t h e
,
aut o c ra c y d e c lar e d b o th by V i c e r o y an d D uk e t o b e
a ba n d o n e d T h e n did t h e K i n g se n d his m e ssag e
.
,
”
E mpir e T h e n did K i n g a n d D uk e s p e ak o f th e ir
.
s o rr o w fo r t h e P a n i trag e dy an d th e ir sympathy
w ith t h e suff e r e rs Th e D uk e s w o rds br o k e n by
’
.
,
a n d hav e ru n g r o u n d I n dia T h e ir e ff e c t h a s b ee n
.
s e e n in t h e c o o p e rati o n th e y c r e at e d
-
T h e B o mbay .
C o u n c il w a s o p e n e d by H R H o n F e brua ry 2 3 . . . .
T h e n t h e R o yal M e ss e n g e r o f P e a c e an d G o o d will
w e n t h o m e his w o rk a cco mplish e d
, .
s o lutio n a cc e pt e d by th e G o v e r n m e n t to e x
, ,
p o s e d o f s e v e n I n d ia n s a n d t wo E n glishm e n ,
S h o uld b e r e p e al e d at o n c e T h e R e p o rts w e r e
.
a cc e pt e d . R e p e ali n g Bills w e r e i n tr o du c e d ,
a n d a n u n sp e akabl e am o u n t o f mis e ry ; th i s
was d o n e at a tim e w h e n t h e r e vo lutio n a r y N o n
Co O p e rati o n M o v e m e n t ( 1 92 2 ) was tryi n g to
-
o v e rthr o w a n d d e str o y t h e G o v e r n m e n t a n d ,
it is a striki n g pr oo f o f t h e si n c e rity o f th e ir
d e t e rmi n ati o n to w o rk in t h e S pirit o f t h e
R e f o rms that at this critical m o m e n t th e y
, , ,
laid d o w n th e ir m o st e ff e c tiv e w e ap on s .
e d by th e G o v e r n m e n t that e xpr e ss e d r e gr e t
,
T H E ST RU GG LE OVER THE REFOR M S 2 1 5
’
O D wy e r w ho had g o ad e d t he Pr o vi n c e i n to
,
h o no ur e d Mi n ist e r in t h e P a n j a b ; t h e ad
'
mi n istrati o n o f Ma r tial L aw w a s r e f o rm e d so ,
wa s pr o v e d du r i n g th e Malabar R e b e lli o n
i n 1 92 1 , 1 9 22 .
I t w o uld tak e to o l o n g e v e n to r u n o v e r t h e
us e ful w o rk d o n e ; B o th in 1 92 1 a n d 1 9 2 2 ,
1 92 2 t h e A ss e m bly r e fus e d 95 cr o r e s o f a d di
—
,
a n d r e duc e d t h e e xp e n s e s n e arly a n o th e r c r o r e ,
“
abl e d e c la r atio n that if th e r e a r o s e a n u n
brid g e abl e C l e ava g e o f O pi n i o n e xt e n di n g ov e r
t h e ad m i n istrativ e fi e l d b e tw e e n t h e Go v e r n o r
,
”
a n d t h e C o u n cil th e n
,
d e ma n di n g r e l e as e fr o m r e sp o n sibiliti e s w hi c h h e
w a s n o l o n g e r abl e satisfa c t o rily t o dis c harg e . If
thi n gs S O turn e d o ut that su c h a situati o n did b e c o m e
appli c abl e in my o wn c as e I sh o uld a cc e pt it in
,
g o o d p art .
W h e n it is r e m e mb e r e d that in 1 9 1 9 th e
G o v e r n o rs w e r e aut o crats pr e sidi n g o v e r
,
a n d bl o odsh e d a s w e S hall se e i n t h e n e xt
‘
1
d e sir e d cha n g e s .
a n d was lat e r ma d e a P ee r t o r e pr e s e n t h e r ,
in t h e H o us e o f L o rds T h e Gov e r n m e n t o f .
o f P rivy C o u n cill o rs T he R t H on V S . . . . .
1
I pr i d d i n t h pri n g of 1 92 1 t th fi r t R fo r m C o n f r n c
es e e s a e s e e e e
i n M l b r n d how d th wo r k d o n d u ri n g th fi r t i x w k s
a a a , a s e e e e s s ee
of t h e w L gi l t ur
ne eTh s a umm ry occu p i d 22 d mi oct v
e s. e s a e e - a o
p g f p ri n t
a es o .
2 20 THE FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S
an d wh e r e v e r th e D o mi n io n s w e r e gra n t e d
a ug ht o f Ip o w e r ,
—
h e r e m e mb e ri n g t hat S h e
w as not a D o mi n io n — “
add e d a n d I n dia
”
,
Th o s e o f us w h o h av e work e d through l o n g
y e ars o f frustrati o n to s o m e e xt e n t r e c o g n is e
,
o f t h e difficulti e s y e t t o b e o v e r c o m e .
the R e f o rm A c t a n d Mr M o n tagu a s
, .
,
I n dia n H istory a s th e m an w h o O p e n e d t h e
,
gat e o f t h e r o ad l e adi n g to H o m e R ul e a n d ,
s t o o d firmly by I n dia as S h e b e ga n to tr e ad it .
2 22 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
fac i n g th e tr e m e n d o us f o r c e s of ra c e prid e ,
pla c e am o n g th e S e lf G o v e r n i n g N ati o n s o f
-
t h e w o rld . N e v e r b e for e h a s SO g r e at a
R e v o lutio n b e e n acc o mplish e d with o ut bl oo d
s h e d ; n e v e r b e f o r e h a s t h e aut o crat vo l u n
t arily r e sig n e d p o w e r i n to t h e ha n ds o f
s ubj e c ts r e cr e at e d i n t o c it iz e n s
,
-
.
C H APT E R V I I
T H E R EV O L U T I O N A RY M O V E M E N TS
p o ssibl e ,
a n o th e r c urr e n t whi c h r a n sid e by
S id e w ith it s o m e t im e s abo v e gr o u n d as
, ,
a n agitati o n t e n d i n g to vi o l e n c e s o m e tim e s
,
b e lo w gro u n d as a n o r ga n is e d a n d d e fi n it e
,
se c r e t c o n spi r a c y .
In t he I n tr o ductio n pp 8 , .
,
m e n ti o n e d
”
t h e ris e o f t h e gr e at Mar a tha P ow e r an d
,
”
Bar o da a n d pra c ti c ally rul e d I n dia up to
,
t h e b e gi n n i n g o f t h e n i n e t e e n th c e n tury . Th e
M ar a thas are in s o m e ways o n e of t h e m o st
, ,
2 24 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T I C S
e m o ti o n ally pr o u d r e s e rv e d a n d e v e n hard
, ,
x c o m e cl o ud c o m e su n shi n e H e was in a v e ry
r e al s e n s e th e ir K i n g H e was a m an o f .
la n d ; a Fr e e I n d ia w as his I d e al a n d h e us e d ,
’
a c t er i stic phras e In I n dia s s e rvic e his s e lf
.
,
o ft e n tim e s st o od him in g o o d st e ad T o th e .
subordi n at e bra n ch o f t h e G o v e r n m e n t To .
gr e at e r a n d m o r e l e gitimat e prid e o f ra c e a n d
a will to F r ee d o m was i n t o l e rabl e a n d it wa s
, ,
T h e O fficial R e p o r t o f th e Tw e n ty first -
N ati o n a l C o n gr e ss h e ld in 1 905 in B e n ar e s
, ,
p o li tic al
l a n d o th e r ; t h e targ e t fo r s o mu c h s c o rn
wh ol e —
P r e ss I n dia n an d
—
An gl o I n dia n p ro t e sts
-
pass e d a n d t h e p o li c y o f C h e c ki n g if n o t alt o g e th e r
, ,
u n d o i n g t h e n o bl e w o rk o f B e n ti n c k M a c aul ay a nd
, ,
fo r Fr e e do m p 4 1 5 ) , .
,
—
r e as o n abl e m o st pati e n t a n d r e so lut e O f -
’
C urz o n s V ic e r o yalty
G e n tl e m e n h o w tru e is I t that t o e v e ry thi n g
,
t h e r e is a n e n d T hus e v e n t h e V i c e ro yalty o f Lo rd
Curz o n has c o m e t o a C l o s e $F o r s e v e n l o n g y e ars
all e ye s had c o n sta n tly to t ur n t o o n e m ast e rful
—
figure in t h e la n d n o w in admirati o n , n o w in
a st o n ishm e n t m o r e O ft e n i n a n g e r an d in pai n till
, ,
t im e s o f A ura n gz e b in t h e hist o ry o f o ur o wn
2 28 T HE FU T U RE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S
e x c e ssiv e ly c e n tralis e d a n d i n t e n s e ly p e rs o n al t h e ,
fo r wo rk t h e sam e s e n s e O f l o n e li n e ss t h e sam e
, ,
p e rsist e n c e in a p o li c y o f distrust a n d r e pr e s si o n ,
e v e n t h e m o st d e v o t e d admir e r o f L o rd Curz o n c a n
n o t C laim that h e has str e n gth e n e d t h e f o u n dati o n s
o f British rul e i n I n dia . T o h im I n dia w a s
a c o u n try w h e r e t h e E n glishma n w a s t o m o n o p o lis e
fo r all tim e all p o we r a n d talk all t h e w hil e o f duty
, .
T h e I n dia n s o n ly busi n e ss w as t o b e g o v e rn e d a n d
’
,
—
,
s we pt i n t o t h e se a ( Ibid p .
, .
M e n ti o n i n g t h e re markabl e m e n w h o had
o pp o s e d t h e P artiti o n h e said ,
I f t h e O pi n i o n s o f e v e n su c h m e n a r e t o b e
brush e d a sid e wit h c o n t e mpt if all I n dia n s a r e to b e
,
230 TH E FU T U RE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S
, ,
—
94 a n d 34 p e r th o usa n d t h e pr e s e n t av e rag e is a
, ,
— —
.
e quality fo r t h e t w o ra c e s pr o mis e d by t h e ,
I t is n o w o n d e r that with su c h a r e c o rd
, ,
M r Tilak in M ah a r a sh tra a n d o ut o f th e
.
,
t h e y o uths o f t h e b e tt e r C lass e s w e r e t h e C hi e f
THE REVO LU T IO N A RY M OVE M E N T S 231
is e d o n t h e Ol d G e rma n m o d e l i n t o gr o ups
, , ,
th e m e mb e rs o f which did n o t k n o w e a c h
oth e r b u t o n ly k n e w th e i r C hi e f Th e y
,
.
wh e n it w a s o ve r L o ts w e r e c a st fo r t h e
.
a n d to i n stal a G e rma n i n m y st e ad I t is o n ly
.
wov e n In t h e spri n g o f 1 9 1 1 I n d ia w a s fl o o d
.
