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Maharashtra Board Class 12

Chemistry Solutions 2022

SECTION A

Question 1. Select and write the correct answer for the following
multiple choice type of questions:
(i) The co-ordination number of atoms in body centred cubic structure
(bcc) is _______.
(a) 4
(b) 6
(c) 8
(d) 12

Answer. (c)

Solution. (c) 8

The coordination number of an atom in a body-centered cubic (BCC)

structure is 8. This means that each atom in a BCC lattice is directly
bonded to 8 other atoms. This can be visualized by considering the unit cell
of a BCC lattice, which contains one atom in the center and eight atoms at
the corners. The central atom is in contact with all eight corner atoms, so its
coordination number is 8.

(ii) In calculating osmotic pressure, the concentration of solute is

expressed in _______.
(a) molarity
(b) molality
(c) mole fraction
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(d) percentage mass

Answer. (a)

(iii) The enthalpy change for the chemical reaction H2 O(s) H2 O(l) is
called enthalpy of _______.
(a) vapourisation
(b) fusion
(c) combustion
(d) sublimation

Answer. (b)

Solution. (b) fusion

The enthalpy change for the chemical reaction H2 O(s) H2 O(l) is called the
enthalpy of fusion. This is because the reaction involves a change in the
physical state of water from solid (ice) to liquid (water). The enthalpy of
fusion is the amount of energy required to melt one mole of a solid
substance at its melting point.

The other options are not correct because:

● Enthalpy of vaporization is the amount of energy required to vaporize

one mole of a liquid substance at its boiling point.
● Enthalpy of combustion is the amount of energy released when one
mole of a substance is completely burned in oxygen.
● Sublimation is the transition of a solid directly to a gas, and it does
not involve a liquid phase.

Therefore, the correct answer is (b) fusion.

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(iv) Which of the following transition element shows maximum

oxidation state?
(a) Sc
(b) Fe
(c) Mn
(d) V

Answer. (c)

Solution. (c) Mn

Manganese (Mn) exhibits the highest oxidation state among the given
options, with an oxidation state of +7. This is due to its electronic
configuration, [Ar]3d54s2, which allows it to lose up to seven electrons.
This high oxidation state is observed in compounds like potassium
permanganate (KMnO4), where manganese is in the +7 oxidation state.

Scandium (Sc) typically exhibits an oxidation state of +3, iron (Fe)

commonly exhibits oxidation states of +2 and +3, and vanadium (V)
exhibits a range of oxidation states from +2 to +5. However, manganese's
ability to reach an oxidation state of +7 sets it apart from the other options.

Therefore, the correct answer is (c) Mn.

(v) The correct formula for the complex compound, sodium

hexacyanoferrate (III) is _______.
(a) Na [Fe(CN)6 ]
(b) Na 2 [Fe(CN)6 ]
(c) Na 3 [Fe(CN)6 ]
(d) Na 4 [Fe(CN)6 ]

Answer. (c)

Solution. The correct formula for sodium hexacyanoferrate(III) is (c)

Na3[Fe(CN)6].
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This compound is an ionic coordination complex, where the central metal

ion, iron (Fe3+), is surrounded by six cyanide ligands (CN−). The charge of
the complex is −3, which is balanced by three sodium ions (Na+). The
formula Na3[Fe(CN)6] represents this balance of charges.

The other options are incorrect because:

● (a) Na[Fe(CN)6] would result in a negative charge of −6, which is not

possible for a neutral compound.
● (b) Na2[Fe(CN)6] would result in a negative charge of −12, which is
even further from the correct charge of −3.
● (d) Na4[Fe(CN)6] would result in a positive charge of +3, which is not
possible for a neutral compound.

Therefore, the correct answer is (c) Na3[Fe(CN)6].

(vi) Isopropylbenzene on air oxidation followed by decomposition by

dilute acid gives _______.
(a) C6H5OH
(b) C6H5COOCH3
(c) C6H5COOH
(d) C6H5CHO

Answer. (a)

Solution. The correct answer is (a) C6H5OH.

Isopropylbenzene, also known as cumene, undergoes a two-step reaction

when subjected to air oxidation followed by decomposition using dilute
acid.

Step 1: Air Oxidation

In the presence of air and a catalyst, such as a transition metal ion,

isopropylbenzene undergoes cumene hydroperoxide formation. This
reaction involves the addition of oxygen to the tertiary carbon atom of
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isopropylbenzene, resulting in the formation of a hydroperoxide group

(-OOH).

