5-252

SIMPLE CURVES

2. Inscribed angles having the same or equal

.•@
intercepted arcs are equal.

B
RAILROAD AND HIGHWAY CURVES
In highway or railroad construction, the D e
curves most generally used presently' are C
circular curves although parabolic and other
curves are sometimes used. These types of LADB=LACB
curves are classified as Simple, Compound,
Reversed or Spiral curves. 3. An angle formed by a tangent and a chord
is measured by one half its intercepted arc.
A. Simple Curve:
A simple curve is a circular are, extending
from one tangent to the next. The point where
the curve leaves the first tangent is called the
"point of curvature" (P.C.) and the point where
the curve joins the second tangent is called
the "point of tangency" (P.T.). The P.C. and
P.T. are often called the tangent points. If the
tangent be produced, they will meet in a point
of intersection called the "vertex". The l'
distance from the vertex to the P.C. or P.T. is LBAC=- LADC
2
called the "tangent distance". The distance
from the vertex to the curve is called the 4. Tangents from an extemal poiht a circle
"external distance" (measured towards the are equal.
center of curvature). While the line joining the
middle of the curve and the middle of the chord
line joining the P.C. and P.T. is called the
"middle ordinate".

Geometry of the Circular Curves:

In the study of curves, the following geometric AB=BC

principles should be emphasized:
1. An inscribed angle is measured by one 5. Angles whose sides are perpendicular
half its intercepted arc. each to each are either equal or
supplementary.

B~AC D F

LACB=~ ~AOB LABC=LFED

 S-253

SIMPLE CURVES

Sharpness of the curve is expressed 2. Degree of Curve: .(Chord Basis)

in any of the three ways: Degree of curve is the angle
subtended by a chord of 20 meters in
1. Degree of Curve: (Arc Basis) Metric System or 100 ft. in English
System.
Degree of curve is the angle at the
center subtended by an arc of 20 m. is the a. Metrjc System:
Metric system or 100 ft. in the English
system. This is the method generally
used in Highway practice.

a. Metric System:

b. English System:
By ratio and proportion:
20 2nR
0= 360
D= 360(20)
2nR
- 1145.916 . D 50
D- R SIn-=-
2 R
50
b. English System: R=-
. D
Srn-
2

00
3. Radius = Length of radius is stated
Elements of a simple curve:
P.C. = point of curvature
P.T. = point oftangency
P.I. = point of intersection
100 2nR
D= 360 R = radius of the curve
D = degree of the curve
D = 360(100)
T = tangent distance
2nR
I = -angle of intersection
D _ 1145.916(5)
- R E = external distance
M = middle ordinate
(5 times the metric system)
Lc = length of curve
D - 5729.58
- R C = long chord
C1 and C2 = sl,lb-chord
. d1 and d2 = sub-angle
5-254

SIMPLE CURVES

4. Length of Chord:
C
. I 2
Sln2'="R

C=2R S.1n2'I I
5. Length of Curve:
Lc

p.e R

o
o h_ 20
I -D
1. Tangent distance: 20 I ~ t ..\
I T Lc=O Imenc/
tan2'=R"
h_ 1OO
I I - D
T=Rtan2'
Lc = 1~ I (English)
2. External distance:
I R 6. Sub-arc: (Arc basis)
Cos 2'= OV

I
E=RSec2'-R
I
OV =R Sec 2'
E=OV-R

E=R(sec~-1)
9v
fJ._Q
d1 -D

d1 =CCD (i'degrees/.\
1

3. Middle Ordinate:
I AO
~2 =M
2C
(50) (minutes)
Cos 2=S
~ _C1 D(60) (metric system)
I 2 - 2(20)
AO = R Cos 2'
M=R-AO ~=1.5C1D
I ~_ C1 0(60)
M=.R-RCos2' 2 - 2(100)

M = R(1 - Cos ~) ~ =0.3 C, D (English system)

 S-255

SIMPlE CURVES

7. Sub-chords: (Chord b, ;is)

R R

I
,,
Sjn~=~· ,,
2 2R
,,
I

Sin Q.=~
2 2R :R
I

C ,"
2R=-
. 0
SIn-
2
'" ,

" '\. .
"', ,I
, "';-11
1I

18",: /
II I
/

. d C, Sin~ ex
X"',r/
....., »'t$
Sin~=-- 111 ) • -:.,":~.1,~
.A
'<:."I

2 C
Solution:
d C1 Sin~ . ill Distance from mid point of CUNe to P.I.:
Sin ~ =- - - (Metric l R- 1145.916
2 20 I' I
- 6
d C Sin~1 R= 190.99
Sin T=100 (English)
E=R(Sec~ -1)
20Sin~ E = 190.99 (Sec 18' -1)
C1 =- - - (Metric) E= 9.83 m.
. 0
S10-
2 ® Distance from mid point of CUNe to the mid
100 Sin~
point oflong chord:
C1 = - - -
. 0 M=R (1 -Cos ~)
S10:2
M= 190.99 (1- Cos 18')
M=9.35m.
8-256

SIMPlE CURVES

@ Stationing ofB: ® Stationing of D:

S=R8 S=R8
S = 190.99 (16) 1t S =286.48 (36) 1t
180 180
S= 5133m. S= 180 m.

Sta. of B= (10 + 020) + (53.33) Sta. of D= (20 + 130.46) + 180

Sta. ofB = 10 + 073.33 Sfa. ofD = 20 + 310.46

@ Distance DE:
Cos 36' =286.48
OE
OE=354.11 m.
DE =354.11 - 286.48
DE=67.63m.

·.rdTJtJI¥~.I~II-I~ii~fti~nt~:··
•
·.(1).••••. C9IllP~f~ • • t~~E!xlE?rn~I.·9fsl<trce Qf.the
9J1'Y~.> •
•~• • C;oITlputetflttmj~¢I¢~dihaWfJf.thec;(lo/~ .•·••.
(!)Cqrllpu!E!t~~~tatl(l6jn9PfJlqintAonme

\
• • • ~~,.~~~~,~~i~~~~&®.~f··ot6' • frQrn
w. \ Solution:
j""-
<Y-_, "-_
'"- R
CD External distance:
%n '-'''~- \
A _.
PoC R
2}i1:~o
20+130.46

Solution: .
\ .\
CD Long chord:
R= 1145.916 ,

R=286.48 m.
4 "'-_ \ \ I
R
"'-- 12'~ \ /
!:= R"<:i .. 30"
2
RSin 25'
L = 2 (286.48) Sin 25'
, ffl
-~
L = 242.14m.
 5-257

SIMPLE CURVES

E=R(sec~-1) @ Area oftitlet ofa curve:

E =200 (sec 30' -1)

E=30.94m,

@ Middle ordinate:
M=R(1-COS~)
M=200 (1- cos 30') /
M= 26.79m. /
@ Stationing ofpoint A: }, ,/
S=Re '\.26.56 /
5313'/
S =200 (12}(n)
180
S=41.89
= TR (2) _nR2 to
Sta. A= (1 +200.00) +41.89 A
2 360'
Sta. A= 1 + 241,89
R= 1145.916
3
R=381.972
T = ~ (381.972)
T= 190.986
l~r~i11;1:~~~~~'~imP.I~@~~ A= 190.986 (381.972)(2)
2
n(381.972f (53.13')

I.I.I!~
360'
A = 5304,04 sq.m,

Solution:
CD Angle ofintersection:
1
T= Rtan '2

!R=Rtan 1
2 2
. 1 1
tan 2=2

~=26.56'
1=53,13'
@ Length ofcurve:
h_ 2O
I-D
- 20 (53.13)
Lc- 3
Lc = 354,20 m,
5-258

SIMPlE CURIES

Solution: c
<D Length of curve from P. C:

. ,\
''\, \' /
'\ \1'I
R'
,I' o
'\, \, /
a=90·24'4O'
'\~t/
'~' a = 65'20'
o 8 =110'50' - 65'20'
8=45'30'
R= 1145.916 229.18 = OCCos 24'40'
D OC =252.20 m.
= 1145.916 229.18 252.20
R 5' Sin 45'30' = Sin ~
R=229.18m. 0=128'17
fa 8 =105.27 l/l = 180' ·45'30' -128'17
n 229.18 l/l =6'13'
8=24'40' ro 229.18
LC1 =Re Sin 6'13' = Sin 45'30'
- 229.18 (24'40')1t CD=34.80m,
LCl - 180
@ Stationing of D:
LCl = 98.68 m.
® Distance CD:

\, 'I
'\, \' /
~'\ \\ /
'{P'~~, /.

'\ '\
'\ / '
'\V'
o Angle x = 24'40' + 6'13'
Angle x = 30'53'
 5-259

SIMPLE CURVES

Rxn @ Length ofcurve from PC. to A:

L~ = 180 S=R28
_229.18(30'531n S - 560.13 (27'391n
L02 - 180 - 18V
L~ = 148.24 m. S= 270.31 m.
Station ofD =(2 + 040) + (148.24) ® Length oflong chord:
Station of D = (2 + 188.24)

.Thij~mm@lfJij~f9~~WI~~tro.mpm~(1
.9Q~Mfflp!~~OON~19qi:)~<t®!M9~~M~n~
. a4..n1..·Jfthe;d;@l(L~·frO#lilheiP·C;itijQOllffie •. , ,1 •
.~~~H~.ZOOfu{>··· . .
\ I ,I
.1• ·E~lr".~~.I~~·lrt!I~·.~~I~I··
®•• lqh~~~9J~9fli'lt~~Mli9fm~@W4~
. ·.•.• • • ·.·§4·f@miwt~m~'laogthml§ng~@ff9@.
eP.ri>p:tt)·· . . .. . .
\,
R\
\
'
I
'
! /
/
'/

\34" /
Solution:
CD Radius of CUNe:
\V
L
S·In 34' = 2 (560.13)
L=928.74 m.

,
I,
!R
I,
\ ! /
\201 /
64
\V
lan8=-
260
8 = 13.83'
28 = 2T3g
R·64
Cos2T39'=-
R
R= 560.13m.
8-260

SIMPlE CURVES

Solution:
<D Length oflong chord:
c

\,
·11!i~"~I.~II,t~~;~41o'~.·
\R

r.JI
/U2
/ --- '-- \ ,
--" \
' ?~L__1
R=286.48
Solution:
<D Central angle:

® Distance AB:
c
,
\
""', \R
''"'- ""', \
'"'- ""', \ Lc 20
A ~5"~~~r~ ,=[j
- 1145.916
D-
/0+/40.26 R=286.48 '"'"
R
D= 1145.916
tan 25' = 2~~8 D=4'
286.48

AB = 133.59 m. 240 20
-/ ="4
@ Stationing of x: 1=48'
S=Re
® Distance from mid point of CUNe to mid
S= 286.48 (32) 1t
point oflong chord:
180
S= 160m. M= R( 1 • cos f)
Sta. ofx =(10 + 140.26) + (160) M = 286.48 (1 - cos 24')
Sta. ofx= 10+300.26 M=24.76m.
 8-261

SIMPlE CURVES

@ Area bounded by the tangents and outside ® External distance:

the central cUrve:
T=Rtan24' E=R(sec~-1)
T= 286.48 tan 24' E= 336.49 (sec 25' -1)
T= 127.55 E=34.79m.
A 1R (2) 'It R2 I
",.... - 2 - 360 @ Length of long chord:
A_ _ 127.55 (286.48)(2) 'It (286.48)2(48) ~=RSin25'
",...a- 2 - 360
L =2(336.49) Sin 25'
Alea = 2162.8 L = 284.41 In.

1.'.11 I_i.
1:lllilllBlijl
Solution:
111111
<D Degree ofcurve:

Solution:
<D Radius of CUNe:

,
/
/~
" ''\.,
,Ii'\.\ '

25' \ 25' /
'

7\7
'\. I,
A

'~
Sin 50' = 12~20
T= 156.91 m.
T=Rtan 25'
156.91 =Rtan25' S·In e = 21.03
2.79
R=336.49m. e=T3T
D= 1145.916
336.49 a= 90' -12'-8
D= 3'24' a=70'23'
5-262

SIMPLE CURVES

OB=R+E @ Area bounded by the CUNe and the tangent

OB = R+ R(sec~.1) lines:
=. RT(2L 1t ~ (24')
OB=R+R(SeC~.1) A
2 360'
OB= 1.0223 R T= Rtan 12'
T= 286.36 tan 12'
In /1 OPB T=60.87
A = 286.36 (60.87) _1t (2~:~2 (24)

A = 256.26m2

OB R
o
11lSillitillll;
.!lPOl'dill~t*19tg91OQN~IJ~.2<l1l)Q·pV'1W~polllt
•
·~ri~I~~~~.h~ ~9()r~i#t~~ .• §f.~Q~.~~ • ~•
Sin IJ =Sin a.
1.0223R R q)FjfJpth~di$tal1¥ofline~P')
5iii'"'8 =Sin 70'23' ~• • ®IY~J°rt'md~r~~Rfs.b!lple@f'I~tb~t
LJ = 105'39' . . . ·•• ·,#icillliefangellt.lq.tfflj.thi'ee.lines.i\B,DI!Z
0=180-a.-1J AM~P·>
0= 3'58' @"p~lltlJisatM<itj(jn1t9S~.87tfetermilll'l
.··th¢sWIQl1ingofPT·< ' .
. 21.03 _ R
Sin 3'58' - Sin70'23'
Solution:
R= 286.36m..
CD Distance of line BD:
® Length of chord:

A
A c

Sin 4'01' = 2 (2~.36)

x = 40.12 m.
 8-263

SIMPlE CURVES

I}1'IIII'JlI:I!!ill!'I~

~~lr:~~~I~I~~~~~~"1
LINE
DE
LAT
13.45
DEP
+84.27 ~~P'1~ld~~fa~~~~~~~~¢~~~_1
. 84.27 •.,: .
:~:··:::P~~~.~~~::~~im~~~~~;i;:::::::;:::;:;:::;::.· ~::-:::.":,.:::: i: :~:i:i;i;i~[:[ r~i~(;
tan beanng = 13.45
Bearing ofDE = S 80'56' E
·t
DIS ance
DE 84.27
=Sin 80'56'
~jllllili~li:
.~ Qet¢®IM.tffl.~Og!l{qt~llti,te.
. . .• .•....,.
{iii
Distance DE =85.34 m. Solution:
1= 180' - (85'30' +68'301 CD Radius:
1=26'
B=180'·26'
B=154'
a =80'56'·68'30'
a= 12'26'
e= 180' ·154' ·12'26' A A C
e=13'34' '\ /
BD DE
Sin a =Sin B
~\ /~
'\ /
BD 85.34
Sin 12'26' = Sin 154' \ /
'v'
BD=41.91m.
T= (4 + 360.2) • (4 +288.4)
@ Degree ofcurve: T= 71.8m.
T1 + T2 =DE
Rtan 6'47' +Rtan 6'13' =85.34 T= Rtan~
R=374.50 26
D= 1145.916 71.8 =Rtan"2
374.50 R";311m.
D=3'04'
@ External distance:
@ Stationing ofPT:
T1 = 374.5 tan 6'47'
E=R(seC~.1)
T1 =44.55m.
E=311 (sec~6.1)
Lc= 20 I
D. E= 8.18m.
_ 20 (26) @ Middle ordinate:
Lc- 3.06
Lc = 169.93- M=R(1.COS~)
Sta. at PT = sta. at point D. T1 + Lc
Sta. at PT =(1 + 052.87)·44.55 +169.93
M=311 (1.COS~)
Sta. at PT= (1 + 178.25) M=7.97m.
5-,264

SIMPlE CURVES

@ Chord distance: - 1145.916

R- D
C=2Rsin l
2 - 1145.916
26 R- 6
C=2(311) Sin 2"
R.=190.99
C= 139.92m.
E= R(sec 112· 1)
@ Length ofCUNe: E=190.99 (sec 30' -1)
1t
Lc =RI E=29,55m.
180
1t
Lc =(311) 26 180 ® Distance of mid point of CUNe to mid point
oflong chord:
Lc = 141.13 m.
M= R(1- Cos 1!2)
M=190.99 (1 • Cos 30')
M=25.59m,

® Stationing ofB:

.li~'I~~I!~~~~~':~r:~i
@\!'1®~@6~af~t:qli~6AAf@ffl*~ij@#

m~ll6~m~~!M~~~lp!@~~gl~9f~)
Willilli~tM9¢l\tfbffi@IHfjElgp;<
S=Re
Solution: S =190.99 (16) 1t
CD Distance from mid point of CUNe to P.I.
180
$=53.33

Sta. ofB =10 + (020) + (53.33)

Sta. of B = 10 + 073.33

t~~ • tans~~ltrr(ll~ep.g .• h~$.a(jlte¢ll«@ll~

n()rth•• and.the.ta~gerlt • tht()U91'1•• th~ • ~rnt'l~s~.
b~rlng.()f.N,50· .•~, . . • lt.nll,$a.ra,dl~~pf2QOffi; •
lJ~in$ • ·.·,;jrc • • b<!llis.·•••..·.$tliltiQilitJ9•• • pl•• P.q,•• i§.
12.+060, . .
 8-265

SIMPlE CURVES

S=R8
- 200 (28) 1t
S - 180

-
(j)
Solution:
Tangent distance:
S=97.74m.

Sta. ofB =(12 +060) +(97.74)

Sta. ofB= 12+ 151,74

Solution:
(j) Middle ordinate:
T= Rtan 25'
T=200 tan 25'
T=93.26m.

® Long chord:
'Sin 25'=1:... p.e
2R
L =2(200) Sin 25'
L = 169,05m.

@ Stationing of B:

Lc 2)
T=o
210 20
- I =4"
1=42'
M= R(1- Cos 112)
. R= 11~.916 =286.48

M= 286.48 (1- Cos 21')

M= 19.03m.
 5-266

SIMPLE CURVES

® Extemal distance: Solution:

E= R(Sec 1t2-1) <D Radius of the CUNe:
E = 286.48 (Sec 21' - 1)
E=20.38m,

@ Area of fillet ofcurve:

p.e

T= Rlan 21'
T = 286.48 tan 21'
T= 109.97 m.

_ 7R(2) 1t Ff2 e
A- 2 • 360
'\ _ (109.97)(286.48)(2) 1t (286.48)2 (42)
r- 2 • 360 Sin 6' = 10
R
2
A = 1423.69 m say 1424 m2 R=95.67m.

® Angle ofintersection:

\fi • ~~f!M®~·~ij!lI~~ • •()f•• lWl)i.@~t:mij~l~t~

::.~.R!t@~M.llie·¢~r¥.m~~~tireg,"@jlh~·
:.JjJglfut•.~~~i~Smm~gh.th~.P·C· • ~@··~."S'~~~·
12~1$;.rl!$pe¢1I.y~!~; • • • • • The • • Chord••·• ijllllll*~
·Pe~~nRatKI.$is?O"t • {St~nd~rd·iij.mettk;
$y~tf'!rn}.Wt:tlI¢.tMI609.cl1ordi$ •. WQm.ml:1!l!I'$· " /'
··lQOO'························ .
". /
R' / /R
··i•• ·.~~~I'e~ieQ~j~.tiori.Of.·tb~··
$.lmp~9WV~, . ..
"
, 1/2 112 '

~CQrnPllte1het8tlgentdiStaIlce..
 S-267

SIMPlE CURVES

Sin l= 70 ® Degree of CUNe:

2 R T= Rtan 20'
S' 1 50 124.46 = Rtan 20'
In 2= 95.67 R=341.95
D= 1145.916
~ =31.5' 341.95
1=63' D=3.35'
@ Tangent distance: @ Stationing of8:
T= Rtan l S=RS
2 . S = 341.95 (16) 1t
T= 95.67 tan 31.5' 180
T= 58.63 nI. S=95.49
Sta. of 8 =(10 + 060) + (95.49)
Sta. of8= 10+ 155.49

Ift.ili
IIIIII
1:11;'111 1:11.""i~
Solution:
CD Tangent dsistance:
Solution:
CD Radius of CUNe:

1\

10+ .
\\'\
R\\
,I
" '\ I

R-60" \\
". ~ ~31~
80 = TSin 40'
T= 124.46
28.0~
8-268

SIMPLE CURVES

60 Solution:
tane=-
240 <D Deflection angle at the P.C.:
e =14.04'
2e =28.08'
R- 60 =R Cos 28.08'
0.11nR=60
R=509,70m.

® Tangent distance:
T=Rtan31'
T= 509.70 tan 31'
T=306.26m.

@ Stationing ofpainf x:
S=Re
S =509.70 (28.08) 1t
180
S=249.80 Cos 2e =219.18
229.18
2e= 16.988'
Sta. of x =(10 + 080) + (249.80)
Sta. ofx= 10+ 329,8 e= 8.49' (deflection angle)
@ Stationing at B:
S= R(2e)
S= 229.18 (16.988)' 1t
180
S=67.95m.

1111
Sta. of B=(10 + 120.60) +67.95
Sta. ofB= 10+ 188.55

@ Chord distance from P. C. to B:

Sin 8.49' = ~~
AB= 67.73 m.
 5-269

..MPlE CDIEI

II~r.~kl~If.~I~I'~~I;it~.

1:1.'• •
Solution: ••
Ill• •JI.
CD Angle ofintersection:

Solution:
, CD Radius of CUNe:
/
I
"., jR
R"- I'
'-<-i
''J A

T=Rtan.!..
2
T=2Ttan .!..
2
I
tan 2=0.5

~=26.56' T1 + T2 = 300
Rtan 12'37.5' +R tan 30'54' =300
1=53.13'
1=53'08' R= 364.75

® Length of CUNe: ® Stationing of p.e. = (10 + 585) - T1

114 T1 = 364.75 tan 12'37.5'
R = 1;916 = 286.48 m.
T1 = 81.70 m.
bc._ 20
I - D Sta. of p.e. =(10 + 585) •(81.70)
L = 20(53.13) Sta. of p.e. = (10 + 503.3)
c 4
Lc = 265.65 m. @ Length of CUNe:
@ Area enclosed by the CUNe: S=R8
=53.13'1t (286.48)2 S = 364.75 (8T03J1t
A 180
360'
A = 380.54 rrf S= 554. 17m.
S-270

SIMPLE CURVES

Sin 10' =.1Q..

2 RlO
R10 =114.74 m.

I.'.
11• • .
.tqt1~A~··)<·······

Solution:
1. O'C= Re- RlO
O·C=191.07-114.74
CD Central angle of 10' center curve: O·C=76.33
OC=Re- Ra
OC =191.07 -143.37
OC=47.70
Using Sine Law:
47.70 76.33
. !.m. =Sin 136'
SIn 2

ful=25'44'
2
110 = 51'28'

@ Central angle of 6' end curves:

16 +~+ 136' =180'
16 + 25'44' + 136' =180'
16 = 18'16'

@ stationing of P. T.:
- 20/1
LCl- 0
1
_20(18'16')
Lcl- 6'
LCl =60.89 m.
OA=Ra _ 20/2
SinQ=~ Lc2- ~
2 2Ra
. 8' 10
- 20 (51'28')
S,n-=- LOL - 10'
2 Ra LOL =102.93 m.
Ra= 143.47 m.
'. 6' 10
SIn--- P. T. = (10 + 185.42) + 60.89 + 102.93 + 60.89
2 - Re P. T. = (10 + 410,13)
R6 = 191.07 m.
 5-271

SIMPLE eURVES

tan 55'04' = 70
x
x=48.89m.
I T
tan-=-
2 R
T=163.80 tan 27'32'
T=85.39 m.
7+812
~IIIIIIIIIIIIII~IIIII I Sta. ofpoint ofdeviation (P. C.)
I

:7Om =(7 + 812) • (85.39 +48.89)

I
mounth of tunn~1 I
=7+ 677,72
I

® Stationing ofmouth of tunnel:

b.c._ 20
I - D
_55'04' (20)
4- 7'

Il'lt.
Solution:
CD Stationing of the point of deviation: @
4= 157.33m.

Sta. ofmouth oftunnel = (7 + 677.72) + (157.33)

Sta. ofmouth oftunnel = 7 + 835,05

Direction ofrailway in the tunnel:

90' • 55'04' =34'56'
Direction is S. 34'56' E.

j
I ,

rt----...-.---,/.-------------....~. - .r.
al
~11I2,'
,"
/
, /
~ r;,''1/ ,/;=163.80
~

U
I

~y
,
~,,' r~ilway in
rhe runnel

Sin Q= 10
2 R
Sin 3.5' =~ •
(j)yompu~ • • th~ • •f#ntral.lln~l~of lt(~ • • #~
... (;O~e.···
R=163.80m. ®.. 9()~let!)El$diusPfIt¥fl~WWW~·.
93.8 @·VVhat1s!heStallonio96HMheWf;'P,
Cas I = 163.80
1= 55'04'
SIMPLE CURVES

Solution: @ Sta.ofnewP.C.:
CD New cental angle ofnew cUlVe: T1 "y=b
2W'
b= 431.n -166.70
b=265.07m.

x= T2-b
x =360 - 265.07
x= 94.93 m.

$fa ofnewP.C. =(10+ n1.20)-94.93

Sta. ofnew P. C. =10 + 626.27

Old central angle = 346 - 220

Old central angle = 126'

New central angle:

1= 180' - 54' -22'
-
111r"
1= 104'

@ Radius ofnew curve:

I
T1 =Rltan~
T1 =220 tan 63'
Solution:
CD Stationing of the P. C:
T1 =431.n

Using Sine Law:

431.77 _-lL
Sin 104' - Sin 54'
T2 = 360 m.
-l.-_ 431.n
Sin 22' - Sin 104'
y:r 166.70 m.
I
T2 =R2tan~
360 = R2 tan 52'
R2·= 281.26 m.
 5-273

SIMPlE enlEs

@ Radius ofthe approach curve:

- 1145.916
R1- 0
R - 1145.916
1- 8
R1 =143.24 m.
R3 =R,·3
R3 =143.24· 3
R3 =140.24 m.
R2 = R3 +9.51 X
R2 =140.24 + 9.51 (12P
R2 =259.12 m.

@ Degree of curve:
0- 1145.91"
- R
0= 1145.916
0=8' 259.12
15 20 0=4'25'
-;-=0
,,_15(8)
- 20
IIl=S'
tanS' =L
h1 t@mjb~figijr~~;)<·························· .
h1 =xCots'
h1 =9.51 x
SinS' =~
h2 =xCscS' 20m.
Cr._ •• _.l~~_ ~
••__
. /A
B' /
h2 =9.57 x I
I
I

CD R2 =R3 + ~ ·0.75 -:30

: R
R2=R3+h1 I

® R2 = R3 + 9.51 x
.
:
I
~'
,"
,0

CD R2=R3+9.57x-0.75
R3 + 9.51 x+ R3 + 9.57 x·0.75
0.06 x= 0.75
x= 12.5m.

Sta. ofnew P.C. =5 + 100

12.5
NewP.C. =5+087,5
5-274

SIMPLE CURVES

Solution: @ Ama of ACBD:

CD Radius of the simple curve: = 20 (160) 161.25 (135.45) Sin 61'08'
A 2 + 2

f 160m J ----"'.A
G
ldg.
•
1t (135.45}2(63'541
360'

~
20m JL--- , A = 1431.70 rTf
B ,:-- ,'30 m
-.l ~ ,
3P,- ,,' D
I \ ,
: R\ ,,'R
I \'
I ,,'
: 0
,,
I

20
tan 0 = 160
0=1'08'
IJ = 90' - TOO'
IJ =82'52'
a =180' - 82'5Z· 30'
a =61'08'
AB = ~ (20)2 +(160)2
AB =161.25 m.

Using Cosine Law:

(30+ F{J2 =(161.25)2+ (RP
• 2R (161.25) Cos 67'08'

;Dli!!:~i
900 +60R + R2 =26001.56 + R2 -125.32 R
185.32R == 25101.56
R= 135,45m.

® Central angle of curve:

Solution:
CD Min. distance:
h12 =(90)2- (5W
h1 = 74.83m.
B
hi =(110}2 - (30}2
h2 = 105.83 m.

o h3 == ~-h1
h3 = 105.83· 74.83
h3 =31 m.
161.25 135.45
Sin I =Sin 67'08' • Min. distance between piers = h
1=63'54' h = h3 + 2.5 + 2.5
h = 31 + 5
h == 36 m. (clear distance between piers)
 S-275

SIMPLE CURVES

@ Anglee: Solution:
74.83 <D Smallest radius ofrail track curve:
Cos 0=00-
0=33'45'
B 25V
_.!:!i:!:..!!J.
CosfJ-90+ 20
n _ 74.83 + 31 115
eos/,)- 110
fJ =15'50'
e=33'45 -15'50' A 0
117.70
e = 17'55'
® Area ofthe road between Aand B:
- 1t (110)2 (33'45' 1t (90)2 (33'452 AV= " (115~ + (25)2
A- 360' - 360' AV= 117.70 m.
A = 1178,10 m2 115
tan f1l =-.
25
f1l = 77'44'
a. = 77'44' - 55'
a. = 22'44'

AC = 117.70 sin 22'44'

AC=45.48m.
VC = 117.70 cos 22'44'
VC = 108.56 m.
OVcos35' =R
OV= 1.22R
DC= OV- VC
OC = 1.22 R- 108.56
OA= R-11
p.T. (R-11)2 =(1.22R·108.56f + (45.48f
R=431 m.
@ Area of the building:

.tan35' =~
T=431 tan 35'
T= 301.79 m.
AD+ ED+ VB.= T
AD + 105 + 25 =301.79
AD= 171.79m.
Area ofbldg. = 50(171.79)
Area ofbldg. = 8589.5 m2
8-276

SIMPlE CURVES

@ Stationing of P. T.: (R- SO)2 =(h-4O)2 + (R-1oo~

Lc=RI R2 ·1ooR + 2500 =~. 80h + 1600
L =431(70) 1t + R2 . 200R + 10000
c 180
100R = ~. 80h + 9100
L=526.57m.
PC =(10 + 242.60) + (526.57) tan 25' =~
PC = 10+ 769.17
h=0.466R
100R = (0.466R)2. 80(0.466R) + 9100
100R = 0.217R2 - 37.28R +9100
R2 -632.63R +41935.48 =0
R- 632.63 ±482.16
- 2
R=557.56m.
@ Tangent distance:
h=0.466R
h =0.466 (557.56)
h= 259.82 m.
T= 259.82 m.
@ Stationing of C:

" ,'-,\ '\ I '

,
'-,~

1,• •j~lii~~!· ; + (219.82) = (507.56)2

x=457.49
f + (259.82)2 = (557.86)2
y=493.66
Solution:
CD Radius ofthe CUNe: C e = 493.66
os 557.56
e=27'42'
IJ =SO' - 27'42'
IJ =22'18'
R81t
Lc=WO
I =557.56 (22'18')1t
'-c 180'
4=217 m.
Sta. ofC =(10 + 240.26) + 217
Sta. of C = 10 + 457.26
 5-277

'SIMPIE CURVES

a =90'·24'40'
a=65'20'
8 =110'50'·65'20'

.111
8=45'30'
, 229.18
CoS2440'=OC
OC =252.19 m.
Using Sine Law:
229,18 259.19

,ial:JiIIIl'
Solution:
Sin 45'30' = Sin
0=128'18'
III

a= 180' ·128'18' ·45'30'

a=6'12'
aJ 229.18
(j) Distance CD: Sin 6'12':: Sin 45'30'
CD =34,70m,

@ Stationing ofpoint D:
R(a + a)1t
, " i.e = 180
,\ I ,
P.T.
229.18 (24'40' + 6'12j1t
\ i.e = 180'
\
\ I'
I ,/ 229.18 (30'52) 1t
c R\ 9 \J.--a / i.e = 180
\~-r: / I.e = 123.46 m.
\\1/
\~'
Sta. Qfpoint D = (2 + 040) + (123.46) .
Sta. ofpoint D = 2+ 163,46
o
® Deflection ofpoint D:

R_ 114.916
- D
- 1145.916
R- 5
R=229.18 m.
105.27
tan e =229.18
d =.1 (30'S2')
e = 24'40' 2
d= 15'26'
5-278

SIMPlE CURVES

L~ =(1 + 260) • (1 + 180)

L~=80m.
20 _bfl
D - 12
- (80X3)
I2- 20
12 = 12'

1=11 + 12
1=9' + 12'
1=21"

@ Deflection angle:
Deflection angle = ~
Deflection angle = 10'30' R
Solution:
CD Angle ofintersection of the simple CUNe: @ Tangent distance of the simple CUNe:
I
T= R tan "2
- 1145.916
R- D
Rr= 11~.916
,,
,,, R= 381.97 m.
,
,,,
,, I
,, T= Rtan-
2
\ : / T= 381.97 tan 10'30'
'\ ll! I, / T= 70.8 m.
\1'7'
~I

Deflection angle at 1 + 180 to locate P. T.