,
as P r e sid e n t o f t h e Th eo s o phi c al S o c i e ty ,
assaila n ts c am e to m e in I n dia r e pr e s e n ti n g
,
hi ms e lf a s c o mi n g fr o m t he h e ad o f t h e
2 34 FU T U RE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S
‘
THE
t h e st o rm a n d a br e a c h o f t h e T S C o n stituti o n
, . .
1 9 1 2 pp 3 1 7 a n d 1 9 1 3 pp 3
, .
, , .
O n ly lat e r wh e n th e War br o k e o ut wh e n
—
, ,
a n d t h e flight o f s o m e c o n n e c t e d with it to
.
n e c tio n b e tw ee n th e m a n d t h e troubl e s in
t h e Th e o s o phical S o ci e ty in 1 9 1 1 1 2 and
’
, ,
’
1 3 cul mi n ati n g in t h e att e mpt to s e at a
,
t h e li n ks b e tw e e n t h e T S a n d t h e pla c e
.
o f I n d ia i n a W o rl d E mpir e -
o r F e d e rati o n
, ,
S o ci e ty c am e h e r e a n d u n d e r th e guida n c e
,
D e sti n y is n o w in t h e bala n c e .
r e volutio n a r y m o v e m e n ts in t h e P a n j a b a n d $
in B e n gal .T h e P a n j a b m o v e m e n t was larg e l y
S i kh r e sulti n g fr o m t r o ubl e in Co nn e ctio n
,
T h e m o v e m e n t was c r ush e d in t h e P a n j ab b ut ,
m e n t h is f o rc e d War L o a n s an d h is cru e l
, ,
c o v e r e d u p e mb e r s o f r e s e n tm e n t aliv e a n d:
-
,
g r e ss o f 1 9 1 8 in B o mbay P a n j a bi d e l e gat e s t o l d
, ,
to burst o ut We w e r e n o t th e r e f o r e surpris e d
.
I will ask th e r e ad e r to r e f e r to t h e de sc r ip
t i o n o f t h e stat e o f h igh t e n si o n in which
I n dia wa s livi n g si n c e 1 9 1 4 : h e r e n thusiasm at
t h e b e gi n n i n g o f t h e War ; t h e h o p e s e xcit e d
by t h e v o ic e d gratitud e o f Britai n fo r h e r e ag e r
h e lp in t h e fi r st days in S e pt e mb e r 1 9 1 4 t h e
,
t h e ill g o v e r n m e n t o f Sir M i c ha e l O D wy e r ;
’
-
t h e u n wis e u se o f t h e P r e ss Act a n d D e f e n c e
Of I n d ia Act to put d ow n t h e adv o cat e s
of p o litical R e f o rm ; th e hug e n umb e r o f
m o stly y o u n g i n t e r n e e s a n d t h e cru elly
h arsh t r e atm e n t m e t e d o u t t o th e m with ,
o f ba t tl e si n c e 1 9 1 4 this pr oo f o f d istrust
,
i n h e r l o yalty n ay
, o f t h e i n si n c e rity o f
,
h e r talk ab o ut R e f o r ms a n d L ib e r ty A
n umb e r o f us r e s o lv e d that w e w o uld ig n o r e
w e had ask e d fo r R e f o r m a n d we w e r e g iv e n
,
’
V i c e ro y s L e gislativ e C o u n c il mo d ifi e d larg e ly
t h e o bj e c ti o n abl e m e asur e th o ugh n o t de p r iv
,
—
i n g it o f its fu n dam e n tal fault th e s ubstitutio n
o f E x e c utiv e fo r Judicial acti o n But it l e ft
.
w e w e r e r e v o luti o n a r i e s a n d th e n as sai d
, ,
a b o v e M r Ga n dhi d e t e r m i n e d o n e n t e ri n g o n a
, .
o th e r laws ( se e p . T o b r e ak o th e r n o n
t yra n n ous la ws whi c h o n e had hith e rt o o b e y e d
, ,
TH E REVOLU T IO N A RY M OVE M E N T S 239
t h e ig n o r a n t a n d t h e c r imi n al to g e n e r al law
,
l e ss n e ss d e structiv e o f all g o ve r n m e n t a n d
,
t h e sa n ctity o f L aw a n d I br o k e a s sai d ab o v e
, , ,
with vi o l e n c e a n d a da n g e r o us r i o t br o k e o ut
,
—
i n D e lhi r e sulti n g in bl o o dsh e d t h e firs t
,
P a n j ab a n d s o m e v e r y bad ri o ti n g t oo k pla c e
,
a l so in t h e n o rth e rn pa r t O f t h e B o mbay
Pr e sid e n cy but th e r e it was skilfully d e f e at e d
, ,
n o u n d u e s e v e r ity w as us e d a n d n o f e e li n g o f
,
s at d o w n o n th e g r o u n d mour n i n g
, In a .
ba n ks G o v e r n m e n t buildi n gs th e railwa y
, ,
but r e s c u e d by s o m e I n di a n s By t h e e v e n i n g
.
,
b ee n s e n t fo r a n d G e n e ral D y e r a n d h is m e n
,
arriv e d o n th e e v e n i n g o f th e 1 2th O n th e .
24 2 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
de ad a n d w o u n d e d A S h e said aft e r w a rd s ,
”
that was n o t h is j o b ; h e m e a n t to give a
l e ss o n N o n e mig ht b e o ut aft e r da r k o n
.
,
p ai n o f d e ath ; th e r e w e r e n o d o ct o r s ; t h e
w o u n d e d lay t hr o u gh t h e t e r r ibl e h e a t o f t h e
n ight ,a fe w b r av e p e r s o n s cr e e pi n g i n w ith
—
wat e r a m e r e d r o p i n t h e o c e a n o f thi r st .
Th e n cam e w o rs e .
br e ak fo r washi n g o r n e c e ssa r y d e ma n ds o f
n atur e : i n t h e la n e wh e r e t h e E n glish wo m a n
was b e at e n m e n a n d y o un g b o ys w e r e
,
fl o gg e d to i n s e n sibility tak e n d o w n fl o gg e d
, ,
of w hi c h th e y k n e w n o t hi n g ; all In d ia n s
w h o had to pass t hr o ugh that la n e r e si d e n ts
,
t e r o u s s e n t e n c e s t h e b o mbs d r o pp e d o n a n y
,
g r o ups o f p eo pl e m e,mb e rs o f a w e d di n g pa r ty
fl o gg e d as a n u n la wful gath e r i n g villag e s ,
r ai d e d pr o p e r ty bu r n t m e n sh o t o r fl o gg e d
—
, , ,
w o m e n i n sulte d it w as a h e l l o f wick e d n e ss .
A n i r o n r i n g was k e p t r o u n d t h e S h a mbl e s ,
,
’
Sir Micha e l O D wy e r at last ha d his way .
t h e b o ili n g w r ath I n d ia n s w e r e j u st
, Th e y .
a n d that justic e w as d e n i e d O ut o f t h e p a s
.
sio n s r o us e d by that n e w w r o n g g r e w t he
m o v e m e n t o f N o n C o O p e ratio n sta r t e d d e fi
- -
,
m o v e m e n t of 1 9 1 9 w a s stopp e d by Mr Ga n dh i .
“ ”
h e h e ld it to b e a H im a laya n blu n d e r to
h av e e xp e ct e d s e lf c o n tr o l fr o m th e mass e s o f
-
t h e p e o pl e a n d b e r e c o g n is e d th at lawl e ss n e s s
,
had b e e n caus e d by it in 1 9 1 9 .
But th e l e ss o n w a s f o r g o tt e n an d h e start e d ,
sp e e ch e s o f th e l e a d e r s i n th e struggl e fo r
R e fo r m agai n st R e v o lutio n I w ro t e : .
by a n umb e r o f w e ll kn o w n p e rs o n s agai n st t h e
-
,
b e c o mi n g m o r e an d m o r e vi o l e n t ; if it b e n o t
c h e c k e d b y t he r e s o lut e o p p o siti o n o f th e th o ughtful
. ,
sui c id e .
i nd p nd n t o v r ig n t y o v r t h ir H om l nd i n E ur o p
e e e s e e d e e e a e an
A i
s a, d t th an S u l t an t h
o u r i n ty o v r A r bi P l t i n
e e s ze a e a a, a es e,
S y ri d M o p o t mi t hu m i n t i n i n g h i p o i t i o n
a an es a K h l if a,I s a a s s as a a ,
th e c u t o d i n d gu r d i n o f t h H ol y Pl c o f I l am
s a an av a e a es s , ca n e er
be c c p t b l t I nd i t h t h h lp d th A lli t w i n t h W
a e a e o a a as e e e es o e a r.
A hartal w a s pr o p o s e d fo r M arc h 1 9 a n d ,
S h o uld b e n o vi o l e n c e in th o ught sp e e c h o r d e e d , , ,
n o b o y c o tt o f British g o o ds as it is o n e f o rm o f ,
G o v e r n m e n t fr e e fr o m all thi n gs o f vi o l e n c e is
, ,
”
t h e o n ly e ff e c tiv e r e m e dy O p e n t o t h e p e o p l e .
“
N O thr e at o f o stra c ism S h o uld b e us e d a n d t h e
w ithdra w al o f C o o p e rati o n S h o uld b e pur e ly v o l un -
”
tary H e sp o k e v e ry st r o n gly agai n st vi o l e n c e
.
I h o ul d c t
s op r t d d vi v r y H i dfi d
ea se o co - e a e an a se e e n an
for t h t m t t r v ry o n l t c
a a e t p r t t h m o m nt
e e e e se o e a se o c o -O e a e, e e
th r e w e vi o l n c c t u l ly d o n
as d vi d o r c ou n t n nc d I
e e a a e, a se e a e .
Woul d t h r f o r u r g u p o n l l p k r t h
e e e rci o f t h gr t t
e a S ea e s e e xe se e ea e s
r t r i n t u nd r t h gr v t p rovo c ti o n T h r i c r t i n ty f
es a e e a es a . e e s e a o
vic t o ry if fi rm n , i combi n d wi t h g n t l n e ss Th c u i s e e e e ss . e a se s
,
e v n if I houl d t nd lo n
e s s a M y g o l i fri nd hi p w i t h
a e . a s e s
th e wo rl d, d I
an c o mbi n t h g r t t l ov wi t h th gr t s t
can e e ea e s e e ea e
o pp o i t i on t wr o n g ( N w I d i M r c h 1 0 1 9 20 S a l s o
s o . e n a, a , . ee
M rch
a
Su c h wa s M r . G a n dhi in M ar c h , 1 920 .
C o mmitt e e s w e r e f o rm e d a n d m e e ti n gs h e ld T h e .