Step 2: Decomposition by Dilute Acid

Cumene hydroperoxide is unstable and readily decomposes in the

presence of dilute acid. This decomposition reaction generates phenol
(C6H5OH) and acetone (CH3COCH3) as the major products.

Therefore, the correct answer is (a) C6H5OH.

(vii) The name of metal nanoparticle which acts as highly effective

bacterial disinfectant in water purification process is _______.
(a) carbon black
(b) silver
(c) gold
(d) copper

Answer. (b)

Solution. The correct answer is (b) silver.

Silver nanoparticles have been widely studied and demonstrated to be

highly effective bacterial disinfectants in water purification processes. Their
antimicrobial activity is attributed to their ability to interact with bacterial cell
membranes and disrupt their function, leading to cell death. Silver
nanoparticles also possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties,
making them effective against a wide range of bacteria.

While other metal nanoparticles, such as carbon black, gold, and copper,
have also shown some antimicrobial properties, silver nanoparticles have
consistently demonstrated superior efficacy and are more widely used in
water purification applications.

Therefore, the correct answer is (b) silver.

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(viii) Acid anhydride on reaction with primary amine gives compound

having a functional group _______.
(a) amide
(b) nitrile
(c) secondary amine
(d) imine

Answer. (a)

Solution. The correct answer is (a) amide.

When an acid anhydride reacts with a primary amine, the resulting

compound is an amide. Amides are a class of organic compounds that
contain the carbonyl group (-C=O) bonded to a nitrogen atom (-NH2). The
general reaction for the formation of an amide from an acid anhydride and
a primary amine is as follows:

RCO2O + R'NH2 → RCONHR' + RCOOH

In this reaction, R and R' represent alkyl or aryl groups. The reaction
proceeds through a nucleophilic attack of the amine on the carbonyl carbon
of the anhydride, leading to the breaking of the anhydride bond and the
formation of an amide bond.

The other options are incorrect because:

● Nitriles (-C≡N) do not contain the amide functional group.

● Secondary amines (-NHR2) are not produced in the reaction between
an acid anhydride and a primary amine.
● Imines (-C=N) are formed by the reaction between an aldehyde or
ketone and an amine, not between an acid anhydride and an amine.

Therefore, the correct answer is (a) amide.

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(ix) The standard potential of the cell in the following reaction is

_______.
Cd(s) + Cu2+(IM) → Cu2+(IM) + Cd(s)
(E°Cd = –0.403V, E°Cu = 0.334 V)
(a) – 0.737 V
(b) 0.737 V
(c) – 0.069 V
(d) 0.069 V

Answer. (b)

Solution. (b) 0.737 V

The standard potential of a cell is the potential difference between its

electrodes when all the reactants and products are at standard
concentrations (1 M) and the temperature is 25°C. It is denoted by E°cell
and is calculated using the following equation:

E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode

In the given reaction, Cd is the anode and Cu is the cathode. Therefore, the
standard cell potential is calculated as follows:

E°cell = E°Cu - E°Cd = 0.334 V - (-0.403 V) = 0.737 V

Therefore, the correct answer is (b) 0.737 V.

(x) The value of [H3O+] in mol lit–1 of 0.001 M acetic acid solution (Ka =
1.8 *10–5 ) is _______.
(a) 1.34*10–1
(b) 1.34*10–2
(c) 1.34*10–3
(d) 1.34*10–4
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Answer. (a)

Question 2. Answer the following questions:

(i) Write the product formed when alkyl halide reacts with silver nitrite.

Answer. Nitroethane

Solution. When an alkyl halide reacts with silver nitrite in an ethanolic

medium, the product formed is a nitroalkane. The reaction proceeds
through nucleophilic substitution, where the nitrogen atom of the silver
nitrite attacks the carbon atom of the alkyl halide, resulting in the
replacement of the halide ion with a nitro group (-NO2). The general
reaction equation is as follows:

R-X + AgNO2 → R-NO2 + AgX

where R represents an alkyl group and X represents a halide ion (Cl, Br, I).

For example, when chloroethane (CH3CH2Cl) reacts with silver nitrite, the
product formed is nitroethane (CH3CH2NO2).

(ii) Write the name of product formed, when acetone is treated with 2,
4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine.