_!.l !2
-2 + 2 A straight railroad IP intersects the curve
LC1 = (1 + 180) - (1 + 120) hjghw~routeAB. Distance oil thero).lte are
measured along the arc. USing the data in the
LC1 =60m. figure. .
 5-279

SIMPlE CURVES

o Sin 70' - 587.96

",'- .......... - PI
" .........R=600
PI = 625.69 m.
""""
o
9:Jb,/~1
"J, I

I
,,'110'/,"
,/600
,
I

,,

: • g~~~~;.f~~~l~ •••~~,• • • • • • • ••• • • • • •. . . . . o

~·O(lIl)P\l~!M.$tatfQoiog.9t@IDt)(>

Solution:
<D Distance 01:
tan 52' =~
T= 600 tan 52'
T= 767.96 m.
AP= 767.96 ·180
AP = 587.96 m. p
, AI
tan 20 = 587.96
587.96
AI =214 m. tan g = 600
01= 600·214 g =44'25'
01= 386m.
Cos 44'25' - 600
-OP
® Distance PX: op = 840.06 m.
o 840.06 600
.....q ,b"t .......... Sin a = Sin 25'35'
-J,' II ...
" :: ........R=600 a= 142'48'
I I
I I .....
,

I
I
I "
" ,
o
I
I
I
I
I

p
5-280

SllPlE CURVES

PX 600
Sin 11'37:: Sin 25'35"
PX:: 279,79 m.
@ Stationing ofpoint x:
44'25'. 0

'4 Solution:
'~l1'37' <D Radius:

:: 6=32'48' N
Sta.
,,",,,

a::44'25 ·11'37
a::32'48'
Ran
AX= 180
AX:: 600 (32'48') n
180
AX = 343.48 m.

Stationing ofpoint x = (50 + 000) + (343.48)

Stationing ofpoint x = 50+ 343.48
1= 257'25'·220'45
I:: 36'40'
E= 10.20

ov =R+E
. Cos18'2O'::.B..
OV
R= (R + E) Cos 18'20'
B
R= RCos 18'20' + 10.20 Cos 18'20'
- 10.20 (0.949)
p.T. C R- 0.051
..
,,
,, R= 190.76m,
,,
220'45' .,,,
\R ® Stationing at PT:

.. T=Rtan2'
1

,.
, ,. T = 190.76 tan 18'20'
. 18'20/.',,\
JI ----------------.--..
. R ---°0 T:: 63.21 m.
 S-281

SIMPLE CURVES

D= 11~916

D= 1145.916
190.76
D=6'
I _20 I
'"I: - D
I 20(36.67)
'"1:= 8
4= 122.22m.
Sta. ofP. T. = (10 + 220.47) + 122.22
Sta. ofP. T. = 10+ 342.69
o @ Stationing of point K:
Stationing of PC = (10 + 283.68) - 63.21 Sta. Ii K = (10 + 342.69) - 32.60
Stationing of PC = 10 + 220.47 Sta. of K =10 + 310,09
W=35.2O
V'P. T. =63.21 • 35.20
V'P. T. = 28.01
28.01
tan a = 190.76
a=8'2Z
Cos 8'22 = 190.76
OV = 194.24 m.
OV

190.76 194.24
Sin 53'39' = Sin B
B= 124'54'
ll.
~PiwiM#J~·#b~ij9~P(w.M\hPt·:lh~

~·.~~.~.~· ~.1.~!
/II =180' ·124'54' - 53'39'
/11=1'27
V'
V' I!T.
•.:•. •. . •. •. •. .• . •. .• [.•·. .• .• .: .r.:
. . •.;.::.. •. .·:..·•. •. .• . •. •. . . •. .• .*.....
•..1• .•.·•·:._•.•.• •. •.
., . ~~f: . :~:::~~:H~)]~:\?}r<}:::::<:::;:::::::::::::::-::::·::::.:"

\~
:& Solution:

r
'ii G) Change of length of radius:

-', 9'4~
........ ./, ~
, 13"06'
......0
o old
p.T.

Arc P. T. to K:
Lc, =R/II
- 190.76 (9.817) 1t
Lc, - 180
Lc, = 32.60 m.
S-282

SIMPlE CURVES

·1.··.·III.I!·I.i!~'.· • • • ·
- 1145.916
R1- 0
- 1145.916
R1- 4
R1 = 286.48 m. Solution:
L =201 . CD New angle ofintersection:
c 0 1= 180' - 70' - 82'30'
- 20 (26'12') 1= 27'30'
0 - 100 New 12, =21'30' - TOO
0=5.24' New 12 = 20'30'
- 1145.916
R2 - 5.24' @ New radius ofCUNe:
R2 = 218.69 m.
AB=R1 -R2
AB =286.48 -218.69
AB = 67.79 (change oflength ofradius)

@ Distance and direction where P. T. must

moved:
Sin 13'06' = AC
AB
AC = 67.79 Sin 13'06'
AC= 15.36 m.
AD = 2 (15.36)
AD = 30.72

Therefore P. T. must be moved at a

distance of 30.72 m. at an angle of 13'06'
from the second tangent.

@ Distance between two parallel tangents:

OE= AD Sin 13'06'
OE= 30.72 Sin 13'06'
DE=6.96m. R - 1145.916
1- 4.5
R1 = 254.65 m.
T1 = R1 tan b.
2
T1 = 254.65 tan 13'45'

.·8~&~~~N~~!~.II~ilik~.~tI~ • I~e~~i~
T1 = 62.31 m.

•~.~a~~t~~T~~dm.~1• ~~.~6.g;~~~G~ • I~··

·pr()p()~~d • t()@:mr~M~.~h~ p~otr~I • • a"gl~ • •
•• llY
Considering triangle AVa:
AB 62.31
Sin 152'30' = Sin 20'30'
Cfj~rgjQglh~9lr~ct~l1l)f.fh~.f()!\Vard.tan~am AS = 82.16
l>Yan~ngkJCJf;rj)n$~~~iiW~Yth/lLth~ T2 = 82.16
·P8Siti()n•• qft~em •• ()UhafW'#~td.·taI19~"t.al1d 82.16
the••{lirectio(l•• ()t.th~.·~~¢k: • t~(lg~nl$Mll·.t¢mam R2 = tan 10'15'
unth!ltl9e<l· R2 = 454.35 (new radius)
 S-283

SIMPlE CURVES

@ Stationing of new P. C: Considering triangle ACE:

VB 62.31 42,50 EC
Sin T = Sin 20'30' Sin 80' =Sin 70'
VB =21.68 EC=40.55m.
h=Tl- V8 42,50 AC
h =62.31 - 21.68 Sin 80' =Sin 30'
h=40.63 AC= 21.58 m,
T2 - h = 82.16 -40.63
® Angle of arc EB:
T2 -h=41.53
Considering triangle DEC:

Sta. of new P.C. =(10 + 345.43) - (41.53)

tan I' =40.55
120
Sta. ofnewP.C.:: 10+303,90 " =18'40'
ex =90' -18'40'
ex= 71'21'
B= 180' . 80' - 71'20'
B= 180' -151'20'
fj =28'40'

Considering OEC:
120
Case=-
OC
120
OC=CoS18'4O'
DC= 126.67

Considering triangle OBC:

120 _ 126.67
Sin 28'40' - Sin e
e=149'34'
Solution: Angle X= 180' -149'34' - 28'40'
CD Distance AC: AngleX= 180' -178'14'
Angle X =1'46'

Arc EB= 18'40' + 1'46'

Arc EB = 20'26'

@ Stationing of B:
!:f
l'
,, EB_ 120 (20'26)1t
, - 180
32+542 " " \, ;';>00< EB=42,79m.
...... 9 \x /R:;:120
"<:7 ",=1'46' Stationing of B =(3 + 025,42) + (42.79)
O=IS'4()'-':>'
Stationing of B = 3 + 068.21
S-284

SIMPLE CURVES

® Radius ofnew CUNe:

tan 12' .=I2.
R 2

i"~.
R 37.48
2 =tan 12'
R2 = 176,33 m,
@ Stationing ofnew P.C.:
5
W=Sin24'
W=12.29m.

1~1I:11111I~1: x= T2" 12.29

x=37.48-12.29
x = 25.19 m.
Solution: Stationing ofnew P.C. =(8 + 095.21),25.19
<D New tangent distance: Stationing ofnew P;C. = 8 + 070.02

1=284' - 260
1= 24'
- 1145.916
R1 - 5'
R1 :: 229.18 m.
".II~j
Solution:
<D Bearing AC:
E

tan 12'=~
T1 = 229.18 tan 12'
T1 =48.71 m.
tan 24' =~
h = 11.23 m.
T2 =48.71-11.23
T2 = 37.48m.
 S-285

SIMPlE CURVES

Departure of/ine AC = 990 -420 =570 @ Angle:

Latitude of line AC = 1570·280 =1290 Angle CBD:: 40'58'
. _Departure 1
tan beanng AC - Latitude o = 2of angle cao
· 570 1
tan beanng =1290 0=2(40'581
Bearing (AC) =N. 23"50' W. 0=20"29'

® Bearing DB:
Departure of line BC:: 1100 Sin 5'
Departure ofline BC =95.9 m.
Latitude ofline BC = 1100 Cos 5'
Latitude ofline BC = 1095.8 m.

Departure ofB = 420 + 95.9

Departure ofB =515.9 E. (Dep.)
Latitude ofB = 1570 - 1095.8
Latitude ofB=474.2 N. (Lat.)
Departure ofline AB = 990·515.9 =474.10
Latitude ofline AB =474.2·280 =194.20
. lAB" 474.10
tafi beanng I' ~:: 194.20

bearing (AS) = N. 67'44' W.

·t lAB) 474.10 ~f:iMtt\ilidl"~fff1l!c~~.)
DIS ance I' =Sin 67'44' ®FlodtMi~tS!M8frp1l1P,C.Il) ~P.Lii • . •.
AB =512.30 m. ~ • • .• $t?~QI'lJPt~;~;
Fjnq .tn•. _~llOi1jM.of.1hefn •• lf.g
. 1,. is at
.
Considering triangle ABO:
Solution:
N G) Radius of the cUlve:

~M;;· ,,·f'
,
,
··,
··
··,
512.30 _ 1100 ·,.
Sin a - Sin 70'44' ",' \ 13',' . ..."
" ; ......
. _ 512.30 Sin 76'44'
SIna- 1100 ,,/'
~17'
I' , ...
>.. . . . •• --

,,-
a =26'58'
T1 + T2 =86.42 m.
Bearing ofDB =26'58' + 9' T1 :: R tan 6'30'
Bearing ofDB = S. 35'58' W. T2 :: Rtan 8'30'
S·286

SIMPlE CURVES

R (tan 6'30' + tan 8'301 =86:42 Solution:

R= 86.42 G) New external distance:
0.263
R=328.59
@ Distance from P.C. to the P.I.:
T1 =328.59 tan 6'30'
T1 =37.44m.
p.c~ :,:
Considering triangle CVD: 1'10' \ I I
\.Q)('1- " ::
86.42 CV \14'lr...: '
Sin 150' = Sin 17' y---- i
,,- I"
I / \newP.T.
,,',

CV=50.53 m.
AV= T1 + CV
\1'1JL!
~i,
',t,'/'
j'
""
. '/" "
~........
AV= 37.44 + 50.53
AV= 87.97 m. T1 = (10 +362.40) - (10 + 272.40)
T1 =90 m.
@ Stationing of the P.I.: T1 = R tan 14'15'
Stationing P.C. = (10 + 352.24)· (87.97) 90
Stationing P.C. = 10 + 264.27 R= tan 14'15'
- 1145.916 R= 354.38 m.
R- D
D _ 1145.916 Cos 14'15' =..B.-
OV
328.59 354.38
D=3.49' OV= Cos 14'15'
L =20 I OV=365.63
c 0
E1 = OV-R
Lc = 20 (30) E1 = 365.63 • 354.38
3.49 E1 =11.25 m.
Lc =171.92 m.
New external distance:
Stationing ofP. T. =(10 + 264.27) + (171.92) E2 =11.25 +6
Stationing of P. T. = 10 + 436.19 ' E2 = 17.25
@ New bearing:
OV'=R+ E2
. OV' =354.38 + 17.25
OV' =371.63 m.

imli~~t,mr'i~~!i!.~I~;'··
®•• • CpfupuW.m~new~~l11a'.dis~~ge .••
®CPrnPut~lryE!oeWb~arifl~ol~E!PQM
t<l.n~~~tlin~Witht~,TIrstt<l"9~nJlin~ f R
Cos-=-
.~m~il'll~g • ir.• mE! • ~fl1~ • dlt~ti()milll)m~r 2 OV
t~at.ttm.~egr~E!cofCUlVe~oe$fl9t.M~rlge. f 354.38
@•••••• CotnputElth!?l1talkmingofth¢n!ilcWRr· . Cos 2" =371.63
 5-287

SIMPlE CURVES

~= 17'32'
2 Sin 4'30' = 2~1
, =35'04'
Old bearing of 2nd tangent line is = S. ,79' E.
R1 =321.31 m.
T1 =R 1 tan '2
,
New bearing of 2nd tangent fine is = S. 72'26' E.
T, =321.31 Ian 15'
@ Stationing of the new P. T.: T1 =86.09m.
L =20 I '=30·9 =21'
c 0
New angle ofintersection =, =21'
0= 1145.916
354.38 ® Slationing of new P. T.:
0=3.23' Sla. of p.e. = (10 + 314.62)·86.09
I = 20 (35'041 Sla. ofP.C. = 10 + 228.53
Lc 3.23' 0= 1145.916
Lc = 217.15 m. R
New P. T. = (10 +272.40) + 217.15 0= 1145.916
New P. T. = 10 + 489.55 321.31
0=3.57'
L = 20 I
c 0
Lc = 20 (21)
·.d~~%~~~~~t~~~.~~6r~~,co~:p~~~~~,~~~ • 3.57
Lc =117.65

r~~iB~hJrt~~rh~i~t2~t~[61~t~b~I~~~ Sla. ofnew P. T. == (10 + 228.53) + 117.65

Sla. ofnew P. T. = 10 + 346.18
qUfvebayios . .•~•.. • Qir~qtj9.il.· . 9.fN.. ·.Wt1§t.. . W,
·fu~f:~.~1~]u&~i~J~ifu~~~~hg~t • ~~Q!Q9 • @ Slationing ofnew vertex:
f
T2 = Rlan '2
@ ···Coml'~te.th~MW •.~ngl~o.flht~~@ti6ri.(lf
21'
. (g)•••
@
~8~~j~~.$faIIO~'~9.0f.6~w·~.f, • • • ••••• •••• •
·G9mp~t¢t~¢~Elliq~jIl9.9f·l'1~w.~rt~;,><.·•.
T2 =321.31 tan '2
T2 =59.55
Solution: Sla. of new vertex == (10 + 228.53) + 59.55
CD New angle intersection ofthe tangents: Sla. ofnew vertex = 10 + 288.08

The bearings 6ftwo tai'lgents areS. 2Q'3ftE,

,, and S:35·OO~W. Jfthe degree ofcuryel$W
,,, for a chOrd anD meters and lhestatioriingat.
,,
,, the vertex i$10 +205.50.
o

R\ i.: ~ CD Find fhesflilioning at the p.r· . i

Find the lengthdf the lastsubchord;El/1d
,:4·~.i;1{
@
\\T!i21', ils corresponding sUb-angle. . .. . ....
,, ,,
\JJ/
@ . Find the deflection dislance to the
station. .
fourth
... .
S-288

SIMPlE CURVES

Solution: @ Defleefion distance to the fourth station:

\
\~
---...-
........-}\
o
/!.-/
•
1= 20'50' + 35'00' . 0 x
1= 55'30' SIn-=-
2 10
L=27'45'
2 x= 10Sin~
0=10'
C= 10 melers But: Sin~=~
(j) Stationing at the P. T. 10 (10)
R=~ x= 2R
2Sin~ 100
x= 2(57.37)
5 x=0.87m.
R= Sin 5' =57.37 m.
T= Rtan 27'45'
Defleefion distance =2x
T= 57.37 tan 27'45'
T=30.18m. Defleefion distance = 2(0.87)
Station ofP.C. = (10 + 205.50) - (30.18) Defleefion distance =1.74 m.
P.C. = 10 + 175.32
L = 1Qill.
o
L =10(;;.5) =55.50 m.
Station ofP. T. = (10 + 175.32) + (55.50)
. Station ofP. T. = 10+ 230.32
@ Length of the last subchord, to the fourth
station:
~ = (10 + 230.82)· (10 + 230.00)
c2= 0.82m.
!!2_Q
c2 -C
_E2..Q
dr C
d - 0.82(10)
r 10
d2 =0.82'
'd2= 0'49'
 8-289

SIMPLE CURVES

Solution: @ Azimuth ofnew forward tangent'

=203'45 + 18'26'
= 222'11'
@ Stationing ofnew P. T.
New I = 18'26'
0- 1145.916
T \ - R
. +025.32 \
0= 1145.916
\ 366.94

" ')3'O~'
R' \ \. \
\
0=3.12'
I _ 20 I
'-C - 0
~~ I
'-C
=20 (18'26')
3.12'
o
4 = 118.16
CD Change in direction of the second tangent: ,
1= 229'57 - 203'45' Sta. ofnew P. T. =(11 +025.32) + 118.16
1=26'12' Sta. ofnew P. T. = 11 + 143.48
T=85.39
T= Rtan 13'06'
85.39 = R tan 13'06'
R=366.94
OV=R+E1
Cos 13'06' = R:E 1
R = R Cos 13'06' + E1 Cos 13'06'
366.94 = 396.94 Cos 13'06'
+ E1 Cos 13'06' i1;;IIII:1
E1 =9.80 m.
NewE= 9.80- 5
New E =4.80 (new external distance)

E=R(seC~-1)
.
~ 8~i:~I~~._.~:~~~~~.~~r~i.· ......
@ PE!te@i~~Ih~~@ii?llirlgt:lfA:r!'·· . .
• ·• .·.• .·
Solution:
4.80 = 3.66.94 (sec ¥-1) CD Radius of curve:

11 = 9'13~ V 1=33'52'
11= 18'26' (new angle ofintersection)

203'45'

t
p.T. '.,..... \\ IR •I
I /
"'" \ !! ./
'" 7"40'(10" 19'15'';0'' /
R' ~ ,/
\, \ i . ./
\,\!! ,,/"R

The change in direction of the second ",,\i//

tangent is 26'12' - 18'26' = 7'46' '1f/
5-290

SIMPLE CURVES

tan 7'40' 30" =AC

R
AC = R tan 7'40' 30"

IIIT."il
- BC
tan 9'15'30" -R
BC = Rtan 9'15' 30"
AC t BC =103.20 .1().+2$2.34.•• AliMMf<i6~Me¢t$tb~fplV@m
Rtan 7'40'30" t Rtan 9'15'30" =103.20
R(0.13476 t 0.16301) = 103.20
R=346.58m.
'''lrt~ ••1.~
(DFirid1h~radjijs6fthe6t.iNe;
• ••.•• • •<».·······"'······.
® Stationing of Point C: .@ Flni:llhedISl~~CE!Mit>·
I .@ IM~th~.s~IIMiri99f:K·.<···················
T= Rtan"2
Solution:
T= 346.58 tan 16'56'
T= 105.52 m.
AC =346lan 7'40' 3D"
AC=46.70m.

Stationing of P.C.:
P.C. =(10 t 158.93)· AC
P.e. =(10 t 158.93) - 46.70
P.C.= 10 t 112.23

0= 1145.916 =1145.916
R 346.58
0=3.31'
L =!@l
cj 0
I =(15'211 (20)
'-c1 3.31' CD Radius of curve:
LC1 =92.75 m.
Cos 19'15' =!i.
OV
Stationing of C: OV=R+E
OV=R+18
C=(10 + 112.23) + 92.75
C = 10 + 204.98 Cos 19'15' =R:18
R= 303.94
@ Stationing of P. T.:
L =l@!l ={33'5?'} (20) ® Distance MK:
o 3.32 T= Rlan 19'15'
L =205.07 T= 303.94 Ian 19'15'
T= 106.14 m.
P.T. =(10 + 112.23) + 204.63
P. T. = 10+ 316.86 Mto P. T. = 106.14 -12.32
M to P. T. =93.82 m.
 S-291

SIMPLE CURVES

Solution:
o G) Distance the P. T. is moved:

93.82
tan a =303.94
a =17'09'
Cos 17'09' =303.94
OM
OM=318.08
Using Sine Law:
318.08 _.-lQ.3.94
Sin IJ - Sin 61'39'
IJ = 112'56'
El = 180' -112'56' - 61'39'
El =5'25'
MK 303.94
Sin 5'25' = Sin 61'39'
MK=32,60m,
@ Stationing of K: _1145.916
R1- D
Sla. ofP.e. = (10 + 252.32) - (106.14)
Sla. of p.e. = 10 + 146.18 R - 1145.916
R01t 1-: 4
Lc =18O
R1 =286.48 m.
L =303.94 (15'56') 1t
c 180 LC2 = 100 m.
Lc =84.52
Sla. ofK= (10 + 146.18) + 84.52 Lc =2012
2 Do;.
Sla. of K = 10 + 230,70
 8-292

SIMPLE CURVES

n __ 20(26.2')
""2- 100
~=5.24'

Construct AD parallel to 00'

Compound Curve consists of two or
R - 1145.916
2- 5.24 more consecutive simple curves having
different radius, but whose centers lie on the
R2 =218.69 m. same side of the curve, likewise any two
consecutive curves must have a common
AD=R1·R2 tangent at their meeting point. When two such
curves lie upon opposite sides of the common
AD =286.48·218.69 tangent, the two curves then turns a reversed
AD =67.79 curve. In a compound curve, the point of the
common tangent where the two curves join is
called the point of compound curvature (P.C.C.)
Sin 13'06' = AS
2AD
AB = 2(67.79) Sin 13'06' Elements of a compound curve:
AB = 30.73 m. distance the P. T. is moved
at an angle of 13'06' from the 2nd tangent

('l) Distance between the two parallel

tangents:
BC = AB Sin 13'06'
BC = 30.73 Sin 13'06'
BC= 6.965m.

® Stationing of the new point of tangency.

T1 = R1 tan 13'06'
T1 = 286.48 tan 13'06' R1 = radius of the curve AE
T1 =66.67 m. R2 :: radius of the curve EF
T, = tangent distance of the curve AE
Stationing of P.C. T2 = tangent distance of the curve EF
P.C. = (1 + 027.32)·66.67
PC. = 0 + 960.65 so :: T1 + T2 :: common tangent
LC2 = 100 11 :: central angle of curve AE
/2 :: central angle of curve EF
I :: angle of intersection of tangents A'C and
Stationing ofNew P. T. eF.
New P. T. = (0 +960.65)+ 100 t
T1 ::R, tani
P. T. = 1 + 060.65.1

T2 = R2 tan 12
2
 S·293

COMPOUND CURVES

01 =4'
Sin Q1= 10
2 R1
· 2'
SIn =- 10
R1
R1 =286.56
T1 = R1 tan !.1
2
T1 = 286.56 tan 10'20'
T1= 52.25 m.
P. C. =(43 + 010.46) • 52.25
P.C. = 42 + 958,21

·!••·.I.~~.il!I~I.!~~~i~ltB· • • • • @ Stationing of the P.C,C.

T1+ T2=76.42
T2 = 76.42 • 52.25
Solution: T2 = 24.17
T2 =R2 tan !2.
2
24.17 = R2 tan 7'10'
R2 =192.233 m.
Sin f?2 = 10
2 R2
<\. . f?2_-!L
\. Sin 2 - 192.23
~'>\.\ /;:),...·il:/····r. Q=2'59'
2
\. II /0' ~=5'58'

V
o
L
C1
=~
0 1
I = 20'40' (20)
'-<:1 4
CD Stationing of the P. C.
L = 20.667(20)
'/1 =268'30' - 247'50' c1 4
/1 =20'40' Le1 = 103.34
1
. /2 =282'50' - 268'30'
P.C.C. = (42 + 958.21) + 103.34
/2= 14'20' P.C.C. = 103.34 .
Stationing of the P. T.
~
@

\\\.-10-\-10,/ 42 = 'illQl
O 2
= 14'20 (20)
'\\ I /' LC2 5'58'
R\ \ /R
I = 14.33(20)
\\DI2'\DlZ/ '-<:2 5.966
\.-\/' 4 =48.10
2
\'-tJ/
o P. T. = (43 + 06.55) + 48.10
p. T. = 43 + 109,65
S-294

COMPOUND CURVES

·.I~~I~lQ_m~Qelii~9jrgiW~r~~ •
•tlllll~irl~I~~i!l~m~i.·
!-p.nOOf@ffiQi~mlh~fiflltplll'l;'~i{

1~1'~I~I~~~~~~~fC;~;ijn~fh~ .
<~!IMliiji:ifIMI"i···

Solution:
S·In !1_~
2 -2R 1
R - 167.74
1-2Sin 6'
R1 = 802.36 m.
@ Radius ofthe 2nd curve:

BC
c R2 =2 Sin 7'30'

~
. 134.33
166'30' R2 = 2 Sin 7'30'
A~
300 B R2 = 514.55 m.

I Radius of the first curve: ® Stationing of P. T.

11 = 12' L = R1 /1. 1t
12 = 15' . c, 180
L = 802.36(12') 1t
Considering triangle AEC:
c1 180'
300 _~
Sin 166'30' - Sin 6'
4 = 168.05 m.
1
300 Sin 6'
L = R2 /2 1t
BC= Sin 166'30' c2 180
BC = 134.33 m. L = 514.55(15') 1t
300 _~ C2 180
Sin 166'30' - Sin 7'30' LC2 = 134.71 m.
300 Sin 7'30'
AC = Sin 166'30' Sta. ofP.T. =(10+204.30)+ 168.05+ 134.71
AC = 167.74 m. Sta. ofP.T. = 10+ 507.06
 S-295

COMPOUND CURVES

4 =2011
1 D1
11--~
20
11 =90'
~=600
D.1 =1'40'

4 =2012
2 D.1
12 = 600(~667)
12 =50'
R - 1145.916
1- D
Solution: 1
- 1145.916
R1- 6
R1 = 190.99 m.
S·In 45'-..£L
- 2R
1
c1 = 2 R1 Sin 45'
c1 =2(190.99) Sin 45'
c1 =270.10 m.
R - 1145.916
2- D2,
R - 1145.916
2- 1.66'
R2 = 687.55 m.
Sin2S' =fR;
C2 =2 Rc Sin 25'
C2 = 2(687.55) Sin 25'
C2 =581.14

P.C.C.

p.e.

P.1:

CD Length of the long chord connecting the

P.C. and P. T. L2: (270.1W + (581.14f
Lc • = 300 ·2(270.10)(581.14) Cos 110'
L= 719.76m.
5-296

COMPOUND CURIES

® Angle that the long chord makes with the (D • ltl~des1teijtoStlb~a~~te • thecompgynd
first tangent: . •
··.···cu~ w~~~ sirnple·.C\.IfV~ • • that.sh(lll·~rld
wlml~e • • same.p,T'j•• • determlne•• the••. tolal
1erlgllt.mc~!YEl.°ftheslrJlplecurve, • • • • >·•• •.•.
® • 1tl~ •. de~lt~ • • t<)•• SUb$titute•• thegoIl1PotlQd
{;(Jrve•• *ilh•.• ~• • si"1pleCllrvE:!•• tllat.shall.tle
.·¥!.~nt!f1!hetw<l~ng~mtljn~saswell* .
the.Pornmo~ • • tangent•• AD.• • /.~h~II$ • • t~~
TliqiIJS()fth~sil'llpleplJ~,>
@ Whatl$thestatiOfiin90ffh~rleWe,p·······

Solution:
CD Total length ofCUNe of the simple CUNe:
D1=3'30'
11 =16'20'
R _1145.916
1- D1
_1145.916
R1- 3'30'
R1 =327.40
~=4'OO'
12 =13'30'
581.14 _ 719.76 R - 1145.916
Sin e - Sin 110: r Dt.
- 1145.916
e =49'21' Rr 4
Sin 8 Sin 110' R2 =286.48
270.10 = 719.76
8=20'39'

The angle of the long chord makes with the

first tangent line is
45' +49'21' = 94'21'

@ Angle that the long chord makes with the

2nd tangent line is 25' +.20'39' = 45'39'
o

Given tbeJollnwing compound curve With the

vertexV,iriaceessible. Angles VAD and VDA
are equal 10 1~'20; and 13'30' respectively.
Stationing of Ais1 -+ 125.92. Degree of cUlVe
are 3'3Q' for the first curVe and 4' 00' for the
second curve,
o
 5-297

COMPOUND CURVES

T1 = R1 tan !1
® Radius of the simple curve:
2
v
T1 = 327.40 tan 8'10'
T,=46.98 old r.C'

T2 = R2 tan h.
2
T2 = 286.48 tan 6'45'
T2 =33.91

AD= T1 + T2
AD =46.98 +33.91
AD = 80.89
VA 80.89 T1 + T2 =80.89
Sin 13'30' = Sin 150'10' T1 = Rtan8'10'
T2 =Rtan 6'45'
VA = 37.96 R(tan 8'10' +tan 6'45') =80.90
VD _ 80.89 R= 308.89
Sin 16'20' - Sin 150'10'
VD =45.73 ® Stationing of the new P.C.
T, = R tan 8'10'
T= VD+ T2 T, = 308.89 tan 8'10'
T=45.73 +33.91 T, =44.33
T= 79.64 Stationing ofnew P.C.
/ P.C. =(1 +125.98) - (44.33)
T=Rtan"2 P.C. =1 + 081.65
T
R= tan 14'55'
79.64 Problem
R = tan 14'55'
R=298.96
A compound cUNe connects three tangents
haVing an azimuths of 254', 270' and 280'
D = 1145.916 respectively. The length of the chord is 320 m.
298.96 long measured from the P.C. to the P.T. ofthe
D=3'5O' curve and is parallel to the common tangent
h = T- VA having an aZImuth of 270', If the stationing of
h = 79.64 • 37.96 the PT. is 6 + 520.
h =41.68
CD Deteimine the total length afthe curve.
® Determine the stationing of the p.e.e.
Length ofcurve:
@ Determine the stationing of the p.e.
L = / (20)
o Solution:
_ 29'50' (20) CD Tota/length of the curve:
L - 3'50' 320 x
L=29.833(20) Sin 164' = Sin 5'
3.833 320 Sin 5'
L = 155,66 x = Sin 164'
x= 101.18 m.
S-298

COMPOUND CURVES

~_.1­ 4 =20/,
Sin 164' - Sin 8' 1 D1
320 Sin 8' I 20(16)
::
y= Sin 164' ~1 3.15'
y= 161.57m. 4 = 101.59 m.
1

S·In 5' =80.785

--
R2
R _80.785
2- Sin 5'
R2 =926.90 m.
lJ.z =1145.916
R2
lJ.z = 1145.916
926.90
lJ.z = 1.24'
I _ 20 12

~
~2- lJ.z
I =20(10)
~2 1.24
8 320 5'
p.e p.T. 4 2 = 161.29 m.
Total length ofcuNe = 161.29 + 101.59
'• .AIl1ll'i"'>'" P.C.C Total length of CUNe =262,88 m.
@ Stationing of the P. e.e.
P'C
p.e.e. = (6 + 520)· 161.29
p.e.e. = 6+358.71
@ Stationing of the P. e.
p.e. =(6 + 358.71) -101.59
p.e. = 6 + 257.12
I