A N ati o n al W e e k c o mm e m o rati n g t h e P a n j ab
,
that if t h e R o wl a tt A c t w e r e n o t r e p e al e d b e f o r e
24 8 THE FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S
i n B o mbay a n d e ls e w h e r e m o v e d i n B o mbay by ,
M u sa l m an s w e r e n o t a g r e e d t o ,
d i th
an v n t of y dv r d c i i o n b i g rr iv d t
n e e e an a e se e s e n a e a ,
i t wi l l b t h d u t y o f v r y I nd i n t wi t h d r w C o p r t i o n
e e e e a o a o -
e a
fr o m G ov r n m n t u n ti l pl d g
e e fulfill d d M u l im n ti e es are e an s se
m n t c o nc ili t d
e a e .
t h e first a n s w e r t o t h e c hall e n g e ; it is p ri n t e d h e r e
o n p 3 as t h e o p e n i n g arti c l e o f o u r c o ll e c ti o n
.
, On .
A pril 1 5 1 6 20 a n d 2 1 i t w a s f o ll o w e d by M r s
, , .
”
N o n C o O p e rati o n
- -
and Co n sci en c e ,Th e P r e ,
”
s e n t Crisis an d A T ru e Sa ty agrahi u n f o rtu n at e ,
l y o v e rl o o k e d w h e n t h e c o ll e c ti o n w a s mad e ; th e y
a r e pri n t e d as a n App e n dix T h e gr e at K hil afat .
250 TH E FU T URE OF I N DI AN PO LI T IC S
Aft e r t h e C o n gr e ss R P P ar an j p e th e H o n M r , . . .
,
M r C P R amas wami
. . . A iyar a n d I mys e lf w r o t e in
Th e Se r va n t o f In dia ; M r A mbika Chara n M o zum .
n a n da B o s e J N R o y J Chaudhuri a n d B C
, . .
, . . .
H o n M r B h ur g i th o s e o f Th e N e w Tim e s ; a n d
. .
T h e m e e ti n g o f t h e A ll I n dia C o n gr e ss C o mmitt e e -
at B e n ar e s o n M a y 30 a n d 31 mark e d a n e w d e p ar
, ,
t h e P a n j ab A tr o c iti e s a n d t h e d e fi c i e n c i e s o f t h e R e
f o rm A c t w e r e add e d t o t h e p r o v o c ativ e c aus e s .
1 w a s pr o c laim e d as t h e
’
,
day o n w hi c h N o n C o O p e r atio n w a s d e fi n it e ly t o
'
- -
b e gi n w ith St e p N o 1 T h e r e sp o n s e wa s p o o r but . . ,
O n Se pt emb e r 4 t h e Sp e c ial
C o n gre ss b e ga n
, ,
a n d amplifyi n g St e p N o 1 in d e tail O ve r
. .
M r G a n dhi 884 fo r M r P al s am e n dm e n t a n d 63
’
.
.
, .
o bj e c t e d t o b o th o r w e r e n e utral T h e r e s o luti o n
w a s s e n t t o a Sub C o mmitt e e o f t h e A l l I n dia C o n
- -
m it t e d to t h e S O C all e d -
ma n dat e o f t h e C o n gr e s s
o n t h e B o y c o tt o f C o u n c il C laus e al o n e A h a n dful .
br e aki n g u p o f m e e ti n gs M r G a n dhi a n d t h e t w o
. .
an d B e n ar e s U n iv e rsiti e s a n d t h e Si kh K halsa
C o ll e g e A ligarh has aft e r a struggl e h e l d its o wn
.
, ,
m e n t c o n tro l .
T h e L ib e rals a n d N a t i o n al H o m e R ul e rs j o i n e d
f o rc e s in e du c ati n g t h e v o t e rs o n t h e R e f o rm A c t ,
an d ,
hav e b e e n a c tiv e ly c o o p e rati n g agai n st t h e
-
da n g e r o us N o n C o O p e rati o n Crusad e
- -
.
c o mbata n ts T h e battl e is j o i n e d a n d as w h e n th e
, ,
2 52 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
GOD D EFEN D TH E RI G H T $ ”
N o ve m ber 1 7 , 1 92 0 ANNI E B E S A N T
i n a y e ar a n d o n August 1 1 92 1 t h e first st e p
, , ,
d e fi n i t e ar e a i n r e v o lt b e li e vi n g as th e y ha d
, ,
b e e n t o l d th a t B r itish R ul e had c e as e d a n d
, ,
w h o w o uld n o t ap o statis e . S o m e wh e r e ab o ut a
lakh o f p e o pl e w e r e d r iv e n f r o m th e ir
wh e r e v e r h is f o ll o w e rs sti r r e d up th e p e o pl e
I v io l e n ce e n su e d a n d a habit O f vi o l e n c e h as
,
9 2 ri o ts 87 o f which s o m e v e ry s e ri o us which
, ,
1 92 2 Th e s e w e r e n o t all d ir e ctly c o n n e c t e d
.
S pr e a d i n g i n cli n ati o n to r e s o rt to vi o l e n c e o n
S light p r o v o cati o n a n d o f th e g r o wi n g dis
,
c h ie v o u s ways c o mm o n to s c h oo lb o ys wh o
hav e thr o w n o ff all d iscipli n e .
I
U n d e r t he Ga n d hi R a j th e r e is n o F r e e
Sp e e c h n o o p e n M e e t i n g u n l e ss fo r N o n
, ,
Co O p e rat o r s
-
S o cial a n d R e ligi o us b o yc o tt
.
,
i mm e d iat e c o mi n g o f S wa r a j w h e n th e r e will
,
b e n o r e n ts n o ta x e s by gi v i n g to M r Ga n d hi
, , .
a n d t h e lik e Ab r a ha m L i n c o l n is all e g e d to
.
c e e de d in f o o li n g a part o f th e m H e asks fo r .
S pi n n i n g wh ee l is t h e Saviour o f I n dia In .
256 THE FU T URE OF I N D I AN P O LI T IC S
ha n dl o o ms a n d j ust n o w ha n d w o v e n cl o t h
,
-
is th e salvati o n o f I n d ia . F o r e ig n cl o th is
b o yc o tt e d o r bur n t I f th e r e is n o t cl o th e n o ugh
—
.
to g o r ou n d a n d th e r e is n o t — what th e r e is
must b e cut up a n d e ach m a n must h av e o n l y
,
a l o i n c l o th ; Mr Ga n d hi p r o mptly sh e ds h is
-
.
c l o th e s a n d g o e s ab o u t in a l o i n cl o th o n ly
,
-
.
v e n t S lav e c hil d r e n b e i n g b o r n i n t o t h e w o r ld
H o spitals a re i n stit uti o n s fo r p r opagati n g si n
D o ct o rs t r y t o cur e d is e as e s caus e d by e vil
livi n g a n d S o e n c o u r ag e i t R ailways mach i
.
,
n e ry a r e all ba d
,
M a n is r e st r ict e d by n atur e
.
’
so o n a d i nfin i t n m
,
This is Mr Ga n d hi s
. .
agai n st t h e G o v e r n m e n t n o o n e s e e ms to be
,
particula r ly troubl e d ab o ut a n y o f th e m T he .
’
a s Mr G a n d hi s r e al f o ll o we r s a r e c o n c e r n e d
—th e y are a small w e ll orga n is e d mi n o rity
.
-
, ,
t he y a re h o n e stly n o n vi o l e n t a n d p e rf e c tl y
-
,
harml e ss S O far as G o v e r n m e n t is c o n c e r n e d
, ,
e x c iti n g o t h e rs T h e y a re t o ld n o l o n g e r to
.
”
bre ak laws n o l o n g e r to c o urt g o i n g to ga o l
, ,
to pr o du c e s e ll a n d buy K h a d d ar ( ha n d wo ve n
,
c loth ). T h e y do so T h e G o v e r n m e n t is justi
.
l e av e s th e m th e r e T he c r o w d l o o ks o n a n d
.
,
fi n di n g n o amus e m e n t d o e s n o thi n g th e r e
, ,
b e i n g n o o n e to l e a d it i n t o mischi e f .
THE REVOLU T IO N A RY M OVE M E N T S 2 59
I t is t h e qu e e r e st R e voluti o n that e v e r
w a s si n c e Ga n d hi r e plac e d Tilak has ha d t he
, ,
qu e e r e st l e a d e r a n d ha s n o w t h e qu e e r e st
,
c ollap se .
A n d m e a n wh il e t h e L e gislatur e s a r e j usti
fy in g th e ms e lv e s by w o rk .By t h e tim e
’
S E L F D E T E R M I N AT I O N A N D
-
S EL F G O V E R N M E N T
-
”
h e r o wn path ac c o rdi n g to th e W o r d th at
,
D e ity o f wh o m sh e is o n e o f th e N atio n al
e mb o dim e n ts .A S truly a s t he S e lf in a n
i n dividual i s th e u n spri n gi n g s o ur c e of L if e
withi n him that gradually bri n gs his e mb o di
,
of s o m e O f h e r p e o pl e s with a y o u n g a n d
e n e rg e ti c N ati o n H e n c e in h e r pr e s e n t
.
,
S e lf c o n sci o us n e ss sh e is n o t a min o r u n d e r
-
, ,
fr o m a t e mp o r a r y loss o f c o n s c io us n e ss fi n di n g ,
h e r r e stl e ss a n d u n e a sy B ut S h e fi n ds it
.
ones . H e n c e in t h e al C o n gr e ss at
D e lhi i n D e c e mb e r
, n V i e w o f th e
,
c o mi n g cha n g e s t he f o ll o wi n g r e s o luti o n w a s
,
pr o p o s e d by m ys e lf s e c o n d e d by M r C R D a s
, . . .
,
D w a r k a das D r K it
, c h l
. e w Mr Sa tyam , u rt i .
,
Be it r e s o lv e d
1 T hat this C o n gre ss c laims t h e r e c o gn iti o n
.
a p pli e d .
ti o n o f t h e la w s r e gulati o n s a n d o rd i
,
n a n ce s, whi c h c on f e r o n t he Ex e c utiv e
2 64 T HE FU T U RE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S
( 6) T h e passi n g O f a n Ac t o f P arliam e n t w hi c h
w ill establish at a n e arly dat e c o mp l e t e
R e sp o n sibl e G o v e rn m e n t i n I n dia .
( 0) W h e n c o mpl e t e R e sp o n sibl e G o v e rn m e n t
S hall b e thus e stablish e d t h e fi n al ,
R e s o lv e d furth e r
( d) T hat in r e c o n stru c ti o n o f I mp e rial
th e
p o li c y w h e th e r in matt e rs aff e c ti n g t h e
,
a cc o rd e d t h e sam e p o siti o n a s t h e Se lf
G o v e r n i n g D o mi n i o n s
.
O n e o f t h e f o ur e n ds fo r w hi c h t h e ass o c iat e d
p e o pl e o f th e wo rld a r e fighti n g is th e s e ttl e m e n t o f
e v e ry qu e s ti o n w h e th e r o f t e rrit o ry
, so v e r e ig n ty o f
, ,
2 66 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
N o n C o O p e rat o r s with t h e av o w e d i n t e n t of
- -
paralysi n g o r d e st r o yi n g th e G o v e r n m e n t so ,
a s to f o rc e it to yi e ld to a n oisy but u n re p re
se n t a tiv e mi n o r ity T h e p o w e r o f t h e E xe
.
c u t iv e t o arr e st e tc
, .o utsid e t h e o r d i n ary
, C ivil
”
or C rimi n al L aw h as b e e n tak e n away
c o mpl e t e ly T h e assimilati o n o f th e I n d ia n to
.
t h e E n glish l a w o f s e diti o n h a s n o t y e t b ee n
c arri e d o u t .