Answer. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone

Solution. When acetone (CH3COCH3) is treated with 2, 4-dinitrophenyl

hydrazine (DNP, C6H4N4O4), the product formed is 2,
4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (DNP hydrazine). This reaction is a common
method for identifying carbonyl compounds, such as ketones and
aldehydes.
The reaction proceeds through a condensation reaction, where the
carbonyl group of the acetone attacks the amino group of the DNP
hydrazine, resulting in the formation of a hydrazone bond (-N=N-C=). The
DNP hydrazine also acts as a reducing agent, transferring two hydrogen
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atoms to the carbonyl carbon atom of the acetone, forming an alcohol

group (-OH).

The DNP hydrazone product is typically a yellow or orange precipitate,

which can be used to identify and characterize the carbonyl compound.

(iii) Write the name of biodegradable polyamide copolymer.

Answer. Nylon-2 nylon-6

Solution. There are two main biodegradable polyamide copolymers:

1. Nylon 2-nylon 6: This copolymer is synthesized from glycine

(H2N-CH2-COOH) and aminocaproic acid (H2N-(CH2)5-COOH). It is
biodegradable under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, making
it a promising material for a variety of applications, such as
packaging, medical implants, and textiles.
2. Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-polyhydroxyvalerate (PHBV-co-PHV): This
copolymer is synthesized from the monomers 3-hydroxybutyrate (HB)
and 3-hydroxyvalerate (HV). The ratio of HB to HV can be varied to
control the properties of the copolymer, such as its biodegradability,
flexibility, and toughness. PHBV-co-PHV is also biodegradable under
both aerobic and anaerobic conditions and has a wide range of
potential applications, including packaging, medical implants, and
agricultural films.

(iv) Identify the molecularity of following elementary reaction:

NO(g) + O3(g) NO3(g) + O(g)

Answer. 2

Solution. The molecularity of a reaction is the total number of reactant

molecules that come together to form products in a single elementary step.
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In the given reaction, NO(g) + O3(g) → NO3(g) + O(g), two reactant

molecules (NO and O3) collide to form two product molecules (NO3 and
O). Therefore, the molecularity of this reaction is 2.

(v) What is the action of selenium on magnesium metal?

Answer. Magnesium selenide

Solution. Selenium reacts with magnesium to form magnesium selenide, a

brown-colored crystalline solid. The reaction proceeds through direct
combination, where the selenium atoms share electrons with the
magnesium atoms to form a solid compound. The general reaction
equation is as follows:
Mg + Se → MgSe

Magnesium selenide is a semiconductor with a band gap of about 2 eV. It

has potential applications in solar cells, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and
other electronic devices.

(vi) Write the name of isomerism in the following complexes:

[Cu(NH3 )4 ] [PtCl4 ] and [Pt(NH3 )4 ] [CuCl4]

Answer. Coordination isomerism

Solution. The type of isomerism exhibited by the complexes

[Cu(NH3)4][PtCl4] and [Pt(NH3)4][CuCl4] is coordination isomerism.
Coordination isomerism occurs when the ligands in a complex are
exchanged between the central metal ions. In this case, the ligands NH3
and Cl- are exchanged between the copper and platinum ions.

The other types of isomerism are:

● Ionization isomerism: This type of isomerism occurs when two

complexes have the same formula but different ions dissociate from
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them in solution.
● Linkage isomerism: This type of isomerism occurs when a ligand can
be bonded to a central metal ion in two different ways.
● Structural isomerism: This type of isomerism occurs when two
compounds have the same formula but different arrangements of
atoms.
● Geometric isomerism: This type of isomerism occurs when two
compounds have the same formula but different spatial arrangements
of atoms.

In the case of [Cu(NH3)4][PtCl4] and [Pt(NH3)4][CuCl4], the ligands are not

different, and the two complexes do not have different ions dissociating
from them in solution. Therefore, the only type of isomerism that can be
exhibited is coordination isomerism.

(vii) Write the name of the alloy used in Fischer Tropsch process in
the synthesis of gasoline.

Answer. co-Th alloy

Solution. The most commonly used alloy in the Fischer-Tropsch process

for the synthesis of gasoline is a cobalt-thorium (Co-Th) alloy. This alloy is
known for its high activity and selectivity towards the production of
gasoline-range hydrocarbons. The thorium acts as a promoter, enhancing
the activity of the cobalt and improving the selectivity of the reaction.