I,
R,I ,
's.'':
kl?- /'"
I 's' .~
'
./",'
•
~~~~;~~~U~~ ~:b1~'j~ • ~Tgh~~y • t;y.
cgnneq1lng•• four .liiPg~~ts~th • ~• • COlTlPOum:t··
ClllY~·~(lIl~stillg·.9f.thfElEl~irnpl~·clJl'Vl!s ..•.• J~$
Sin 8' = SO.59

R - 50.59
1- Sin8'
R1

R1 = 363.50 m.
__llliilt.ifl
tir~ll:ll.1rye.,,~~qi§l~nCIJEl9::;~O~lTl·~flij
CO#2Ql)m.·········
D - 1145.916
1- R
1 G)¢QIl'tptJl~tIjraqiusl#the~td~lJrve...· .• •
D - 1145.916 @Cwpute.thl!tadiu$.(jf.lhe.sel:Ondcurve.••••••
1- 363.50 @lfgqisilI12t152.BO,What .isthl'l
D1 =3.15' $ta!k@O!l(jfth~P.r, .
 S-299

COMPOUND CURVES

Solution: 4 =R2 /2 1t
cD Radius of third cum: 2 180
264'30' L =217.81 (55'54') 1t
""""2 180'
4 = 212.50 m.
2
4 =R3 !a1t
3 180
L = 115.21 (72'34')1t
""'3 180'
4 = 145.92 m.
3
Sta. ofP. T. = (12 + 152.60) + 355.91
+ 212.50 + 145.92
Sta. ofP. T; = 12 + 654.43
11 =264'30' - 220'15'
/1 =44'15'
12 =320'24' - 264'30'
/2 = 55'54'
13 =360' • 320'24' + 32'58'
13 = 72'34'
T1 +T2 =303
R1 tan 22'7.5' + R2 tan 27'57' =303
0.407 R1 + 0.530 R2=303
T2 + T3 = 200
R2 tan 27'57 + R3 tan 36'17 = 200
0.530 R2 =0.734 R3 =300
R1 =4R3 @. Vl/hal.Shotild"birthe • raii\us•• {)fthflpthet
0.407 (4 R3) + 0.530 R2 =303
1.628 R3 + 0.530 R2 =303 siIl1PI~.ClIN~fu~t~l@l.~.16eA.T.?" • "·." · " "· "
® C0Il1Putelhe~f~l16nlrt!lofmeP'9'C.
0.734 R3 + 0.S30Rz =200 @) "·Whatis.thlll~ngllJ.pttn~"tMg~lltftomthe
0.894 R3 = 103 P.I.J/)@!p:r.pfthEiCOmPPUl'lclCUrve? "
R3 = 115.21
Solution:
@ Radius of2nd CUNe; cD Radius of second CUNe:
R1 =4 (115.21)
R1 = 460.84 m.

0.407 R1 + 0.530 R2 =303

0.407(460.84) + 0.530 R2 =303
" .T.
R2 = 217.81 m.

® Stationing of the P. T.
..II .""/ / ./ .
_ R1 1,1t 9~/R2=136.94

LC1 - 180 i/,'.

'"~~\8'O'
Rl=286.54"
I
~1
=460.84 (44'15') 1t
180' " ,:
LC1 =355.91 m. ~
S-300

COMPOUND CURVES

D1 =4'
. D. 10
sln::...L=-
2 R1
Sin 2' = ~~
R1 = 286.54 m.

tan 8'30' = 2~~54 $POi¥lP~t~ttWl$lijtj(jijj6go/P;g'B>/

T1 =42.82 m. ·.~• • ll~~~~:~~f~~th&ir~~,8~·····<
AV= 80·42.82 Solution:
AV=37.18 m. <D Stationing of p.e.e.:
AB 37.18
Sin 143'32' =Sin 19'28'
AB=66.31 m.
T1 + T2 = 66.31
T2 =66.31 ·42.82
T2 =23.49 m.
tan 9'44' =J2
R2
23.49
R2 = tan 9'44'
R2 = 136.94 m.

@ e.
Stationing of P. e.:
S=R18
=286.54 (17')(n)
S 1= 282'50' • 247'50'
. 180'
S= 85.02 m. 1= 35'
11 =268'30' - 247'50'
Stationing of p.e.e. =(10 + 163) + 85.02 . 11 =20'40'
Stationing of p.e.e. = 10 + 248.02 12 =180' - 145' - 20'40'
12 = 14'20'
@ Distance from P.I. to P. T. of compound
curve: Sin' Q1 = 10
VB 37.18 2 R1
Sin 17' - Sin 19'28' Sin 2' = 10
VB =32.62 m. R1
R1 =286.56 m.
Distance from P.I. to P. T. = VB + T2 T1 =R1 tan 10'20'
Distance = 32.62 + 23.49 T1 =286.56 tan 10'20'
Distance = 56.11 m. T1 =52.25m.
 5-301

COMPOUND CURVES

S - Rj / 1 1t Solution:
1- 180 <D Radius offirst CUNe:
S _286.56(20'40') 1t
,- 180
S, = 103.36 m.
(6+421) ....
Sla. ofp.e. = (10 + 010.46) - 52.25
Sta. of P. e. = 9 + 958.21 \ i P.T.
Stationing of p.e.e. = (9 +958.21) +103.36
. I /
Stationing ofP.e.e. = 10+ 061.9 . "
:
: /.
'Rl
\ II: /
® Radius ofsecond CUlVe:
T, + T2 = 76.42
;;;,\ \
\
. //
1//
T2 = 76.42 - 52.25 \\ \ t¥
T2 =24.17m. \\!.
.~
T2 = R2 tan 7'10'
24.17 = R2 tan 7'10' v
R2 = 192.22 m,

® Stationing of P. T.:
S - R2 12 1t A B
2- 180
S - 192.22(14'20') 1t
r 180 AB=(6 +721)-(6+421)
S2 =48.09 m. AB=300m.
T1 + T2 = 300
StationingofP.T. = (10 +061.57) +48.09
Stationing ofP. T. = 10 + 109.66 In any triangle the angle bisector divides
the opposite sides into segments whose
ratio is equal to that of the other sides.

I.L _I2.
270 -90
T, = 3T2
In a compound curve, the line connecting the
T1 + T2 = 300
P.I. at point Yahd the P,C,C, is an ap91e
3T2 + T2 =300
bisector.. AVis Z70rnetets andBV =Mm~
T2 = 75 m.
The statibnlrig otA 1S6 + 421 and that otBis
T, = 225
6 t 721. Point Als along the tangenl passing
thru the P.C. while pointS is along the langElnt
Using Cosine Law:
passing IhTU theP.T. The P,C;C,dsalonglln&
AR . .•....... ......• (90)2 =(270)2 +(300)2 - 2(270)(300) Cos A
A=17'09'
(1) Compute the radius of the first curVe
pas;lingthru IheP.C.· . } Using Sine Law:
@ Compute the radiUs of the second curve 270 90
passing lhru the P.T. .. . ... Sin B - Sin 17'09'
@ Determine tf'e length of the long chord from B= 62'11'
P.C. to P.T. /1 = 17'09'
12 = 62'11'
S-302

COMPOUND CURVES

T1 =R1 tan !.t

2
17'09'
225 = R1 tan -2-
R1 = 1492,15 m.

® Radius ofsecond curve:

T2 =R2 tan b.
2

75 =R2 tan 62;11'

R2 = 124,37 m.
® Length oflong chorp from P. C, to P. T.:

Solution:
M

Sin 8'34.5' = 2 (14~h.15)

C1 = 444.97 m.
Sin 31"5.5' = 2 (1~.37)
C2= 128.45 m.
P.e.c.
G) Length ofBD:

~
60
tan ex = SO
P.e. . L P.~
ex = 50'12'
H:: 75'20'· SO'12'
H= 180' - 31'5.5' - 8'34.5'
H=25'08'
H= 140'20'
60
EB = Sin SO'12'
Using Cosine Law: EB= 78.10
L2 = (444.97)2 + (128.45f BC =78.10 Cos 25'08'
- 2(444.97)(128.45) Cos 140'20' BC= 70.70
·L=550m. CE= 78.10 Sin 25'08'
CE=33.17
 5-303

COMPOUND CURVES

FE =33.17 • 12.00 Solution:

FE= 21.17
FE 12+320.30
Coso= EO'
,,_21.17
Cas 0 - 48.00
0=63'50'

Angle CEB = 90' ·25'08'

Angle CEB =64'52'
13 =64'52' -63'50'
13 = 1'02' CD Stationing ofpoint G:
30
CD=FO' tan8=--
58.64
CD =48 Sin 63'50' 8 = 27'06'
CD = 43.08'
a+8=47'36'
BD=BC· CD
BD = 70.70·43.08 a =47"36'· 2TrJ5
BD=27.62m. a=20'30'
tan 20'30' = ~.;2
@ Angle GEA:
Angle GEA = (90' • a) + 1'02' AC =64.52 tan 20'30'
AC=24.12m.
Angle GEA = (90' • 50'12') + 1'02' LC=24.12-8
Angle GEA = 40'50' LC = 16.12 m.
CH=30-8
@ Deflection angle BAG: CH=22m.
Deflection angle BAG = ~ (40'5O')
(LHl =(CH)2. (LCf
Deflection angle BAG = 20'25' (LHt = (22)2 - (16.12f
LH=27.3m.
LH=AG =27.3 m.

Stationing at G:
G=(12 + 320.30) + 27.30
G= 12+347.60
lri{haMlJrestJQWn'AVi$*ifaiflht.road~~F
.~·.~C;\jfVf,l~~tr~W~,.···Th.~ •. ~{llllS • Qfm~.9UW~d Stationing of point E:
st[eetis301lt • • ··~ • ArcUlarcu&e·(lra.n1..radlu!l
@

l~t~~l~.~~Jg~~~2~ffl~i6d¥~i~~~~~
C f!, 16.12
as =22
rn·Th~ • ang~iA~F.I$.equat.tCl.4t36'·'orn~ f!, =42'53'
stiitioning.~t·A.i$ • • lZ.+·~~Q;3Q'.··· ·Pefle¢Uoo· GE = 8(42.883) 1t
ang~ofpointJ<Jl'/:)mF·i$20·27'.· ..... 180
GE= 5.98m.
(j) • Fin~the.~tati9rUng.ofP.OlrJt.(3.
Stationing at E=(12 + 347.60) +5:98
··@.)•••••• flfl~.1~e.$tlationing.mP9mt.tK i •.
••
@.·•• Findthe.stattcmin!JQf.pOil'lt.K,
Stationing at E = 12 + 353.58
S-304

COMPOUND CURVES

@ Stationing ofpoint K: Solution:

CD Radius of 2nd curve:
(12+353.58)

~n
c~s
.
K \
\
iii = 62~54' + 26'37' ;;;"". \\
iii =89'31'
"..~ ,/

~/
S=Rliln
180
- 30 (89'311 n
S- 180'
l/
S=46.87m.

Stationing of K = (12 + 353.58) + 46.87

Stationing ofK =(12 + 400.45)

AH= 125.70 Sin 44'36'

AH=88.26m.
VH =125.70 Cos 44'36'
VH=89.50m.
AI =286.50 Cos 44'36'
AI= 204 m.
IF =286.50 Sin 44'36'
IF= 201.17 m.
 8·305

COMPOUND CURVES

FJ + IF = VH + 155.60 Solution:
FJ + 201.17 =89.50 + 155.60 CD Central angle offirst clJIYe:
FJ =43.93 m.
EJ=AI+AH
EJ =204 + 88.26
EJ = 292.26 m.
JG=R2- EJ
FG= R2- R1
FG =R2 - 286.50
FJ =43.93
JG = R2 • 292.26
Considering triangle FJG:
(JG)2 + (F.f)2 =(FG'1-
(R2 - 292.26'1- + (43.93'1- =(R2 - 286.50)2
Ri- 584.52R2 +85415.91 + 1929:84
= Ri- 573R2 + 8208225
11.52R2 =5263.5
R2 = 456,90 m,
@ Central anlt1e of 2nd CUNe:
JG = R2 - 292.26
JG = 456.90 - 292.26
JG = 164.64 m. AC =200 Cos 50'
FJ AC= 100
tan 12 =JG Be = 200 Sin 60'
BC= 173.20
43.93
tan 12 =164.64 CO=EF
EF = 100 Sin 20'
12 = 14'56'
EF=34.20
® Central angle offirstcuNe: BE = 100 Cos 20'
11 + 12 =44'36' BE=93.97
I, =44'36' -14'56' GO=AC+CD·1oo
11 = 29'40' GD = 100 + 34.20 -100
GO =34.20
OF=BC-BE
OF = 173.20 • 93.97

•.
·.~~~~~~.~u~~~~~ ~I~I • ~r~;}~ •
~(e·T¥e9lntYi$th~m@{~nq!~~¢~AAAf:
lh~taO~~ls(fM·):AJ191~VA!:l¥$O·~P9"O~.
\fflA • ~ • 4g'· • • • ()l$~M~AEl.i$~oqng~rid.tM·
t;.
OF=79.23m.
tanS--

8=23'21'
11 =28
GO
- OF
34.20
ta n 8= 79.23

raditlsoUh~$CQiTdrcU,.w;~#ioom/ . . 11 =2 (23'211
11 =46'42'
.@ •••• Q~~etmine • IM.p.~6M!~6gl~ • •()ftheJrf$1
Ctll'ile.« @ Central angle of 2nd CUlve:
··~•.• • O~fel'flllne.·ltie • • C$lltra!·.M91l!l(lf!tleZnd /1 + 12 =70'
c;qtv~,< 12 =70 - 46'4Z
·~· • . • Del~lnether.;l~il.l$.()t·.t@·fIf$f¢OlVe.·.·.····· 12 = 23'18'
5-306

COMPOUND CURVES

@ Radius of first curve: - 1145.916

R,- D
1
- 1145.916
R1- 4
R, =286.48
R - 1145.916
2- 5.5
R2 =208.35

Sin 46'42' = 76·~3 VB = 110 Cos 42'36'

VB=80.97m.
OF = 108.87 m. AB = 110 Sin 42'36'
OF= R,-100
108.87;;; R1 -100 AB= 74.46 m.
R1 = 208.87 m. AD+AB=R2
AD + 74.46 = 208.35
AD =133.89 m.
Cos 42'36' = AD
AE
AE= 133.89
• ~Clfry~
~~~fd~~~b5~~16~J~~=~.b~t • [~Q~~~~.·
•• gClp~j~ting~t • ~• • 4·•• cyry~.·ilnd 5·~Q·
.<l.. . .
Cos 42'36'
AE= 181.89 m.
EG= R,-AE
9UW~,· • ·.lftpe··~M~~t~tm~.bElginnjrg • 6f·m~·.
··Ctihi¢.tqlh~pOl~fofirf~t$ectiAnoflhetan~~ht. EG = 286.48 -181.89
is110Jfl~ long....· . . ••...••:::. EG = 104.59 m.

FG= R,-R2
FG = 286.48 - 208.35
FG = 78.13

Solution:
CD Central angle of first curve:
G

Using Sine Law:

78.13 104.59
Sin 47'24' = Sin e
c
e = 99'48'
11 = 180' ·47'24' -99'48'
11 = 32'48'

@ Central angle of 2nd curve:

11 + 12=42'36'
12 =42'36' - 32'48'
G 12 = 9'48'
 5-307

COMPOUND CURVES

Di$fance of tangent from end of 5'30' CUNe

~
@
to the P.I.: 113'
E
A 31' 36' B
Tji-T.=180.40

- 1145.916
R1- 3'
G
R1 = 381.97 m.
EF 78.13 - 1145.916
. Sin 32'48' = Sin 47'24' R2- 5'
EF=57.50m.
R2 = 229.18 m.
VC+VB=DE+EF
DE= 181.89 Cos 47'24'
DE= 123.12 m. tan 15'30' =11
R1
VC + 80.97 = 123.12 + 57.50 T1 =381.97 tan 15'30'
VC=99.65m.
T1 =105.93 m.
T2 =R2 tan 18'
T2 = 229.18 tan 18'
T2 = 74.47 m.

,.t.ifilliirl'~~
AB= T1 + T2
AB = 105.93 + 74.47
AB= 180.40
AV180.40
Sin 36' = Sin 113'
~~~;~II~~~~~;I~,i;'> AV= 115.19 m.
@lf~tn.P"Li~ITIClyed15tri·jJutfrQrnt~e

• • ••• •:~lt~~t61~!¢.~s~~lli1~~~o~~h~wr Sla. ofP. C. = (26 + 050) • (115.19 + 105.93)

Sla. ofP. C. = 25 + 828,88

Solution: ® Slationing of P. T:
CD Stationing of the P. C.:
L _W1
26+ 05 1- 0
1
P.I.V 67'
L1 =20 ~31)
L1 =206.67

Sla. ofP. T. =(25 + 828.88) + (206.67 + 144)

Sla. ofP. T. = (26 + 179.55)
S-308

COMPOUND CURVES

@ Stationing ofnew P. T.: Solution:

<D New tangent distance:

=x
· 36' 15
SIn
x=25.52 m.
T3 = 74.47 + 25.52
T3 =99.99
tan 18' =99.99
R3
R3 =307.74 m.
L - 307.74 (36)'lt T1 =R1 tan 18'10'
3- 180 T1 =100 tan 18'10'
L3 = 193.36 m. T1 =32.81 m.
10 .
Sta.of new PT h = Sin 36'20'
= (25 +828.88) + (206.67 + 193.36) h= 16.9 m.
Sta. ofnew PT = 26 + 228.91
New tangent distance = 16.9 + 32.81
New tangent distance = 49.71 m.

@ New radius ofCUNe:

T2 = T1 + h
T2 = 32.8 + 16.90
T2 =49.71 m.
T2 = R2 tan 18'10'
49.71
R2 tan 13'10'
R2 = 151.40 m.

@ Stationing of new P. T.:

Stationing of p.e. (30 + 375.20) - 32.81
Stationing of p.e. = 30 + 342.39

0= 1145.916
R
0= 1145.916
151.40
0=7.57'
 5-309

COMPOUND CURVES

L =201 I = R1 /1 1t
C D '-c 180
L - 20 (36.33) I =190.99 (42') 1t
C- 7.57' '-c 180' .
Lc =95.99 m. 4= 140 m.
Stationing ofnew P. T.: Stationing ofold P. T. = (0 + 168.15) + 140
New P. T. =(30 + 342.39) + 95.99 Stationing of old P. T. = (0": 308,15)
New P. T. = 30 + 438,38
@ Stationing offhe P.C.C.
T1 =190.99 tan 21'
T1 =73.31 m.
VB Sin 42' = 20
VB= 29.89 m.
T2 = T1 + VS
T2 = 73.31 + 29.89

••••
T2 = 103.20 m. .
tan a. =.I2.
R1
ta - 103.20
na.- 19O.99

~!!~~~~~lilllllll~,t> a= 28'23'
B1.
Cos 28'23' --OS
Solution: 190.99
<D Stationing of old P.T. OS= Cos 28'23'
OS = 217.09 m.
R - 1145.916
2- ~

R - 1145.916
2- 4
R2 =286.48 m.
GC=R1 +20
GC =190.99 + 20
GC = 210.99 m.
O'G = R2 - GC
O'G = 286.48·210.99
O'G =75.49 m.
00'= R2 -R1
00'= 286.48 -190.99
00'= 95.49
O'G
Cos 0 = 00'
- 1145.916 75.49
R1- D Cos 0 = 95.49
1
- 1145.916 0=37'46'
R1- 6 fJ =42'·37'46'
R1 =190.99 m. £l =4"14'
8-310

COMPOUND CURVES

_ R1 (J 1t b=350m.
LCl - 180 . a= 550 m.
I _ 190.91 (4'14) 1t c= 762 m.
'-<:1 - 180' a+b+c
LC1 = 14.11 m. s=-2-
550 + 350 + 762
Stationing ofP.C.C. =(0 + 168.15) + 14.11 s= 2
Stationing of P.C.C. = 0 + 182.26 s= 831
@ Stationing of new P. T. (s- a) =281
_ R2 01t (s- b) =481
.LC2 - 180 (s. c) =69
1_ _ 286.48 (37'46') 1t N
~ - 180'
Lez = 188.83 m.
Stationing of new P. T. =(0 + 182.26) + 188.83
Stationing of new P. T. = 0 + 371.09

Sin ~=
2
1 (b- b)(c- c)
be
. ~ _ (48)(69)
Sin 2 - (370) (762)
Sin~=0.1234
~=20.65·
A= 41.3'
LA =41'18'

Bearing ofCA = S 3'42' E.

@ Angle ACB:
N
 S-311

COMPOUND CURVES

_1145.916
Sin §i = ~ (s ~ a) (s - c) R2 - 4'
2 ac
R2 = 286.48 m.
. §. _ (281)(69) - 1145.916
Sin 2 - (550) (762) R1 - 6'
Sin ~ = ~ 0.0463 R1 =190.99

Sin ~= 0.215 T= 190.99 tan 12' + 286.48 tan 18'

T= 133,68 m,
~= 12.45'
@ Stationing of P.C. C.:
L.B =24'54' bt_ 20
L.C = 180' - (45' + 24'54') It - D1
L.C= 110'06' L = 20 (24)
1
6
Angle ACB = 110'06'
L1 =80
@ Bearing CB:
Bearing of CB = N 73'36' W Sta. of P.C.C. = (10 + 420) + 80
Sta. ofP.C.C. = 10+ 500

@ Stationing of P. T.:
0._ 20
12 - Dt.
- 36' (20)
L2- 4'
L2 =180

Stationing of P. T. = (10 + 500) + 180

Stationing of P. T. = 10 + 680

Solution:
CD Length of the common tangent of the curve:
common tangf:nt

The length of the common lan~entof a

compound curve is equal to 6M2 m.The
common tangent makes an angle of 1Z'and
1$' respectively to the tangents of, the
compound curve. If the length of the tangent of

\: ./
the first I;urve (on the side of P.C.) IS equal to
4tOZm.

CD Compute the radIUs of the second cUNe,

t1 " 1",'"
..

1/
if!
) i 18" I
@ Compute lIle radius of lhe first curve.
@ Compute the stationing ofthe P.T. if PC is
at 20 + 042.20.
S-312

COMPlII. CIIVEI

Solution:
<D Radius of the second curve:

Solution:
CD Length of the long chord:
T2 =68.62- 41.02
T2 =27.60
. T2 = R2 tan 9'
27.60 =R2 tan 9'
R2 = 174.26 m.
,, .or.
,,
® Radius ofthe first curve: , ,,
T1 =41.02
T1 =R1 tan 6'
- 41.02
" '~"\ V'
R1 - tan 6' , \, I
R, = 390.28m \~
"" I

@ Stations of the P. T.: 470 L

Sin 9' = Sin 165'
L - R, /1'1t L=m,61m.
,- 180
L - 390.28 (12) 1t ® Radius of first curve:
,- 180'
S·In 6' =470
-
L1 = 81.74 m. 2R1
L - R2 /2 1t R, = 2248.19 m.
2- 180
@ Radius ofsecond curve:
L - 174.26 (18) 1t
2- 180 ...fL _ 470
Sin 6' - Sin 9'
L2 =54.75m. ~ = 314.05
· 9 314.05
S
,1n=2R
Sta. ofP. T. =(20 + 042.20) + (81.74) + (54.75) 2
Sta. of p.r. = (20+ 178.69) R2 = 1003.nm.
 S-312-A

COMPOUND CURVES

The common tangent of a compound curve A compound curve has a common tangent
makes an angle of 14' and 20' with the 84.5 m. long which makes angles of 16' and
tangent of the first curve and the second curve 20' with the tangents of the first curve and the
respectively. The length of chord from the second curves respectively. The length of the
p.e. to p.e.e. is 73.5 m. and that from p.e.e. tangent of the first curve is 38.6 m. What is
to P.T. is 51.3 m. the radius of the second curve.
ill Find the length of the chord from the P.C..
to the P.T. if it is parallel to the common Solution:
tangent.
@ Find the radius of the first curve.
@ Find the radius of the second curve.

Solution:
ill Length of the chord:

38.6 + T2=84.5
T2= 45.9 m.
P.c.c. T2 =Ttan10'

P"Cc
~"7"
L
lEI)'
l~ ~~
45.9 = R2 tan 10'
R2 = 260.3 m.

L2= (73.5)2+(51.3)2- 2(73.5)(51.3) Cos 163'

L= 123.5 m.
@ Radius of the first curve.
A compound curve has a common tangent of
S·In 7' =73.5
-
2R 1 84.5 m. long which makes an angle of 16' and
R1 = 301.55 m. 20' with the tangents of the first curve and the
second curve respectively. The length of the
@ Radius of the second curve. tangent of the second curve is 42 m.

Sin 10' = 51.3 CD What is the radius of the first curve.

2R 2 @ Find the radius of the second curve.
R2 =147.71 m. @ Find the length of curve from p.e. to P1.
S-312-B
COMPOUND CURVES

S.olution:

/
~ "
.
,: ~'
/
"".. " • Rz
'ilLO;,'LO"/
j-;y
y' Solution:
<D Radius of the first curve.
84.5 = T1 + 42 <D Length of the common tangent of the
T1 =42.5 compound curve. Use arc basis.
T1 = R1 tan 8' - 1145.916
R1- 6'
42.5 = R1 tan 8'
R1 = 190.99 .
R1 = 302.4m.
· - 1145.916
R2 - 4'
<.?) Radius of the second curve.
R2 = 286.48
tan 10' = ~ 1 12
R2 AS = R1 tan '21 + R2 tan '2
R2 =238.19 .n. AS = 190.99 tan 12' + 286.48 tan 18'
AS = 40.60 + 93.08
@ Length of curve from P.C. to P.T. AS = 133.68 m.
L= 302A(16)1t + 238.19(20)1t
180 . 180
L =167.59m. <.?) Sta. of P.C. if P.I. is at sta. 12 + 988.20.
_d_ = 133.68
Sin 36' Sin 120'
d= 90.73
Sta. P.C. = 12 + 988.20 - (90.73 + 60)
P.C. =12+856.87
Given a compound curve 11 = 24', 12 = 36',
0 1 =6',° 2 =4'.
@ Computethesta.ofP.T.
(f Compute the length of the common
tangent of the compound curve. Use arc P.T. =(12 + 856.87) + 190.99(24) 1t
basis. 180
.?) Compute the sta. of PC. if P.I. is at sta. + 286.48(36) 1t
12 + 988.20. 180
@ Compute the sta. of P.T. P.T. = 13 +116.87
 5-313

[.-..
COMPOUND CURVES

1P1~.IQrigchO,f(iQf~¢fupQu~l:lJr¥eiS12()m,.
19M.vmlChl1@~~$ • aQ~~I~mmrltPrn.tfj~
.111l'glllllcf.·ltIe·filSt.~·.pa/j~iflgtll@tlgh • ttlEi.
1.:l.G.l$d?Q·•• ff()IJ1.ttJ¢tanQellt(lf.·ttIe•• ~fl~M
• 1:1I:'Tl,."Jii··
i:I'II"'I
~rye~il'lgthtWl~mmeI'NJ'.lft~~.(X)mm9~

l;!r;
.t.jltlg!lti~i$pij@~Ii<i@llQlIgc:OOrd····

lillilllillii
•.•. . . •

Solution:
i

.~··• • ~~~#l~~iolj(lll)$~f:@l1@~·
i:tfId~cllrV~» . . <D Length ofthe common tangent:

Solution:
<D Length of chord from PC to PCC:

, .r.
14'
\ ,/ ,
• I /

p.e.
.........TiO:iii..·..·....··· '~ '- L,,/ /220
I 380 , 14\ 17;/'
\, i / ~\r
'\~\I
\
R'
i, '/'R T1 =380 (tan 14') '!>

\ II': / T1 =94.74 m.
Tz = 220 tan 19'
y-V Tz = 75.75
\~ T1 + Tz = 170.49 m,
~_-EL
Sin 10' - Sin 163' @ Sta.ofP.C.C.
C1 = 71.27m. L - R1 / 1 7t
1 - 180
@ Length of chord from pce to PT:
-.fL_~ L =380(28) 7t = 185 70
1 180 .
Sin 17' - Sin 163'
p.e.e. =(20 + 000) + (185.70)
~= 120
p.e.c. = 20+ 185.70
@ Diff. in radius of 1st and second curve:
@ Sta. of P. T.
S·In 7' = 71.27
2R(
-
L - Rz/z 7t
R1 = 292.40 m. 2 - 180
Sin 10' =~ L = 220(38) 7t = 145 91
2Rz z 180 .
Rz = 345.53
P. T =(20 + 185.70) +145.91
Oiff. in radiUS = 345.53" 292.40 P. T. = 20+ 331,61
Diff. in radius = 53.13 m,
S-314

COMPOUND CURVES

@ Stationing of the PT:

L - Rl /1 1t
1 - 180
~cornpoundcllNep~~se$thtllllcOllln-lQIf L - 290 (42) 1t
lan9~~tA~havip~a,en9thMi3®m.1'~~ 1- 180
r~diH$.of.thll.prst.~uryEl.jsequ.llt9f9qrn •.<ll)d· L1 =212.58 m.
·.a•seC6t1dcurveiS740rn. . • radll.ls.I)f•• th~ •..
• ceilfral.angtepf.4g...·.If··.the• L - RZ I2 1t
Z- 180
L _ 740 (28'36')1t
z- 180
L2 = 369.38 m.

Sta. of PT = (20 + 542.20) + (212.58) + (369.38)

Sta. of PT = (21 + 124.16)

Solution:
0) Tangent of second CUNei

·fh¢P9mrl1()nt~1'l$~WA~9fafqmP9qnq.cutv.~ •
tn~~~~aral'1gly~iththetjlO$eht$OfJhe
C()lIlP()im<.iClJrvElpf~g';3Q>ari93Q'99·

,,
·.rib1~~~~)4~· • ±~~~dgr~&aj~Q6~i(e • .~fth~fi~~··
,, l:uo/~js4'30'while.thatofthe • Se()()nd.curve.• is
'\.

'- 'I
\ I I

' ~JtYit~~h]~~p~~tbu~i~~.lW~II~®Pai~6~.·
• sameP.;T·\VhiteWe.direClloo
Rj=290 "rn'-, "'~!.J: :'" / rem~jQ$tM$;1Im~,>
• ollhe.·tangent$
..' .
,\:'1-=.1 /'Rz=740m
,,'/
"
~~I,' , (j)FlMtti~t~diGs°flt1es[mple(;i)(Ye.•·.
if/ ®flMlh~st~tioningottl'lenewp.C·· .
mfi@jhestatiQl1fngofPJ\ .
T1 = R1 fan 21'
T1 = 290 tan 21' Solution:
T1 = 111.32 m. 0)' Radius of simple CUNe:
Tz =300-111.32 - 1145.916
R1- 0
Tz =188.68rn. 1
- 1145.916
R1 - 4.5'
® Central angle of second CUNei
R1 = 254.65 m.
tan 2=Ji
2 R z
t 2_188.68 - 1145.916
an 2 - 740 Rz- 5'
Rz =229.18m.
~ =14.30'
fan 15' =Ji
R
Iz =28.60' z
Iz = 28'36' Tz = 229.18 tan 15'
Tz = 61.41 m.
 S·315

COMPOUND CURVES

T, = R, tan 12'45' @ Stalioning of P. T.

T, =57.62 m. L =RI1t
c 180
= 234.91 (55'30j1t
Lc 180'.
4=227.55
Sta. of P. T. = (10 + 311.05) + 227.55
Sta. of P. T. =(10 + 538.60)

~~~~~~~~,~!wt~'h~ff:n~~:~f~6~ah~··
lliiill.till
AB = T, + T2
AB=61.41 +57.62
AB = 119.03 m.
VB'

VB = 62.18
119.03
Sin 25'30' = Sin 124'30'
r....ltjlit~
@FIMt@r@m$9f1~~~lfnpteCtJl'\I~>
@Fin~tfJ~$t<l~!M~99n~¢~ewP.p .•,.' '.
,', '
@[email protected]·r······"·
New tangent of the simple CUNe:
,T= VB + T2 Solution:
T= 62.18 + 61.41 CD Radius of simple CUNe:
T= 123.59
T
R=-I
tan -
2
123.59 , I

R = tan 27'45' , I

R= 234.91 m.
I

\'\'
'",
,
\'
' \ I
:
I
,
/ /
""'...
, ... "{I \ ,\ " "
R I
® Stationing ofnew P.C. 01
, I
j
" '13 19° I. I
Old P.C. = (10 + 362.42)· (57.62) ',,' 13' \ ' l~t I Rz

Old P.C. = 10 + 304.80 \ , \ t 64 o,'/

'·~'I
AV 119.03 '-c:"\~\ i//
... " II
Sin 30' = Sin 124'30' , \ I ,

AV= 72.22 m. " ':/

;"
R - 1145.916
Sla. ofV= (10 + 362.42) + (72.22) 1- 0
1
Sla. afV= 10 +434.64 - 1145.916
Sla. of new P.c. :: (10 +434.64)· (123.59) R1- 5'30'
Sla. of new P.C. = 10 + 311.05 R1 :: 208.35 m. ,
S-316

COMPOUND CURVES

- 1145.916 ® Stationing ofnew P. T.