( 5) This we a r e aski n g fo r an d ar e t r yi n g
,
n ot wa n t to b e pr e s e n t e d with a r e ady
mad e suit of f o r e ig n mat e r ial but w o uld ,
pr e f e r to b e h e r o wn tail o r ( a) o f c o urs e .
d e p e n ds o n ( b) (d ) may b e said to b e ac c o m
.
D o mi n io n s in t h e I m p e rial C o n f e r e n c e a nd ,
M r M o n tagu sai d
. I n dia h as Do mi n io n
$
T h e qu e sti o n o f t h e f o rm o f S e lf G o v e r n -
m e n t o f H o m e R ul e d e sir e d by I n dia c a n o n l y
, ,
b e d e t e r mi n e d by I n dia h e r s e lf a n d th e matt e r
o ught t o b e th o r o ughly discuss e d Mu c h ca n.
b e d o n e u n de r th e p r e s e n t Act by th e G o v e r n o r
G e ne r al o r th e Pr o vi n cial G o v e r n o r a s t h e
, ,
m e m b e r s o f th e i r r e sp e ctiv e L e gislatur e s .
'
a bout in a fe w m o n th s by a n am e n dm e n t of
t h e R e f o rm A c t ( G o v e r n m e n t o f I n dia Act
m
,
1 9 1 9 ) o r by a n a e n d m e n t o f t h e R ul e whi c h
mak e s C o u n c ill o r s i r r e spo n sibl e . But as
P arlia m e n t is n o t i n c li n e d to am e n d its A c t
s o s oo n a n d a s British publi c o pi n io n is mu c h
,
S itti n g o f t h e J o i n t C o mmitt e e in 1 9 1 9 a n d to
,
a ssig n e d to th e I n d ia n M e m b e rs o f th e C ou n c il .
T h e v o t e s o f t h e A ss e mbly o n th e C ivil Bu d g e t
s hould b e acc e pt e d a s bi n di n g by t h e Gov e r n o r
G e n e r al . H e h a s a s a matt e r of fa c t a cc e pt e d
, ,
i n t he t wo Budg e ts l ai d b e f o r e t h e R e f o rm e d
C o u n cils so that a g o o d b e gi nn i n g o f a c o n
,
h as c ha n g e d t he tariff to th e gr e at a d va n tag e
o f I n d ia a n d t h e gr e at wrat h o f L a n cashir e ,
s upp o r t e d by t h e G o v e r n or G e n e ral a n d t h e
-
h e l d in E n gla n d by t h e L aw O ffic e r s o f t h e
C ro w n that th e G o v e r n o r G e n e ral has n o p o we r
-
t o submit t h e M ilitary B ud g e t to t h e v o t e o f
t h e Ass e mbly a n d th e ir d e cisi o n is bi n d i n g fo r
,
t h e pr e s e n t l e a d i n g I n d ia n la wy e r s do n o t
,
t h e F i n a n c e M e mb e r h as promis e d to bri n g
t h e m b e for e t h e R e tr e n c h m e n t Co mmitt e e ,
a si d e wi n d
-
T h e imm e n s e pr o p o rti o n o f t he
.
r e v e n u e o f I n d ia sp e n t o n t h e Ar m y is a n
e v e r i n c r e asi n g burd e n a n d a n e v e r i n cr e a si n g
- -
s h o ul d b e d e f e n d e d by it s o w n m e n a n d n o t by
se lf r e sp e ct a n d t h e saf e ty o f I n dia d e p e n d o n
-
t h e I n d ia n isati o n o f h e r ar m y .This is o n e
of th e qu e stio n s wh ich ca n n o t wait I t is
.
a r gu e d by s o l d ie r s th at O f fic e rs ca n n o t b e
trai n e d i n l e ss tha n fo r ty y e a r s but in t h e
,
2 72 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S
c ir c umst a n c e s Th e y will c e as e to b e i n c i t e
.
m e n ts to vi o l e n c e mur d e r a n d forcibl e c o n
,
v e rsi o n wh e n th e y c a n n o l o n g e r b e r e v iv e d
a n d utilis e d fo r p o litical purp o s e s as th e y
,
hav e b e e n l o n g ig n o r e d wh il e u n b e li e v e rs
“
have s e ttl e d fo r g e n e r ati o n s in t h e I sla n d
”
o f Arabia , a n d as simila r passag e s in t h e
H e b r e w Sc r iptu r e s acc e pt e d by C h r istia n s
, ,
e du c at e d mi n o rity a n d at t h e m e r cy o f a
,
p o liti c al O bj e cts .
S E LF -
DE T ER M I N AT IO N 2 75
a C o mm o n w e alth o f Fr e e N ati o n s f e d e r at e d
,
to g e th e r fo r mutual h e lp a n d pr o t e c tio n w e ,
Britai n .
I e l e ct fo r t h e fi r st o f th e s e alt e r n ativ e s ,
its e lf in th e W e st d oe s n o t t e n d to mak e t he
,
p e o pl e e ith e r pr o sp e r o us o r happy P o w e r .
i d e als in i n t e ll e ct in e xp e r i e n c e a n d in
, ,
2 76 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I AN POLI T IC S
”
pl e s o f how n o t to do it tha n o f ad m irabl e
,
do n o t pr o d uc e a h e avi e r bu rd e n tha n t h e
,
“
c o mparativ e ly fe w o f t h e idl e r ich o f f o r m e r
days a n d by th e i r n u m b e r a g r e at e r m e n ac e
,
fr e e d o m c o n ti n u e s t o b e a sc e n e o f mur de r
,
c o n stitutio n fo r a c o u n t r y S h e d o e s n o t u n d e r
sta n d ? I e l e c t fo r that first alt e r n ativ e also ,
2 78 THE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N PO LI T IC S
ti o n s with th e family as t h e u n it T h e W e st
, .
,
S o c i e ty as a n a rr a n g e m e n t o f mutual c o n v e n i
e n c e wh e r e by t h e r ights o f e ach a r e bala n c e d
e x c e ss w o r ks misc hi e f , t h e fi r st p r o duci n g a
f o ssil t h e s e c o n d a r e b e l
, .
I f t h e s e c o n d alt e r n ativ e b e c h o s e n th e n ,
w e sh o uld pr o c e e d to w o rk t h e pr e s e n t
R e f o rms to t h e utm o st gai n i n g p o w e r by
,
e stablishi n g co n v e n ti o n s as w e ar e alr e a d y
,
d o i n g a n d pr e ssi n g fo r am e n dm e n ts in th e
,
n o t a g e n ui n e o utgr o wth o f t h e L if e o f I n d ia ,
h e r S e lf e xpr e ssi o n
-
.
B r itai n c an do is to se t I n d ia f r e e to shap e
h e r o w n c o n stituti o n l e tti n g t h e pr e s e n t
,
t r a n siti o n al f o r m o f In dO B r itis h G o v e r n m e n t
-
c o n ti n u e whil e I n d ia s e ts h e r o w n h o us e
in o r d e r a n d f r a m e s h e r o w n c o n stituti o n
, .
v e n t io n
,
in which w o uld b e w o r k e d o u t t h e
C o n stituti o n o f P ro vi n c e s a n d fi n ally th e ir
,
F e d e r atio n .
fe r e n c e s to t h e N ati o n al C o n gr e ss a n d I o u t
, ,
li n e th e sch e m e h e r e .
2 80 T HE FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S
wh ich h av e p r e s e rv e d h e r thr o u gh u n c o u n t e d
m ill e n n ia a n d wh i c h mai n tai n e d h e r in such
,
”
v illa g e ,th e villag e r e publics w hich r e
,
m ai n e d p r o sp e r o us w e ll to do a n d w e ll
, ,
- -
,
m e n ag e d f r o m t h e tim e that w e m e e t th e m in
t h e daw n o f hist o r y to th e s e c o n d de cad e o f
t h e n i n e t e e n th c e n tury Th e s e hav e g o n e
.
f e e li n g is d e e ply r o o t e d in th e m T h e villag e c o m .
p o li c y sh o uld i n du c e us t o l e av e as mu c h a s p o ssibl e
o f t h e busi n e ss o f t h e c o u n try t o b e do n e by t h e
p e o pl e .
Si r Ba r tl e F r e r e i n 1 87 1 w r o t e
, ,
A n y o n e w h o has w at c h e d t h e w o rki n g o f
I n dia n s o c i e ty w ill s e e that it s g e n ius is o n e t o
r e pr e s e n t n o t m e r e ly by e l e c ti o n u n d e r R e f o rm
,
s e lv e s W h e n th e r e is a n y f e ll o w c itiz e n t o b e
.
-
m e e ti n g a n d this is a n e x p r e ssi o n it s e e m s t o m e
, , ,
o f t h e g e n ius o f t h e p e o p l e as it w a s o f t h e o l d
,
ty p e s t o v o t e by trib e s o r hu n dr e ds .
As Mr C hish o l m A n st e y sai d :
.
L o c al Se lf G o v e rn m e n t i n t h e w id e st a cc e p tati o n o f
-
,
t h e t e rm is a s o ld as t h e E ast its e lf
, N o matt e r .
S ELF D E T E R M I N AT IO N
- 283
a re all b o u n d t o g e th e r a s in a sp e c i e s o f n e t wo rk ,
O r l e t a n I n dia n sp e ak : M r C P R a ma . . .
an d m e mb e r o f th e P r o vi n cial L e gislativ e
C o u n cil said i n his Pr e si d e n tial Ad d r e ss to t h e
,
h o us e s t o m e n d th e r o ads b e t w e e n th e ir o w n a n d
,
”
adja c e n t villag e s an d e v e n t o lay o ut parks ( Vide
, .
p 293 n o t e
.
, In M ys o r e n o w in ma n y distri c ts
, , ,
t h e w o rk d o n e i s ast o u n di n g E v e ry villag e in th e
.
a nd th evillag e w a s th e f o u n dati o n o f th e G o v e rn
m e n tal e difi c e T h e V illag e G o v e rn m e n t o f th o s e
.
o r in lab o ur duri n g t h e y e ar $t h e G o v e rn m e n t
,
v illag e c o mmitt e e s c o n ti n u e d t o e vi n c e mu c h i n t e r e st
i n this w o rk a n d ma n y w o rks o f publi c utilit y su c h
, ,
a n d o p e n i n g r o ad s C l e ari n g la n ta n a a n d pla n ti n g
,
To this I a d d e d as c o m m e n t
C o n f e r e n c e s o f t h e villag e c o mmitt e e s w e r e
h e ld in f o ur distri c ts t o tak e st o c k o f t h e w o rk
,
c o n sist e d o f a h e adma n a n a cc o u n ta nt a , ,
fu n cti o n s a b o u n da r y m a n a sup e r i n t e n d e n t o f
,
-
,
ta n ks a n d w at e rc o urs e s a p aj a ri a s c h o o l , ,
cow keeper
-
a p o tt e r a smith a n d a carp e n t e r
, , .