Other alloys that have been used in the Fischer-Tropsch process include
iron-cobalt (Fe-Co), iron-ruthenium (Fe-Ru), and cobalt-ruthenium (Co-Ru)
alloys. However, the Co-Th alloy is generally considered to be the most
effective catalyst for the production of gasoline.

(viii) Henry’s law constant for CH3Br(g) is 0.159 mol dm–3 bar–1 at 25°C.
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What is solubility of CH3Br(g) in water at same temperature and

partial pressure of 0.164 bar?

Answer. 0.026

Solution. According to Henry's law, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is

directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. This
relationship can be expressed mathematically as:
S = kH * p

where:

● S is the solubility of the gas in mol/dm3

● kH is Henry's law constant in mol dm-3 bar-1
● p is the partial pressure of the gas in bar

In this case, kH = 0.159 mol dm-3 bar-1, p = 0.164 bar, and we want to find
S. Plugging in these values, we get:

S = 0.159 mol dm-3 bar-1 * 0.164 bar = 0.0261 mol dm-3

Therefore, the solubility of CH3Br(g) in water at 25°C and a partial pressure

of 0.164 bar is 0.0261 mol dm-3.
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SECTION B

Attempt any EIGHT of the following questions:

Question 3. Explain pseudo-first order reaction with suitable example.

Answer. Pseudo-first-order reaction : A reaction which has higher-order

true rate law but is
experimentally found to behave as first order is called pseudo first order
reaction.
Explanation : Consider an acid hydrolysis reaction of an ester like methyl
acetate.
CH3COOCH3(aq) + H2O(1) ⟶H+(aq) CH3COOH(aq) + CH3OH(aq)
Since the reaction involves two substances, ester and water, it is a
bimolecular reaction and
the true rate law should be, Rate = k’ [CH3COOCH3] x [H2O]
Hence the reaction is expected to follow second order kinetics. However
experimentally it is
found that the reaction follows first order kinetics.
This is because solvent water being in a large excess, its concentration
remains constant.
Hence, [H2O] = constant = k”
Rate = k [CH3COOCH3] x [H2O]
= k [CH3COOCH3] x k”
= k’ x k” x [CH3COOCH3]
If k’ x k” = k, then Rate = k [CH3COOCH3],
This indicates that second-order true rate law is forced into first order rate
law. Therefore this bimolecular reaction which appears of second order is
called pseudo first order reaction.

Question 4. Write the consequences of Schottky defect with reasons.

Answer. 1) Since the number of ions (cations and anions) decreases but
volume remains unchanged, the density of a substance decreases.
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2) As the number of missing cations and anions is equal, the electrical

neutrality of the compound remains same.
3)This defect arises in ionic crystals like NaCl, AgBr, KCl, etc.

Question 5. What is the action of following on ethyl bromide:

(i) Na in dry ether
(ii) Mg in dry ether

Answer. 1. C2H5Br + 2 Na + BrC2H5 → C4H10 + 2 NaBr

2. C2H5Br + mg----------C2H5MgBr

Question 6. Explain formation of peptide linkage in protein with an

example.

Answer. A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two

molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino
group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O). This is a
dehydration synthesis reaction (also known as a condensation reaction),
and usually occurs between amino acids

Question 7. Derive an expression to calculate molar mass of non

volatile solute by osmotic pressure measurement.

Answer. (1) Consider V dm3 of a solution in which n1 moles of a solvent

contains n2 moles of a nonvolatile solute at absolute temperature T.
(2) The osmotic pressure, n of a solution is given by, π = nRT/V
R is gas constant having value 0.08206 dm3 atm K-1 mol-1 (OR L atm K-1
mol-1). Since concentration, C of a solution is in mol dm-3 or molarity is,
C = n/V mol dm-3 or M
∴ π = CRT
(If concentration C is expressed in mol m-3 and R = 8.314 J K-1mol-1, then
π will be in SI units, pascals or Nm-2.)
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Question 8. Explain monodentate and ambidentate ligands with

example.

Answer. Monodentate ligand-Only one donor site is present. Examples

includes ammonia and chloride ions.
Ambidentate ligand-
Ligands can coordinate to a central metal through two different sites.
Examples include (1) nitro group (N as donor atom) and nitrito group (O as
donor atom)
(2) Thiocyanate (S atom as donor atom) and isothiocyanate (N atom as
donor atom).