Rz- 3'30'
0= 1145.916
Rz= 327.40 m. 279.61
0=4.10'
Lc = 20 I
o
Lc =20 (64)
4.10
Lc =312.20 m.
Sta. ofnew P. T. ='(12 +259.91) + 312.20
Sta. ofnew P. T. =12 + 572.11

T, =R1 lan !J.

2
T, =208.35lan 13'
T1 =48.10m.
Tz =Rzlan 2
!2.
Tz =327.40 lan 19'
Tz = 112.73 m.

AS= T, + T2
AS =48.10 + 112.73
AS= 160.83
T3 =Rlan 13'
T4 =Rlan 19'
ili.l.:iil
Solution:
CD Radius of simple CUNe:
T3 + T4 =AB
Rlan 13' +Rlan 19' =160.83
R=279.61m.

@ Stationing of new P. C.
T3 =279.61 tan 13'
T3 = 64.55
AV 160.83
Sin 38' =Sin 116'
AV=110.17m.

Sta. ofnew P.C. = (12 +434.63)· (110.17)

• (64.55)
.Sta. ofnew P.C. = 12 + 259.91
M
 5-317

COMPOUND CURVES

T1 + T2 ::; 107 Solution:

T1 ::; Rtan 13'20' CD Stationing of P.C.
T2 ::; Rlan 17'2'3

Rlan 13'20' + Rtan 17'25' =107

R= 194.30m,

® Stationing ofnew P. C.
T1 = Rtan 13'20'
T1 = 194.30 Ian 13'20'
T1 =46.05 m.

Sta. ofnew P.C. =(1 + 97S)· 46.0S

Sta. ofnew P.C. = 1 + 928.95

@ Stationing of new P. T.
Ran
Lc = 180
L = 194.30 (61.5') n
c 180'
Lc =20a.56

. Sta. ofnew P. T. = (1 +928.9S) + 208.56 o _1145.916

Sta. ofnew P. T. = 2 + 137.51 1 - 763.94
0 1 = l.S'
n.. _ 1145.916
V"L - 208.35

~=S.5'

4 =20/1
[email protected]'lel~la@ •.OlJt4aQro.Wpmth~· 1 01
.mp··.19tryet=>.9·q:[email protected].~4.m· • / _ 480 (1.5)
·lhen·from·loo·fl;C,C;·srio1hertUrvewaslaidotll· 1- 20
toth~F·T·gsqw·19n9wii~~f:~djp~W /1 =36'
.4Qa.&51l'1·JfmEl§tlltr9rl69Hfm~.P9irt()f
tntElrsElctionof.th¢l::ln~El(lt~js1Q"'4$2.25,.·,· . L =20/2
c2 ~
Q)OelerlllinethestallQnir90fl~~P.C .., . < . ,.', / _250 (S.5)
.®pelerrnjnethelength9fth~I&@¢h()f~fr()m 2- 20
/2 = 68'45'
Ihey.c.to.lheP.T.• • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • .• • • • • • • • •.• • • •.• • • • • • • • .• •.•.
OetermlnetheaOglel/1aLlheloogchord
T1 = R1 Ian !l
@
makesWithlheJal'l9flnt. . . 2
T, = 763.94 tan 18'
T1 = 248.22 m.
S-318

COMPOUND CURVES

T2 : 208.35 tan 34'22.5

T2 : 142.53

AB: T, + T2
AB: 248.22 + 142.53
AB = 390.75 A reversed curve is formed by two
VA 390.75 circular simple curves having a common
tangent but lies on opposite sides. The
Sin 68'45' = Sin 75'15'
method of laying out a reversed curve is just
VA = 376.59 the same as the deflection angle method of
laying out simple curves. At the point where
Sta. of P.c. = (10 + 432.25) -(376.59) - (248.22) the curve reversed in its direction is called the
Sta. of P.C. = 9 + 807.44 Point of Reversed Curvature. After this point
has been laid out from the P.C., the instrument
@ Length oflong c~rd from P.C. to P. T. is tlien transferred to this point (P.R.C.). With
the transit at P.R.C. and a reading equal to the
. total deflection angle from the P.C. to the

~
PRC., the P.C. is backsighted. If the line of

PoCo ~ L
PoT.
.
sight is rotated about the vertical axis until
horizontal circle reading becomes zero, this
line of sight falls on the common tangent. The
next simple curve could be laid out on the
Sin 18' =& opposite side of this tangent by deflection
C, =2 (763.94) Sin 18' angle method.
C1 =472.14m.
Sin 34'22.5' = fk. Elements of a Reversed Curve:

~ = 2 (200.35) Sin 34'22.5'

C2= 235.21 m.

I! = 180' ·18' - 34'22.5'

I! = 127'37.5'
L2 = C12 + ~2. 2 (C1~) Cos 127'37.5
L2= (472.14)2 + (235.21)2
- 2(472.14)(235.21) Cos 127'37.5
L= 643.30m, R1 and R2= radii of curvature
0 1 and O2= degree of curve .
@ Angle that the long chord makes with V, and V2= points of intersection of tangents
tangent at the P. T. e = angle between converging tangents
643.30 235,21
12 -I, = e
Sin 127'37.5 = Sin l1J
P.C. = point of curvature
l1J = 16'50'
P.T. = point of tangency
a ='180' - 127'37.5' - 16'50' P.R.C. = point of reversed curvature
a =35'32.5' Lc : LC1 + LC2 : length of reversed curve
m =offset
P =distance between parallel tangents
 5-319

REVERSED CURVES

Four types of reversed curve problems:

Sin 9'34' =.1Q.
AB
1. Reversed curve with equal radii and AB =60.17 m.
parallel tangents.
2. Reversed curve with unequal radii and
® Radius of reversed curve:
parallel tangents.
2T=AB
3. Reversed curve with radii and converging
tangents. 2T=60.17
4. Reversed curve with unequal radii 'and T= 30.085

T= Rtan 1
converging tangents.
2
30.085 = R tan 4.78'
R= 359.78 m.

@ Stationing of P.R. C.
Twopar#Ueltangehls1Qrfi'ap~d#f~ L=Rln
c 180
conneyt~d • by.~ • ~ver%~~@f\ie .••• T~~¢P9t~
length from the P.C,tothep.%~q(lills12.0 nk L = 359.78(9'341n
c 180'
(j) c.()rJ'1P\Jte•• • the•.• • llll)gtll•• ·i:lf•• taJlgEin~.'&j~~ Lc =60.07 m.
COrnin!)ngjr~9tior><
@ ~&~eT'lne • the•• eq~~I • r0~iU$.9~.~hT.~Merld • Stationing PC = (3 + 420) ·30.085
@ Compute•• th~ • statiori~gpfl~e • P.R·9·jfthe. Sta. PC = (3 + 389.92)
stati9rm~otbat\fleqElgj~ni9~oLthEl
t<l~gentwlthCOmn·l(ml:lif¢9ti(m.i~ .• ~t4@>·· Stationing of PRC = (3 +389.92) + 60.07
Stationing of PRC = 3 + 449,99
Solution:
CD Length of tangent with common direction:

, .·IH•• ?.@ilt9ad·.·layplJ(,.A9~·.¢@lerlr~}M!W(!
Pilr<llleLtrClcksaresonl)ect8cuv.ithatllYllr:!iEl~
R'
I £ur'Je.o1 unequal.radji·•• Thecentralary91~qfthe
first•• 9\jrye • is•• 16' .and!l1e.di.st<lnp~ • • t>et\\l~eg
Ll-:-,/-'-/----' parlill~Wlraqk$ .iS2T6Q • m,•• W~t'9Qjh9 • • cifIHe
p.q.j~t~~420<llldthElraQjilsoftheseqlJ.rJQ
¢uWelsZ90m. . .... .. .. .. .. . . ..

Sin i=.~
2 120
~=4.78'
/=9'34'
S-320

REVERSED CURVES

Solution:
CD Length oflong chord:

15+420 "WO.Plifl3lj~I~t36000~~have • ~irectiollS()frtl~.

p.e east~lld~te~(lQ~W~p~rt .• ~re • connecledbya

8,,,.r4if.
rfW~~9¢~o/~ft~~n~~~~lradiusof&QO.m·
Trye~,y.titt~tiJ!V~lsoltthe upperlan~111

600rfj./}) ....

Sin 8' = 27 60
L
L = 198.31

® Radius of first curve:

a= R1 - R1 Cos 16' Solution:
a = R1 (1 - Cos 16')
b = R2 - R2 Cos 16'
b =R2 (1 - Cos 16') .

a + b =27.60
R1 (1 • Cos 16') + R2 (1 - Cos 16') = 27.60
(R 1 + R2) (1 - Cos 16') = 27.60
R1 + R2 = 712.47
F?1 =712.47 - 290
R1 = 422.47 m,

@ Stationing of PT:
L - 422.47(16) 11: CD Length ofintermediate tangent:
C1 - 180
LC1 = 117.98
(-V R2 + x2 )2 =(400)2 + (700)2
{8oo)2 + x2 =(400)2 +(700)2
L~=2~~g)11: x= 100 m.
2x= 200m.
L~ =80.98
@ Distance between the centers of the
Sta. ofPRC. = (15 +4W!0) + 117.98 reversed curve:
Sta. of PRC. = 15 +537.98
Sta. of PT= (15 + 537.98) + 80.98 D = 2 ~ (800)2 + Xi-
Sta. ofPT=15+ 618,96 D = 2 ~ (800)2 + (100)2
D = 2(806.23)
D = 1612.45 m.
 5-321

REVERSED CURVES

@ Stationing of P. T. ® Radius of curve:

700 a= RCos 30' - RCos50'
Cos f!, = 806.23 a = R (Cos 30' . Cos 50')
f!, =29'45' a= 0.223 R
100 b = R - R ccs 50'
tan 8 = 800 b =R (1 • Cos SO')
e = 1'08' b= 0.357 R
/ =29'45' • T08' a + b = 116.50
/=22'3T' 0.223 R + 0.357 R = 116.50
R= 2OO.86m.
Rln
Lc = 180 @ Slationing of PT:
L - 800 (22'37') n L - 200.86 (20) n
c- 180' 1- 180
Lc = 315.79 m. L1 = 70.11 m.
Sla. of P. T. = (10 + 020.40) + 315.79
L _ 200.86 (50) n
2- 180
+ 200 + 315.79
Sta. of P. T. = 10 + 851.98 L2 = 175.28 m.
Sta. ofPT= (10 + 620) + 70.11 + 175.28
Sla. ofPT= 10+ 865.39

Two tangent~cqnv~rge~t,m angle of 30',

The ditecliririofthesecohd tangent is due
east. The distance of tlie Itc. from the second
Givenbrokenlin~s,l\S • •:'•• $r.~.l'rl,,~C¥~~'~m;
tangent is 116,5(l nt The bearing of the andCD=91.5rn.alTange4a~~h()~9'~
common tangentis$,AO'E. rever$ecurV~i$to:cl:mnectlh~~elht~llneS
thusfo,rmll1g.thecenter.li oll i:lfa·new.rQl'!l:L'. "..
CD Compute the central angle of the first
. .curve.' ', .. c··,.·. . C'.··· .'C·..··. : .. find•• the•• !en9\h.of••th~.tdM~9I)radlu~.of
(i)

® If a reversed curve ista connect these two

thereverse.c~rve., .••••••••'•.•.••••••••.••: ,••••••.••••••::•..• ,•• •. ,.:•.•• >
. tangents, de~tminetheqOmmon radius of
® If•• the.•.P.Q••• j$~t,$,\a.10.tOQq,\"hat.:i~ • the
the curve,·.· ,'. ' • c": . " ..
slatklJjirl~ofe·T',/.
@\A.'hatis.the.tolal<lreaiflcIB~~~ • i9th~ • r9ht
@ Compute lhestationingof the P.T. if P.C.
Of·..~~y.ln.thi~.sectionof.the.rQad •. (A.t?.D).jf
is at station 10 + 620, '... • . . theroadwidthis45rn.···· .'
Solution: Solution:
Q) Central angle of the first curve: CD Length of the common radius of the reverse
CUNe:

/1 =50' - 30'
/1 =20'
S-322

REVERSED CURVES

T1 =Rlan11' R1 = 111.688 +7.5

T2 = Rlan 32' R1 =119.188m.
h+ T2 =91.5 R2 =111.688- 7.5
R(tan 11' +tan 32')= 91.5 R2 = 104.188 m.
R=111.688m. A = 3~0 (86) [(119.188)2 - (104.188j2]
@ Sta; of P. T. A = 2514.63 m2
P.e. to PRC. = L1
Total area = 2514.63 +35.89(15) +21.710(15)
L, =111.688 (22') 1~0 Total area =3378,63 m2
L, =42.885 m.
- 111.688 (64')n
L2 - 180'
L2 = 124.757 m.
Tota/length of reverse curve:
L, + L2 = 167.642 m.
Stationing ofPRC. = (10 + 000) +42.885
Stationing of P.R.C. = 10 + 042.885
Stationing ofP. T. = (10 +042.885) + 124.757
StationingofP.T. = 10+ 167.642

@ Area included in the right of way:

~
~\R=1l1.688 m
:
I '

\ .-..... ---
C

7.5m E~'s;~'~~--.::~~
705m
,
35.89 \
R=1l1.688 m,'fJ"
/
'I

T1 = 111.688 tan 11'

T1 = 21.710 m.
T2 = 111.688 tan 32' Solution:
T2 =69.79'
AtoP.C. =57.6-21.710
A to P.C. =35.89 m.
P. T. to 0 =91.5 - 69.790
P.T. tQD=21.710m.
n
A = 360 (R12 • Rl) "
,,=22'+64'
,,== 86'
 8-323

REVERSED CURVES

Stationing at P. T.
R2 -2
-~
G)
Sin 30'
S·In 22 .5' -- -.fL
2R, 381.97
C, =2(190.986) Sin 22.5' R2 =2 Sin 30'
C, = 146.174m. R2 =381.97 m.
Using Cosine Law: L - 381.97 (60) 1t
c2 - 180
LC2 =400 m.

Sta. at the P. T. = (0 + 520) + (150) + (400)

Sta. at the P. T. = 1 + 070

® The angle that the long chord makes with

the first tangent = 61'10'

(485.025)2 =(146.174)2 + Ct.2

- 2(146.174) Ct. Cos 127.5'
213882.41 = Ct.2+ 177.97 Ct.
C2 =381.97 m.
Using Sine Law:
381.97 _ 485.025
Sin e - Sin 127.5'
e =38'40'
@ The angle that the long chord makes with
a = 180' -127.5' - 38'40'
the second tangent:: 43'50'
a= 13'50'
_ R1 11 1t
Lc, - 180
- 190.986 (45) 1t
Lc,- 180
LCl = 150m

Poe.

................... , - "," , .. , ,.

Typ~ ofP~~eiTlel1tt;Il~~ 311{Portand d~k~h~~

Number oflaties~Two (2) lanes . '. >,.. .
Width of Pavement= 3.05 m. per lane .•.••....•
Thickness of Pavement:: 20cm5. . // .' .
Unit Cost::: P460,OO persquare meIer .
_ R2 12 1t
Le2 - 180

Sin 30' =~
2 R2
 S-324

REVERSED CURVES

(J,)•• [email protected]~fi)~i9*9ftl)ellrstcl1rve. Area Df SectDr:

@{•• • Q()lT1put~.thElT"qj~s<if~ .• seC()ndcuf\le. 7t
A:: hI
,·@•••• <;6ITlR~yf·.·me • • • ¢P,St•• • l)f•• Jhe<•• • c()ncn~te 360
.....• P~¥!:lfl)fl~I~I~)M¢9ryli!s{reYersed)fr()rn
. ·.•. .·Jh~g.q;.t9!h~p,T·,.·.p.1l$~dpn • lhe • giy~t1 A1 :: ;~ [(125.78)2. (119.68f]
. ···l1lghwaY¢~$HnQeKaM$pi:ltjficatiOil$;
A1 :: ~~~) [(125.78)2 - (119.68)2]
Solution: A1 :: 365.86 sq.m.
(j) Radius of first curve:
A2 =7ti5~) '[(162.05)2. (155.95)2]
A2 :: 1015.68 sq.m.
A:: 365.86 + 1015.68
A:: 1381.54 sq.m.
T-IO
Total Cost:: 460 (1381.54)
Total Cost:: P635,50B.40

1
T1 =4(122.40)
T1 =30.6 m. • rWj:)t<j~~nt~jnt€lr~eSts~t~llMg~·()f.4&'40'
T2 = 122.40 - 30.6 9rE!·~o.b~.9()~r~cted.~Y<3.r~Y~~E!dBuryM!The
T2 = 91.8 m. l~ng~ntW##hl'Aifrdm@~ • PdlrllPflm¢r$etlion
tan 14' =~ 2j~&.i~04~&6~~.0 • ~h~PbW~ijJ~hW • ±h~e6~B~.
30.6 ·langef\tisS4$'20''fI••'r1Je.ti@l~s·ofthe.wrve.
R1 = tan 14' thf9119tlthE!P.q.i$24qm·~~gmE!dj~t~nce
R1 :: 122.73 m. ft(im.ihe.P9iMqf.inl¢j'seGUOllpft#genl$IQth¢
P.C.Qf:thereverse9cul}'ei$®0.4~il1; .•.•....
® Radius of second curve:
tan 30' ::I2:
R2
91.8
R2 :: tan 30'
R2 = 159m.

® Cost of concrete pavement: Solution:

(j) Radius Dfthe Dther branch of the curve:
 5-325

REVERSED CURVES

240 R1 81t
tan 8 = 360.43 Lc, =180
e = 33'40' - 240 (37'34)1t
Lc, - 180'
a =46'40' - 33'40'
a= 13' Lc, = 157.36 m.
240 Sta. ofP.R.C. =(10 +420) + 157.36
AE = Sin 33'40' Sta. ofP.R.C, = 10+ 577.36
AE =4:32.89 m.
AD =432.89 Sin 13' @ Stationing of P. C.
AD=97.38m. R2 A1t
DE=432.89 Cos 13' LC2=18O
DE =421.80 m.
DF= DE· 48.60 A=OO' ·5'46'
OF = 421.80 • 48.60 A. = 84'14'
OF = 373.20 ; AB = 373.20 - 135.10 (84'14')n
BC= Rr BF Lc2 - 180'
BC = R2 • 97.38 LC2 = 198.62 m.
(R, + R2~ = (AB)2 + (BC)2
Sta. ofP. T. = (10 + 577.36) + 198.62
(240 + R2)2 =(373.20)2 + (R2 • 97.38)2
Sta. ofP.T. = 10+ 775,98
57600 +480 R2 + Rl
.= 139278.24 + Ri -194.76 R2+9482.86
R2 = 135.10

@ Stationing of P.R. C.
BC = R2 - 97.38
BC = 135.10 - 97.38
BC = 37.72
AC = 135.10 + 240
AC =375.10

. 0=5'46'
BC
tan 0 = AB
37.72
tan 0 =373.20
tRill'
radiuspfll1~fitWill.ll'\tE!Js.Z8$.4~m.U...i.• •.•·• •.• • • ·
0)[)etem,ltJelher@iliSQnMtrtd·cUN~,>··><
@ Pell~rll1lo~tH¢smtl<ltllogM~iffi¢,>.·• ·•• <'"
. tan 13' = :a.~o ®. Oeter!1ll11~lhe$t~ti~tdng~fPm»··
FG = 1'1.22
Solution:
Cos 13' =48.60 CD Radius of 2nd CUNe:
EG
EG =49.88m.
t
,, 60·
AG= EA· EG ,,
I

AG =432.89-49.88 ,,
AG = 383.01 m. ,
:,'
. , "
8 =56'20' • o· 13' J~
I 1/ '
",'

,RF285.40
tJ~ I.'>,'
8 =56'20' - 5'46' • 13' --: Iv.:"
" ,
0=37'34' ~/
S-326

REVERSE" CURVES

R1 = 285.40
11 + 30 = 12
12 = 50
11 =50·30 TW6jl<ltM¢ltaiIW~Y4Ppm;ij~~M¢f¢~IJ~
I, = 20
AB. 100
Sin 30' =Sin 20'
II~l~~e1Ii~~~lt~dl~~r~ t~~.11ad\~~ ••
AB = 146.19 (j) .Oeferrni@1~~.(;Elotr:~I~@@9t(ti~rij~fli~
T1 = R1 tan !1 9JfVE i . Y > <

:· ·• irJ~~iI1;i~.i~I~;~£~;I~~~6t!~'.·.
2
T1 = 285.40 tan 10
T1 =50.32 m.
Solution:
T2 = R2 tan 25'
T1 + T2 = 146.19
T2 = 146.19 - 50.32
T2 =95.87 m.
R - 95.87
2 - tan 25'
R2 = 205.59 m.

® Sta. of PR C.
o - 1145.916
1 - 285.40
0 1 =4.02'
D - 1145.916
2 - 205.59
~=5.5T
CD Central angle of the reverse CUNe:
G
LC1--~
01
_ 20 (20)
LC1- 4.02
LC1 =99:50
L~=2~.~~) o
L~ = 179.53
N
P.C. =(10 +432.24) - 50.32 400
P.C. = 10 + 381.92 tan IX =2 (1100)
PRe. =(10 +381.92) + 99.50 =10'18'
IX
~----
PRC. = 10+ 481.42
OG =;j (40W +(220W
OG = 2236.07
® Sta.ofP.T. 2236.07 Cos IJ =2x + 200
P. T. = (10 + 481.42) + 179.53 x+ 200 =R
P. T. = 10+ 660.95 x= R- 200
 5-327

REVERSED CURVES

2236.07 Cos 8 = 2 (R- 200) + 200 Solution:

2236.07 Cos 8 = 2R -400 + 200
2236.07 Cos 8 = 2R - 200
1118.03 Cos 8 = R- 100
R-1oo
Cos 8 1118.035
1100 -100
Cos 8 = 1118.035
1000
Cos 8 = 1118.035
8= 26'34'
o = 26'34' - 10'18'
0=16'16'
CD Radius of first curve:
@ Sla. of the middle of intermediate tangent.
L=R01t
180
= 1100 (16'16') 1t
L
180' "----..;-..::::::-c
L = 312.30 m.
AB 150
Sla. = (20 + 460) + 312.30 + 200 Sin 30' = Sin 20'
Sla. =20 + 972.30 AB - 150 Sin 30'
- Sin 20'·
@ Sta. of the P. T. AB =219.29 m.
Sla. of P. T. = (20 + 972.30) + 200 + 312.30
sta. of P. T. = 21 + 484.60 T1 + T2 = 219.29
T1 =R1 tan !J.
2

T2 = R2 tan !1
2
12 = 11 + 30'
SO' =/1 +30'
·~W:ffi~S~1~s~gli~~~{~~I~pi~ • IOi6;~~iH~. /1 =20'

di$lanoeoflhisb'\t~rs~¢liOnJr9tnttieB.tQMh~ 2 + R2 lan !2
R1 lan !J. 2 =219.29
curvelsA50m,Tfjedefl¢C;tjona~glei:ltttie R,lan 10' + R2 tan 25' = 219.29
C()rnmOnIElngenLfml11th~?a(;~J~JlMrW.is - 1145.916
2(FR; .al'ld•• trye~i'mqmoIJ~~p6mrripli.~~9#~t Rr ~
i~.32Q' •.•••••• T~e • d~grEle • ()f.·CJJry~ • 9ft~¢sM9I)d
simple Cl,lrveis$' and the~tatlgf\i~g~nW - 1145.916
R2 - 6
pQint.·. oC.intersection.·.of • • the•• fj(~t¢t@~ • ·is
4·+450,··••· . . ••.. <.••..••• >.. R2 =190.99 m.

CJ) Determine the

radius oltha fltstculVe.•. R, tan 10' + 190.99 Ian 25' ::: 219.29
® Determine the stationing of P.R,C,·· •..... 0.1763 R, T 89.06 = 219.29
@ Determine the stationing oUhe P.T. R, = 738.68 m.
5-328

REVERSED CURVES

® Stationing of P.R. C.
o - 1145.916 _ 1145.916
1- R1 - 738.68
0 1 = 1.55'
T, =R, tan !1
2
T, = 738.68 tan 10' Solution:
T1 = 130.25 m. <II Central angle of 2nd CUNe:
Sta. ofP.C. =(4 + 450) - 130.25
Sta. ofP.C. =4 + 319.75
_ (20) (20)_
L, - 1.55 - 258.06 m.

Sta. ofP.R.C. = (4 + 319.75) + 258.06

Sta. ofPRe. = 4 + 577.81
® Stationing of P. T.
L -~
2- ~
L _20(50)
2- 6
L2 =166.67 m.
Sta. of P. T. = (4 + 577.81) + 166.67
Sta. of P. T. = 4 + 744.48 AD = 520 Sin 30'
AO=260 m.
EA = 400 Cos 30'
EA = 346.41
DE =346.41 - 260
Arl~y~fseGilr\i~$t@~n#NiHgraoi9~ DE=86.41 =FB
Rl•• :;.40grrt,anqR2::?OOrrt·.l()f\g.I~t()GCltln~t
lI1elW()t;~g~nt~&\I'alidvs.\'IjmanglEipf
intflr~l3Clh:m . .• ()f•.•• l/:lfl·.t~llgeril~.eqll~I.· • t()~q\
A¥·#520rit . .

°1
~.
® Central angle of 1st curVe:
11 + 30' = 12
11 = 61'29' . 30'
/, =31'29'
® Distance VB:

S·In 1- F0 1
2 - 400 + 200
FO, =600 Sin 61'29'
FO, = 52721 m.
EO, = 400 Sin 30'
E0 1 =200
 S-329

REVERSED CURVES

FE= F0 1 -E01 x+h=d

FE =527.21 - 200 346.41 - 400 Cos 11 + 200 - 200 Cos 11 = 281.91
FE =327.21 =DB 600 Cos I, = 264.50
11 = 63'51'
In triangle VDA:
. VB+DB
Cos 30 =~ ® Central angle of 2nd curve:
' - VB + 327.21 11 = /2 + 30'
Cos 30 - 520 12 =63'51' • 30'
VB = 123.12 m. 12 =33'51'

® Stationing of P. T.
_ R1 /1 1t
LC1 - 180
- 200 (63'51') 1t
Lc1 -
Arever~.CulV~I$#>HIl~Mlhe.1\VcjlanQMt. 180'
liflesAI3•.~~Cl.99 • haMingdir~pwqf(llleEalit. LC1 = 222.88 m.

·f.ltlt~iillilll
ofA(P.p.)lsatlO+1;20:5P,WSDI$30Prri.
as
long<ihd h 8 be<lriIllPfS.20\E.>· ."
_ R2 /2 1t
LC2 - 180
- 400 (33'51') 1t
L~ - 180'

~. ·~l~~ • f~:.~lf::.~~~l:~~~go'~c~;
L~ = 236.32 m.

@ Findthe-sfalioningpfP;T. " ,,' "

.• ·. · " pR.e. =(10 + 120.50) + 222.88
PR. C. = 10 + 343.38
Solution:
CD Central angle of first curve: P. T. =(10 + 343.38) + 236.32
P. T. = 10+ 579.70

Two parallel,tangents 20m" apart, are lope

conMCted bya reversed CtJrve.The,ra~iUs¢.
tile firsfcurve at the P.C. has a.ra~iusQf
800 m, and the total 'length afthe chOrdfrom
the P.C. tethePT. is 300 m. Stationing ofthe
p.e. is 10 +620.
Sin 70' =-.!L
300
CD Find the central angle of each cuNe, "
d= 281.91 m.
® Find lhe radius of the curve pas$ing thru
h =200 - 200 Cos 11 theP.T. '
y=400 Cos 11
® What is the stationing afthe P.T.
x= 400 Cos 30' - Y
x=34641-400Cos/ 1
5-330

REVERSED CURVES

Solution:
<D, Central angle ofeach CliNe:

J"W9•• parallelt13pg~Jlts .• artlconllecll:d•• •llYA.

t¢Ver$eQ(;uMl·havingequalradij.of~611.m.{i>i

(j)lft~e • centrl~larygle • ofthecu(\lei$~'

>colTlPuletb~dislarl(:e •• betweel1fuJr!lII~[
~nQents.<>
• ~. •.•.GQ(nputetM .IIU@h.. QfchQtd.ft9m.me.ft¢.
A6tt@~.T.>
.~ • • • ltg.C.•.• i~~t • ~~a··.$.t • • 96MO'•• WQ!lt.l~~h~
> s~t~lIlng9{l'h~frt< . . .

Solution:
Sin i=1Q.. <D Distance between parallel tangents:
2 300
i_
2- 3'49'
1= T3B'

@ Radius of the CUNe passing thru the P. T.

a =800 •800 Cos 7'38'
a =7.09 m.
b =20·7.09
b= 12.91

x= 360 Cos 8'

b :: R2 • R2 Cos 7'38'
x= 356.50
12.91 =R2 (1 • Cos 7'38')
R2 = 1456.~5 m y = 360 •356.50
y= 3.50
@ Sta. of P. T. 2y= 7.0m.
_ R1 /n
LCl - 180 ® Length ofchord from P. C. to P. T.
Sin 4' = 2 (3.50)
L _800(7'38)n . L
cl - 180' L':: fOO.35m.
LCl = 106.58
L - 1456.85 (7'38') n @ Sta. of P. T.
~- 180' R8n
LC2 = 194.09
Lc =18O
L :: 360 (8') n
c 180'
Sta. of P. T. = (10 + 620) + 106.58 + 194.09
Sta.ofP.T. = fO+ 920.67
Lc:: 50.27
Sta. of P. T. = (3 t 960.40) + 50.27 + 50.27
Sta. of P. T. = 4 + 060.94
 S-330-A
REVERSED CURVES

b) Stationing of P.R.C.
The common tangent CO of a reversed curve
is 280.5 m. and has an azimuth of 312' 29'. _ 380(59' 44') n
BC is a' tangent of the first curve whose Lc1 - 180
azimuth is 252' 45'. DE is a tangent of the
second curve whose azimuth is 218' 13'. The
Lc1 = 187.66
radius of the first curve is 180 m. The P.l.1 is
at sta. 16 + 523.37. Bis at PC and E is at P.T.
PRC = (16 +420) + (187.66)
a) What is the stationing of the P.C. PRC = 16 + 607,66
b) What is the stationing of the PRC.
c) Whatis the stationing of the P.T.

Solution: c) Stationing of P.T.

L._ = 164.41(94'16') n
---z 180
L~= 270.50
I

\
Rl=180m~.~r!
\
"
/ P.T. = (16 + 607.66) + 270.50
,:ID52' P.T. = 16+ 878,16
'Vi
a) Stationing of P.C.
CO= 280.5 m.
280.5 = 180 tan 29 52' + R2tan 47 08'
R2 = 164.41
T1 = 180tan2952'
T1 = 103.37
T2 = 280.5 -103.37
T2= 177.13

P.C. = (16 + 523.37) ··(103.37)

P.C. = 16 + 420
S-330-B
RMRSED CURVES

Two parallel tangents 20 m. apart are to be @ Length of chord from P. C. to P.R.C.

connected by a reversed curve with equal
radius at the p.e. and P.I. The total length of L= 150
chord from the P.C. to the P.T. is 150 m. 2
Stationing of the p.e. is 10 + 200. L= 75m.

(j) Find the radius of the reversed curve.

@ Find the length of cord from p.e. to PRe.
@ Find the stationing of the P.T.
@ Sta. of P. T.

Lc= RI (If)
Solution: 180
(j) Central angle ofeach cUfVe: L - 280.93 (15'20') If
.c- 180'
Lc=75.18m.

