English 8 Handout

|GRAMMAR 1| Present Perfect | already | yet

Based form  have / has + past participle (Verb 3)

Already Yet

Already means that something happened earlier than Yet means that something that we expected has
we expected. With Present perfect Tense already usually happened or hasn’t happened. We usually put it
goes after have or has and before the main verb at the end of a sentence.

Example Sentences:
Example Sentences:
 I’ve already seen that film. I don’t want to see it
 Michelle has bought a new dress but she
again.
hasn’t worn it yet.
 Arriving at the bus station, I found the bus had
 It hasn’t been decided yet.
already left.
 She won’t have sent the email yet
 Have you already taken the money?

I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct Present Perfect form and fill in with already or yet.

1. _______________ you _______________ (eat) the breakfast _______________?

2. My younger sister __________________________ (do) the washing up.

3. I _______________ (not / have / do) the homework _______________.

4. My mom ____________________ (bake) a cake.

5. His neighbor ____________________ (cut) the old pine.

6. _______________ you _______________ (pay) the bill _______________?

7. A: You can’t go out before you finish your homework.

B: Oh, mom I _______________________ (finish) my homework.

8. A: __________ your father come home _____________?

B: Yes, he _______________________ (come). He is sleeping now.

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9. A: Do you want me to help you with the washing up?

B: Too late, I ____________________ (do) the washing up.

10. ________________ you ________________ (see) it ________________?

11. I _______________________ (eat) my breakfast this morning.

12. The secretary _____________________ (not / send) the postcards ______________.

13. Walter _________________________ (come) from work.

14. The woman _______________________ (pay) the bill.

15. She __________________ (not / visit) Brazil ________.

16. We ___________________ (not / participate) in any internship program ________.

17. Daniel __________________________ (not / fix) the broken pipe ________.

18. He _________________________ (finish) his assignment.

19. They ______________________ (see) this movie.

20. We can’t have chips again. We _____________________________ (have) them three times this week.

II. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.

1. room / already / for / We’ve / by / paid / credit card. / the

____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Paris, / to / can / already / else? / we / We’ve / so / been / somewhere / go

____________________________________________________________________________________

3. what / please / I / yet, / finished / me / happens! / so / haven’t / book / the / tell / don’t

____________________________________________________________________________________
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4. you / finished / the puzzle / yet / doing / has not

____________________________________________________________________________________

5. She / found / her / has not / new yellow shoes / yet

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6. We / finished / have / project / already / science

____________________________________________________________________________________

7. Meg / breakfast / already / finished / her / has

____________________________________________________________________________________

8. Yet / the students / not / entered / the gymnasium / have

____________________________________________________________________________________

9. Jean / found / pink bag / has / yet / not / her

____________________________________________________________________________________

10. Anybody / brought / a bunch of flowers / yet / has not

____________________________________________________________________________________

III. Answer the questions using already and yet.

1. Has Richellyn done the grocery shopping yet? (yet)

____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Has your grandmother flow to Indonesia yet? (already)

____________________________________________________________________________________

3. Has Mr. Jose watered the vegetables yet? (yet)

____________________________________________________________________________________
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4. Have you taken the trousers to the tailer yet? (already)

____________________________________________________________________________________

5. Have you written the final English essay yet? (already)

____________________________________________________________________________________

6. Have you studied Social Studies? (yet)

____________________________________________________________________________________

7. Have you had your lunch yet? (already)

____________________________________________________________________________________

8. Has that man smoked a cigarette? (yet)

____________________________________________________________________________________

9. Has the teacher scored the tests? (yet)

____________________________________________________________________________________

10. Have you done all the homework? (already)

____________________________________________________________________________________

11. Have you bought this coat? (already)

____________________________________________________________________________________

12. Has Arabella operated that work? (already)

___________________________________________________________________________________
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reduce the huge volume of waste that fashion creates.