“ ”
e l e ct e d by p o t tick-
e ts o r o t h e rwis e , an d ,
f o r m e d c o mmitt e e s fo r bra n c h e s o f w o r k ; in
th e fact th at t h e villag e rul e r s w e r e e l e ct e d
lay t h e saf e ty o f t h e V illag e wh e n t h e Co m
pa n y C ha n g e d e l e cti o n to app o i n tm e n t th e y ,
b e cam e villag e ty r a n ts .
’
T h e D e c e n t r alisati o n C o mmitt e e s R e p o rt
s aid l §
W e c o n sid e r that a s L o c al Se lf G o v e r n m e n t -
Sp e aki n g at a D istri c t Co n f e re n c e on
P afic h ay a ts
i f n e c e ssary th e y c o uld b e r e pr e s e n t e d by t h e
P a fi c h ay a t t o a high e r auth o rity T h e villag e w o uld .
c o rp o rat e lif e .
T he c o rre s p o n di n g u n it in t h e T o wn s t o t h
V illag e in t h e c o u n try is t h e W ar d a n d t h e W ard ,
h o ld e rs app e ar to h av e had v o t e s f o rf e it e d ,
dow n in t h e b o o ks fo r th e b u il d i n gs o f a
villag e th e pla n ti n g o f fl o w e r i n g t r e e s in its
,
an d so on
. In K i n g d o ms a n d E mpir e s ,
Go v e r n m e n ts w e r e bas e d o n similar m o d e ls ;
i n t h e gr e at E mpi r e o f C ha n dragup ta I h is ,
C o u n c il w as mad e up o f th e P a nc h a y a t o f
e a c h d e partm e n t in his G o v e r n m e n t ; so i n t h e
Mu n icipal C o u n c il o f a city .
T h e su c c e ssiv e e n largi n g a r e as o f G o v e r n
m e n t still e xist ; th e r e is t h e V illag e ; t h e g r ou p
of V illa g e s o r Taluq ; t h e group o f Ta l uqs o r
D istri c t ; t h e gr o up o f D istri c ts o r P r o vi n c e ;
,
t h e gr o up o f P r o vi n c e s o r N ati o n
, . T h e vo te
in t he su cc e ssiv e e n largi n g ar e as sh o ul d
d e p e n d o n t h e e n largi n g k n o wl e d g e a n d e l ig i
,
e xp e ri e n c e in g o v e r n m e n t by m e m be r ship o f
k no wl e dg e giv e p o w e r ; e v e ry m an or woman
who was a maj o r sh o uld hav e a vot e for a
V illa g e P a nc h a ya t o r a Tow n P a nc h a ya t (Ward
C o u n c il ) ; th e y k n ow villag e wa n ts whi c h a re ,
th e ir o wn T he vo te fo r a Taluq Co u n c il
.
i n clu de if p o ssibl e c o n si st of t h e b e st me n in
, ,
th e P ro vi n c e sav e th o s e s e n t o n to the
,
N ati o n al P arliam e n t .
t h e i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e of all Ye t m e n a n d
.
wo m e n v o t e fo r a m e mb e r say of a B riti sh
, ,
P arliam e n t w h o ca n n o t j udg e by h is or he r
k n owl e d g e of h is fit n e ss to d ec id e the qu e sti o n s
o n w hi c h t he w e lfar e of t h e N atio n d e p e nds .
2 92 TH E FU T UR E OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S
I t is a s though th e c ab in bo y s e l e c t e d th e
captai n o f th e ship .
ma n ur e s a n imals fo r br e e di n g m o d e l farms
, , ,
p r o du c e rs o f e v e r y ki n d . T h e wh o l e N atio n al
l if e w o ul d b e i n vig o rat e d by a syst e m built by
I n dia n g e n ius o n th e f o u n datio n s lai d in I n d ia s
’
m ad e in E n gla n d .
C HAPTE R IX
IN A W O RL D C O M M O N W E A L T H
-
O R ALON E ?
C o mm o n w e alth o f F r e e N atio n s ?
,
That qu e sti o n c a n o n ly b e a n sw e r e d by
I n d ia h e rs e lf a n d n o n e c a n di c tat e to a n y
,
—
valu e o f N atio n h oo d th at an y N atio n h as t he
right to impos e by f o r c e its auth o rity o n a ny
IN A CO M M O N W E A L T H OR A LO N E ? 2 95
c o n s e n t o f t he f o r e ig n N ati o n I w o uld m o st
,
Britai n to r e mai n li n k e d ha n d in ha n d fo r th e
- -
,
t he p r e se n t , a n d still m o r e in t h e futur e .
L o o ki n g back o n t h e c o n flict b e tw e e n t h e
N ati o n s o f E u ro p e w hi c h w e n t o n th r o ugh t h e
e ight e e n th c e n tury b e tw e e n E ur o p e a n N ati o n s ,
( se e I n t r o du c ti o n ) f o r
, as I b e
, li e v e t h e r e aso n
,
i n 1 9 1 5 h as b ee n p ro v e d tru e by t h e wid e n i n g
,
o f F r e e d o m si n c e t h e C ro wn assu m e d authority
”
m e n t o f H o m e R ul e t h e i n e vitabl e r e sult
,
o v e r t h e positi o n o f B r itai n by t h e b r i n gi n g u n d e r
it w a s t h e im m e n s e cha n g e br o ug ht ab o ut by
s wift i n t e rc o m m u n i c ati o n b e tw e e n all parts
o f t h e worl d , so that dista n c e s w e r e tim e
s h o r te n e d, an d e re l o n g will b e c o m e sh o rt e r
, ,
t o o k to trav e l fr o m L a n d s En d to J o h n
’
o G r oa t s
’
. I ca n n o t l o o k ba c k o v e r t h e thr e e
c e n turi e s a n d t e n y e ars fr o m 1 61 2 t o 1 92 2 a n d
,
miss t h e g o l d e n th r e ad o f a d ivi n e pu r p o s e in
b r i n gi n g u n d e r o n e C r o w n the r o o t stoc k-
and t h e y o un g e st su b rac e
-
o f t h e A r ya n
R ac e .
co m p os e d o f c o l o u r e d a n d o f whit e N ati o n s o f ,
A siati cs a n d E u r o p e a n s o f Easte r n s an d
,
W e st e r n s o f R e ligio n a n d Appli e d S c i e n c e
, ,
o f a W o rl d F e d e r ati o n wh e r e i n Justic e S ha l l
,
r e ig n i n st e ad o f P o w e r a n d L aw shall put a n
,
e n d to V iol e n ce
IN A CO M M O N W E A LT H OR A LO N E ? 2 99
will r e c o mm e n c e t h e o l d st o ry o f i n vasio n s a n d
s ubj e c ti o n s
, a n d must at o n c e b e gi n t o pr e par e
d r a wal n o t o n ly o f British t r o o ps b u t o f t h e
,
t h e w h o l e C o mm o n w e alth is h e r d e f e n c e As .
s h e r ush e d to t he d e f e n c e o f Britai n o ve r ,
t he C o mm o n w ea lth r ush to h e r s if S h e w e r e
,
’
a ttack e d f r o m o utsi d e . Britai n s n avy is still
th e la r g e st in t h e wo rld a n d that n avy will be
,
a sist e r gu ar d ia n o f h e r l o n g c o ast li n e e v e n
- -
,
is suffici e n t to pr o t e ct In m e r e n umb e rs
.
,
C hi n a is th e o n ly c o u n t r y that match e s th e
C o mm o n w e alt h a n d in o rga n isati o n in e ff e c t
, ,
iv e n e ss fo r s e lf d e f e n c e th e r e is n o c o mpa r i
-
,
so n b e tw e e n t h e t w o .
N o r c a n we l e av e o ut o f acc o u n t in thi n ki n g
,
o f h e r ar e a is o c c upi e d by I n d ia n Stat e s w hi c h , ,
Ma n y o f th e m hav e w e ll t r ai n e d tr o o ps a n d
-
fu ll tr easuri e s In a H o m e R ul e I n dia th e s e
.
,
I n d e p e n d e n t I n dia a d e sir e to r e m o v e th e ir
,
’
n e ighbour s la n dmarks w o uld pr o bably aris e ,
p o lluti g f t of a
n oo Mu slim ; w e hav e h e a r d
non-
d e f e n d e d th e ir M o th e r la n d agai n st t h e fo e
we hav e b ee n f o rc e d to se e that t h e
p r imary all e gia n c e o f M u sal m an s is t o I sl a mi c
c o u n t r i e s n o t to o ur M o th e rla n d ; w e hav e
,
l e a r n e d t hat th e ir d e a r e st h o p e is to e stab
“ ”
lish t h e ki n gdom o f G o d , n o t G od as
but as a G o d s e e n th r o ug h Musalm a n sp e c
fa c l e s r e s e mbli n g in H is c o mma n ds
,
— th r o ugh
o n e o f t h e P roph e ts as t o th e tr e atm e n t o f
—
,
e a r ly Muslims fo r fr ee d o m to f o ll o w t h e r e ligi o n
,
giv e n to th e m by th e ir P r o ph e t T h e w o rld
.
’
which G o d s c o mma n d s a r e giv e n thr o ugh
a man . T h e c laim n o w put forward by
IN A CO M M O N W E A L T H OR A LO N E ? 303
th e y ca n n o t whil e th e y h ol d th e vi e ws
,
—
.
,
o f C e n tr al Asia w h o a r e M u sa l m an s th e y w o uld
,
the —
Muslim I n dia n Stat e s a n d w o ul d e stablish
M usalm a n rul e W e had th o ught that I n dia n
.
mo r e fr e e u n d e r British rul e th a n in c o u n t r i e s
,
wh e r e th e r e a re M uslim r ul e rs In thi n ki n g .
of an I n d e p e n d e n t I n dia th e m e n a c e o f
,
To br e ak t h e B r itish c o n n e c ti o n w o uld m e a n
n o t F r e e d o m but o n ly a c ha n g e o f mast e rs ,
i s o v e r cr o wd e d a n d n e e ds a n o utl e t ; I n d ia
-
,
at pr e s e n t ca n n o t de f e n d h e r s e lf al o n e a n d
, ,
Japa n w o uld s e iz e t h e h o ur o f h e r w e ak n e ss .