P. T. = (10 + 200) + (75. jd) + (75.18)

P. T. = 10+ 350,36

. I 20
S'"'2 = 150

f =7'40'

1= 15' 20'

R- R Cos 15'20' = 10
R (1 - Cos 15'20') = 10
R= 280.93 m.
 5-331

REVERSED CURVES

L - R2 /2 rc
~ - 180
- 314,90 (78') rc
Lc2 - 180'
~a~v;~[~~~~~~e~!~iRre1~n~·~j L~ =428,69

tit4lii»IIB
Total length of curve:
Lc=Lc; +L~
Lc = 167 + 428.69
Lc= 595,76
$;4Q.. . E, . ~nd·a:dl.S@nl:¢ . t'lf•• ~OOm ..•.•. lftnefli':$t·
Sta. ofP. T. = (12 + 340) + 595.76

BlriYjlr'·' Sta. ofP.T. = 12+ 935.76

li.llIlI.t1l~J
ij~~Mrelioft1Z·fMQ; .. .......
Solution:
G) Radius of 1st curve:

1
T1 =4"(340)
T1 =85m.
T1 = R1 tan 13'
:'.11111.
G)
Solution:
Common radius of curve:
R1 =368.18 m,

® Radius of 2nd curve:

T2 = 340·85
T2 = 255 m.
T2 = R2 tan 39'
R2 = 314,90

® Sta, of P. T.
_ R1 /1 rc
LC1 - 180
L - 368.18 (26') rc
c1 - 180'
LCl = 167.Q7 m.
S-332

REVERSED CURVES

R2 + (100)2 = (R - 100)2 t (400)2 Solution:

R2 +{1oo)2 = R2 - 200R t (100)2 t (400)2 G) Distance between parallel tangents:
200R =400 (400)

o..-".-..,-~..".;;=--/-fl
R=800m.

® Central angle of the CUNe:

200 , i IR 1 =460
tan (J = 1600
B= TOO' -----------tu
(AB)2 =(200)2 + (1600)2 p.T.
AB = 1612.45
1
BD = (1612.45) x =460 Cos 12'
BD=S06.23 x=449.95
700 Y=200 Cos 12'
Cos a =S06.23 y= 195.63
a =29'45'
e =29'45' - 1'OS' a =460 - 449.95
a =10.05
e = 22'37' b = 200 -195.63
b=4.37
® Sta. of P. T.
Re1t Distance between the parallel tangents
LCl =180 = 10.05 +4.37
I _ SOO (22'37') 1t = 14.42m.
_cl - 1S0'
LCl =31519 ® Stationing of PR C.
Rl en
Sta. of P. T. =(10 +340.20) +315.79 LCl =180
+200 +315.79
Sta. of P. T. = 11 + 171.78 L - 200 (12') n
C1 - 180'
LCl =41.89

Sta. of PRC. =(2 +360.20) +41.S9

Sla. of PRC. = 2 + 402.09
Ar~'Jers~¢lJry.ehasafadius()flheCur\le
Sta. of P. T.
pa~SII19.th"()l!grythe.P.C,.~ualt()200m.;lnd.· @

thatqfthe•• §~P9rd.Cll[Ye • paSSirg • throU~llt~~ R2 en

P.T,)~49Pm·19r9;ltthecentr~langle(jf LC2=18O
c9tvEli~12' . .. . L - 460 (12')n
c2 - 180'
@ ·Plnd theperpendiclilar distance between LC2 =96.34
. the tWo parallel tangents. .. .
® If the statloning of the p.e. is2 + 360.20.
fOO lheslalioning of the P.RC. Sta. of P. T =(2 + 402.09) + 96.34
@ Plna the stationing of the PT. Sta. of P. T. = 2 + 498.43
 5-333

REVERSED CURVES

The perpendiciJlar ~istan~El·between two

parallel tangentS of areversedcurved is 7.5 m,
and the chorndistance frotli the PoCo to the
P.T. isequalto65m./'·· . SYMMETRICAL
PARABOLIC CURVES
In highway practice, abrupt change in the
vertical direction of moving vehicles should be
avoided. In order to provide gradual change in
its vertical direction, a parabolic vertical curve
is adopted on account of its slope which
varies at constant rate with respect to
Solution: horizontal distances.
0) Central angle ofthe reversed curve:
Properties of Wrtlcal Parabolic Curves:

Forward
fa!'lg~Tlf

· 8 7.5
SIn =--
6.5 1. The vertical offsets from the tangent to the
8 = 6.63' curve are proportional to the squares of the
28 = 13'15' (central angle) distances from the point of tangency.

® Radius of the curve: K_.YL

(X1)2 - (X2)2
Cos 13'15' = R- 3.75
R
R- 3.75 = 0.913 R -h.._.J:L
R= 140.87m. (X3)2 - (~(

@ Slaioning of P. T.
R(28)n 2 The curve bisects the distance between
LC =-100 the vertex and the midpoint of the long
chord.
L =140.87 (13'15')n
c 180' From similar triangles:
Lc = 32.58 BF m .BF=-
CO
-=-
L L 2
Sla. of P. T =(4 + 560.40) + 32.58 + 3258
Sla. of P. T. =4 + 625.56 2
5-334'

PARABOliC CURVES

From the first property of the curve: Therefore the rate of change of slope is
BE Q) constant and equal to:
(~)2 =If r=~
BE= CDL2 r=2k
4 L2
8. The maximum offset H= 1/8 the product of
BE=CD the algebraic difference between the two
. 4
rates of grade and the length of curve:
1
H=4 CD 1
From the figure: H=BE = 4CD.
CD
But -= BF L
2 CD =(91· g2)2

BE=H~) H=.!CO
4
1
BE =-BF
2

3. If the algebraic difference in the rate of

grade of the two slopes is positive, that is
(g 1• g2), we have a·summit" curve, but if it
is negative, we have a "sag curve".

4. The length of curve of a parabolic vertical Location of highest or

curve, refers to the horizontal distance from lowest POint of the Curve
the P.C..to the PT.
a) From the P.C.
5. The stationing of vertical parabolic curves
is measured not along the curve but along
a horizontal line.

6. For a symmetrical parabolic curve, the

number of stations to the left must be equal 1-51
to the number of stations to the right, of the
intersection of the slopes or forward and
backward tangent.
x
(x,-y,)
7. The slope of the parabola varies uniformly p.e .T.
(XrY,)
along the curve, as shown by U2 U2
differentiating the equation of the parabolic
curve. .
y = kx2 The slope of the tangent at P.C. is 91'
Q1.=2kx From the equation of the parabola,
dx y = k x2
The second derivative is ~ = 2k Q1. = 2 kx
dx
where ~
dx2 = rate of change of grade or where Q1.= 9
dx '
slope. x = $,
 S·335

PIUBOUC CURVES

~=2kx At the P.e.

dx x=(L-5 2)
91 = 2 k (51) 2Y._
dx- 91
ill 9,=2k5 1
The slope of the tangent at P. T. is g2- 2Y.=2kx
dx
~­
dx -92
ill 91 = + 2k(L - 52)
X = L - 51
At the P.T.
~=-2kx x = 52
dx
92 =- 2 k(L - 51)
2Y._
dx - 92

® 92 =·2 k(L • 51) *=-2kX

Divide equation ill by ®
9.1_ 2kS1
92 - • 2k (L • 51)
Divide equation ill by ®
9.1_~
92 - • (L· 51) 9.1_ 2k (L • $v)
92 - • 2k (52)
- 91 L + 91 51 = 51 g2
5, (g1 • 92) = 91 L • g1 52 =92 L - 92 52
52 (92 - g1) = g2 L
c'

location of the highest point of the

curve from the P.C. location of the hi9hest or lowest point
of the curve from the P.T.
b) From the P. T.
....><

-----t---U2!---
E11~[(JI~
Q) • Whllt.ls.lh~lellillh.OflheCllrv.e? • .• • • •.• • • • • • •')•• .
@.. '•• GQmputethE!elevatiofloftll~J()westpQll'lt
The slope at the P.C. is g( btlhfi'cui"Ve/ '
@).··.·.¢OmPute·tl'le¢levatiollat~tatlOll.10.rQQQ.·.·
.•
~=2 kx
dx
5-336

PARABOliC CURVES

Solution:
,,) Length of curve:
n = 92.:Jl1
r A symmetrical vertical suminitcurve has
_ 0.4 - (- 0.8) tangents of ... 4% and - 2%, The allowable
n- 0.15 rate of change of grade is' 0.3% per meter
n=8 station. Stationing and elevatiOn of p.r. is at
L =20 (80) 10 +020 and 142.63 m. respectively. ..
L =160m.
CD Compute the length of curve. .
@ Elevation of lowest point of curve: @ Compute the distance of the highest point
of curve from the P.C. . .' '. . . . . ".
@ Compute the elevation Of the bighest point
of curve. .
p.
Solution:
"'% ' CD Length of curve:
C
10+000
Rate of change = ~
10+020
EI.240.60", 4 - (- 2)
0.3= n
S=Jl1..L n = 20 sta,tions
g1- g2
S = - 0.008 (160) Length of CUNe =20 (20)
. - 0.008 - 0.004 Length of curve = 400 m.
S= 106.67
L ® Sta. ofhighest point of curve:
H=S(g1- 92)
S _Jl1..L
160 '. 1- g1 - g2
H=8 (- 0.008 - 0.004) _ 0.04 (400)
H=0.24 S1 - 0.04 • (- 0.02)
~_--lL S1 = 266.67 m. from P.C.
(80)2 - (53.33)2
0.24_~ ® Elevation of highest point of curve:
(80)2 - (53.33)2
Y = 0.11
E1ev. A = 240.60 + 26.67(0.004)
Elev. A = 240.71 m.
Elev. of lowest point of curve =240.71 +0.11
Elev. of lowest point of curve = 240.82 m.
@ Elevation of station 10 + 000:
.J:2... _.0.24
(60)2 - (80)2 L
Y2 = 0.135 H=S(91· g2)

E1ev. 0 =240.60 + 20(0.008) + 0.135 H= a400 (0.04 + 0.02)

Elev. 0 =240.895 m. H=3
 5-337

PARABOLIC CURVES

--.!i- _.--L-
(200)2 - (133.33)2
_ 3 (133.33f p.T.
Y-(200)2
y= 1.33

EJev. at highest point

. = 142.63 + 133.33 (0.02)-1.33
Elev. at highest point = 143.97 L
H ="8 (92 • g1)
200
H="8 (0.02 + 0.04)
H= 1.5 m.
....h-_~
(66.67)2'" (100)2
Y1 =0.67 m.

Elev. B = 124.80 + 0;02(33.33) + 0.67

Elev. 8 = 126.14 m.

® Elevation of sta. 12 + 125.60:

-l'.L_~
(75)2 - (100)2
Y2 =0.84

Elev. 0 =124.80 + 0.04(25) + 0.84

Solution:
Elev. 0= 126.64m. (eJev. at 12+ 125.60)
CD Length of curVe:
r=92J1
n
2- (-4)
0.6=
n
n =10 A verticalsljrnmilpataboliC cuNehas itsPck
at station 14 + 75Dwllh elevalionof76.30rn~
L = 20 (10) The gradepflhe back tangentis3A% an<l
forward tangEmfof- 4.8%. lfthelengt~ ·of
L=200m. curve. is 300m. • .. . . '.'

@ Elevation of lowest point of curve: m Compute the.location of the vertical curVe

'. tumingpaintfrom the Pol. '. .' ..
S-~ Compute the elevation of the vertical curve
(2)
2- g2' gl
turning point in meters. '.
S - 0.02 (200) ® Compute' the stationing of the vertical
2 - 0.02 =004
curve turning point. .
82 =66.67 m. from P. T.
5-338

PARABOLIC CURVES

Solution:
CD Location of vertical CUNe turning point:

A vertical summit parabolic curve has a

vertical offset of 0.375 m. from the curve to the
grade tahgent at sta 10 f 050. The curve has Ii
slope of + 4% and- 2% grades intersedingat
IhePJ.The offset distance of the cutveatPJ
is equal to 1;5 m. If the stationing of theRC.
is at 10 + ObO.

CD .Compute the required length of curve.· ..

® Cornputelhehoiizont(\1 distanceofth¢
vertical curve tiimingpoirit from lhepolnl of
intersecltpn ofthe grades. . .. .
8-~ @Coinputethe elevation of the vertiCal CUrve
1 - gl . g2 . Jurningpoint if the elevation of P.T is
86.4(!.iTl. . . ..
8 - 0.034(300)
1 - 0.034 t 0.048
Solution:
81 =124.39 m. CD Required length of CUNe:

x = 150 -124.39
x =25.61 m. from the P.I.

@ Elev. of vertical CUNe turning point:

L
H=S (g1- g2)
300
H =8"' (0.039 + 0.048)
H= 3.075 .-L_....!!-
.--1- _ 3.075 (50)2 - (Wi
(124.39)2 - (150)2 0.375 1.5
y=2.11 m. (50)2 =(U2)2
L= 200m.
Elev. of vertical CUNe tuming point
@ Highest point of curve:
=76.30 - 25.61 (0.034) • 2.11
Elev. of vertical CUNe turning point
=73.32 m.
® Stationing of the vertical CUNe turning
point:
(14 of- 750)· (25.61) = 14 + 724.39
 5-339

PARABOLIC CURVES

g1 L By ratio and proporlion:

S --- L
1- g1 - g2
2H (91-g0'2
_ 0.04(200) T=-L-
S1 - 0.04 +0.02
S1 = 133.33 m. 2
H =IJl.LJhlb
x = 133.33 - 100 8
x= 33.33m. H = [0.06 - (- 0.04)) L
8
® Elev. of highest point of curve: H= 0.0125 L
--..L-_~ Elev. of B = 100 - 0.06 (20)
(66.67)2 - (100)2 Elev. of B = 98.80
y=0.67 y= 98.80·98.134
y=0.666
Elev. A= 86.42 +66.67(0.02) - 0.67 ----L- _J:L.
Elev. A = 87.08 m.
(~_20)2 - (~y
0.666 _0.0125 L
(~'20r- (~y
0.666 _4 (0.0125) L
A symm.etril;:al parabolic summit curve - 2
connects .tWo grades of +6% and· 4%.. It is to (~-20Y L
pass through a point "pH on the curve atstalion
25 + 140 having an elevation of 98.134 m. If (~-20)2=13.32L
t~e elevation of' the. grade intersection is L2
too m. ~\'ith a stationing of 25 + 160. '4 -20L+ 400 -13.32L =0
G) Compute the length of the curve. L2 -133.28L + 1600 = 0
@ Compute ihe stationing of the highest point
L= 120m.
. ofthe cur/e. ® Stationing of highest point of curve:
@ Compute the elevation of station 25 + 120
. on the curve,

Solution:
CD Length of curve:

S1-
_-.9.LL
gt- g2
S - 0.06 (120)
1 - 0.06 - (- 0.04)
S1 =72 m. from p.e.
Sta. of highest point =(25 + 100) + 72
Sta. of highest point =25 + 172
8-340

PARABOUC CURVES

@ Elevation of station 25 + 120: Solution:

CD Length of curve:

H=0.0125L
H =Jl.0125 (120)
H= 1.5 H + 5 = 152.74 -146.24
L_J.i.. H+5 =6.5
(20)2 - (60)2 H= 1.5 m.
_ 1.5 (20)2 L
H="8(~-g1)
Y- (60)2
y=0.167 m. L
1.5 ="8 (0.035 + 0.03)

Bev. of A = 100·40 (0.06) = 1.5 (8)

L 0.08 .
EJev. of A = 97.6 m.
L'= 150 m.
Bev. ofB = 97.6 - 0.167
Elev. of B = 97.433 m. ® Clearance at left edge:
Elev. A =146.24 + 0.03 (6)
Elev. A = 146.42

.1L_J.i..
(69)2 - (75)2

• ~I:.5~~%:)ddi(:~Suhd:~~n gJj~~p~s~··bri~~~.
Y1=1.27

\\I~9~~tlndersjde .is at elev; 152;74, and Elev. B = 146.42 + 1.27

.~me$~ii6ther'road acrossthegraljes at right Elev. B = 147.69
augle$;< . <•.•. '. ..' . ...•. . .. h1 = 152.74 -147.69
h1 = 5.05m.
<DWhatis the longest parabolic curVe that
. "ganbe used to connect the two grades and @ Clearance at right edge:
i1ttM same lime provide at leas! 5 in.. of EJev. C= 146.24 + 0.05 (6)
.c1¢aran,ce under the bridge at its center Elev. C = 146.54

t:~1~:
JL_J.i..
underside of the bridge is level and is (69)2 - (75)2
12 m. wide. find the actual clearance at the· Y2 = 1.27
left edge of the bridge. Elev. 0 = 146.24 + 0.05 (6) + 1.27
@) If the underside of the brtdge is level and is Elev. 0 = 147.81
12 m. Wide, find the actual clearance at the h2 = 152.74 - 147.81
right edge of the bridge.
~ =4.93m.
 S·341

PARABOliC CURVES

L2 ID
36 _4 (4,40 2 +400)
L- L2
J\~f~d~Vd~*4~f@ngattherate(}L·4% 36L = L2 - 80L + 1600
inw@ct$.~99tl)~tgl'Me.a$~ndio~atthf1.ralE!
L2_116L +1600=0
()f.+8%at~taUon.2·.+ . 0pg, • ElleVaJi9rt.100.ni.••.• A ~----
vert~al·~(iW~i$M • poilW~cLlh~ • !Wtlsuch.lhat L= 116+.y(116f- 4 (1)(1600)
[email protected]
1f~~Q,~IElV#I~h161,34rn. ' '.' 2
- 116 + ...J7056
L-
IQ~~~i~~ • 1D~• • n~~ssary • • length•• •Of•• lhe.
2
.G) •••
L= 116+84
® Determiriethe·slatkliloflhelocalionof.a· 2

l!l.li1l1~llm.1
L = 100m.

@ Station of the location of a sewer:

_.E.1..!:.....
Solution:
51 - g1 - f/2
G) Length of the CUNe:
5 - - 0.04 (100)
1 - _ 0.04 - 0.08
51 =33.33

Sta. = 2 +000 -16.67

Sta. = 1 + 983.33

@ Elevation of station where sewer is

located:
Elev. 1 +980 = 100 + 20 (0.04)
Elev. 1 + 980 = 100.80
Y= 101.34 - 100.80 p.
y=O.54
.---l:'- _--.tL
(~_ 20)2 - (~y
0.54 _ (~_20)2
H - (W L
H ="8 (g1 - f/2)
L 100
H="8 (g1 - g2) H=S(-0.04-0.08)
. L
H ="8 (0.04 +0.08) H =- 1.5 (sag cUNe)
L ----L-_J.&..
H="8(0.12) (33.33)2 - (50)2
Y= 0.667
8 (0.54) _ i~' 20l (4)
L (0.12) - L2 Elev. of A = 100 + 16.67 (0.04) + 0.667
Elev. of A =101.334 m.
5-342

PARABOLIC CURVES

Sta. of P.C. = = (2 + 700) - 80

Sta. oW C. = 2 + 620

On a ~aUrQad a • 0.8% grade meters a +0,4% Sta. of lowest point =(2 + 620) + 106.667
grad~$tation 2 + 700 whose elevation of Sta. of lowest point = 2 + 726.667
300 m, The maximum allowable change in
gradaper station having a length of 20 m. is ® Elevation of the invert of the culvert·
0.15: .... .
El. 300.214
@ .' Compute the length of curve.
® CQmpute the stationing where a culvert be
...•...• lo¢~ted. . ....
® Atwhatelevation must the invert of 1he
cJtvert b~ set iflhe pipe has a diameter of
(l.~m: and lhebackfill is 0.3 m. depth.
•. Ne9lect thickness of pipe.

Solution: INVERT

26.667
H=~(g2·g1)
H= 1~0 (0.004+0.008)
H= 0.24 m.
C -lL_--L-
£1.300 m
LcW~Sl
2+700
(8W - (53.333)2
Point
0.24 _--L-
(8W - (53.333)2
CD Length of curve:
one station = 20 m. long y= 0.107 m.
r = rate of change per station
Elev. E = 300 +0.004 (26.667) + 0.107
r=JlLIl1=O
n .15 Elev. E =300.214
Elev. of invert = 300.214 • 0.3 - 0.9
r= 0.4· (- 0.8) = 0.15
. n Elev. ofinvert = 299.014 m.
1.2
n = 0.15
n = 8 stations
L =8 (20)
L = 160m.
The grade ora symmetrical parabolic curve
@ Stationing of the lowest point on the curve:
from station 9+000 to the vertex V at sta.
9 + 100 minus 6% and from station 9 + 100 to
5-~ 9 + 200 is minus 2%. The. elevation at the
1- gl - g2
vertex is 100.00 m. His required to.connect
S - ·0.008 (160) these grade lines with a vertical parabolic
1 - _ 0.008 . 0.004 cur,e that shall pass 0.80 m. above the vertex.
51 = 106.667
 S-343

PARABOLIC CURVES

CIi Depth of cut at station 9 + 080:

9+000 10e,20 • • • • • ~ :?9.65

9+020 105.:m9+140 98.36
9+040 102A9 9 + 160 99.00
9+000 102.00 9+180 98.00.
9+080 ., 102,18" '9 +200 ,98.00
19+10(Y 101.80 " I

"I-l-l-+-+-+-

STATIO!o1NG

Solution: L
H='8(grg1)

H= 1:0 (-0.02+0.06)
H=0.80
.Jl_ 0.80
)02 (60)2 - (80~
~~ 101 Y3 =0.45
::~I'"
'" .:.~ Elev. of 9 + 080 = 100 + 20 (0.06) +0.45
Elev. of 9 + 080 =101.65 m.
" Depth of cut =102.18 - 101.65
Depth of cut = 0.53 m.
" :;g
~ ~ ~
® Depth offill at sta. 9 + 140:

CD Length of the vertical parabolic curve:

L
H='8(g1- g2)
2x
H =8 [- 0.06 - (- 0.02)]
2x
0.80 =8 (- 0.04)
0.08x =0.080 (8)
x= 80 m. ;,f-·+-+-+-+-+-++-f
2x= 160 m,
L" 160m.
STATro.V1.'V(,
8-344

PARABOLIC CURVES

A_-lL @ Lowest point of curve:

(40)2 - (80)2
S-~
A_0.80 2 - g2 - g1
(40)2 - (80)2 S - 0.01 (300)
Y4 = 0.20 2 - 0.01 + 0.05
S2 = 50 m. from P. T.
Elev. of st~. 9 + 140 = 100 - 40 (0,02) +0,20
Elev. of sta. 9 + 140 = 99.40 m. @ Elevation of station 10 + 000:
Depth of fill = 99.40 - 98.63 L
H ="8 (g2 -91)
Depth of fill = 1. 04 m.
300
H =8 (0.01 + 0.05)
H=2.25
_1.-_ 2.25
(100)2 - (150)2
y= 1.0
A gradeQf ;5%is followed bya grade af
1', 1Q~,thegrades intersecting at station EJ. B = 374.50 +0.05(50) + 1.0
10 +050 of eleva,lion 374.50 n'\.,. The Change of EJ. B= 378 m.
graders testridedioO,4%in 20m.•

A vertical summit curve has its highest point of

the curve at a distance 48 m. from the P,T.
The back tangenthasa grade of + 6% and a
Solution: forward grade of· 4%. The curve passes thru
CD Length of curve: point A on the curve at statiori25 + 140. The
elevation of the grade intersection is 100 m, at
station 25 + 160, ,

p.

Solution:
CD Length of curve:

r = g2 - g1
n
0.4 = 1 + 5
n
n = 15
L =20(15)
L = 300m.
 5-345

PARABOliC CURVES

S-~ g1 - g2
Rate of change =-.-n-
2 - 92 - g1
-0.04L
0,3 -
_U1L
n
48 =_0.04 - 0.06
L = 120m. n = 20 stations
L =20 (20)
@ Stationing of P. T. L = 400 m.
Sla. of P. T. = (25 + 160) + (60)
Sta. of P. T. = 25 + 220 @ Sta. ofhighest point of curve:
g1 L
@ Elev. of A on the curve: S --.-
L . 1 - 91 - g2
H=a(g2 - g1) 0,04 (400)
S1 - 0.04. (- 0.02)
120(0.06 +0.04) S1 =266.67 m. from p.e.
H= 8
H= 1.5 @ Elevation of highest point of curve:
.....L_J.:§... L
H=- (91 - 92)
(40)2 - (60)2 8
y= 0.67 400
H=g (0.04 +0.02)
Elev. ofA = 100 - 20(0.06) - 0.67
H=3
Elev. of A =98.13 m.. _H__ ---l.-
(200)2 - (133.33)2
= 3(133.33)2 = 1 33
Y (200)2 '
Elev. of highest point
A symmetrical vertical summit· curve. has = 142.63 +133..33(0,02) -1.33
tangents of +4% and· 2%, The allowable rate Elev. of highest point =143.97
of change of grade is 0,3% per meter station.
Stationing and elevallpnof PT, is at10 + 020
and 142.63 m. respectively.

~i) Compute the length of curve. .