7.
Recycling has become an important way to address this. H&M,
Clothing rental could be the key for example, has a successful garment collection scheme,
to a stylishly sustainable fashion where they repurpose their consumers’ unwanted clothing.
industry However, the recycling process is problematic environmentally.
It is energy intensive and may require use of further fresh
by Naomi Braithwaite
materials. Additionally, while it resolves some of fashion’s
1.
An astonishing 235 million items of unwanted clothing were sustainability issues, it does not adequately address the
predicted to be dumped in UK landfill in 2017, while the problem that consumers buy too much. We must reconsider
average American is estimated to bin 37kg of used clothing how fashion is sold, encourage consumers to waste less, and
annually. Overconsumption and disposal of unwanted ensure that garments have a longer lifespan.
clothing has become a worrying global problem - and in many 8.
Leasing has been identified as an innovative business model that
cases, this clothing is unnecessarily thrown away. gives clothes a longer service life, while reducing material
2.
Filling landfill with clothing and textiles costs the UK alone an use and carbon dioxide emissions. The possible value of the
estimated £82m every year. However, the consumption of clothing rental market in the UK is predicted to be £923m and
clothing is hugely important to the economies of many the model is already well-established for certain items, such
countries, too. Research from The British Fashion Council, as dinner jackets and wedding suits for men. Despite this,
for example, found that fashion contributes £28 billion there are currently just a handful of fashion companies that
directly to the UK economy - and globally, it is a US$2.4 are using a leasing model.
trillion industry. 9.
Research found there were opportunities for clothing rental at
3.
Despite this, materialistic values and a widespread desire for the luxury end of the market, but there was resistance to
having new things, together with the fact that the fashion renting lower priced items, which were just too easy to buy.
industry constantly creates and sells different styles, have 10.
If consumers are to engage, rentals need to be convenient,
reduced the functional value of clothing, making it easily cheap, accessible and fulfil the desire for having something
disposable. 100 billion items of clothing are being produced new. Clothing rental has the potential to reduce waste and
annually, and 50% of fast fashion* pieces are disposed of increase the lifespan of garments, but to achieve a more
within a year. sustainable industry a systemic change in business practice and
4.
Fashion and sustainability have historically had an consumer behavior is needed.
uncomfortable relationship. Growing concerns over Adapted from theconversation.com, July 31st 2018, by Naomi
sweatshop labor have seen fashion companies overhaul their Braithwaite, Senior Lecturer in Fashion Marketing and
social and environmental policies. Consumers, meanwhile, Branding at Nottingham Trent University
have grown increasingly concerned about where and how
*Fast fashion is a term used to describe clothes based on catwalk
garments are made. But while fashion makes efforts to
designs that are made and put quickly on display in shops.
become ethical, there are still serious concerns over its
environmental impacts.
5.
Fashion is considered one of the world’s most polluting
industries - from toxic chemical use to water pollution and
waste. Some 35% of the global total of microfibres in the
oceans comes from clothes and textiles.
6.
So what’s the solution? While fashion brands are working to
limit their levels of pollution through the creation of organic,
environmentally conscious collections, there is still a need to
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|CHECKING UNDERSTANDING | Read the article again. Then put “T” (True) or “F” (False) next
to each of the statements below.
1. Luxury items are harder to rent to customers.
2. One of the benefits of leasing is that clothes will not be disposed of so quickly.
3. Shoppers are increasingly more interested in how their clothes are made.
4. Around a quarter of ‘fast fashion’ items that people buy are thrown within the first year.
5. Recycling doesn’t have any environmental impacts.

|VOCABULARY ___ | Find a word or phrase in the text which means …

1. Easy to get (adj., p.10) ____________________
2. A small number (noun, p.8) ____________________
3. Designed to be practical and useful (adj., p.3) ____________________
4. Successful and having existed for a while (adj., p.8) ____________________
5. Thin, light, artificial thread used for making cloth (noun – plural, p.5)
____________________
6. People working in factories with bad conditions and very little pay (two-word noun, p.4)
____________________
7. Deal with (verb, p.7) ____________________
8. Solves (something) (verb, p.7) ____________________
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|PRACTICE | Look at the pictures below. Write a sentence about each picture using the
present perfect with already or yet.
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6.
In recent years, the Waste and Resources Action