To d e c lar e I n d e p e n d e n c e n o w w o ul d b e m a d
n e ss a n d B r itai n w o ul d n o t b e foo lish e n o ugh t o
,
p rot e c,
t W hil e I n d e p e n d e n t I n d ia was pr e pari n g
for futur e s e lf d e f e n c e
-
. Sh e w o uld e ith e r cl e ar
o u t at o n c e a n d l e av e I n d ia to b e o v e rru n o r
, ,
w o uld t r y to h o l d h e r d o w n by f o r c e whil e ,
e n c o uragi n g d iss e n si o n s am o n g h e r p eo pl e to ,
positio n as t h e gr e at e st o f W o rld P o w e rs wh il e
-
,
I n dia wh e n D is r a e li p r o p o s e d that $u e e n
V ict o ria sh o ul d assum e th e titl e O f E mpr e ss o f
I n dia A n d so str o n g a n d so a n g r y was it that th e
.
,
a subj e ct c o u n t r y Gr e at B r itai n w o ul d
h av e n o n e o f it V ict o ria Ed war d VI I G e o r g e
.
, ,
I n dia O ur r e ig n i n g M o n a r ch is K i n g o f Gr e at
.
Britai n a n d I r e la n d o f th e D o mi n io n s O ve rs e as
, ,
a n d o f all C r o w n C o l o n i e s a n d P o ss e ssi o n s he
i s E mp e r o r in I n d ia o n ly a n d th e titl e ma r ks
,
o u t t h e d i ff e r e n c e b e tw e e n I n d ia a n d t h e r e st
e ls e he is
a c o n stitutio n al K in g ; h e r e h e
h as b e e n a n auto c ratic E mp e r o r th o ugh ,
sh o ul d d isapp e ar a n d E mpir e w o ul d f o ll o w it
, .
”
Fr e e N ati o n s in a n E mpir e is u n hist o r ical
’
F r e e d o m wh e n h e pr e f e r r e d to u se t h e w o rd
”
C o mm o n w e alth ,r ath e r t ha n t h e w o r d
E mpir e H e was m o v e d by a t r u e i n sti n ct .
T o b e t h e ack n o wl e d g e d H e ad o f a C o mm o n
w e alth o f Fr e e N ati o n s is a mag n ifi c e n t p o si
”
ti o n To b e a n E mp e r o r d o e s n o t call up in
.
m e m o ry n am e s o n e d e si r e s to r e m e mb e r We .
may n ot e in passi n g th a t t he H u n ga r ia n s in
, , ,
wh o m th e f e e li n g fo r L ib e r ty is stro n g r e fuse d
,
to a c k n o wl e dg e all e gia n c e to t h e E mp e r o r o f
Austria ; th e y c r o w n e d him a s K i n g of H u n gary .
I t is n o t with o ut i n t e r e st that t h e G e r m a n
31 0 T HE FU T U RE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S
fu n cti o n s which a r e r e ga r d e d as th o s e o f
“
lif e I t is quit e i n d e p e n d e n t e x c e pt that it
,
parti c l e s T h e c e ll is n e xt f o rm e d with a
.
,
ally an i n dividual in t h e as c e n di n g g r ad e s
, .
T h e N ati o n s bl e n d i n t o la r g e r N ati o n s a ,
K i n g d o ms R e publics o r ga n is e d wh o l e s T h e
, , .
u n it e i n t o t h e C o mm o n w e a l th o f Aust r alia .
E ac h larg e r o r ga n isati o n e v o lv e s la r g e r
i n t e r e sts As e ach o f th e scatt e r e d u n its o f
.
“ ”
pa r t o f t h e British E mpir e a so n c o mi n g
,
of ag e ,
as it we r e havi n g his o wn family but
,
o f bl oo d a n d cust o m T hat pr o c e ss is g o i n g o n
.
,
a matur e me mb e r o f th e larg e r h o us e h o ld Th e .
“ ”
C o mm o n w e alth is a joi n t family syst e m ,
31 2 TH E FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S
high e r l e v e l t h e r e curri n g p r o bl e m o f t h e
li be rty o f t h e i n divi d ual huma n u n it a n d o f
t h e c o ll e cti o n s o f i n d ivi d uals as pa r ts o f a la r g e r
i n divi d u al t h e N ati o n to th e ir L ib e r ty a n d
, ,
th e ir mutual r e lati o n s As t h e o r ga n s to t h e
.
t h e N ati o n a n d c o n se qu e n t r e stl e ss n e ss ir r i
, ,
Fo r t h e c o l o ur e d r ac e s it w o uld m e a n Justi c e
a n d Saf e ty ,by t h e a m i t y o f b o th i n a w o rl d
wi d e B r o th e r h o o d I t w o ul d e x e r cis e a c o n
.
a v i e w to a l at e r W o r ld C o mm o n w e alth
-
,
I t w o ul d m e a n a bl e n di n g o f o pp o sit e s a s
c o mpl e m e n ta r i e s i n st e ad o f as rivalri e s o f th e
,
withi n th e limits o f O rd e r .
m e a n i n t e r n al p e ac e a n d saf e ty from e x t e r n al
,
sh e pr o v e d in h e r e arli e r lif e th at th e s e w e r e
Wis d o m a n d th e y d e c ay e d a s th at high e st
,
with th e g o ld e n a n d j e w e ll e d o r n am e n t s
of mat e rial pr o sp e rity Th e ir h e a d s are
.
K n owl e dg e a n d in th e ir ha n d s th e y c arry
,
31 6 TH E FU T U RE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S
t h e e mbl e ms of C o mm e r c e a n d of I n dustry .
’
E arth s happy c hildr e n play in fro n t a n d b e sid e
t h e m s c att e ri n g flow e rs in th e ir way a n d
, ,
H e a ve n s c hildr e n rai n o n th e m fr o m th e
’
b e hi n d an d r e a c h i n g f o rward to t h e glad
,
n e ith e r s e parat e ly l e t u s go ha n d in ha n d a n d
,
- -
t ha n aug ht th e e ld e r world h a s s ee n L e t us .
P E A CE T o A LL B E IN GS
T H E f o l l o w i n g is fr o m a pamphl t , e Se l f Go ve r n
-
m e n t fo r In dia publish e d in 1 91 5
, .
H e re w e c o m e , at last , t o t h e b e dr o c k o f o ur C laim
fo r Se lf G o v e rn m e n t
- . I n dia is a N ati o n , a n d in
N ati o n h o o d is i n c lud e d t h e n atural , i n h e r e n t , i n d e
f e asibl e right to Se lf G o v e rn m e n t N o o n e c ivilis e d
-
.
of he r o wn p o p ulati o n
. I f , th e re aft e r , all th e
G o v e rn m e n t o f t h e c o un try we r e in Chi n e s e
ha n d s ; if th e y th e ms e lv e s we r e d e priv e d o f arms
32 0 T
HE FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
a n i n f e ri o r ra c e a n d tr e at e d a s f o re ig n e rs i n th e ir
,
rul e it N o n e t h e l e ss d o e s a N ati o n pr e f e r be b g
.
br o o d s o v e r y o ur h o m e s Wo uld th e y h av e b e e n as
saf e fr o m t h e G e rma n , if I n dia n br e asts had n o t
f o rm e d part o f y o ur shi e ld
W hat d o e s I n dia w a n t ? Sh e w a n ts e v e rythi n g
that a n y o th e r N ati o n may c laim fo r its e lf T o b e .
T o b e g o v e r n e d by h e r o wn m e n fr e e ly e l e c t e d by
,
n avy h e r o w n v o lu n t e e rs
, T o l e vy h e r o w n tax e s
.
t o mak e h e r o w n budg e ts ; t o e du c at e h e r o w n
p e o pl e t o irrigat e h e r o wn la n ds t o mi n e h e r o wn
o r e s ; t o mi n t h e r o w n c o i n ; t o b e a Sov e r e ig n
N ati o n w ithi n h e r o w n b o rd e rs o wn i n g t h e para
,
m o u n t p o w e r o f t h e I mp e rial Cro w n a n d s e n di n g,
h e r s o n s t o t h e I mp e rial C o u n c il T h e r e is n o thi n g
.
to w hi c h a n y m an c an aspir e in his o wn
la n d fr o m w hi c h t h e I n dia n mu st b e shut o ut
‘
h e re .
to b e a thrall ? I t is n o t t h e a n gl e o f vi si o n that
n e e d s c ha n gi n g .I t is th e e y e purifi e d fro m prid e
,
s tr o k e s
.
b e at r e st till s h e i s fr e e
, .
T H E f o ll o w i n g is fr o m a pamphl e t H o m e Rul e ,
i n 1 906w h e n t h e G ra n d O ld M a n o f I n dia D a da b h a i ,
sp e e c h so that a n o th e r re ad it fo r him h e y e t r e ad
—
,
—
t h e w o rd s w hi c h c laim e d Sw araj Se lf R ul e a n d -
t h e c r o w d l e apt up a n d e c h o e d Swaraj It
c ha n c e d that a y e ar a g o I us e d t h e w o rds H o m e
R ul e i n st e ad o f Se lf G o v e rn m e n t T h e first is
-
.
sh o rt e r : S e lf Go ve r n me n t is f o ur syllabl e s an d
-
H o m e Rul e o n ly t wo . F o r a p o p ular c r y a sh o rt
n am e is b e tt e r tha n a l o n g o n e M o r e o v e r it w a s a
.
,
m o r e e x p li c it phras e b e c aus e Se lf G o v e rn m e n t
,
-
might m e a n i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o to S h o w y o u did
, ,
n o t m e a n a br e ak b e t we e n G r e at Britai n a n d I n dia ,
326 THE FU T U RE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S
t h e p e o pl e in a c o n stituti o n al a n d l a w abidi n g w a y -
,
n o w in 1 9 1 6 In th o s e first l e c tur e s o f mi n e I
.
i s G o d pr e par e d a n d G o d giv e n
-
H o w o ft e n hav e I
-
.
l e c ture d sh o w i n g h o w t h e diff e r e n t E ur o p e a n
,
N ati o n s c am e h e r e h o w t h e D ut c h c am e h o w t h e
, ,
P o rtugu e s e c am e h o w t h e F r e n c h c am e a n d h o w
, ,
n o t a l w ays b e e n so . T h e r e w a s a day w h e n t o b e
a n I n dia n w a s t o b e full o f e n e rgy full o f lif e full o f
, ,
w h o had n o t th e ir mat c h fo r c o ur a g e a n d fo r
c hival r y in a n y N a ti o n o f th e w o rld I t may b e that
i n c o urag e a G e rma n is as g o o d as a R aj p u t but t h e ,
”
mild H i n d a as th e y say i s a v e ry m o d e rn id e a
, , ,
f o rg o tt e n t h e o l d Ashramas Al l m e n sp e ak as
.
if th e y w e re g o i n g t o b e guid e d by t h e t e a c hi n g o f
32 8 T HE FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
t h e Sa n n y asi n w hil e th e y c li n g t o p o w e r g o ld a n d
,
on h e r to l e ar n s e lf r e s p e c t o n c e m o r e w h e n
-
,
H in dfiism w a s h e ld u p e v e n by t h e f o r e ig n e r as t h e
n o bl e st a n d t h e sublim e st r e ligi o n that h a d c o m e t o
m a n w h e n fr o m o n e e n d o f t h e c o u n try t o a n o th e r
,
h e r a n c i e n t r e ligi o n r e viv e d a n d t h e o th e r gr e at
r e ligi o n s o f t h e past b e ga n to r e app e ar w h e n t h e
,
Buddhist b e ga n t o h o ld up his h e ad i n st e ad o f b e i n g
a sham e d o f his r e ligi o n th e n it w a s that t h e br e ath
,
sak e martyrs a n d e x il e s
o f t h e w o rld s h e r o e s a n d
’
,
I rish B ut fo r th e sak e o f th o s e o l d m e m o r ie s I
—
. ,
th o s e b o ys in Sc h o o l a r e full o f u n r e st a n d dis
c o n t e n t bre aki n g n o w a n d th e n i n t o th o s e u n happy
,
strik e s w hi c h n o l o v e r o f stud e n ts c a n sa n c ti o n .