Question 9. Explain the trends in the following atomic properties of

group 16 elements:
(i) Atomic radii
(ii) Ionisation enthalpy
(iii) Electronegativity
(iv) Electron gain enthalpy

Answer. Atomic and ionic radii :In groups 16, the atomic and ionic radii
increase down the group, due to increase in the number of quantum shells.
Across a period atomic or ionic radii decrease due to increase in effective
nuclear charge.
Ionisation enthalpy :
In groups 16, the ionisation enthalpy decreases down the group, due to
increase in atomic size.
Electronegativity : In groups 16,the elec-tronegativity decreases down the
group.
Electron gain enthalpy :
In groups 16 the electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative down the
group.
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Question 10. Write preparation of phenol from aniline.

Answer. Aniline is diazotized by treatment with nitrous acid (NaNO2 and

HCl) under ice-cold
conditions to form benzene diazonium chloride.
The step is followed by hydrolysis with dilute sulphuric acid to form phenol.
C6H5 − NH2 + HNO2 + HCl → C6H5 − N2+ Cl− + 2H2O
C6H5−N2+Cl− + H2O → C6H5−OH + N2↑ + HCl

Question 11. Write chemical reactions to prepare ethanamine from:

(i) acetonitrile
(ii) nitroethane

Answer. Ethanamine from acetonitrile :

Question 12. Identify A and B from the following reaction:

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Question 13. One mole of an ideal gas is expanded isothermally and

reversibly from 10 L to 15 L at 300 K. Calculate the work done in the
process.

Answer. Given:

● Number of moles of gas (n) = 1 mol

● Gas constant (R) = 8.314 J/mol·K
● Temperature (T) = 300 K
● Initial volume (Vi) = 10 L
● Final volume (Vf) = 15 L

Work done in an isothermal process can be calculated using the formula:

W = -nRTln(Vf/Vi)

where:

● W is the work done (J)

● n is the number of moles of gas
● R is the gas constant (J/mol·K)
● T is the temperature (K)
● Vi is the initial volume (L)
● Vf is the final volume (L)

Substituting the given values into the formula, we get:

W = -1 * 8.314 * 300 * ln(15/10) = -1011.31 J

Therefore, the work done in the process is -1011.31 J. Since the work is
negative, we know that the gas is doing work on the surroundings.
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Question 14. How many moles of electrons are required for reduction
of 2 moles of Zn2+ to Zn? How many Faradays of electricity will be
required?

Answer. The balanced equation for the reduction of Zn2+ to Zn is

Zn2+ + 2e- -------------> Zn
The equation shows that 1 mole of Zn2+ is reduced to Zn by 2 moles of
electrons for
reduction of 2 mole of Zn2+, 4 mole of electron will be required.

SECTION C
Attempt any EIGHT of the following questions:
Question 15. Write chemical composition of haematite. Write the
names and electronic configurations of first two elements of group
17.

Answer. Fe2O3
group 17 elements
9F – 1s2 2s2 2p5
17Cl – 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

Question 16. Write classification of polymers on the basis of

structure.

Answer. Based on structure polymers are classified as linear chain

polymers, branched chain polymers and network or cross linked polymers.
(1) Linear chain polymers : When the monomer molecules are joined
together in a linear arrangement, the resulting polymer is straight-chain or
long-chain polymer, e.g., polythene, PVC.
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(2) Branched-chain polymers : These polymers consist of long and straight

chain with
smaller side chains give rise to branched-chain polymers. They have low
density. They have
lower melting points and tensile strength. Polypropylene having methyl
groups as branches.

(3) Network or cross-linked polymers : These polymers consist of

cross-linking of chains by
strong covalent bonds leading to a network-like structure. Cross-linking
results from
polyfunctional monomers, e.g., melamine, bakelite, vulcanization of rubber.
These polymers
are hard rigid and brittle.

Question 17. Define green chemistry. Write two disadvantages of

nanotechnology.

Answer. (i) Green chemistry : Green chemistry is the use of chemistry for
pollution prevention and it designs the use of chemical products and
processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous
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substances.
Disadvantages of nanotechnology
1. Nanoparticle can cause lung damage
2. Nano pollution is very danger for living organism.

Question 18. Write commercial method for preparation of glucose.

Write structure of adipic acid.