A vertical symmetrical sag curve has a
Compute the distance of the highest point
of curve from the P.C. .' .... . '. . descending grade of· 4.2% and an ascending
.'31 Compute the elevation of the highest point grade of +3% intersecting at. station 10 +020•
of curve. whose elevation is 100 m.The two grade
lines are connected by a 260 ni, vertical.
Solution: parabolic sag curve.
CD Length of curve:
d). At what distance from the P.Ccis the
lowest point of the curve located? .' . :
What Is the vertical offset of the para\J<llic
~~~:n:~r~hd::,oint of interj)ection of the
If a 1 m. diam. culvert is placed at the
lowest point of the curve with the top of the
culvert buried 0.60 m, below the subgrade,
what will be the elevation of the invert of
the culvert?
S-346

PARABOliC CURVES

Solution:
CD Lowestpoint ofthe curve from P. C.

21.67

@ Nearest distance ofcurve from

pt. ofintersection of grades
Illjll
Solution:
CD Sfa. ofhighest point of curve:
L
H=a (g1 - g2)
260
H =8 (- 0.042 - 0.03)
H =- 2.34 m. (sag curve)

@ Elevation ofinvert.

El.I02.27B

O.6m
s;:...9.t!:.-.
gl-g2
S = 0.03 (120) = 78 26
0.03 + 0.016 .
Sta. of highest point = (5 + 21p) + 18.26
invert
Sfa. ofhighest point = 5 + 234.26
----L- _ 2.34 @ Bev. of highest point of curve:
(108.33)2 - (130)2
y= 1.62 m.

Elev. ofB =100 + 21.67(0.03) + 1.62

Elev. of B = 102.27 m.
Elev. ofinvert ofculvert.
Bev. = 102.27 - 1.6
Elev. = 100.67 m.
 5-347

PARABOLIC CURVES

L
H=a(gl· ~
120
H ="8 (0.03 + 0.016)

(ft11
H=0.69

-1L-_ 0.69
(41.74)2 - (60)2
Y1 = 0.33 m.

;1'lifJllli
Bev. of highest point = 27 -18.26 (0.016) - 0.33
Elev. of highest point = 26.378 m.

@ Depth of cover over the pipe:

.·.·.···.·.··Qt#l$~~~ii}}.<·· . . ...................\ • ».•. .•.
Solution:
ill Length of curve:

1'.T.
p.c.

...lL_ 0.69
(48)2 - (60)2
Y2 =0.44

Elev. of B= 27 -12(0.016) - 0.44

Elev. of A = 223.38 . 0.03 (75)
Elev. ofB =26.368 m. Bev. of A = 221.13 m.
y= 221.13·220.82
EI. 26.368 m
y= 0.31
L
H=a(gl'~

H=~ (0.02 t 0.03)

H=0.00625L
-lL_.--L-
(~ )2 - (~_ 75)2
INVERT
(4)O.00625L_~

Depth of cover: L2 - (~. 75)2

h = 26.368 • 26 0.025 0.31
h= a.368m.
-L-= (~. 75)2
 S-348

PARUDUC CURVES

(~. 75)2 = 12.4L

L2
4- 75L + 5625 = 12.4L
L2 - 349.6L + 22500 = 0
L=264.55

r=!l1:J12.
L
_ 2- (-3)
r- 264 .55
r=0.0189
'''WI
@
r= 1.89% < 2% ok

Stationing ofhighest point ofcurve:

S1-_..Bib.-
g1 - g2
S - 0.02 (264.55)
1 - 0.02 -(- 0.03)
III'.
Solution:
CD Length ofcurve:
S1 = 105.82 from P.C.

Sfa. ofhighest point = (4 + 135). 2~.55+ 105.82

Sfa. ofhighest point =4 + 108.545

® Elevation of highest point of curve:

p' =200 -20 (0.06)

p'= 198.80
y= 198.80 -198.13
y= 0.67
1 L
h=4(g1-~2
H=0.00625L
H = 0.00625 (264.55) L
h=8(gl-~
H= 1.65
H _----L- L
h =8(0.06 + 0.04)
(132.275f - (105.82f
1.65 ----L- h=O.10L
(132.275f - (105.82f 8
y= 1.056 m. h= 0.05L
4
Bev. of B = 223.38 • 76.455 (0.02) h=0.0125 L
Elev. of B= 222.85 m.
Elev.· of highest point of curve at C
= 222,85 -1.056
(~- 20)2 {~)2
-y-=-h-
= 221.794m.
 S-349

PARABOLIC CURVES

(~_ 20)2 (~)2 Solution:

CD Stationing ofhighest point of CUNe:
0.67 =0.0125 L
(~- 20)2 = 13.4 L
Hilhatpmntofarnoc

L2
'4- 20L + 400 = 13.4L
L2_113.6L+1600=0
L=240
2
L';' 120m.

@) Stationing and elevation of P. C. 5-t682

5+432 5+592
Sta. of P.C. = (35 + 280) - 60
~"ta. of P.C. = 35 +220
Using squared property ofparabola.
Elev. of P.C. =200 - 60 (0.06) o 1.._~
Elev. of P.C. = 196.40 x2 - (90 + x>2
@ Stationing and elevation of P. T. 1.._~
Sta. of P. T. = (35 +300) +60 8 x2- (160.x)2
Sta. ofP. T. = 35 + 360
o 4.7x2+x2y=y(8100+180x+x2)
Elev. of P. T. = 200 - 60 (0.04) 4.7x2 • 180xy- 81OOy= 0 (multiply by 3)
Elev. of P. T. = 197.60
14.1x2 - 540xy - 24300y = 0

8 3x2 + yx2 = Y(25600 - 320x +x2)

3x2 + 320xy - 25600y =0 (multiply by 4.7)
14.1x2 + 1504xy • 120320y ,;, 0

0&8
14.1x2 - 540xy - 24300y =0
14.1x2 + 1504xy-120320y =0
• 2044xy + 9P020y =0
<··.·•• elfMilj6:ri~) 96020
()~;®ffitUt
x= 2044
. .·4$;Q06«> x=46.98m.
················!Q;~Qqt)<.·
Sta. ofhighestpoint =(5 + 592) - (46.98)
Sta. ofhighest point = 5 + 545.02

® Elevation of highest point of CUNe:

o 4.7x2 - 180xy· 8100y =0
4.7 (46.98)2 -180 (46.98) y- 8100y= 0
y=0.63 m.

Elev. ofhighestpoint of CLiNe =48 + 0.63

Elev. ofhighest point of CUNe =48.63 m.
S-350

PARABOliC CURVES

@ Elevation of P. T. Solution:
CD Length of vertical parabolic CUNe:

$, = 160 - 46.98
$, = 113.02
$-~
1- g1 - g2 Bey. of A = 78.10 - 5
11302 =0.05 (200) Elev. ofA= 75.10 m.
. 0.05 - f12 Elev. of B = 70 + 0.08 (5)
0.05 - f12 =0.088 Bev. of B = 70.40 m.
g2=-0.038 y= 73.10·70.40
g2 =·3.8% y=2.7

Elev. P.I. = 45 + 100 (0.05) L

Elev. P.I. =50 m. H=a(g,· fh)
Elev. P. T. = 50· 100 (0.028) L
H=a(- 0'(~4. 0.08}
Elev. P. T. =46.2 m.
H=· 0.015L (sag curve)
---L.-=...!L
(~. 5)2 .(~Y
(~. 5)2 =45L
L2
"4. 5L + 25 = 45L
L2. 200L + 100 =0
[= f99.50m.·

® Stationing of catch basin:

 5-351

PARABOliC CURVES

s _.1l.tl-. Solution:
1- gl- g2 CD Length of vertical parabolic curve:
S - - 0.04 (199.5)

~
-8
1- -0.04-0.08

~
Sl =66.5 m. from P.C.
EL120m
S
;c
-_.-----r--
HI IS.Sm
---
Sta. of the point where catch basin is placed:
= (7 + 700) - 33.25 .
=7+ 666.75.

@ Elevation Of the point where catch basin is

placed:
--.i'.- __ H_
(66.5f - (99.75)2
H= 0.015 (199.5) L
2H 2' (112 • gl)
H=2.99
T=-L-
--.i'.-_~
(66.5f - (99.75)2 2
y= 1.33 m. L
H='8(g-rgl)
Bev. of the point where catch basin is placed: L
Elev. 0 = Bev. C +Y H='8 [0.03 - (- 0.04)]
Elev. C=70 + 33.25 (0.04) H=0.00875L
Elev. C=71.33 m.
Bev. of 0 = 71.33 + 1.33 S _-921:...
Elev. of 0 = 72.66 m. 2- gr gl
_ 0.03 (Ll
S2 - 0.03. (- 0.04)
S2 =0.429 L
L_L
(~2 - (~)2
Y _0.00875 L

•••,
.~J~I~IC~'Jl~~~~ll~lr~il~l..
~H4%aMthattifttiep·nl$f$%H
(0.429 Lf -

y= O.00644L
(~)2

Elev. ofA = 120·5.5

Bev. ofA = 114.5 m.
Elev. of B = 105 + x (0.03)
L
X=2'- S2
@()¢t~rtnjl'l~Jti¢l~n~lthq((~~y~rtl¢M x= 0.5 L· 0.429 L

;:llerliili.;
x= 0.071 L
Elev. of B = 105 + 0.071 L (0.03)
Elev. of B = 105 + 0.00213 L
Elev. ofA = Elev. of B + Y
CUrve. 114.5 =105 + 0.00213 L + 0.00644 L
L = 1108.52 m.
5-352

PARABOLIC CURVES

® Stationing ofpoint 'p.: 0.41 H

x =0.071 L (54~ = (60)2
x =0.071 (1100.52) I:f=O.5rem.
x= 78.70m.
L
2H (gl- gV"2
Sta. ofpoint .p. = (5 + 800) + 78.70
Sta: ofpoint .p. = (5 + 878. 70) 1:.=-,-'L-
2
@ Elevafjon of P. T. L
H=a(g1- gV
Elev. of P. T. = 105 + 110;.52 (0.03)
120
Elev. of P. T. = 1~1.63 m.
0.506 ="8 (0.02 - ~
0.02 - 92 =0.0337
92 =-0.014
92 =-1.4%

® Stationing of highest point of curve:

, ~
SI=

Illtll
91- 92
_ 0.02 (120)
SI - 0.02 - (- 0.014)
SI = 70.59 m. from p.e. ,

Sta. ofhighestpoint = (4 + 100) + 70.59

Sta. of highestpoint;: 4 + 170.59

ii~.I.
Solution:
@ Elevafjon of highest point of CUNe:

CD Grade of forward tangent:

-,1
rr Elev. of e;: 22.56 + 60 (0.02) -10.59 (0.014)
e
Bev. of =23.61 m.

..J:L;:--L-
(60)2 (49.41)2
0.506_--L-
Elev. of B =22.56 + 54 (0.02) (60f - (49.41)2
Elev. of B = 23.64 m. y= 0.343 m.
y =23.64 - 23.23
y=0.41 m. Elev. ofD = 23.61 - 0.343
Elev. of D = 23.267 m.
 5-353

PARABOLIC CURVES

1------------------ Solving for Ll:

2H _(g1 •gz) Lz
L1 - L1 + Lz
2HL1+2HLz::: L1 Lz(g1- gz)
L1[Lz(91 • gz) • 2H] ::: 2HLz
A vertical highway curve is at times
designed to include a. particular elevation at a
certainstalion where the grades ofthe forward
and backward' tangents have already been
established. It is therefore necessary to use a
curve with unequal tangents or a compound Applying the squared property of parabola, in
curve which is usually called "unsymmetrical" solving for the vertical offsets of the parabola.
or asymmetrical parabolic curve where one
parabola extends from the P.C. to a point ~/1
directly below the vertex and a second ./ i
parabola which extends from this point to the
P.I. In order to make the entire curve smooth I
and continuous, the two parabolas are so !
i
constructed so that they will have a common ~~-+----+--+---"""~p.T.
tangent at the point where they joined, that is
at a point directly below the vertex.
Let us consider the figure shown below: jL_J::L
(X1)Z - (L 1)Z
~_J:L
(xz)Z - (Lz}z

Location of the highest or lowest point of the

curve.

a) From the P.C. When¥<H

l1 ::: length of the parabolic curve on the left
side of the vertex.
Lz ::: length of the parabolic curve on the right
side of the vertex.
g1::: slope ofbackwarcj tangent

I-~-
gz ::: slope of forward tangent

I
S-354

PARABOLIC CURVES

Let g3' be the slope of the common tangent Likewise, the location of the lowest or
of the parabolic curve. highest point of the curve could be
computed from the P.T. of the curve, this
holds true when ~ is greater than H.
B
Considering the figure shown, let us
assume that the highest or lowest point of
1-g~/2 the curve is found on the right side of the
IJ!!/I$!!E:..------~E
parabola.

Considering the symmetrical parabola

AVF, thelocalion of the highest point of
b) From the P. T. when ¥ >H

the sag is obtained from the relation.

CD 5
1
=.9i.h
gl- g3

SUbstitutintg these values and solving for

g3, we have:

Considering the right side of the parabola,

VFCD.
v

Solving for g3 in equation ®.

2H =L2 g3 - L2 g2
51 = location.of the highest or lowest point _2H +L2 92
of the curve from the P.C, @ g3- L
2
 S-355

PARABOLIC CURVES

Solution:
CD Height offill needed to coverthe outcrop:

ilI
<frr,)U2

When ¥ > H. the highest or lowest point of

2H _ L2 (91 - gz)
L1 - L1+L2
the curve is localed on the right side of lhe H= [1 L2 Ish - fb)
curve. 2(L1 +L0
H- 40 (60) [0.05 - (0 0.08)1
- 2(40 +60)
CD When ¥>H H= 1.56
. _.9.t!£ -.lL_A
Use. 52 - 2H (from the P. T.) (40'1 - {20'f
_ 1.56 (20)2
Yl - (40'1
® When ¥<H
YI =0.39
Use: 51 = 1h11!.
2H (from the P.C.) B EL=1O.6Im

Ijill=2.21 m
p.e EL=108.40m
EL=llOrn

\
Outcrop
Bev. ofB =110 + 0.05 (20) •0.39
[email protected] Elev. orB =110.61 m.
fOrWar9·.tang®19f·•• S;%~rida~~C~fangflot~f: Depth offill at the outcrop =110.61 -108.40
t5~ ..... Th~lenglh .• tif.(;prvl'.·qrtth~ . le~ •. $id~9f Depth offill = 2.21 m.

i~,liiliilii
13111v~ijpnQtlOMQro. '.' . ". ..... . .
® Elevation of CUNe at sta. 6 + 820:

0)·•• Q9@PW~··t!'Ie.hEli9htqfnt@~e¢~.t(lcqV~

!!li_!~~!~t~~!~!t!~~
.~··oflhecU~.
• • • qPmp~f~.~e • ele't@~n.9fltlE! .• l'ii~MM.paiilt
..... ..... Efev. ofC =110 + 40 (0.05) -1.56
Efev. of C = 110.44 m.
5-356

PARABOLIC CURVES

@ Elevation of highest point of CUNe: Solution:

CD Length ofCUNe:

b1.9J. =40 (0.05) =10 < H

2 2 .

Sl --~
x2=24.24
2H from P.C. 6O--4--'--L2-
S _ 0.05 (40)2
1- 2(1.56) Elev. B =230 - 30 (0.07)
Sl =25.64m. Bev. B =227.90 m.
Y1 =227.90 - 227.57
-lL_-lL Y1 =0.33
(4Of - (25.64)2 iLA
_1.56 (25.64)2 x2 - (L 1f
Y2 - (40)2 0.33 _-lL
Y2 =0.64 (3Of- (60f
H- 0.33 (60f
Bev. ofE= 110 + 0.05 (25.64) - 0.64 - (30)2
Elev. ofE= 110.642m. H= 1.32 m.
2H _ b2JfI.c.922
L1 - L1 +L2
2 (1.32) _ L2 (0.07 +0.04)
60 - 60+ L2
2.64 (60 + L~ = 60 (0.11) L2
158.4 + 2.64 L2 =6.6 L2
~.96 L2 = 158.4
L2 =40m.

@ Stationing of the highest point of the CUNe:

\91 = 60 (~.07) =2.1 > H
Therefore the highest point of hte CUNe is
on the right side.

1.1'li~~
fl2l-i
8-<= 2H
~_ == 0.04 (40)2
VOl 2 (1.32)
S2 =24.24 m. from P. T.
 5-357

PARABOliC CURVES

Sia. ofP. T. =(6 + 300) + 40 2H 1320

Sia. of P. T. = 6 + 340 160 = 280
Sia. ofhighest point = (6 +340)· 24.24 H=3.77m.
Sia. ofhighest point = 6 + 315.76 ...lL_-...!:L
(60}2 - (120}2
@ Elevation of the highest point of the curve:
..YL_.l!..- . _3.77 (60f
Y, - (120}2
(X2}2 - (L2f
Y, = 0.94
-l'L._ 1.32
(24.24)2 - (40}2 Bev. of B =30 - 60 (0.04) •0.94
Y2 =0.48 ~ Elev. of B= 26.66 m.
Bev. of C =230 -15.76 (0.04) Bev. of curb =26.66 ·4.42
Bev. of C= 229.37 m. Bev. of curb =22.24m.
Elev. of highest point =229.37 - 0.48
Elev. of highest point = 228.89 m. ® Length of CUNe on the forward tangent:

Elev. of A = 30 • 0.04 (50)

EJev. of A =37.6 m.
Elev. of B =22.6385 + 4.42

!II!~!
Bev.ofB=27.0585

Y2 = 27.60 - 27.0585
Y2 =0.5415
--h-=.1L
(L2 - 6O}2 (tj
2H _ 0.11 L2
Solution: 160 - (160 +L2)
CD Elevation of curb:
H=~
160 + L2
0.5415 _ 8.8L2
(L2 • 6O}2 - (160 + LV (l..2}2
0.5415 (160 + L2) L2 = 8.8 (L2 - 60)2
86.64L2 +0.5415Li = 8.8 (Li - 120 L2 + 3600)
. 8.2585Ll-1142.64L2 + 31680 = 0
Li -138.359L2 + 3836.048 = 0
L2 = 100m.
S-358

PARABOliC CURVES

@ Stationing of highest point of curve based

on second condition:

AC•• 3!o/;,•• grGlde • /ll~~t~)r+§%i.~W!e/Mar.(In

UtJd~rp~S5,.···mQrdett(lmamt~ln.meml~jmUm
·91El~rllll~~'()W~d~llclEl(th~q~~g~@d.~I.~b~
$aroe.tlrtla·.intrt1dtlP~.avertipal~s«t9n • Ptlrv~·
fn.tI)eW"'®.li!l~, • jt.~ •. ryege~§aWIR •.~e • <i.•.ClJrve.
Ih1!lnil:l~.~Og.rn·pn9ne.sid~.ofthe·Verl~Xofth~
.$lt~igm.9rade.and1Qri • ro,•• dn.the•• qiher,.t~e
$1~~i()m()f.the • ~~giflning • 9f.tt@9t1rv~(2()().I'lI.
skle)·iS.10.+.000M¢·it$.ele~ali¢n·i$·228·m.

ill Oetermll'le·.·.··lne.·•• ele'1ation·•• af•• • statloll·

2H_~ 1o•.f64Q..•... •.• • • i >.. . . •.•· /.. / ?•• • • •
160 -260 @ Iflh~ • uphill.~dse.af.th~uriqer$~~Clf·the
. bridge • • i~N • • staUon • • 1O·•• t··•• f2g/~im2 • • ~t
H= 3.385 elevatiClrl.229.2Q~·.m.,·Wttat·is.lne~rtiC<:lI·.
!::l.Jll. _160 (0.07) clearanceUnd~th~~n~lll(l~ntilsP9rrit1 ••..•
2 - 2 ® Dl:llerrtllne • • ttt~.·.ttaliQning • • ()f.ltle.fowest
painl ofthe Curve, . . . .
¥=5.6>H
Solution:
ill Elevation at station 10 + 040:
The highesfpoint of curve is on the right
side.
fl21l
S2= 2H

S - 0.04 (100)2
2- 2 (3.385)
S2 = 59.08 m.

Sta. ofhighest point of curve

8 2H
= (12 + 200) + (40.92) 300 = 200
=12+ 240.92 H= 2.67
--lL_~~
(40)2 - (200)2
Y1 =0.107

Etev. of sla. 10 + 040 = 228·0.03 (40) + 0107

Etev. of sla. 10 + 040 =226.907 m.
 5-359

PARABOliC CURVES

@ Clearance under the bridge:

:~ea[~~~~~o~~~;~~tY ~I~lal·
IQqryfJl3et.a~fdlallgEllltot:a~~M~bllCf(
•

..1:'2-_~
(80)2 - (100)2
litill
the • • !?rojEict .• ~~91~e~fij~Ci~~ijtq~ijm~.·lhe
vertiC<ll.par~l~cUrve.jnsUc.h~·weYlhatth~
..1:'2-_ 2.67
.(80)2 - (100)2
Y2 = 1.71
1I1'~1I.18r~1
Elev. of P.I. = 228 • 200 (0.03) ill o.eterrnme•• • th~ • • 19tal•• len~th • • of•• t~e • • new
Elev. ofP.l. = 222 m. patab9Iip¢9t\1~,.>.
Elev. of C = 222 +0.05 (20) ® QetEl!1Tlin¢tM.·~t~tiQni~~.afJd;l:lt$vati®.()f
Elev. of C = 223 m. tffitne\',lp.r,<i
Elev. of 0 = 223 + 1.71 @ [}ElWnnineW~~I~¥ati()ll9ft~ell)~elil.B9lnt
QfthecW:ile~> . ..
Elev. of 0 = 224.71 m.
Vertical clearance h = 229.206 - 224.71 Solution:
Vertical clearance h =4.496 m. G) Total length of new parabolic CUNe:
@ Stationing of lowest point of CUNe:
h21
22
= 200 (0.03) = 3 m > 2 67
. .
The lowest point of curve is on the right
side.

_fl2ii L
S2 - 2H '£!:!L 2. (g2· g1)
S _0.05(10W L - L
2 - 2 (2.67) 2
S2 = 93.63 m.
~
H1 = 8
Sta. of lowest point of CUNe =(10 + 3(0) - 93.63
Sla. of lowest point CUNe = 10 + 206.37 H1 =2 m. < 2.67 (it will hit the boulder)
S-360

PARABOLIC CURVES

Construct an unsymmetrical parabolic CUNe

?!:!2. L2 (g, • fh)
L1 L1 + L2
~ _ L2 (0.03 + 0.05) AWfVIard • ~llge~f&f~~W~~d~~ignEldl~
100 - 5.34 iQIW1~qt~~k.tM9Mt9fc$rci~t~Pf~$~~
1.50 L2 = L2+ 100 .lJIl9~fP<iS~.Clf<m~.~pij~M~·~~IQ~tS~nt8~
L2 =200 m.

Total length of CUNe = 100 + 200

Total length of curve = 300 m.
IIJItJ.1Utitlll'
gp°tltqlJrvelll'i~Q(lth£l$jd~9ft~~~ac~
tang~rt.Wlle • <i.• 19QI11·••~~~ • li~@tQeslij~
of.ttl~f%'f!ltdI2!nQ~nt' • The$taij@ir\!fand
® Stationing and elevation of the new P. T. el~yat!9Q9fthElgt<!d~jlll~r~~9tiqwjs
Sta. ofnew P. T. = 10 + 300 1f;:$30.2l)aod19Qm;r~$M¢~¥~ly.)rhe
@nWlm~9fme~ri~geffllls~t~tali9{l
·12+.S75·20·•• ·Th~.e~'1CltiQnoflhellllderstd!'l.()f
Elev. ofnew P. T. = 100 + 200 (0.03) thepndgei$117A8. . . .
Elev. ofnew P. T. = 106 m.
.. ,' .

@ Elevation of lowest point of CUNe:

(2)
. ,

c
.
,
- .

~~
,- ~
ll- ++---·-::;OiIJP.·T. e. ... .'

Solution:
CD Clearance on the left side of the bridge:

kI11
2
= 100 (0.05) - 25 H
2 -. <

The lowest point of CUNe is on the left side.

ill .
81 = 2H
S _0.05 (10W
1 - 2 (2.67)
81 =93.63m.
---L.- _-.!i...
(93.63)2 - (100)2
---L.- _ 2.67
(93.63}2 - (100)2
y=2.34

Elev. oflowest point of CUNe

:; 100 + 0.05 (6.37) + 2.34
= 102.66m.
 5-361

PARABOUC CURVES

2H _ Lz (g, - 9,)
L1 - L1 + L2
H == L1 Lz (gz - 91)
2(L, + L2)
H== 200 (100) (0.06 - 0.03)
2(200 + 100) Sight distance = is the length of roadway
H==3m. ahead visible to the driver. For purpose of
-lL_-.!i- design and operation it is termed stopping
sight distance and passing sight distance.
(Xlr (Lzf
..li.-==_3_ 1.)
(60)2 (100)2
Y1 == 1.08
12- __3_
·.· ~@#~~~·.~~~~.P,~~i:~i· .
Stopping Sight Distance is the total
(50)2 - (1oof
distance traveled during three time
Y2 == 0.75 intervals.
a. The time for the driver to perceive the
Elev. of A == 100 + 0.06 (40) hazard.
Elev. of A == 102.40 b. The time to react
Elev. of B == 102.4 + 1.08 c. The time to stop the vehicle after the
Elev. ofB == 103.48 brakes are applied.
Based on the National Safety Council,
Clearance on the left side = 117.48 - 103.48 average driver reaction time is 3/4
Clearance on the left side == 14 m. seconds.

® Clearance on the right side ofthe bridge:

pr:--
Ht, ofdf'fwr"3 qe
Elev. ofC = 100 + 0.06 (50) ill OPPOSJt e dlf~CIlOll

if objU1 h -6' \ .
Elev. of C = 103 H,.

Elev. of 0 = 103 + 0.75

'-'---'h =3.7S' 1

Elev. of 0 = 103.75

Clearance at right side = 117.48 - 103.75 ,

I: :Ton;NG DISTANCE:
(brahng dlstana)
Clearance at right side = 13.73 m. S

® Clearance at the center. S=Vt+D

.l:'L __3_ A car moving at a certain velocity V after
(55r (100)2 seeing an object ahead of him, will still
Y3 = 0.91· travel a distance Vt before he starts
applying the brakes. The braking distance
Elev. of E = 100 + 45 (0.06) + 0.91 depends upon the speed and type of
Elev. of E = 103.61 m. pavements, in this case we have to
consider the coefficient of friction (f)
Clearance at the center = 117.48 -103.61 between the tires and the pavement. The
time t (sec) is called the perception-
Clearance at the center = 13.87 m.
reaction time as is approximately 3/4 of a
seconds.
 S-38~

REVERSED VERTICAL 'IUBOlIC CURVE

gl =grade of approaching tangent

g3 =grade of receding tangent
g2 =grade of common tangent
L1= length of first curve
L2 = length of second curve
L = total length of curve
L=L1 + L2
H1=difference in elevation between Aand B
H2 =difference in elevation between Band C
r1=rate of change of grade of first curve
r2=rate of change of grade of second curve L, =S2.:..9.1
r1
r, =.92.:.91
L 1

f2 =.9J..:...92.
L 2
L=L1 + L2
L =92.:.9i + .9J..:...92.
f, f2

L1 =.92.:.91
f,
L2 =.9J..:...92.
r2
Elev. B = Elev. A + [91f- (-E2f)]
Elev. B - Elev. A = (91 + r) L1
- (91 + 92) L1
H1- 2

Elev. C= Elev. B + [93f- (-92f)]

Elev. C• Elev. B = (93 + i2) L2
- (93 + 92) L2
Hr 2
H = H1 +H 2
S-390

REVERSED VERDCll POIBOliC CURVE

~
~= 2(0.5)
16 - n~2
~=1

rliWl H1+~:;=18
~~-
(-to) + 1 - 18
2gi =·18 +20
Y2 2 =1

rlll'III"~
Y2 = 1% (grade ofcommon tangenQ

® Length of first and second CUNeo assume

one station is 20 m.long:
L1 =!l2..:.ll1
(1
1-2
L1 :;: -0.5
Solution: L1 = 2 stations
<D Grade of the common tangent: L1 =2 (20)
L1 = 40 m. (length of first cUNe)

L _fJLJJ2
2- r2
B
4-1
L2 = 0.50
L2 = 6 stations
I------L.- _ L2 = 6 (20)
L2 = 120 m. (length of 2nd cUNe)

Total length = 40 + 120

Totallength= 160 m.

@ Elev. ofB:
Total length of the CUNe = 40 + 120
Total length ofthe CUNe = 160 m.

rJ:L!Jl
H1 = 2(1
-~
H1 - 2(-0.5)
1-4
H1 =---:T
H, =3m.

Elev.ofB=100+3
Elev. of B = 103 m.
 5-391

SPIWCURVE

Elements ofa spiral curve:

1. S.C. = spiral to curve

2. C.S. = curve to spiral
3. S.T. = spiral to tangent
4. Ts = tangent distance
5. Tc = tangent distance for the curve
6. I = angle of intersection of spiral dL = Roo
easement curve dL
7. = angle of intersection of simple ds='R
curve Q::!1:
8. T.S. = tangent to spiral L Lc
9. Rc = radius of simple curve
But 0 is inversely proportional to R:
10. Dc = degree of simple curve
= long tangent
11. L.T.
12. S.T. = short tangent
. --6. L

13. Es

14. L.C.
= extemal distance of the spiral
curve
= long chord of spiral transition
~y
,,
,,
'\
,,
,,
,/
,,
D R
,,
15. Xc = offset from tangent at S.C.

y
\A/
, ,
16. Yc = distance along the tangent from V
the T.S. to S.C.
17. X = offset from tangent at any point
on the spiral
18. Y = distance along tangent at any
point on the spiral
19. Sc = spiral angle at S.C. D =1145.9.16 =!S
20. i = deflection angle at any point on R R
the spiral, it is proportional to K K
the square of its distance. RL =RcLc
21. Lc = length of spiral R-&.h
- L
22. L = length of spiral from T.S. to any
point along the spiral ds = dL L
Rc Lc
ds = L dL
Rc Lc
5-392

SPiRAl CURVE

At S.C.: L = Lc
L3
Xc =6RcLc

L3
L_~
XC - ..!1.
6Rc
(spiral angle at any point on the spiral)

For metric system:

20

20= RcDc
20
9-
Rc=Oc

(spiral angle at S.C.)

dx = dL sin s
sin s = s for small angles
T.S.

S
sidt '~dt
I

dL: dL
T.s.1 :Y

h
c=-
2S
 5-393

SPiRAl CURVE

h =dx AB=RcSc
S=dL
AB-&.h
_(dxf -2Rc
c - 2 dL
AB=b:
2
dy =dL - c
AB = b (approximately)
(dx)2
dy =dL - 2 dL By ratio and proportion:
dx = dL sin s b:
dx = s dL AG 4
s2 dL2 b:=Rc
dy =dL - 2 dL 2
AG=~
s2 dL
dy=dL·--
2

L5
dy =dL - 8f\? L 2
c

From the figure shown:

1
Ts =b+(Rc+p)tan:2

1
1 (Rc+p)tan:2
sin:2= OB
1
(Rc+p)tan:2
OV= 1
sin-
2
 S-394

SPiRAl CURIE

- 3
8. Ye = l.c -~
40Rc
(distance along
tangent at S. C. from T.S.)
9. Ts = ~+ (Rc +~) tan ~
(tangent distance for spiral)
& 1 .
10. Es = (Rc + 4) sec '2- Rc (extemal
distance)
11. Ie = I - 2 se (angle of intersection of
simple cUNe)
X L2
12. P = ~---
4 24Rc
0.0079
R K2 (super-eIe~at'Ion)
13. e =
where K= kph
14. e = 0.00; K2 (considering 75% of
Kto counteract the super-elevation)
15. Le = 0.0~6 K3 (desirable length of
SUMMARY OF FORMULAS spiral)
FOR SPIRAL CURVE i L2
16.
ie
=. 2L (deflection angles val}' as
e
the squares of the length from
L2 180 . the T.S.)
1. S = 2Rc l.c x --;- (spiral angle at 17.
0
= LLe (degree af CUNe vanes .
any point on the spiral) Dc
directly with the length from the
_2. se = D40Le (spiral angle at S.C.) T.S.)

are basis, metric system

3. se = 2ft
L 180 .
x --;- (spiral angle at S.C.)

4. Xc = ~ (offset distance from A spiml80 m,lorig conriec(sa tangent with a

6>30' circular cuMtlHhe stationing of the T,S.
tangent at S.C.) is 10 + 000, and lhegauge of beltact Qn the
L3 curve is 1.5rn. --
5. X = Xc l.c3
G) Determine -the elevation -of the outer rail at
- the trti&pOiot;if Ih~ velocilY¢ the fastest
= ~ (deflection angle at any point
I
6.
train to pass OVer the ctltvels60 kph.
on the spiral) @ ~~~:~rilhe spiral angle at the first
LS
7. Y = L- 40 Rc2 L 2 (distance along ® Determine !he deflection angle at the end
e pOint _.
tangent at any point in the spiral)
@ Determine the offutMrom the tangent at the
second qualterpoinl
 5-395

SPIRAl CURVE

Solution: @ Spiral angle at the first quarterpoint:

CD Elevation of the outer rail: L=20m.
L2 180
s=--
. 2Rc LeTt
_ (20)2 (180)
s - 2(176.3}(80) Tt
5=0.81' ,
s= 0'49'

® Deflection angle at the end point:

At the end point Lc =80 m.
_ Lc 180
sC-2RTt c
_ 80 (180)
Sc - 2 (176.3) Tt
Sc = 13'

i=~
3
. 13'
1=3
i = 4,33' deflection angle at the end point.

@ Offset from the tangent at the second

tan" =-W- quarter point:
V"
tan" =-
fT
V= 1000 K
3600
V=0.278K
g = 9.8 m1sec2
e'
tan" =1" = e
e =(0.278 1\)2
9.8r L = 40 m. at the second quarter point
0.0079 K2
e=
r
_iL
XC -
6Rc
R= 1145.916
L3
D X=Xc L 3
R= 1145.916 c
6.5 _ (80}2
_ 0.0079 (60j2 (1.5) Xc - 6 (176.30)
e- 176.30 Xc =6.05
e =0.241 (outer railj X- 6.05(40f
0.241 - (80}3
e=--
2 X= 0.756m,
e = 0.1205 (at midpoint)
5-396

SPIWCURVE

• t!l~·\MgM~·9f·#.·.~W~f#A~··Mi • ~ij]lAA~.m·.

·~ll'I'~gil.ltltl.~[1
• II~rJI~.~I.~·~~ll~.~ • ~~·.
W.P~W:fulh~ttij@g~()@itl1Pl~#jjlY~;·.·· •.• • •·• • •

IllIi• •fli
Solution:
<D Degree ofsimple CUNe: .·~ • • • P~~~triM~ • •lli~ • • ()ff$~lft()m.t?@~@~\t@.
U 0.004~
see=-R-

e=-R-
0.004~
.
•~.·• ~~IJ~i~I;lpil;~.lh~ •t~~g¢hl.·
Solution:
l0)2
0.10 = o. OO4 <D Radius ofthe new circular CUNe:
R= 196m.
D= 1145.946
R
D= 1145.916
196
D = 5.85" (degree ofcUNe)

® Length ofspiral:
L = 0.036 1(3
C R
. 3
L =0.036 (70)
C 196
Lc =63 m. say 60 m. (use multiple of 10 m.)

® SUper-elevation of the first 10 m. from S. C.

on the spiral:
1
el = 6(0.10)
el =0.017 (at 10m. from T.S. on the spiral)
es =5 (0.017)
es = 0.085 (at 10 m. from S.C. on the spiral)
e =0.085 (9)
e =0.765 m. (super-elevation at 10 m.
from S. C. on the spiral)
 8..397

SPIRAl CURVE

~ +[Rc +~~~] tan 25'

® Distance along the tangent at the mid-point
130.57 = ofthe spiral:
whenL=40m.
90.57 = tan 25' [Rc + ~67] L5
y=L- 40R 2 42
194.22 =R,,2 +;:6.67 c
_ . (40)5
Rc2 + 266.67 -194.22 Rc = 0 Y- 40 - 40 (192.84)2 (80)2
y=40-0.01
Solving for Rc = 192.84 m. y=39.99m.

® Distance that the curve will nearer the

vertex:
Old external distance:
(for old simple curve)
cos 25' =280 ."I1'I~.·.tW91~~@~!$.#.·~$@pl~··.¢~rmM~~
OV a~rnU@lmZr~8M¢·tP+r$~Qve.IWWlja~.~.
OV= 308.95 m.
E= 308.95 - 280
E=28.95m.
For the new curve:
(External curve)
i{fll-tl:l.
(j) ·P~(~lMI@41$~~(lij·~tHMMw
Es -(
- Rc + &)
4 sec !2 - Rc
·..·.· . .·¢tlct~~tM)Tl~W~fi'®)!IJ~¥.~*< •. •·••.•• • •
&_J:L..
@
4 - 24 Rc

Central angle of the circular curve:

Ie = I- 2 Sc
!'ill!lJli~lIt'
La 180 Solution:
Sc = 2 R 1t <D Distance the new curve must be moved
c
_ 80 (180) from the vertex.
Sc - 2 (192.84) 1t

@ Deflection angle at the end point of the

splraf:
1= §.c
3
. 11.80
/=-3-
1= 3.96'

.@ Offset from tangent at the end point of the

spiral:
L2
Xc=~ I P
Cos-=-
_ (80)2 2 DE
Xc - 6 (192.84) P
DE=-I
Xc = 5.53rn. Cos-
2
 5-398

SPiRAl CURVE

h 2.5 super-elevation at quarterpoints.

=Cas 50' e4 = 0.149 (10)
h=3.89m. e4 = 1.49
@ Valueofy: 1
x=b+y el =4(1,49)

tan!=l e1 =0.3725
2 p 1
Y=2.5 tan 50' ~ ='2(1.49)
y= 2.98m.
~ = 0.745
@ Distance from T. S. to P. C. 3
x = 30 +2.98 m. e:J =4(1.49)
x=32.98m. e:J = 1.118

@ Deflection angle at the end point:

T~ • ta!ig~rl&·.MViri9.~~imutn~.of.~4Q.· • ~nQ
.~?~.·?r~R~Q®t~~.pt.~~··.~Q.·m;$irliil.~~

··i'i~~[l~~l~~fu f:~~;.·.~~~~~~~~l~~i~ .• .
.

1111I.III1iilli j

........• P()fllf($i~n ••/·./·•• • • • • • • • • ••• • •·•• ·••••• • • • • • • • • • • .•.• • •.•. • •.

·.~·P~f#®ih~~¢~t~l't@gi$@rJ~; .
Solution:
CD Super-elevation at quarter points:

S=...h- 180
2 Rc 7t
80 180
S = 2 (190.99) 7t
S= 12'
, S
1=-
. 3
. 12
1='3
R= 1145.916
D i= 4'
R = 114~.916 = 190,99 m.
@ External distance:
0.0079 J(2
Es -(
- Rc + &)
4 sec 1
e=
R 2· Rc
_ 0.0079 (60)2
1= 282·240
e- 190.99
1=42'
~ = 0.149 mlm width of roadway
 S-399

SPIWCURVE

L2 CD Length oflong and short tangent:

Xc=~ _ J:L
_ (BOf Yc-4- 40Rc?
Xc - 6(190.99) (BOt'
Xc =5.58 Yc =80 - 40 (190.99f
8 Yc = 79.65 m.
Es = (190.99 + 51 ) sec 21'-190.99
XC -
_lL
Es = 15.0Bm. 6Rc
_ (80f
Xc - 6 (190.99)
Xc =5.58 m.
X
tanS=h
5.58
h=tan 12'
h=26.25m.

Long tangent (L T) = Yc - h
LT= 79.65 - 26.25
LT=53.4m.

Short tangent (ST):

SinS-&'
- ST
5.58
ST= Sin 12'
ST= 26.B4 m.

® External distance:
Es = [Rc+~] Sec~-Rc
Es =( 190.99 +5;a) Sec 21' - 190.99
Es = 15.OBm.
@ Length ofthrow:
p_&
-4
- 1145.916 _5.58
Rc- '0 P- 4

_1145.916 p= 1.395m.
Rc - 6
® Maximum velocity:
Rc = 190.99 m.
I _ 0.036 'Ifl
S=..h- 180 '-C- Rc
2Rc 1t
S- 80 (180) BO = 0.036 ve
- 2 (190.99) 1t 190.99
S=12' V= 75.15kph
 S-400

SPiRAl CURVE

~
~ f4f / ~f] l J ,f f ' ~,

;~li~~~I;~i~~tl~lri~~;~~'I~~

·li\~I!l
~ • •
II,rll&lil.'fi-~~
!m=.!I~
~~.,., ~c·a., ~ ·m.e,·~.p~r.i:.•. ~·.~ 2•·. , ~ '.·~a ~e' ~,.~@idriB~tft~
."t..LlI
,.'~ ~~fi:;~~1
o•.•. :.•. ·.• .• . •.••,•.,..•.•a.•.•.•.,.·•·. .• .•l.'•.,•.•,• .:.• U._.O.•·.•."• .•,•e. •. .m• .• .·•..·.,•·. t.• .• .o..• .• •. •.r.••a.•. •a'. . .•.•.•.•.•.m•.e.•,ll,•. .•. •. i.•.•. . •. •.
'.·• . • •.• .•. •.• • .,.••,.•.•. .••.•. •. .• i ,tt.,
•.•.

•
@s~rti¢nt¢i,l~.<.'.'• · ·,·., · · · ,· · · · . Solution: .
(j) Velocity of car:
Solution: 80
(j) Centrifugal acceleration: C=75+ V
80 80
C=75+ V 0.50= 75 + V
80 V=85kph
C=75+SO
C = 0.484 mlsec2 ® Spiral angle at the S. C.
Rc=t14~916
® Radius ofcurvature:
L - 0.0215
c- CR
va Rc - 114;916
120 =0.0215 (SOf Rc = 229.18 m.
O.484R
R=269.86m. S=~
c 2Rcn
@ Lateral friction on the easement curve: 4 - 0.0215 V3
\Il - CRe
R= 127 (f+ e) _ 0.0215 (85)3
. _ (90)2 4 - 0.50 (229.18)
269.86 -127 (f+ 0.07) 4 = 115.23 m,
f=0.166
 S-401

SPiRAl CURVE

s = Lc 180 @ Length of transition curve to limit

c 2Rc 1t centrtfugal acceleration:
S - 115.23 (180) I _ 0.02151)1
c - 2 (229.18) 1t "'C- CR
Sc= 14.40' I _ 0.0215 (100)3
"'C - 0.457 (360)
@ Length ofsharf tangent: 4= 130.68m
@ Length ofshorf tangent oftransition curve:

L2
·.Aiiii"'-~~""s'C.
_.:::.c.....
Xc-6Rc T.S.
;;:r=0;'"
." S..
s.c.

X = (115.23f
c 6(229,18)
Xc =9.66

S·In 144' = 9.66

. S. T.
S. T. = 38.84 m
Sc-- h..ill!Ql
2R 1t
c
s - 130.68 (180)
c - 2 (360)1t
Sc= 10.4'
Sin 10.4' = iT.
•..A.••.nOQ3
.~••.1.6
.•0 7..•··. ,..•·~:.·,•. '.•:.•[m~.lrlllll.'
•.•.•:. .•
". .• p
."' ".' '."".. '",",' :":>::::::::::::>::::::::::;::;::::::::::;;<;:;::;:':::":>":' .
7.91
S.T. =Sin 10.4'
S. T. =43.82 m.

11111Solution:
CD Centrifugal acceleration:
80
C= 75 + V
80
C= 75+ 100
C = 0.457 nv'sec3
 8-402

SPIRAl CURVE

Solution: Solution:
G) Offset distance on the first quarter point: CD Length ofspiral curve:
L3
x:::--
6Rc Lc
xc -k
-
6Rc
1 p:::&
L :::4"(80)
4
L:::20m. L2
Lc :::80m. p:::2tifc
_ (20)3 , ::: 1145.916
x- 6 (280) (80) Rc 5'
x::: 0.06m. Rc ::: 229.18 m.
Le2
@ Length ofthrow: 1.02::: 24 (229.18)
L2 Lc ::: 74.90m.
xc:::tR;

-~ @ Velocity of car so as not to exceed the

Xc - 6(280) min. centrifugal acceleration:
xc::: 3.81 m. L ::: 0.0215 Vl
c CR
Length of throw::: 4'x 0.0215 Vl
3.81 74.90::: 0.50 (229.18)
Length ofthrow ::: 4 V::: 73.63 kph
Length ofthrow::: 0.95
@ Length of long tangent:
@ Max. velocity:
::: 0.036 J(3
Lc R c
80 ::: 0.036 J(3
280
K::: 85.37 kph .

s:::~
c 2Rc 1t
S ::: 74.90 (180)
'tlle~h~I.l'#rve-otlln~sementcu~ispn.a c 2 (229.18)(n)

l~tI~I:.£oi.~~~:.~*~~$·,~··I~~ Sc= 9.36'

Xc :::4 (1.02)
Xc =4.08m.
··~""PQffiPUte-.ttie • reqijlte~lfm9thOftlffispiral
•••· • • • ~·· • • • ? • • • ·.H • •·••••••••••.••••••••.••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.• tan 9.36' =~
~• • P~~~@i~lh~~¢!o/()f.tb~carpa$$in9 4.08
Jh~11:!i~9\ltV~$QJh8tjtwiO.nQt~xce~d tan 9. 36 ' =/1

11.". h::: 24.75

Long tangent::: 73.60 - 24.75

Long tangent::: 48.85 m.
 5-403

SPIRAl CURVE

_JL
XC - 6R
e
_ (80f

11'_111.1
Ihepa$$~llger$·· • •
aOmdCiog.
the••lell9lhof$pif1llcllrVe·f$
. .
Xc - 6(266.61)
Xc =4m.
Ian 8.6' =~
h=26.45
(I) • • CPmpme.·ijj~ • Y~@)ityQt.th~.apprQl@lng
~i~l\Pl1;< LT= 79.30·26.45
®··.·.sdttipute.ltlareq~lfe~~iu$.Qtlb~centr~J· LT= 52.85m.
CQN~()flM • ~Setnerltc~f\I~ • t()•• timil·the
cenlriftlgala~letation. ... . ...........•....•.•
the.len9th•• of.tM.I()n~ • t;tn~~nt«
@ •.••• C?ffiPllte••
tb~.spirlIl •.8Jrve•• if.lIJe•• ~istail~ • !llong • th~
tangentfrOm'T',S, IQS,CLis 79.301Tl;1(M'IQ,.·

Solution: ~~:,:~I~~'~$~~~1~~··.~'~·i,~~·0·Wiltl~
CD Veloctiy of approaching car: l"aditl$6f2()Qrildilttll~~¢l.lM!l'<
80
C=75 + V 92·•• • (:Qll'lPut~umlfll'l9Ih*flhr!lW#I16~m$····
80 @ ColTIPlI~·tb~.f~~gtl1.()f~El.logg~h!l$lt()1