T h e b o ys a r e h e lpl e ss a n d ma n y rui n th e ir w h o l e
,
l iv e s in t h e mad n e ss o f t h e m o m e n t B ut th o s e b o ys .
p o ss e ssi o n a n d if y o u kill it in t h e h e a rt o f th e
,
w h e n t h e b o y has c o m e i n t o ma n s e stat e W h y is
’
.
—
we r e n o t g o o d o b e di e n t b o ys th e y w e r e bad “
“ ”
d o c ility o f I n dia n stud e n ts is d ue t o a n o v e r
wo rk e d brai n a n d u n d e r n o urish e d b o dy a n d t h e
-
,
ti o n fo r b o y s w h o a r e n o t t o b e t e a c h e rs is o n e o f
, ,
”
c lass e s O f I n dia n s a r e mark e d d o wn as illit e rat e ,
o u r w o m e n a n d o u r raiyats .Y e t b o th o f th e s e may
b e said t o b e i n t e ll e c tually lit e rat e th o u gh th e y may
,
o f th e ir w o uld b e t e a c h e rs
-
.
may b e r e viv e d H o w c a n y o u b e pr o sp e r o us w h e n
.
y o u hav e n o c o n tr o l o v e r y o ur o w n fi n a n c e s ? I f
’
y ou had c o n tr o l o v e r y o ur fi n a n c e s y o u w o uld
,
H e r e w e hav e t h e E n glish G o v e r n m e n t pr o t e c ti n g
t h e i n dustri e s o f G e rma n ma n ufa c tur e rs a n d o f -
G o d but i t w a s so w h e n I first c am e h e r e a n d
—
,
do t o m o rr o w that w hi c h fo r t h e m o m e n t is n o t
-
—
w r o n g but is da n g e r o us I sa y all this . T o sta n d
f o r fr e e d o m agai n st aut o c ra c y is a da n g e r o us thi n g
but m o r e a n d m o r e p e o pl e a r e c o mi n g f o r ward a n d
s p e aki n g o u t a n d e xpr e ssi n g re adi n e ss t o sa c rifi c e
,
th e ir m e a n s a n d th e ir c ar e e rs fo r t h e sak e o f I n dia .
o n t h e struggl e fo r fr e e d o m . W h e n a N ati o n is
o n c e r e s o lut e t o b e fr e e th e r e is n o p o w e r o n e arth
,
n o r in h e av e n that c a n k e e p h e r ba c k fr o m fr e e d o m .
I N D EX
PA G E P A GE
R e f o rm 1 6 1 8,
,
ARBI TRAT I O N
A ct 220,
An arc hi c al a n d
R e v o luti o n ary R e gistrati o n 21 3
Crim e s R e p e al o f R e
A rms 73, 1 82 pr e s siv e
Crimi n al L a w R o w l a t t 2 01
, ,
A m e n dm e n t 21 3 206,
D e f e n c e O f I n dia Se diti o us M e e t
2 1 3, 2 35, 236 i n gs 21 3
F a c t o ry 2 17 Stat e O ff e n c e s 213
F o rf e itur e 21 3 Stat e P ris o n e rs 21 3
G aggi n g 227 U n iv e rsiti e s ,
2 06, 2 1 2 , 2 1 3, 236 2 1 0, 2 1 9
P r e v e n ti o n o f Judi c ial or
Se diti o us M e e t R e pr e ssiv e
i n gs Adity ase n a
336 T HE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
P A GE PAGE
Afri c a So uth
,
Asso c i a t I o n , E ur o
1 7 2, 21 9 e an
s w ami , 87 89 , 1 1 3 , ,
I n dia n
26 250, 2 83 ,
A squith M r , .
iyar Si S ubra 93 1 90
A r ,
A uru n gz e b 2 , 9,
,
ma n ia 3 4
A kbar 4 A ut o c r a c y a b a n d o n
Al Oa r an 2 7 3 ed
B
A li r o th e rs 2 51 2 5 4 , 3 0 3 ,
A ut o n o my , F i s c a l
1 38 t 1 4 7 a n d P o liti c al 1 68
A li e n R u l e o
A mritsar 1 9 8 2 4 0 2 4 5 , ,
Aw ak e n i n g o f A sia 1 32
An ar c histi c M o v e A w ak e n i n g Caus e s o f 1 31
,
A pp e n di c e s 31 7 M ass e s 1 7 5 t o 1 81
A rabia 7 2 7 3 2,
7 4 30 1 , , , 303 A w ak e n i n g o f M e r
A rmi se T e ,
rrit o rial 1 68 c ha n t s 1 53, 1 62 ,
G S 1 68 1 7 0
A r u n da l e , .
,
148 A w a ke n in g o f
A rya Sam a j
A rya n C o n qu e st Wo me n 1 7 0 to 1 75
B
Ary a n L it ratur
e e ,
Ag e of B AL A SA M AJ
A rya n R a c e 280 2 81 2 98
, , Ba n n e r j i Sur e n dra
,
a n d U n ity 7 8 m 83 1 4 2
A ry avar a t ,
,
A sh o ka 7 , 2 96 B e n gal P artiti o n
,
of
2 28 t o 230
A shramas
338 THE FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S
P A GE PAGE
Civil Se rvi c e C o mpa n i e s T radi n g
C o ll e g e : in I n dia
A ligarh Austria n 3
C e n tral H i n da
32, 35 251
British 2 3 9 1 1 , , , , 32 6
Chart e r E liza
,
D e hra D un ,
,
M ilita ry b e th s ’
1, 3
K halsa D a n ish 3
C o l o n i e s I n d ia
, an d D ut c h 2 , 32 6
7 3 307 329
, , E ast I n dia 1 4 , ,
C o m missi o n , F is c al 1 1 to 1 4 1 58
I n dus
,
E md e n 3
tri e s 1 59
F r e n c h 2 3 9 326
P ubli c , , ,
1 82 1 98 208
, ,
Australia , , .
204 27 5, 2 98 309 t o
, , 31 5 27 9 324 ,
C o mmu n a l L a n d 288 A h m e da
C o mmu n al Se rva n ts 1 77 bad ( 1 92 1 ) 203
I N DEX 339
P A GE PA G E
C o n gr e ss A l l a h a
, C o n g r e s s Surat ,
bad C o mmitt e e ( C o n gr e ss 8 p l i t ,
1 907 ) 9 2 9, 67 .
( 1 920) ,
C o n n aught H R
( 1 9 1 9)
, .
1 98, 24 5
.
Th e D uk e o f
B en ar e s C o n v e n ti on s ,
B o m b ay N ati o n al 27 9, 2 93
C o o p e rati on 4 7 , 52
( 1 885 1 9 1 5
-
, ,
1 9 1 8) 25 27 1 7 7 1 7 8, , 21 1
C o u n c ils
,
2 90 292,
,
84 , 200, 235 , 2 93
B e n gal 2 1 1 , 218
Cal c utta C e n tral 2 06
( 1 906 1 9 2 0)
,
o f th e E m
1 98 2 08 250 2 51
, , , p ir e 44 45 ,
D e ath of F o ur Chi e f 2 1 1
1 96 2 1 0 2 1 2
, , L e gislativ e
D e lhi A ss e mbly
( 1 9 1 8) 201 262 53 207 , 2 1 1 ,
,
,
L uc k n o w 21 2 ,
1 91 6) 53 1 01 , 2 1 7 , 2 38, 259, 2 7 0
,
M u n i c ipal 290
1 1 5, 1 1 7 , 1 22 ,
o f P ri n c e s 300
1 80, 1 96 201
M adras ( 1 9 1 4 ) 67
,
P rivy 1 1 3 1 1 4 ,
o f Stat e
N a g pur
2 07 21 1 , 2 92
Cre e d
,
T aluq 291
Cha n g e d 203 , 21 0 Ward 2 91
34 0 THE FU T URE OF I N DI AN POLI T IC S
PA GE PAG E
Curz o n , Lord 28
. E mpir e o f t h e F r e e 32 1
E qual S t a t u s o f
D I n d 1 a n a n (1
E ur o p e a n 35 4 3
D A V I D S P R O F R H Y S 283
, .