Answer. Commercially, on a large scale, glucose is prepared by hydrolysis

of starch with dilute sulphuric acid. Starchy material is mixed with water and
dilute sulphuric acid and heated at 393 K under 2 to 3-atm pressure. Starch
is hydrolysed to give glucose.

Question 19. Write chemical reactions of following reagents on

methoxyethane:
(i) hot HI
(ii) PCl 5
(iii) dilute H2 SO4

Question 20. Explain cationic, anionic and neutral sphere complexes

with example.

Answer. (1) Cationic sphere complexes : A positively charged coordination

sphere or a coordination compound having a positively charged
coordination sphere is called cationic sphere complex. For example :
[Zn(NH3)4]2+ and [Co(NH3)5Cl] SO4 are cationic complexes. The
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latter has coordination sphere [Co(NH3)5Cl]2+, the anion SO42+ makes it

electrically neutral.
(2) Anionic sphere complexes : A negatively charged coordination sphere
or a coordination compound having negatively charged coordination sphere
is called anionic sphere complex.
For example, [Ni(CN)4]2+ and K3 [Fe(CN)6] have anionic coordination
sphere; [Fe(CN)6]3- and three K+ ions make the latter electrically neutral.
(3) Neutral sphere complexes : A neutral coordination complex does not
possess cationic or anionic sphere. [Pt(NH3)2Cl2] or [Ni(CO)4] are neither
cation nor anion but are neutral sphere complexes.

Question 21. Calculate spin only magnetic moment of divalent cation

of transition metal with atomic number 25. Salts of Ti4+ are
colourless. Give reason.

Answer. For element with atomic number 25. electronic configuration of its
divalent cation will be : [Ar] 3d5.

The electronic configuration of Ti is [Ar]3d

2
4s
2
The electronic configuration of Ti 4+ is [Ar]3d0 4s0 .
Rao Junior College of Science
Since no unpaired electron is present in Ti4+
So , it is colourless
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Question 22. What is lanthanoid contraction?

Write preparation of acetic acid from
(i) dry ice
(ii) acetyl chloride

Answer. Lanthanide contraction is the gradual decrease in the atomic and

ionic size of lanthanoids with an increase in atomic number.
Causes of lanthanide contraction:
With an increase in the atomic number, the positive charge on nucleus
increases by one unit and one more electron enters same 4f subshell.
The electrons in 4f subshell imperfectly shield each other. Shielding in a 4f
subshell is lesser than in d subshell.
With the increase in nuclear charge, the valence shell is pulled slightly
towards the nucleus.
This causes lanthanide contraction.

Question 23. Write the classification of aliphatic ketones with

example. What is the action of sodium hypoiodite on acetone?

Answer. Aliphatic ketones : The compounds in which group is attached to

two alkyl groups are called aliphatic ketones.
Ketones are classified into two types :
1. Simple or symmetrical ketones and
2. mixed or unsymmetrical ketones.
1. Simple or symmetrical ketone : The ketone in which the carbonyl carbon
is attached to two identical alkyl groups is called a simple or symmetrical
ketone.
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2. Mixed or unsymmetrical ketone : The ketone in which the carbonyl

carbon is attached to two different alkyl groups is called a mixed or
unsymmetrical ketone.

Question 24. Define half life of first order reaction. Obtain the
expression for half life and rate constant of the first order reaction.

Answer. The half-life of a first-order reaction is the time it takes for the
concentration of a reactant to decrease to half of its initial concentration. It
is a characteristic property of the reaction and is independent of the initial
concentration of the reactant. The half-life is denoted by the symbol t₁/₂.

The expression for the half-life of a first-order reaction is:

t₁/₂ = 0.693 / k
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where k is the rate constant of the reaction. The rate constant is a measure
of the speed of the reaction and is defined as the proportionality constant
between the rate of the reaction and the concentration of the reactant. The
units of the rate constant depend on the order of the reaction. For a
first-order reaction, the units of the rate constant are s⁻¹.

The expression for the rate of a first-order reaction is:

rate = k[A]

where [A] is the concentration of the reactant in mol/L. The rate of a

reaction is the measure of how quickly the reaction is occurring and is
defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit
time. The units of the rate of a reaction are mol/L·s⁻¹.