~~~~~~.~~~I.~t~~~61;,~
0.5161 = 75 + V
V= 80kph

® Radius of central curve:

L =0.0215 va
•
@. ~~~~t~'~~~· YaIQ~ • • Bf•• t~~ • • •~tH(J9~1
~fll.~citli~me1l!l'Sl~. .. . .
e CRe
80 =0.215 (80)3
Solution:
0.5161 Re CD Length ofthrow:
Re = 266.61 m. S=~
c 2R 1t e
@LengtIJ oflong tangent:
1146'-~
. - 2 (200) 1t
Lc =80 m.
L2
_..::e-
Xc-6R
e
_K
XC - 6 (200)
Xc = 5.33
s = Le 180 p=~
c 2 Re 1t 4
_ . 80 (180) _5.33
Sc - 2 (266.61) 1t P- 4
Sc =8.60' p= 1.33
5·404

SPIRAl CURVE

@ Length oflong tangent:

"'h~~sigfl • S~~ •. Of<a • t,ar.~$~jngthru~~

~~f!tIl.~rye.i$$(!tlallQ~Ol<pll· • • Tll~.flldtU$
~11:_r~·(Jftl1e$pU!II;!JfV~~ ~~~ •
~~_--~s.c.
Q)i • ¢wPll(e.~ev~ue·pf~.l'lltemC8ll~i

tan 11.46' =~
.
·@ ••••• ~I~~n.~;;.I~.i
~ ~.~,~=$1of..'0~j '.
• puNe.
h= 5.33 Solution:
tan 11.46' G) Min. value ofcentrifugal acceleration:
h =26.29 m. 80
C=75+ V
80
Long tangent = 27.20 -26.29 C=75+80
Long tangent =52.91 m. C= 0.516 m's3

@ Centrifugal acceleration: @ Length ofspiral curve:

I _ 0.0215 V
3
L =0.036 ve '-C- CR
c Rc
l.c =0.0215 (80)3
80 =0.036 ve 0.516 (260)
200 Lc =82,05m.
1/ = 76.31 kph
Llmgth ofthrow:
L = 0.0215 ve @
c CR p=&
, 4
80 = 0.0215 (76.31)3
x,c -_-=-
L2
C(200) 6 Rc
C =0.597 m'sec3 X = (82,05)2
c 6 (260)
Xc =4.32
p= 4.32
4
p= 1.08 m.
 S-404-A
COMPOUND CURVES

@ Stationing of the start of central curve.

Sta. @ S.C. =Sta. @ r.s. + Le
Qta. @ S.C. = (1 + 965.36) + 52.10
The tangents of a spiral curve forms an angle
of intersection of 25' at station 2 + 058. Design Sta. @ S.C. = 2 + 017.46
speed is 80 kmlhr. For a radius of central
curve of 300 m. and a length of spiral of ® Length of central curve.
52.10 m..
S =..s-.
2R
x 180
TT
CD Find the stationing at the point where the e
e
spiral starts.
S = 52.10 x 180
@ Fin.d the stationing of the start of central
e 2(300) TT
curve.
Se =4.975'
® Find the length of central curve.

Solution: le=/-2Se
CD Stationing at the point where the spiral Ie = 25 - 2(4.975)
starts. Ie = 15.05'
2+058
Length of central curve:
1=25'
S=R I ~
e e 180

S =300(15.05') 1;0
S= 78.8m.

A simple curve having a degree of curve equal

to 4'30' has central angle of 50'50'. It is
required to replace the simple curve to another
circular curve by connecting atransitioncul'\Ie
2 (spiral) at each ends by maintaining the radius
Le (R + Lc
T =-+ - - )' tan-I of the old curve and the center of the new
s 2 e 24 Re 2 central curve is moved away by 5 m. from the
T = 52.10 + [300 + (52.10)2] ta 25 intersection point.
'2 24(300) n 2
CD Determine the central angle of the new
T, =92.64 m. circular curve.
@ Compute the tangent distance Ts of the
Stationing @ T.S. = (2 + 058) - 92.64 spiral curve.
Stationing @ r.s. = 1 + 965.36 ® What is the maximum velocity that a car
could pass thnu the curve without
skidding?
S-404-B
COMPOUND CURVES

Solution: @ Tangent distance Ts of the spiral curve.

CD Central angle of the new circular curve.
~c =P =4.52

T = Lc. +(R + ~) tan ~

'2 '4 2
T, = 166.2 + (254.65 + 4.52) tan 25'25'
2
T. =206.26 (tangent distance)

@ Maximum velocity:
3
L = 0.036V
, R,
3
166.2 = 0.036 V
R= Rc 254.65
R= 1145.916 V = 105.54 kph
4.5"
R=254.65

0' A =5 Cos 25'25' A simple curve having a radius of 600 m. has

0' A=4.52m. an angle of intersection of its tangents equal to
40'30'. This curve is to be replaced by one of
p=~ smaller radius so as to admit a 100 m. spiral
24R c at each end. The deviation of the new curve
2
Lc = P (24) Rc from the old curve at their midpoint is 0.50 m.
towards the intersection of the tangents.
Lc2 =4.52(24)(254.65)
Lc = 166.2 m. (length of spiral) (j) Determine the radius of the Central curve.
@ Determine its central angle.
@ If the stationing of the intersection of the
s = Lc 180' tangents is 10 + 820.94, determine the
c 2 Rc n stationing of the T.S. of the spiral curve.
S ~166.2 (180')
c 2 (254.65) n Solution:
Sc :: 18'42' (j) Radius of the central curve.
Cos 20'15 = 600
OA
Ie::; 1- 2 Sc
OA = 639.53 m.
Ie = 50'50' - 2(18'42:) BC =0.50 m.
Ie'" 13'<'6' (central angle of the AC = 639.53 - 600
AC = 39.53
new circular curve)
AS = 39.53 - 0.50
AB = 39.03m.
 S-404-C
COMPOUND CURVES

® Central angle.
Tan 20'15' = ...!.-
600
T =
,
S-2 +(R c + Xc)
4
Tan 20'15'

~=P
4
P=~
24 Rc
p= (100)2
24 (598.73)
P =0.70

p=~
24R c
T, = 1~0 +(598.73 +0.7) tan 20'15'
p= (10W
24R c T, =271.14 m.
p= 416.67
Rc S = Lc 180'
a'A =Rc +39.03 . c 2R c n
S = 100(180)
c 2(298.73) n
Considering Triangle ADO'
Sc =4.78'
Cos 20'15' = Rc +P
Rc +39.03
le=I-2Se
R + ~16.67 Ie = 40'30' - 2(4]8')
c
Cos 20'15' = Rc Ie = 30'56' 24"
Rc +39.03
(central angle of new curve)
Cos 20'15' = R/ +416.67
Rc (R c +39.03)
0.94 R/ +36.62 Rc =R/ +416.67
@ Stationing of the T.S. of the spiral curve.
0.06 Rc2 - 610.33 Rc +6944.50 =0
Sta. ofT.S. = (10 + 820.94) - (271.14)

R = 610.33± 587.13 Sta. ofT.S. = 10 + 549.80

c 2
Rc = 598.73 m. (radius of the central curve)
S-404-D
COMPOUND CURVES

19000 - R = (8W
• c 24 R
c
A simple curve having a degree of curve equal
to 6' is connected by two tangents having an 4583.76 Rc - 24 R/ =6400
azimuth of 240' and 280' respectively. It is
required to replace this curve by introducing a
transition curve 80 m. long at each end of a
new central curve which is to be shifted at its R/ -190.99 Rc + 266.67 = 0
midpoint away from the intersection of the R = 190.99 ± 188.18
tangents. c 2
CD Determine the radius of the new central Rc = 189.59m.
curve if the center of the old curve is
retained.
@ Determine the distance which the new
curve is shifted away from the intersection @ Distance which the new curve is shifted
of the tangents. . away from the intersection of the tangents.
@ Compute the length of throw.
h = R1- Rc
h = 190.00 -189.59
Solution: h = 1.40 m. (amount the new curve is
CD Radius of central curve:
shifted away from the intersection
of the tangents)

@ length of throw:
\ i ' p= (ly
\
,
R~"
\
Rc\
\
J
\ Ie
I

/
/
'Rc'
,
'';'1
,
24 Rc

\~'/
", 0 20 ,, p= {80f
24 (189.59)
.\*~'
o P = 1.41 m.

p=~
24 Rc
R1 • Rc =p
R = 1145.916
1 D
R = 1145.916
1 6
R1 = 190.99 m.
 S-404-E
COMPOUND CURVES

® Spiral angle.
S = Lc 180'
A simple curve having a radius of 200 m. has c 2R c n
a central angle of 50'30'. It is required to be
replaced by another curve by connecting spiral S = 92.95 (180')
(transition curve) at its ends by maintaining the -c 2 (200)n
radius of the old curve and its center but the
tangents are moved outwards to. allow Sc =13'19'
transition. Part of the original curve is
retained. The new intersection of the tangents
is moved outward by 2 meters from its original
@ Central angle:
position along the line connecting the
interseCtion of tangents and the center of the le=I-2Se
curve.
Ie = 50'30' - 2(13'19')
CD Determine the length of the transition Ie = 23'52' (central angle of the
curve (spiral) at each end of the central
new cUNe)
curve.
® Compute the spiral angle.
@ Compute the central angle of the central
curve from the S.C. to C.S.

From the given compound curve, it is required

Solution: to replace it with a transition (spiral) curve
CD Length of the transition curve: 100 m. long starting at A and ends up at B.
The degree of curve of the first curve is 4'
while that of the second curve is 10'. Central
angles are 6' and 15' respectively for first and
second curve.

, , '
' "
" ,,,' ,\Rt::L
\

'.f '
Rc'"' " I".
\0ld To
ang~nI,
R', &' ,
"
,'11 Qld'fa1l;8i!nl

\ , I '
,,~/

P= 2 Sin 64'45'
P= 1.81 m.

P = (L c )2
24R c
L~= P (24) Re .
L~ = 1.81 (24)(200) .
Le= 92.95 m. (length of spiral)
S-404-F
COMPOUND CURVES

CD Determine the radius of central curve. @ Length of short tangent CB.

@ Determine the length of short tangent CB.
® Determine the length of long tangent AC. X =~
c 6 Rc
_ (10W
Solution: Xc - 6(146.46)
CD Radius of central curve. Xc =11.38m.
R = 1145.916
1 4
Y=L __L3
R1 =286.48 m. c_
c c 40Rc2

R. = 1145.916 - 0 (1oW
Yc -10 - 40 (146.46)2
2 10
R2 = 114.59 m. Yc =98.93 m.

0 1 O2 = R1 - R2 - P S = ~ 180
0 1 O2 = 286.48 - 114.59 - P c 2 Rc 11
L2 S = 100 180
0 1 O = 171.89 __c_ c 2(146.46) 11
2
24 Rc
Sc = 19.6'

R1 =Xc + R2 Cos 21' + 0 1 O2 Cos 6'

SinS = ~
c CB
L2
R1 = _c_ + R2 Cos 21'
6 Rc CB=~
Sin 19.6'
( L2 CB= 33,92m,
+ 171- _c_) Cos 6'
24R c

® Length of long tangent AC.

286.48 = (100)2 + 114.59 Cos 21' X
. 6Rc Tan Sc =----'-
. CD
+ (171.89 - (100)2 ) Cos 6' CD = 11.38
24 Rc Tan 19.6'
CD=31.96m.
8.55 = (100)2 _ (10W COS 6'
6 Rc 24 Rc AC=Yc-CD
8.55 = (100)2 (1 _ Cos 6') AC = 98.83 - 31.96
6R c 4 AC = 66.87 m.
Rc = 146.46 m.
 S-405

A ::~
m 2
v.::h[~"~
c 3 2 2 + ~]
2
Derive the prismoidal correction formula for a _ bl +b2
triangular end areas using the prismoidal bm- 2
formula.
hm:: ~
2

v=h[~"~~
c 3 2 2
~]
2+ 2

Solution: V =h[~.~"~ ~"~

c32 4 4"44+2
!ii]
V :: hIb lh1 " b l h2 " bill + b2h2]
c 3 L- 4

V~ :: 1~ [b1 (~1 " h2)" ~ (hI" hv]

L
Vc :: 12 (b 1 " bV (hI" h2)
(prismoidal correction to be subtracted
algebraically from the volume. by end
area method.)

Derive the Prismoidal Formula for determining

Let us consider the triangular prismoidal shown volumes of regular solid.
below:

Solution:

//~:/
/f==A

L
Vc ::"3(A I -2Am +A2)

A-~
1- 2

A-~
r 2
 5·406
UITHWORIS

V --~A
A 2- .1!1.&
3 VOLUME OF EARTHWORK

fu_~
A2 -hi
(1) End area
{A;=b1 ~=!Y2 _ (A, +.4.2) L
..fA; hz fA; h, V- 2

A2 = h,2
~
(2) Prismoidal Formula
V=~.hlAl
3h, 2 3
, _ 11,3 A, - h,3A,
V- 3 h,2
V= A12 (hz3 • h,3)
3 h,
V= A, 2(hz - h,) (hz2 + hzh, + h,2)
3 h,
,A,h 2 h 2\
V=3h,z,(h2 +hzh, + n
'V - At! h22 A, h h2 .~ L
. - 3 h,2 + 3 h, + 3 VP =6(AI +4A",+A2)

V =&!! (~)
+ fu.!! + &J). y;;; Am =area of mid-section
3 A, 3 A, 3
V= ~ (Az + ~ A, A2 + A, ) (frustum ofa
(3) Volume with Prismoidal Correction:
pyramid)
(Applicable only to three level section)

~
~=_2_
A, h,2
4Am =~(hl +2h2h, +h,~
A - A A, h,2 2 A, h2
4 "m-'+
h, 2+'h ,
w:;
4 A", =A, + A + 2 A, _r-
2
V=VE-Vcp
VE = volume by end area
'V A, Vcp = prismoidal correction
4 A", =A, + A2+ 2 ~ A2 A, L
Vcp r1 2 (e, . Cz) (0, • 00
2 .y A, A2 = 4 Am - A, - A2
- r.-:-
'1/
fu &.
A, A2 = 2 A",. 2 - 2
h fu ~
V= 3" (A, + 2 Am - 2 • 2 + A2)

V= ~ [lA, +4A", .~. A2 + 2A2 l

V = ~ (A, +4 A", +A2) Prismoidal Formula
 8-407

® Distance of left slope stake from center of

the road:
2· hi _..!fL
1.5 hL + 3.5 -100

•••
2·hL =0.15hL +0.35
1.15hL = 1.65

I!I,.,·"
hL = 1.43

Distance of left slope stake = 1.5 hl + 3.5

Distance ofleft slope stake = 1.5 (1.43) + 3.5
Distance ofleft slope stake = 5.65 m.

•• •
~ ·Et&nI.~~~t.~~~9fi1 SI~e • @ Diff. in elevation· of right and left slope
stake:

'i!l!t• ••
Solution:
Bev. ofleft slope stake = 152 • 1.43
Bev. of/eft slope stake = 150.57 m.
Bev. ofright slope stake = 152 • 2.76
Bev. ofright slope stake = 149.24 m.

Diff. in elev. = 150.57 -149.24

G) Distance of right slope stake from center of
the mad: Diff. in elev. = 1.33 m

1.5hr
- ·]SI,;i·······!

JlJ'I, ...,j..
2·hL:
r·····_···
i hr., I"
· - ----~;-.·~~·;:~~r

h,·2 _..!fL_
3.5 + 1.5 h, -100 - 0.10
hr' 2 =0.35 +0.15 h,
0.85 h, = 2.35
h,= 2.76

Distance of right slope stake = 3.5 + 1.5 h,

Distance ofright slope stake = 3.5 + 1.5(2.76) @ compute the side s1ope()f both sect!o(ls•.
Distance of right slope stake = 7.64 m. ® Compute the value ofx at statkln 10 +200
it it has a cross sectiona' area of 14.64 m2.
Compute the volume between stations
10 + 100 and 10 + 200 usfng end area
method with prismoidal correction.
S-408

URTIWHD

Solution: Prismoidal correction:

<D Width ofbase: L
Vp = 12 ('1 - CV (~.~)
100
Vp =12 [(10.95 - 12.9)(1.5 - 1.2))
.
I
I

2.~ : Vp =- 4.875 m3
LL _ V. =VE-V:
V: =1390.125 - (- 4.875)
1=2.35 6 I sn. Vcp= 139Sm3
.45--1---4.

B
2+ 2.35 =6.45
B
2+ 1.05 =4.5
1.35= 1.95
5:; 1.5
2B +1.0(1.5) =4.5
B.=6m.

® Value of x:

t-----Dl"12.99---~~
@~m!tlllwlQth()fthebase.> .
,,
I
p
:2.6 @ c.••. om
• . 2•.•.•.•.•.• • • •. •.•.•.hasailareaOf . • .• •.•. '•. b.•6.•.•• . •. "•.• 16.82m2.
.• . •. . •. •. . . •. t•.•1t. • .•.•.e •. a
. . . .• I.OO
.•. . . •.•.•.•.•. O
.•.•. •.f•.•.•. c• • • •tIt
. •.•. •.•.•.•.••a..•• .•.'•.•. .• .•.S
.•..•..I..•. a ..••.•..•.•.••..••..• ..S
.•.••.•..•.i.OO
t. ..•.•••. J.•f.• •....it.•
________J ·~· • ·.·CQf:llf.Wle•• t~~.·.VOlul'l'le • bf.llW~~n.Aand • .B
With Piismoidal.CotrectiOit
f-----fr-----+----(il~ Solution:
CD Width ofbase:

@ Volume between sia. 10 + 100 and

10+ 200:
A - ~ 1.5(6.45) 4.5(1.5) ~
1- 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
Al =13.1625 m2
A2 = 14.64 m2
~ _(At+A,) L
E- 2
~ _ (13.1625 + 14.64)(100)
E- 2
VE =1390.125 m3
 S-409

B <D ~~.~~(M at thecentef ()f

6.3=2.2S+2"

7.2=2.8S+2"
B ~ =t~ ill !he .glJt s10pe
@ C>etermille .1he.·.·~lti~ betw~en $ta;
0.9 =0.6 S .1 +1001tld1 .. 20Q by apPlYing ptismoidal
S= 1.5 c:ol'ftlC1jQft. . . ..
B
6.3 = 2.2(1.5) +2"
SoIufIon:
B=6.m. CD He9It of cut at tM center of sta. 1 + 1()():
@ Value of cut at station B: Stalion 1 + 100
2.2(3} 6.3x ?11& ~ = 1682
2+2+2+2 .
6.75x=9.32
x= 1.38 m.
@ Volume using Prismoidal correction:
- ~ 6.6(2) 4.8(2) ~
A,- 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
A, = 16.80 m2
v. -~~
E- 2
A = 100sq.m.

\I
VE-
_ (16.80 + 16.82X20)
2
5h ~ h(5+h) 5(~)_
2+ 2 + 2 + 2 - 100
VE = 336.20 5h +5h + 2ff. + 5h + Iil + 2.5h =200
L
Vp = 12 (e, - C0 (0, - ~) 3h2 + 17.51'1·200 =0
...-_---
20 _ -17.5- ~(17.5f.4(3)(-200)
Vp = 12 (2· 1.38X11.40 - 13.5) h- 2(3)
II =- 2.17
if= VE- II
h- -17.5- WOO .
- 6
V= 336.20- (2.17)
V = 338.37 CU.m. h = -17.5 + 52.2
8
h= 5.7Im.

@ Height of the right slope stake at sta.

t + 200:
At. $taljpn.·.1.+•• 1QO•• maP9rtjon.of~~~tl~ij'. Slalion 1 + 200
an•.
slrelch•• ha~ • <ire,g•• ·Qf.1(}O$q··.m~~~~.m • ~~·
while.that~f.S~tion • 1"'••~.~~.'8~$i$~$A?
melers•• j'l(;Ut••·•.. AI·.~U1lioi.llt~09;~··~·
SUrface•• lo!tleIeft•• ()fllle~ll"~I~'~t·i'll1 ••.

~1'I~'II.tllII
sta.k~ • j~·.3 • till1e!!•• tlil;Ih~tf¥l!lttl<:it·.(jf··.lflj.·.l!i!ft
slope.!lfake; • • ~.~l)[email protected] .... ~'
Thewidthofll1ero~yj$Wm.Wilha~
slopeof~;l. . .. . . A =240sq.m.
5-410

EARTHWORIS

5x 2.89 (5 + 2x) 2.89 (5 + 6x) ~

2+ 2 + 2 + 2 =240
5x + 14.45 + 5.78x + 14.45 + 17.34x+ 15x =480
43.12x = 451.1
x= 10.44 m.
3x= 31.32m.

@ Volume between sta. 1 + 100 and 1+ 200:

CD Compute the area of station 1+040..

. ® Find the $re8 of sfallon 1 + 100, . '.
@Oelermine lhediff. in volume of cutand·fift
using end area melhod~ . .

Solution:
CD Area of station 1+ 040:

62.64

Volume by end area:

1/ _ (A, + A2 ) L
VE- 2
1/ _ (100 + 240) (1oo)
VE- 2 1 1
A~= '2(4)1.84 +'2 (1.22) 6.76
VE = 17,000 cu.m.
L 1 1
Cp = 12 (C l . G.1) (D, - D0 +'2(1.22)4.63 +'2(4) 0.42
100 Afill = 11.47 m2
Cp =12 (5.78 - 2.89}(27.34 - 93.52)
100 @ Area of station 1+ 100:
Cp =12 (2.89) (- 66.18)
Cp =,- 15.94 cu.m.

Corrected volume:
V= VE - Vp
V= 17,000· (-1594)
V= 18,594 cU.m.
 S-411

URr....IS

1 1 Solution:
Acut ="2 (4.5) 0.98 +"2 (3.05) 5.48 CD Value of x:.
1 1
+ "2 (3.05 5 + 2" (4.5) 0.5
~3.7
Acut = 19.31 m2
r-=-!~~-_~I ".,.. .2......5""""'~;;.,;.;;;;~'-r-
I
I

@ Diff. in volume of cut and fill using end 0.8:

I
area method: I

x=3+1.8
x=4.B

® Area offill:
Area offill = 2.5 (D.8)
2
Area of fill = 1.0 m2
1.22 _ 1.22 + 3.05
x - 60 @ Area of cut:
x=17.14 . Area of cut = 3 (1.8)
6O-x=42.86 2
D+ 19.31 Area of cut = 2.7 m2
Vcut = 2 (42.86)

. Vcut =413.18m3
11.47+0
VRlI = 2 (17.14)

VRlI = 98.3 m3 The following is a set of nOtes. of an

Diff. = 315.51 m3 earthworks of a roadcQr'istrtlctitinwhich' is'
underfal(en by the BureauofPubilcWOl'I<$. '., .
:-' " _,.,:- 'c-.'.: . . :-.: -,-.,-.-:,-.'.-"'-'-"_:'-':-:':'.-:'.:-<:'::-::::::<:>':'::::-::::::>~>::':::::

StaliooCross$4!CllOn . .... .".

Jt02O •.•.. ~~••.. ~••..,. +~:~~~>~' .•.

Given the folloWing section of an earthworks
for a proposed road conslruct!t>n ana hiUy
portion of the route. The width of the fOadbase
for cutis 6 m. for alklwance of d~lnage canals
and 5 m. fbffin. Sideulopes rot cut is 1:1 and
for fill is 1.5:1. .

3.7 0 . x
-0.8 + 1.8

CD Compute the value of x.

® Compute the· atealn fill.
@ Compute the area in cut.
5-412

EARTHWOIIIS

Solution: Assume a level section with an average value

CD Area section f + 020: of cut and fill for each stretch.

CD Determine the volume of cut.

,, ® Determine the volume of fill.
3.0: @ If the shrinkage factor is 1.2. determine the
: volume borrow or waste.
t--- ;;i---..+--4.S---I-----4.5-1-;--;.l

- 4(4.5) (4 + 2)(4.5) Solution:

A1- 2 + 2
Average depth of cut:
(2 + 1.5){4.5) ~
+ 2 + 2
A1 = 31.50 m2
® Area of section 1 + 040:

- 7800
C - 850
C=9.18m.