2 1 5 309
, ,
D e c e n tr a l i s a t i o n Ex e c utiv e o r J udiC ia l
,
R e poo rt 286
i
D e c l a r at io n of 1 91 7 236
1 7 238
F
,
De m o c ra c y , F als e
an d t ru e F E D ER A T I O N o f F r e e
285 t o 31 5 N ati o n s 1 4 0 204 , ,
D e putati o n s to En g 234 27 9, 31 3
,
la n d 1 98 202, 24 7
,
F e d e rati o n o f Pro
D e stiny in th e vi n ce s
Bala n c e I n dia s
,
’
2 35 F e d e rati o n of W o rld
Dharma I n dia s 1 9
,
’
,
2 98 31 0 31 1 , 31 3
, ,
1 84 , 27 7 F ighti n g Bad La w
D isra e li , B e n jami n 1 13 1 1 4 ,
307 F is c al A ut o n o my 1 68, 21 6
D o mi n i o n Status C o mmissi o n 2 1 8
Dwar k a das n ,
F r e e d o m I n e vitabl e
das 1Jam
26 a 204 , 208, 325
D y e r G e n e ral 2 1 5
, , G
24 0, 24 1
G ARIBA LD I
E
E DW A R D V I I
E ffi c i e n c y T e st 2 02 ,
E gypt 24 4 t o 251 , 2 5£ t o
E l e c t i o n s 208 , 5 §
34 2 THE FU T URE OF I N DI A N PO LI T IC S
PA G E P A GE
H o w In d za Wr o ug h t I n dia n I mp o rts 1 64 ,
fo r Fr e e do m 1 69, 230
15 , In de p e n d
t o 2 29 e n c e 2 03, 204 ,
H um e A , . O . 28, 51
300, 301
I I n dustri e s 1 4 ,
I M PER I A L C o n fe r 1 61 , 1 62 1 63 ,
e n ce I n du s t r i e s
I n d e n tur e d L ab o ur 144 R ui n e d 14
In dia : A N a t io n 1 5 ,
I rrigati o n 1 8 , 1 68
2 1 2 2 , 1 1 5 31 9
, M a n u fac
I n dia H o use tur e s 1 59 , 1 60
N ew Y o rk M i n e ral s 1 56
I n dia n O ffi c e rs 81 ,
A gri c ultur e 1 61 2 1 7 , 27 2
A rmy 7 7 80, ,
O ut c a s t e s
1 4 1 1 81 2 1 7
, , , 31 , 1 1 7 , 1 7 8, 1 7 9, 2 88
254 , 327 , 397 P a fi c h ay a ts
Av e rag e o f 89, 1 7 6, 1 7 7 281 ,
,
Ch o i c e 2 99, 306 P o r t f O li o s
Civilisati o n 19 268 269 ,
C 1 v i 1 Se r P o v e rty 1 5 ,
E du c ati o n 1 , R a i 1 w ays
1 5 32 t o 36
, , 1 68, 320
1 81 227 27 4 2 92 320
, , , ,
R aiya ts Cultur e
In dia n Ex p o rts 1 69, 230 1 7 6, 1 7 7 , 1 7 8
I N D EX 34 3
P A GE PA GE
I n dia n R e f o rm s ( s e e I n d o British
-
Co m
A ct) m o n w e a l th 298,
R e publi c s 280 309 t o 31 5
R ligi on s 2 1 51
e I n
,
s c ripti o n s a n (1
R e pr e s en ta D o c um e n ts
i
t ve s 143 I sl am 8 3 1 , ,
Gov
e rn m e n t
280, 285
I n dus J A L LI A N W A L L A B AC H
tri e s 1 8
R e pub J a m bu dvi p a 7
li e s 280 285
,
Japa n
Sc h o o ls 27 3, 2 93,
15, J e ha n gir 4
We alth Jin n ah M r, . 54
1 9, 95,
Wo m e n 1,
1 15, 1 68, 1 7 0, KELKAR MR , . 1 24
K haddar 258
K i n g as P ro t e c t o r 289
34 4 THE FU T URE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
PAG E P AG E
K hilafat 24 5 t o 250, M a c d o n ald R amsay 1 39 ,
Ko m a g a t a , T h e S S 2 35 . . M a dr a s S t a n da r d
K r o p o tki n P ri n c e
, 32 9 Ma d r a s Tim e s 325
K s h at tr iy a s 327 M ah arash tra 2 30
M alabar
M a l a v iy a M M 206 , .
M aratha C o n f e d e ra c y
L A B O U R I n d e n tur e d
, , 173 8 9 1 0 2 23 22 4 , , , ,
L ab o ur e rs pr o vid e d M e ht a P h e r o z e s h a h
,
fo r 3
L aj p at R ai 54 M e st o n , Sir Jam e s
La w M artial
, 21 6 1 51 , 237
O ld R o ma n 1 84 M ilt o n 32 1
Sa n c tity o f 239 M i n t o L o rd, 1 32 , 205
L a w r e n c e Sir J o h n
, 28 1 M o n tagu E S , . . 14 7,
L e afl e ts 1 08
L e agu e o f N a t i o n s to
2 1 9 31 4 , 268,
Le c t ur es o n P o lit ica l
N
Scie n c e
L i n c o l n A braham
, 255 N A I R SIR SA N K A R A N 254
,
L o rd P aram o u n t 5 6 2 96 , ,
N ati o n ? W hat is a
1 82 , 183 1 84 .
P A GE PA G E
A c ts pass e d by N ati o n al Home
Suppl e m e n tary R ul e rs 68 209 , ,
o n Indian 251 , 27 0
Judi c atur e 89 P o liti c s a s A rt
, and
P a ssiv e R e sista n c e Sc i e n c e
24 4 P o liti c s F utur e o f
,
P ath an s 8, 2 97 I n dia n 1 t o 31 6 31 9 ,
1 7 , 1 22 1 2 3
, P r e sid e n tial Addr e ss ,
P h e lps M y r o m
, 233 P r e ss 1 23 2 1 2 , , 227
P i c k e ti n g 254 P ri n c e o f W al e s 268 , 308
P la n , T h e G r e at 4, P rivy C o u n c il 1 1 3 , 1 14
1 0, 1 1 , 20, 24 t o P r o paga n da 1 14 , 1 25
26, 30, 36, 4 3 4 7 , , P r o vi n c e s C o n stitu
,
4 8, 51 , 2 98 ti o n o f
P o li c e 254 P r o vi n c e s F e d e ra
,
P o li c y , O ur 50 ti o n o f
P o liti c al O ff e n c e s 21 2 P r o v i n c ia l A ut o
P amphl e t s 90 n omy 26
P arti e s P r o vi n c ial C o u n c ils 21 0
C on gr e ssm e n 68 P ubli c a d m in ist r a
Extre mist8 ti o n
2 01 , 233 P u sh y a m itr a
H o m e R ul e rs
200, 201 , 2 1 0, 251
L ib e rals o r M o
d e rat e s 68 200
, $U E S T I O N fo r
t o 203 209, 2 1 0, 251 I n dia n s , The
I N D EX 34 7
P A GE P A GE
$u o tati o n s fr o m H o w I n d i a
Addr e ss H o m e ,
Wr o ug ht f o r
R ul e L e agu e 2 81 Fr e e d o m 1 1,
A iy e r C P
, . .
1 3 t o 1 6, 26, 90,
R amas wami 283 226to 229
In dia , A N a t io n 2 1 , 22
An st a y Chi
,
In dia n Re vie w 250
sh o l m
L a wr e n c e , Sir
A n za c 76 Jo h n
Ar tha sh astr a 283 Lec t ur e s o n P o l i
A s quith , M r 93, 1 89 .
t ica l Scie nce 285
Basu B h up e n
, M a c aulay
dr a n a t h M azzi n i 1 83 329 ,
Br it ish In dia a n d M a dr a s S t a n d
It s Tr a d e a rd 55, 1 80
C o m mo n w e a l , My so e Rep o r t
r
2 84
N 8 0 1 0 11 , D a da b h a i 22
The 51 , 86,
1 06, 1 99
D e c e n t r a lisa tio n
C o mm it t ee s
’
Rep o r t P h i l l im o r e 1 58
F r e e H in d u s P ublic Admin is
tha n 233 t r a t i o n in
F r e r e , Sir B artl e 282 An cien t In d ia 283
G o khal e G K , $ua r te r ly Re vie w 1 7 8
,
1 5 1 86 $u e e n s H a l l
’
H o m e R ul e L e c tur e s 54
Se r ie s 35 1 05
, Re vie w, Asia t ic 250
34 8 T HE F U T URE OF I N D I A N POLI T IC S
P A GE PAG E
Root J W . . . 1 67 R e f o rms 53 209 2 30,, ,
Se l f Go ve r n m en t
- 251 , 27 8
fo r In dia R e fo rm C o n f e r e n c e 21 9
Se n , N o r e n dr a R e f o rm e d Le gisla
nath tur e 1 96 t o 1 99 ,
Sp e e c h a s Pre 2 01 , 21 2
s ide n t N ati o n R e f o r m s Mi n t o ,
al C o n gr e ss 1 30 M o rl e y 205
S w a r a j has R e f o rms So c ial
, 1 9 52 ,
B e gu n R e f o rms Struggl e
,
in Fr a nce 7 5, 7 9 B e n gal S t a t e
O ff e n c e s , 1 804 2 1 3
B e n gal S t a t e
P ris o n e rs 1 81 8 2 13 ,
B o mbay R e gula
R A C E S B ritish a n d
,
ti o n 1 827
I n dia n 40
,
D e f e n c e o f I n dia
R aid e rs 289
,
1 91 5
R e b e lli o n M alabar 2 1 6
,
Se p o y 1 2 , ,
F o rf eit u r e Act
9 9
1 857
R e c o n stru c t i o n of I n dia n Crimi n al
E mp i r e La w 1 908 , 213
350 T HE FU T U RE OF I N DI A N POLI T IC S
P A GE PA G E
Shafi M M . . . 14 2 T e la n g , P K . 1 23 t o 1 25
.
Spi n n i n g w h e e ls
-
255 T h e o s o phi c al E du c a
St e p n iak 329 t io n a l T rust
St e i n e r D r R ud o lf
, . Th e o s op h is t, Th e 58,
2 32 , 59 t o 66
Stud e n ts 1 26 330 331
, , T h e o s o phy Atta c k
Stu n ti n g th e R a ce on 232 234 ,
1 86 1 88 1 89 . , T h e o s o p h y an d
Sva de s h i 146 Child M arriag e 34 , 4 2
Suffrag e H o us e h o ld 2 87
, T h e o s o p h y an d
Sw araj 2 9 4 5 2 03, , , C o l o ur B ar 35 4 3 ,
2 1 1 , 324 T h e o s o p h y an d
Sw araj L e agu e 202 E du c ati o n al R e
Syd e n ham , L o rd 1 97 f o rm 31 32 33 34 4 2
, , , ,
T T h e o s o p h y an d
P a n G e r m a nism
-
232
T A G O RE . SIR RA T h e o s o p h y and
B IN D R A N A T H 34 F o r e ig n Trav e l 34
T aluq 2 90, 29 1
,
4 2, 4 3
T ariff 27 0
T ata s I r o n wo rks
’
1 59 T h e o s o phy an d L ib
T ata Sir D o rab 1 53 1 56
, ,
rari e s
T av e r n i e r 2 T h e o s o phy a n d P o li
T a x e s, n o t paid 257 ti c al R e f o rm 35 , 40
I N DEX 351
P A GE PA G E
T h e o s o phy a n d R e
l ig io u s R e f o rm 31 ,
VI C TO R I A $U EE N 307
,
c ia l R e f o rm 34 , 35 V o t e Th e
, 290 2 9 1
T h e o s o phy a n d Sub
,
m e rg e d Class e s 34 , 4 2
T h e o s o p h y an d
Swa de shi 34 , 4 2 1 4 6 , WA D I A B P , . .
T h e o s o p h y an d Wa ke Up India
T e mp e ra n c e W o rk 35
,
ThU u SS 305
W a r o f 1 9 1 4 58 59 , ,
66 7 1 , 81 82
T ilak B G 68 69
, . .
, ,
, , ,
1 06, 93 94 2 36 238 , , ,
Lo a n s 235
T rad e , F av o uritism 1 69 O ffi c e 1 57
T rad e F r e e, 14 We dd e rburn 28
T ra n sf e rr e d subj e c ts
. 2 69 W il l c o c ks G e n e ral 7 5
,
285 292 , 9
by J . R . r
A ia . at t h e Va san ta Pre ss, d r
A ya ,
Ma dr as .
RETU RN C IRC ULA TIO N D EPARTM EN T
TO 2 02 M a i n Li b ra ry 6
a m o n i h lo a ns ma y b e re c h a rg e d b y b ri ng i n g b o o ks t o C i
-
Re n e w a ls a nd re c ha rg e s ma y b e m a d e 4 d a y s p rio r to