Question 25. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CH3

OH(1) from the following data
(i) CH3OH(1) + 3/2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(1) ⃤ H° = - 726 kJ mol-1
(ii) C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ⃤ cH° = 393 kJ mol-1
(iii) H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) → H2O(1) ⃤ fH° = -286 kJ mol-1

Question 26. Calculate the pH of buffer solution composed of 0.01 M

weak base BOH and 0.02 M of its salt BA. [Kb = 1.8 *10-5 for weak
base]

Answer. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to calculate

the pH of a buffer solution composed of a weak base and its conjugate
acid. The equation is:
pH = pKb + log([A-]/[HA])

where:

● pH is the pH of the buffer solution

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● pKb is the base dissociation constant of the weak base

● [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base (salt)
● [HA] is the concentration of the weak acid (base)

In this problem, we are given that the concentration of the weak base
(BOH) is 0.01 M and the concentration of its salt (BA) is 0.02 M. We are
also given that the base dissociation constant (Kb) of the weak base is 1.8
* 10^-5. Substituting these values into the Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation, we get:

pH = 4.7447 + log(0.02/0.01) = 9.7781

Therefore, the pH of the buffer solution is 9.7781.

SECTION D

Attempt any THREE of the following questions:

Question 27. Define the following terms:
(i) Isotonic solution
(ii) Osmosis
Gold crystallises into face-centred cubic cells. The edge length of unit
cell is 4.08 *10-8 cm. Calculate the density of gold. [Molar mass of gold
= 197gmol–1 ]

Answer. Isotonic solution

● A solution that has the same solute concentration as blood plasma is

called an isotonic solution.
● In other words, an isotonic solution has the same osmotic pressure
as blood plasma.
● This means that the concentration of solutes, such as sodium
chloride, is the same in the solution as it is in blood plasma.
● Isotonic solutions are used in medicine to prevent the dehydration of
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cells.
● For example, saline solution, which is a solution of sodium chloride in
water, is an isotonic solution.
● Saline solution is often used to intravenously rehydrate patients who
have lost fluids due to illness or injury.

Osmosis

● Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a

semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration
to an area of higher solute concentration.
● This movement of water molecules is driven by the difference in
osmotic pressure between the two solutions.
● The osmotic pressure of a solution is a measure of the force that
must be applied to the solution to prevent the inflow of water across a
semipermeable membrane.
● The osmotic pressure of a solution is directly proportional to the
concentration of solutes in the solution.
● Osmosis is a natural process that occurs in many biological systems.
● For example, osmosis is responsible for the uptake of water by plant
cells and the filtration of blood by the kidneys.

Calculation of the density of gold

● The density of a substance is defined as the mass of the substance

per unit volume.
● The formula for density is:

density = mass / volume

● In this problem, we are given that the molar mass of gold is 197 g/mol
and the edge length of a unit cell of gold is 4.08 * 10^-8 cm.
● We can use this information to calculate the volume of a unit cell of
gold.
● The volume of a unit cell of a face-centered cubic crystal is given by
the formula:
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volume = a^3

● where a is the edge length of the unit cell.

● Substituting the given values into this formula, we get:

volume = (4.08 * 10^-8 cm)^3 = 6.9746 * 10^-23 cm^3

● Now we can calculate the mass of a unit cell of gold.

● The mass of a unit cell of gold is equal to the molar mass of gold
multiplied by the number of atoms in the unit cell.
● The number of atoms in a unit cell of a face-centered cubic crystal is
4.
● Therefore, the mass of a unit cell of gold is:

mass = 197 g/mol * 4 atoms/unit cell = 788 g/mol

● Finally, we can calculate the density of gold.

● The density of gold is equal to the mass of a unit cell of gold divided
by the volume of a unit cell of gold.
● Therefore, the density of gold is:

density = 788 g/mol / 6.9746 * 10^-23 cm^3 = 1.12 * 10^21 g/cm^3

Therefore, the density of gold is 1.12 * 10^21 g/cm^3.

Question 28. Write the mathematical equation for the first law of
thermodynamics for
(i) isothermal process
(ii) adiabatic process
Derive the relationship between pH and pOH.

Answer. First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics is a fundamental principle of physics that

states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant. This
principle can be expressed mathematically as:
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ΔU = Q + W

where:

● ΔU is the change in internal energy of the system

● Q is the heat transferred into or out of the system
● W is the work done on or by the system

Isothermal Process

An isothermal process is a thermodynamic process in which the

temperature of the system remains constant. For an isothermal process,
the first law of thermodynamics can be written as:

ΔU = W

This means that the change in internal energy of the system is equal to the
work done on or by the system.