Fixing our throwaway fashion Programme (known as WRAP), which works closely
with the fashion industry, has done an excellent job in
culture will take far more than promoting longer-lasting clothing.
a tax 7.
But designing long-lasting garments is useless if they
are thrown away early. Every garment that is
February 19, 2019
produced has an impact on the environment. In a
by Tim Cooper sustainable fashion culture, fewer garments would be
produced and, when no longer wearable, the materials
would either be recycled or reused – for example,
1.
Clothing in Britain is increasingly characterised by a high
through ‘upcycling’, where unwanted clothes are
volume/low value approach to business. Based on past trends,
redesigned into new items:
consumers will throw away around 680 million items of clothing
this year. Replacements are cheap: dresses can be bought
online for as little as £5.
2.
Cheap prices provide wider access to consumers and
fashion retailers argue that they are a sign of efficiency. But
there is a dark side.
3.
A new report shows that consumers are benefiting from 8.
It is a vision that still seems very far away. However, a
cheap clothes at considerable cost to the environment and
report by the UK’s Environmental Audit Committee
through exploiting poor garment workers.
offers hope. It proposes a "producer responsibility"
4.
The environmental impact of fashion is well known. Cotton
scheme in which producers would pay a 1p tax per
production uses large amounts of pesticides and water, while
garment to improve clothing collection and recycling in
synthetic fabrics such as polyester come from limited oil
order to deal with clothing waste. This strategy
supplies. Bamboo, increasingly used as a cotton replacement,
attracted the most attention in the media.
sounds pleasingly natural, but it is a semi-synthetic fabric. The 9.
But the report proposes a few other solutions that could
production process involves the use of chemicals such as
be even more significant. For example, it noted that
caustic soda. Consumers who care about the environment may
Sweden has reduced VAT (value added tax) on
feel less guilty as they take their unwanted garments to a
clothing repair services. School lessons on designing,
charity store, but many of these clothes end up in landfill sites
creating and repairing clothes is another proposition.
because they cannot attract buyers.
10.
Economic and educational solutions are needed
5.
The social impact of fashion also raises concern. Evidence
because recycling does not fix the basic problem of
suggests that fashion companies do not carefully monitor how
unsustainable levels of production and consumption in
their clothes are produced, so consumers can’t be sure that
the clothing sector. In short, companies produce too
their clothes were not made by exploiting workers. In Britain,
much and consumers buy too much.
many garment workers are apparently being paid less than the
minimum wage. Abroad, slave labour, child labour and poor
11.
A target to halve consumption of clothes by 2030 would

working conditions still exist, more than five years after the be an appropriate goal to focus people’s minds.

collapse of the Rana Plaza complex in Bangladesh killed

around 1,100 garment workers.
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|CHECKING UNDERSTANDING | Look at the questions below and then read the text to find
the correct answers.
1. What are the advantages of cheap prices in the fashion sector?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the disadvantages?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. Why can’t consumers be sure that workers weren’t exploited to make their clothes?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

4. What four sustainable solutions are mentioned in the article?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

5. What is the author’s proposal for consumers?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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|LANGUAGE IN USE| Multiple-matching dialogue

Understanding Functional Language

It is important to understand why someone says something as well as
what they say
Think about what the speakers are doing. For example, are they
describing something, explaining something or inviting someone?

Read the questions (1-6) and choose the best word to describe the function. Underline the
words that helped you identify the function each time.
1. Do you like this T-shirt? __d___
This question is asking for an opinion / a description.
2. Hi Ray. How are you? ________
This question is a choice / a greeting.
3. What are you doing tomorrow? ________
This is a question about future plans / opinions.
4. I don’t understand this – can you help me please? ________
This question is asking for a description / an explanation.
5. What’s your new jacket like? ________
This question is asking for a choice / a description.
6. Would you like to come to my party? ________
This question is inviting / explaining.
Match the responses (a-f) to the questions above.
(a) Hi. I’m fine thanks. And you?
(b) I’m meeting Sarah and Ben in town.
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(c) Yes, please.

(d) Yes, I like it a lot.
(e) Yes, of course I can.
(f) It’s black with a guitar on the front.
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|GRAMMAR 2| PAST CONTINOUS TENSE

S + was/ were + V-ing

S + was/ were + not + V-ing

Was/ were + S + V-ing?

I. Fill in the blanks with the correct past continuous form.

1. He ___________________ (blow) the dust from the blower.
2. He ___________________ (break) his own plaster in the hospital.
3. His feet ___________________ (bleed) so much during the match.
4. You ___________________ (pay) the delivery boy.
5. ____________ you ___________________ (cut) down the tree last night?
6. He ___________________ (hide) something from us.
7. We ___________________ (not/ enjoy) the movie.
8. They ___________________ (use) their cellphone during the class.
9. The farmers ___________________ (sell) apples at the market last fall.
10. Maria ___________________ (count) her money when the telephone rang.
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II. Past Simple or Past Continuous

1. While Shirley ________________ (lie) in bed with the flu, her friends ________________
(play) golf.
2. First, we (have) ________________ some sandwiches, then we (buy) ________________
some milk.
3. I (switch off) ________________ the TV and the lights and (go) ________________ to bed.
4. He (take) ________________ his driving test last month and then (buy) ________________
a car only two days later.
5. While the baby Ann (take) ________________ a nap, Tom and Mary (come)
________________.
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ADVERBS
TENSE AFFIRMATIVE (+) NEGATIVE (-) INTEROGATIVE (?) AND
EXPRESSIONS

 I played football  ____________________  Did I play football?

Past Simple
 I went to the cinema  ____________________  _________________

 He was not playing

 _________________
Past  _____________________ football
Continuous  Were they playing
 _____________________  They weren’t playing
football?
football