Adiabatic Process

An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process in which there is no heat

transfer between the system and its surroundings. For an adiabatic
process, the first law of thermodynamics can be written as:

ΔU = -W

This means that the change in internal energy of the system is equal to the
negative of the work done on or by the system.

Relationship between pH and pOH

The pH of a solution is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the solution.

The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. A solution with a
pH less than 7 is acidic, while a solution with a pH greater than 7 is
alkaline.
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The pOH of a solution is a measure of the hydroxide ion concentration of

the solution. The pOH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. A
solution with a pOH less than 7 is basic, while a solution with a pOH
greater than 7 is acidic.

The pH and pOH of a solution are related by the following equation:

pH + pOH = 14

This equation is known as the water dissociation constant, or the Kw

equation. It states that the product of the pH and the pOH of a solution is
always equal to 14.

Question 29. Define reference electrode. Write functions of salt

bridge. Draw neat, labelled diagram of standard hydrogen electrode
(SHE).

Question 30. Explain metal deficiency defect with example. Write

chemical equation for preparation of sulphur dioxide from sulphur.
Write uses of sulphur.

Answer. Metal deficiency defect

A metal deficiency defect is a type of point defect in a crystal in which one

or more metal atoms are missing from the lattice. This type of defect can
occur in any type of crystal, but it is most common in ionic crystals.

Metal deficiency defects can have a significant impact on the properties of

a material. For example, they can make a material more brittle and less
conductive. In some cases, they can also lead to the formation of color
centers.

An example of a metal deficiency defect is iron(II) oxide (FeO). In this

crystal, some of the Fe2+ ions are missing from the lattice. This creates a
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vacancy at the site of the missing ion. The vacancy is then filled by an
electron, which creates a color center. The color center gives iron(II) oxide
its black color.

Chemical equation for preparation of sulfur dioxide from sulfur

The chemical equation for the preparation of sulfur dioxide from sulfur is:

S + O2 → SO2

This reaction is a combustion reaction, and it is exothermic. The reaction

takes place in the presence of a catalyst, such as vanadium pentoxide
(V2O5).

Uses of sulfur

Sulfur has a wide variety of uses. Some of the most common uses of sulfur
include:

● Production of sulfuric acid: Sulfuric acid is one of the most important

industrial chemicals. It is used in a wide variety of applications,
including the production of fertilizers, detergents, and plastics.
● Vulcanization of rubber: Sulfur is used to vulcanize rubber. This
process strengthens rubber and makes it more resistant to wear and
tear.
● Production of pigments: Sulfur is used to produce a variety of
pigments, including white, black, and yellow pigments.
● Production of pharmaceuticals: Sulfur is used to produce a variety of
pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics and painkillers.
● Production of agricultural chemicals: Sulfur is used to produce a
variety of agricultural chemicals, including insecticides and
fungicides.
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Question 31. Write chemical reactions for the following conversions:

(i) Ethyl bromide to ethyl methyl ether.
(ii) Ethyl bromide to ethene,
(iii) Bromobenzene to toluene.
(iv) Chlorobenzene to biphenyl.

Answer. (i) Ethyl bromide to ethyl methyl ether:

CH3CH2Br + NaOH → CH3CH2OCH3 + NaBr

This reaction is known as the Williamson ether synthesis. It is an example

of an SN2 reaction, in which the bromide ion is displaced by the ethoxide
ion.

(ii) Ethyl bromide to ethene:

CH3CH2Br + KOH (alc) → CH2=CH2 + KBr + H2O

This reaction is known as the Zaitsev reaction. It is an example of an E2

elimination reaction, in which the bromide ion is eliminated along with the
hydrogen atom from the β-carbon atom.

(iii) Bromobenzene to toluene:

C6H5Br + Mg → C6H5MgBr
C6H5MgBr + H2O → C6H5H + MgBrOH

This reaction is known as the Grignard reaction. It is a two-step reaction in

which the magnesium atom is inserted into the carbon-bromine bond,
followed by hydrolysis to form toluene.

(iv) Chlorobenzene to biphenyl:

2 C6H5Cl + 2 Na → C6H5-C6H5 + 2 NaCl

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This reaction is known as the Wurtz reaction. It is an example of a coupling

reaction, in which two aryl halides are coupled to form an aryl-aryl bond.