Average depth of fill:

_~ (5 + 4)(4.5) (4 + 2)(4.5) 2(4.5) 8500
A2- 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 f= 1200
A2 = 45.75m2 f= 7.08
@ VOlUme between stations:
(A 1 + A2) L 1-----37.54.------1
V= 2
V- (31.50 + 45.75)(20)
- 2
V= 772.5 m3

Side slope =1.5 : 1 Cut

In determining the position of the balance line
in the profile diagram, a horizontal grade line _ (10 + 37.54) (9.18)
A- 2
is drawn such that the length of the cut is· 850
m. and that of fill is 1200 m. The profile area A = 218.21 sq.m.
between the ground line and the grade line in
the cut is 7800 sj:l.m. while that of fill is 8500
sq.m. If the road bed is 10 m. wide for cut and'
8 meters wide for fill and if the side slope for
cut is 1.5 : 1 while that for fill is 2 : 1.
 S-412-A
EARTHWORKS

CD Volume of cut:
Vc :; 218.21 (850) Solution:
Vc = 185,500 cU.m.

(1) Slope of the new road:

Side slope = 2 : 1 Fill Slope = ~.~ = 0.016

_ (8 + 36.32) (7.08) (2) Distance in which the fill is extended:

A-. 2
0.048x = 1.2 + 0.016(50 - x)
A = 156.89sq.m. 0.064x'= 2
x = 31.25
(2) Volume of fill:
V, = 156.89 (1200) @ Stationing of the point where the fill is
V, = 188,000 cU.m. extended:
Sta. = (7 + 110) + (31.25)
Sta. = 71 + 141.25
@ Volume of borrow:
Vol. of borrow == 188000 (1.2) - 185500
Vol. of borrow =40100 cU.m.

428-A CE Board May 200 At station 95 + 220, the center height of the
,h>i/'C;':;>:$"'''''' "kM.',"o/.. }·'·h';'>N' ",<' ,,' ",."•., .. " '«l;< road is 4.5 m. cut, while at station 95 + 300, it
is 2.6 m. fill. The ground betweens!ation
The center height of the road at sta. 7 + 110 is 95 + 220 to the other station has a uniform
2 m. fill while at sta. 7 + 160 it is 12 m. cut. slope of - 6%.
From sta. 7 + 110 to the other station the
ground makes a uniform slope of 4.8%. CD What is the grade of the road?
(2)How far in meters, from station 95 + 300
(I) Compute the slope of the new road.
toward station 95 + 220 will the filling
@ Find the distance in meters from station
extend?
7 + 110 in which the fill is extended.
@ At what station will the filling extend.
@ Compute the stationing of the point where
the fill is extended.
 S-412-B
EARTHWORKS

Solution:
CD Grade of road
From station 0 + 040, with center height of
1.40 m. fill, the ground line makes a uniform
slope of 5% to station 0 + 100, whose center
height is 2.80 m. cut. Assume both sections to
be fevel sections with side slopes of 2 : 1 for
fill and 1.5 : 1 for cut.

<D Find the grade of the finished road

surface.
(2) Find the area at each station.
® By end area method, find the amount of
cut and fill.
Slope of road = 2.3 @ Between these two stations, is it borrow or
80 waste?
Slope of road =0.02875 say 0.029 Roadway for fill is 9.00 m. and for cut it is
10.00 m.

(2) Distance from 95 + 300 where filling will

extend:
Solution:
CD Slope of roadway:

0.029(80 - x) + 0.30 =0.06x

0.089x = 0.029(80) + 0.30
x = 29.44 m.
- 1.20
Slope of roadway =. 60 . .
® Station where filling extend:
(95 + 300) - (29.44) = 95 + 270.56 Slope of roadway =. 2% (downward)
 S·413

EARTHWORKS

@ Area at each station: 1.40-0.02 x = 0.05 x

0.07 x= 1.40
x= 20
6O·x=40

L
Vol. of fill =2(A 1 + A2)
Station 0 + 040
20
1--------18.40-------1 Vol. offiH ="2 (16.52 + 0)

Vol. of fill = 165.20 cU.m.

L
~--+--lOl--t--4 Vol. of cut =2(A 1 + A2)
Station 0 +100
40
Vol. of cut = "2 (39.76 + 0)
_ (14.60 + 9) (1.40)
A- 2 Vol. of cut = 795.20 cU.m.
A= 16.52 sq.m. (fill)
_ (10 + 18.40) (2.8)
A- 2
A = 39.76 sq.m. (cut) @ Since the volume of cut is excessive than
the volume of fil" it is then necessary to
throw the excess volume of cut as waste
@ Volumes of cut and fill:
by an amount equal to
795.20-165.20 = 63.00 cU.m.
S-414

EARTHWORKS

@ Area ofsection 0 + 040;

The following data are the cross section notes

r----·--
I
1.5 x 0

I
I
at station 0 + 020 and 0 + 040. The natural
ground slope is almost even. I
Xi
I

Base width
Cut = 9m.
Side slope
Cut=1:1
I
I
!
FiII=8m. Fill =1.5 : 1 I
~ __x_
Station 0 + 020 8 - 1.5x + 8
? +3.0 +1.5 0 8x = 3x + 16
? 4.5 0 0 5x= 16
x= 3.2
Station 0 + 040 A - 3.2 (8)
? - 2.0 -1.0 0 - 2
? 4 0 0 A = 12.8 m2 (fill)

CD Compute the area of section 0 + 020. @ Volume of borrow or waste:

@ Compute the area of section 0 + 040.
@ Compute the volume of borrow or waste
from station 0 + 020 and 0 + 040
assuming shrinkage factor of 1.20.

Solution: 1.5 1.0

CD Area of section 0 + 020: x·= 20·x
x = 30 ·1.5x
2.5x = 30
x= 12
20 - x= 8
(A 1 + A2l L
Vol. of cut = 2
III f _ (20.25 + 0) (12)
va. a cut - 2'
Vol. ofcut= 121.5 m3
(A 1 + A2l L (1.20)
1.5 h Vol. of fill =. 2
4.5 =h+ 9
4.5h = 1.5h + 13.5 Vol. of fill = (12.8 + 0!(8)(1.20)
h=4.5
Vol. of fill =61 .44 m3
A - 4.5 (9)
- 2
A = 20.25 m2 (cut)
Vol. of waste =121.5 - 61.44
Vol. of waste =60.06 m3
 S-415

EARTHWORKS

In a 20 meter road stretch, the following crOSS7

section of the existing ground and
corresponding subgrade cross-section notes
were taken.
1
Existing Ground Cross Sections A1 = '2 [6(- 5.5) + 7(1) + 18(2)+ 12(1) + 4(0)
+ 0(- 1) + (-S){- 2) + (-16.5){-5.5)
Sections Left Center Right
o ~2 -1 o 1 2 1 + (- 7)(- 5) + (- 6)(- 5)]
10 + 280 16.5 9 5 o 4 12 "18
- [- 5(7} + 18(- 5.5) + 1(12) + 2(4) + 1(0)
-3 -2
10 +300 13.5 10
1 1 1 0 - 1.5 + 0(- 5) + (- 1)(- 9) +- (- 2){-16.5) +0(- 7)
7 o 5 917
+ (- 6)(- 5.5) + (- 5){6)]

Subgrade Cross Sections

1
A1 ='2 [(247.75) - (- 69)]
Sections Left Center Right
A1 =158.375 sq.m.
o -5.5 -5 -5 - 5 - 5.5 1
10 +280 16.5 -7- 6 o 6-7-"18
@ Area at station 10 + 300:
- 3 - 7.5 - 7 -7 -7 - 7.5 - 1.5
10 + 300 13.5 -7- 6 o 6-7-"17

CD Compute the cross sectional area at

station 10 +280.
@ Compute the cross sectional area at
station 10 + 300. (1.-1.5)
(-7,-7.."i)
@ Compute the volume between the two
stations.

Solution:
(1) Area of station 10 + 280:
A =.1. [~ x2 ~~ Xs x6 X7 ~ Xg x10:U~ ]
1
2 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Ys Y6 Y7 Ya yg Y10 Y11 Y1
A = 1. [2.-_7_. 18 QiQ:1.:1- 16 .5 ...:L.:!2.- ]
1 2 - 5 - 5.5 1 2 1 0 - 1 - 9 0 - 55 • 5 - 5
 I.
5-416

fIIT. . .

1 Q)Coinp!JltJJI)$~~9fc~t~1isla~(Jff
A2 =:2 [6(. 7.5) +7(-1.5) +(17(3) + 9(1) + 5(1)
'19f040. / , > •.•..••.•••••••.••.•••..•..••••..••••..•••.••••••.•.••.•......•.
+(- 7)(- 2) +(. 10X· 3) +(-13.5* 7.5) ®.. . 4~mPllte.~tl • ~llffl'l~ • 9f•• ~t.~t • $tatiO~
+(- 7)(- 7) +(- 6X-7)] 10tQ60' <
- [7(- 7) + (17)(- 7.5) +9(·1.5) +0(5) + 1(- 7) @•• ·.ewnPUt~.f~~.%llJffiff.Qf.!)C)1'I'9wor.~ti~~
+ 1(-10) +(- 2X-13.5) +(- 3)(- 7) frl)lll·••. $:latjon • • 111•• f.~P.to.10 • •.• f(laO·.
+(- 6)(- 7.5) + (- 7)(6)1 .glfI$kt~_li!I:l~~gorQf~$~4. .'
1
A2 =:2 [(194.75)- (-156)} Solution:.
A2 = 175.375 sq.m. ill .Area of cut at station 10+ 040:

@ Volume between two stations: A1 =1 [!t!2.!.l~~!6.!.L!t]

L 2 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Ys Ys Y7 Y1
V=2(A1 +A;il
fQ - 7.5 - 5 - 3 3 5 8.3 0]
20
V= 2"(158.375+ 175.375) 2A1 = LOo -2.5-2 -2 -2.5 0.820
V = 3,337.50 CU.tn. (10,1)

2 A1 =[0(0) + (. 7.5X- 2.5) +(- 5X- 2) +(- 3X- 2)

+3(- 2.5) +5(0,82) +8.3(0)]
- [0(- 7.5) + 0(- 5) + (- 2.5X- 3) +(- 2)(3)
+(- 2)(5) + (- 2.5X8.3) +(0.82XO)]

2 A1 = [(31.35) - (- 29.25)]
2A 1 =60.60
A1 = 30.30 sq.m.(cut)

@ Area(){cut· at sfa, to+{)6();

A2 =1 [!t~!.l&~~!t]
2 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Ys Ys Y1
0 3 -3 - 8.1 - 5 - 2 0]
2A2 = [OO.50.5-0.8:-2~O
2 ~ = (0(0.5) +3(0.5) +(- 3X- 0.80) +(- 8.1)(- 2) Volume of cut from station 10 + 060 to
+(- 5X- 1.5) +(- 2XO») 10+080
- (0(3) +0.5(- 3} +(0.5)(- 8.1) +(- O.BO)(- 5} L
V2 ='2(A,+A2l
+(- 2X- 2) + (-1.5}(0»)
" _ 20 (1.70 +0)
V2- 2
2A2 =27.60 - 2.45
V2 = 17 cu.m. (cut)
A2 = 12.575 sq.m. (fill)

Area olcut: Volume of fiff from station 10 + 040

10+ 060
A =1 [~~.&~~]
3 2 111 Y2 Y3 Y4 Yl L
V, =:2 (A, +A2l
L3 56.45 3]
2A3 = lQ501.41 0.5
2 A3 =[3(0} +5(1.4) +6.4(1) +5(0.5»)
v, -20 (0 +212.575)
1/ _

- [0.5(5) +0(6.4) + 1.4(5} +1(3)) Vl = 125.75 cu.m. (fiU)

2 A3 = 15.9 -12.5
2 A3 = 3.4 Volume of fiff from station 10 + 060 to
A3 = 1.70sq.m. (cut) 10+ 080
L
@ Volume ofborrow or waste: V2 =:2 (A l + A2l
Considering station 1 + 080
. . V = 20 (12.57i +25.40)
1 rO 5 8.5 3 - 3 - 9 - 6 - 2 Ql 2
A4 ='2LO 0.5 0.151.51.5 o::-t5::-t5Q.J
V2 =379.75 cu.m. (fiU)
(-3.15) (0.1.5) (3.15)

Total volume ofcut = 320 + 17

Tota/volumeof cut = 337 CU.m.

Total volume offill = 125.75 + 379.75

2 ~= [(0(5)+5(0.1Sf+ 8.5(1.5) + 3(1.5) Total volume of fiN ", 505;50 Gllom.
+(0)(- 3) +(- 9X-1.5) +(- 6)(-1.5) + (OX- 2)1
- [0(5) +0.5(8.5) +3(0.15) +(1.5}{- 3) + 1.5(- 9) Volume of fill reqUired from sta. 10 + 040 to
+0(. 6) +(- 2X-1.5) + (0)(-1.5)1 10+ 080
Vol. offill =505.50 (1.25)
2 A4 =40.5 + 10.3
A4 =25.40 sq.m. (fill) Vol. offill = 631.875 m3

Volume of cut from station 10 + 040, to Therefore there is a need of borrow since
10 + 060 vol. of fill is greater than that of the volume
L of cuI.
V, ='2 (A 1 +A2)
Va. ofborrow = 631.875 -337
_20 (30.30 + 1.70)
V1- . 2 Vol. ofborrow = 294.875 fn3
V1 =320 cU.m. (cut)
 S-418

URTHWORIS

A = (10 + ~.412) (11.603)

A= 385.29
.[h$•• cenl~r#ne • • Qf•• a.·.·prl:lP05ed • toad·•• crOSs
~~c,Uon9fOss~a,stn~llvalleYbelweE!rt
s~l~on • • 10•• t.p??.(ele'9li~tI • 12~'()O • m·)·.~M· ® Vol. offill from (10 + 022) fo (10 + 037)
$tatjonJQ",qaO(elev~llOn1Z2.5Qm.l.The
• Sfationing.at•• th~·txlttom(it • tte.• valley.• iS•• 10 •+ V= (A1 +0) (15)
2
·.037•• •.•.• •.• . (el~v.. l11.2rn.),.The.grade.line .of.fhe· V= (385.29 + OJ (15)
·prqpOsedroagPa#e$.lI'ie·.grOUlld·POinls 3t.lhe
2
edges()f~viJl~Y{$ta·Wt022)an(t \(10
t.~}l!nl.tme~llqn.~ttlny.ofthese.slation$··· V= 2890m3
ate~hree}evel$et66n~.Wldthof toad base;;:
.1Qm·.·lNjtryside~qpeof.?;1~ ••.• Assume•• that.the ® Vol. offill from (10 + 037) fo (10 + 060)
.~!l'~.qM~yaij.eY·.~'9pe.·qlreetlytq.the • lowest
poiIltftofutfleedgM' .. V= (385.29 +0)(23)
2
Q).• Find the .cross si!ctiollal area of fiU at V= 4431 m3
.••••..• statiOO·1Q+63f ..
@}Compute thevolumtt of fiU from station
• {11)H)22}~(10+ 037)· . ... .
® Compijte tIleVQtume of flU from station {10
+03mQ{1ll+000l. . .. .

The location' survey Qf thllproposed road

passes lhrough srough terrain; and crosses a
small valley between two points along the
. center line of the proposed road: One of the
points is at station 40 +536.00 al1d at
elevation (150.42 m.), the other point is at
station 40 + 584.00anl:L ·at . elevation
ELJ1I.2
(149.82 m,). The iowestpoinl~t the bottom of
fbe valley is 23 m. from the highest point arrd
has an elevaUonof its bottom equal to
140:64m. The road ~sesthr'OOglt these
three points. All sections an this proposed
roadway are three level sections having a
width of roadway equal to 12 m. with side
slape of 1.5 : 1. Assume shtlnkage factor to be
1.30. .
Solution: CD Compute the cross sectional area at
CD Area of fill af 10 + 037
station 40 + 559.
L_O.5
15 - 38 @ Compute the volume of fill needed starting
from the highest point of road to the lowest
y=0.197 point of the valley. .
f+ y= 123 -111.2 Compute the volume of fill needed from
f = 123 - 111.2 - 0.197 station 40 + 559 to 40 + 584. .
'f= 11.603
 8-419

Solution:
CD Cross sectional area at 40 + 559:

EL 140.64.

Q).. ~%rlte • •the•• •VOlum1•• • US~g.· • ~~~fI1~1

® C0Jl'lP'*~.th~Yol~l:lllSinsF;tI<J~l'l$.·~h
Prisnl6ld~llffilt~lftln'i«i
L_O.6
23 - 48 .®.. . CqmP~ • ~~e.x~l1llle • usill9l;tld~W~.~h·.
······ClJrv~hlrf!.r.ol'ffl«io~iflhtlrOcidlsl:irt~~'
y=O.29 ClJr":eWhiCh• • turo$wthe.right~ittl.·.·lfI~
giv¢h¢t~$S$e¢ti()illh ..... .
f = 150.42 • 0.29·140.64
f=9.49 m. Solution:
CD Volume using Prismoidal Formula:
Area =(12 +40.47) (9.49)
2
Area =248.97 m2

® Volume offillfrom 40 + 536 to 40 + 559:

V= (0 +248.97) (23) (1.30)
2 @ STA5. +000
V= 3722.10 m3

@ Volume of fill from (40 + 559 to 40 + 584):

V=(0 +248.97) (25) (1.30)
2
V= 4045.76 m3 ® STAS +020
8-420

Use average values of dimensions of AI

and A2 Am (mid-section) As, =A, - [5 (1:.5) + ~l (2)

!Q@ §(ill ~ §@
As, = 150:25 • 85.5
A, = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 As, =64.75 m2
1
A, = 150.25 m2 e'=3 0 ,
6(14) 7(41) 7(17.25) ~ 44.5
~= 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
e'=3
A2 =259.375 m2 e, = 14.83 (positive the excess area is
_ 12(6) ~ 6(15.375) 3.75(6) away from the center ofcurve)
Am - 2 + 2 ~ 2 + 2
Am =201.375 m2

L
Vol. =6(A, + 4Am + A2)

Vel - ~o [150.25 + 4(201.375) + 259,375]

Vol. = 4050,42cu.m.
_ [7 (17.25)· 6 (4.5)] (2)
A"2- Ar 2 + 2
@ Volume by End area with PrismoidaJ As2 = 259.375 - 147.75
Correction:
AS2 =111.625 m2
Va. = VE- Vp
v; - (A, + A,) L ~=~.
E- 2
58.25
_ (150.25 + 259.375) (20) 92=-
VE- . 2 3
e2 = 19.42 (positive)
VE =4096.25 m3
Vol. = VE + Vc
L L
Vp =12 (C, - ~ (0, • D-J Vc = 2R(As, e1 +AS2e2)
20 - 1145.916
Vp = 12!(5 • 7) (44.5 - 58.25)] R- 0
.. '1140.916'
Vp =45.83 m3 R
- - 6- -
R= 190.99 m.
Va. = VE - Vp
Vol. =4096.25 • 45.83 Vc 2 (1~~.99) [64.75(14.83) + 111.625(19.42)]
Vol. = 4050.42 m3 Vc =163.78 m3
II _ (A 1 + A2) L
@ Volume with curvature correction: VE- 2
II (150.25 =259.375) (20)
_
VE- 2
VE =4096.25 m3

Vol.=VE+Vc
Vol. =4096.25 + 163.78
Vol. = 4260.03 m3
 8-421

h,-hl _1-
2hL + 12 +2h, -12
9·h/ _1
2hL + 12 + 18 - 6
54-6hL =2hL +30
.
BhL =24
hL =3m.
,. .,
:
...,
..
.. ..
... .
~
• '7
--, ?

<D•.• •ComPuw•• the • volullle • ti~1\¥een • thelWp Al =(3+9)(36)_~_~

2 2 2
·".,.,$taticln~.·lJSlogPnsOl?k1alfort1'IlI~, ....•,.,. • ,•.,•..,.•.•.• ',
®····q(linPute..• • tht~ • ·•• Pri§ml)@ll • • • (:()rt~CtjP" Al =126 m2
"•.• • belWee(llh~lWo. slati()OsJh.CU,m.• \ . •.",•••.••.,•.••.•••••••
®.·•.• CQmputelhe.culVaturecorrectjC)".~Il.· STA5+ 140
the tvl0~ta~0l"is..W.ther(Ja~j~.0l"i.a • 5de9((!e
~!Ve.Which.tums ,tQlhe.right.Qf.
s®t1OMi6cu,m. . . • ~·.¢m~ .
Solution:
CD Volume using Prismoidal formula:
STA 5+ 040

~_1-
12 + 2h, -12
6h,. 36 = 12 + 2h,
4h,=48
h,= 12
hr - hi' _1-
2hL + 12 + 2h, -12
12·h/ _1
h -4 2 2hL + 12 + 24 - 6
~=-
12 +2h, 12 72- 6hL =2hL + 36
6h,- 24 =12 + 2h, 8hL =36
4h,= 36 hL =4.5
h,= 9 m.
S-422

1
e, =3" (O,)

e, =3"1 (36)
e, =• 12 (neg. towards the center of cUNe)
A =(4.5 + 12}(45}.~.~
2 222
A2 =206.75 m2

A~ =206.75 • [6 (~.5) +7 (~5)] (2)

AS2 = 74.75 m2
Am (mid· section) 1
~=3"D:!
A = (3.75 + 10.5)(40.5}. 7.5(3.75}. 21(10.5} 1
m 2 2 2 6:! =3" (45)
Am = 164.25 m2• ~ =-15 (neg. toward$ the center of ClJNe)

L - 1145.916
Vol. =6(A, + 4Am +A2) R- 0
100
Va. ::"6 [126 + 4(164.25) + 206.75] R= 11~916=229m.
. Va. = 16495.83 m3 L
Vc =2R (As, e, + As2 ~)
<il Prismoidal correction: 100
L Vc =2 (229) [(48)(- 12} + 74.75 (- 15))
Vp = 12 (C, . Cz) (0, • ~
Vc =• 370.58 m3
100
Vp =.12[~5·~(~:45))
Vp = 150m3
@ CUNature correction:

As, = 126. [~+ 5 (~2)] (2)

As, =48m2
 5-423

w•• comPllt~ • • .t6&VQ1t!~ .• ~• • mt.lW(f

$tatl<lI1~l.lSillggnsll'\Oic!~lfOfJTlll~;>« ••••
®•• ComJll1t~tb~ • • vqtplJle • PeM'eenffiK.W&
. .··$tatiOf!:;ifJsil1lJ.~lldareaWilhPfj$ITlQi<l~
CQIT~..<
tije/VoflJrrffl • •bAAveen • ttJ¢ • ~·
@ ••••• QomPt!te • •
stalions.if··tbe··roag.js.oll.a•• cUfV~~~ich-
. tllf~ •.·.to •.• lh~ • I~ft· •. Wllh•• ·tb~ •.• giVI:\tl • (1{~$$·
.$~$itithli$·liI·fEldittsQf.200rrk< ..
Solution:
G) VoIiJme by Prismoidal Formula: Am section
I·
,
I Note: Use average dimensions of
2.3: I
sla. 1 + 020 and 1 + 040
: ,:1.0
_2.15(3) 1.35(6.225) ~. 3(1.8L
f;;;-614.~B_n_l--B_n-4.5I--~l Am- 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
Am = 13.974 m2
,, L
I Vol. =6(A 1 + 4Am + A2)
2.3:,
,, Vol. = ~ [(13.1625) +4(13.974) + 14.64)
[;~;~-31~..l..- Vol. =279",3
STATION 1+4J20

STA 1 +020 @ Volume by end area with Prismoidal

correction:
B
2" + 2.3S = 6.45
B
2" + S=4.5
1.3S= 1.95
S= 1.5
B .
2"+ 1.5 =4.5 ,,
B=6m. ,
I
,
:2.6
- 2.3(3) 1.5(6.45) 1.5(4.5) M!l ,,,
A1- 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
A1 = 13.1625 m2 _ _ _--+-3-.+.-----;.~
STA1+040
,. \I _ (A 1 + A2) L
=-~'}
-",,~C.Y(tT/
,
:
,
VE- 2
,:2.6
,
11_ (13.1625 + 14.64) (20)
VE- 2
--+-__
3---61; -- ;F3 VE = 278.025 m3
8-424

L 1
Vp :: 12 (C, - ~ (0, - ~ &2 :: 3' (12.90)
20 . &2 :: +4.3 (positive away from
Vp :: 12 ((1.5 -1.2) (10.95 -12.90)1
center ofcurve)
Vp :: - 0.975 m3 L
Vc :: 2R (As, e, + AS2 ~)
Vcp :: VE-lip 20
Vcp :: 278.025 - (- 0.975) Vc :: 2(200) [3.4125(- 3.65) + 1.44(4.3)]
Vcp :: 279m3 Vc :: - 0.313 m3
@ Volume by end area with curvature V:: VE+ Vc
correction: V:: 278.025 + (- 0.313)
V:: 277.712 m3

~_:"1i:iltl
'The earthWQrtsdata of a propciSedhlpClYis

===~~c,.c·
----D,slO.95l---

... " t+498,0:3artd 2... 94S,@·· .•. • .

As, :: 13.1625 _[!3)J1) + 1.5 ~4.5)] (2) Stationing of limitsm free haul ••.. . ..• .•..
As, :: 3.4125 Free=h~:I~~~:~~~~3~ 12 . . .
1
e, :: '3 (10.95) AsSume fhegmundsurface to be unifoonly .
. sloping. . .
a, :: - 3.65 (neg. towards the renter of cUNej
STAnON. -:-------,

G).];:~ . Q'l¢rbau4'lol1!!D~'.'.'
® COl1lJlut~~Mvolu~Qfw~st~.
@ COInpuletttevolume of-borrow.
Solution:
G) Overhaul volume:

As.1 :: 14.64 - [(3J1"J+ 1.l}69(2)

"As.1 :: 1.44
 8-425

h 50 SoIuIioIf:
26.88 =300 (j) Urrit of economical /J8UI:
h=4.48
a SO
241.97 =300
a =40.33
Overhaul voIll718 - (4.48 + 40.33) (215.09)
- 2
C,C FHD'
Overhaul volume =4819.10 m3 LEft :: en +

@ Volume of waste:
l.EH =42.0 @J} + 50
21
V:: (40.33 + SO) (58.03) LEH::.lI'L
2
@ Free haufvolum.:
V = 2620.92 m3 h 41.13
x=~1.97
@ Volume of borrow: h= O.17x
C 70 47.85 _-L
208.03 = 300 208.03 - SO - l
C=48.54 y= 0.23 (SO- x)
\ I I Alb _ (48.54 + 70) (91.97) hX_~
vo. UI onow-. 2 2- 2
Vol. of borrow = 5451.06 m3 0.17~ :: 0.23 'SO - xi
2 2
O.86x=50-x
x=26.88
5O-x=23.12
hx
FrH haul volume ='2
The giv~n data off a proposed M<lt'l~ - Cavite h = 0.17 (26.88)
Coastal road is tabulated below. Thetrae tia~ h=4.57
distance is 50 m. andth~ cost of borrOW 1$ y=O.23 (23.12)
P420 per cu.ffl.'\oostof~is-P.350per. y= 5.32
CU.m. and the cost of haul Is P21 perineter
station. The ground sutface is assume to be'
'i
Fret haul val. =4.57 6 .88}
uniformly sloping. Free haul 't'd z 11.42 cu.m.
@ Overhaul voIum8:

10+ 160
10 +401.97
10+610

CD Compute the limit of economical haul. '.

ct Compute the free haUl volume. - (41.13 +•. 57) (215.09)
V,- 2
@ Compute the overhaul volume.
V1 =4915""
 5-426

EARTHWORKS

The!following data are results of the earthwork

computations of areas, free haul distance and
limits of economical haul by analytical
solution instead of graphical solution (mass
di39ratns). iM cross sectional area at station
1 +460 is40sq.m. in fill and at stanon 2 + 060 Overhaul volume
the cross sectional area is 60 sq,m. in cat.
The- balancing point is at slation 1 +- 760 where
+t
=(4.494 o.452 ) (179.79)
area Is equal ro zero, Assume the· ground =4040cu.m.
surface to be sloping upward unifomlly from'
station 1 + 460 to f + '760 and then with @ Volume of waste:
sflghtlysteeper slope to 2 + .060. Assume fr~ V J40.45~ + 60) (97.74)
.hau/distanCe ;: 50 m. and limitofecbfiomical
MLiI;:;4$Om. '. .... , V=4909
Stafloning of lhelimits offree haul distance .
;:; (1 +732.47) and (1+ 782.47) . ® Volume of bofTOW:
StatiOning the ijmits of economiCal haul V = (40 + ;3.032) (52.26)
, =(1 + 512.26) and (1 + 962.26)
V = 1908 cU.m.
(DOIHe@in~tbeoverhaut vOlume.
.~.· • !¥tel1tlinethev0k.lmeafwaste,
@ [)e(eI'fuine1lJevoliJineofborfuw~

Solution:
CD Overhaul volume: Here under' shows a table of quantities' of
earthworks ofa proposed Highway to conned
Sago City and Danao City, The length of the
free haul distance is specified 10 be 50 m. long
and the limit of economical haul is 462,76
long. Assume the ground surface to be slOping
uniforrtlly.

Cut Fill .

10 + 020 80.00 lnitialooirll

x 40 110 +"115.65 54.57 Umltof
27.53 =300 economical haul
x=3.67 10+ 297,92 5.90 L1mitoffteehalll
o
i47=~ 10 + 320
10 + 347.92
Bafanclnoooint
. 4.60 Limit offree haul
y=4.494 10 + 578.41 43.15 Umitof
a 40 economical haul
220.21 =300 10 + 620 50.00 End ooinl
a =29.36
b 60 (D Compute the overhaul volume.
179.79 =300 @ Compute the volume ofbofTow.
6'=35.958 ® Compute the volume of waste.
 S-427

Solution: Solution:
CD Ovemaul volume: CD Umit of economical haul:
LEH = fb..f + FHD
Cb
LEH = 6~;~) + 50
LEH=450m.

® Stationing of limits of freehaul distance:

(54.57 +5.00) (182.27)

Overhaul volume = 2
Ovemaul volume = 5510.93 m3

tID Volume of bOfrow:

""-" (SO +43.15) (41.59)
~~me 01 ~/UW= 2
!!..28.6
Volume ofborrow = 1937.05 m3 x- 200
h=OJ43x
@ Volume of waste: ....L_~
" I f~"" (80 +54.57) (95.65) SO-x-250
vo,ume 0 W"",8 = 2
y= 0.08 (SO· x)
Volume of waste = 6435.61 m3
Vol. of excavation = Vol. of embankment
hX_~
2- 2
0.143 x (x) _ 0.08 (SO - x) (SO - x)
2 - 2
The profile of the ground surface along which 0.143'; =0.08 (50 - x)2
the center line of the rQadWay issJoping 0.378 x = 0.283 (SO - x)
unifOrmly al acertaiJfgrade. At sta.5 '" 400 ih~ 50-x=133697x
cross sectional area is 20.89 I'nL in fill and the x= 21.40 m.
finished roadway slopes upward producing a
cross sectional area of 28.6 m2 In cut at station Limits offreehaul distance
5 + 850 The stationing of the balancing point
= (5 +650) +21.40
isS +650.
=5 +671.40
Free haul distance =SOm.
Cost of haul. =PO.20p¢fmeter$tatioo =(5+671.40)-50
Cost of borrow =P4 perro.m. =5 +621.40

CD Computethelimltof economicalhauL limIts of freehaul distance

@ Compute the stationing of the limits of = 5 + 671.40 and 5 + 621.40
freehautdistance.
@ Compute the freehaul volume.
S-428

EARTHWORIS

@ Freehaul volume: Solution:

hx CD Overhaul volume:
Freehaul vol. ="2
h = 0.143 (21.4)
h=3.06

c: h I I _3.06 (21.4)
rree au vo. - 2

Freehaul vol. =32.74 m3

"".' rha I vol (3.845 + 40.18)(180)

vv8 U ume=2
Overhaul volume = 3962.25
® Volume ofwa$fe = (40.18 ~60X98)

Volume of waste = 4908.82 cu.m.

(33+40)52
@ Volume of borrow = 2
Volume of borrow = 1898 cu.m.
 5-429

EARlHWDRIS

CD Volume of waste:
Vol. of waste:: 350 - 200
Vol. of waste:: 150 m'J
@Overl7aul volume:
Overl7aul volume :: 910 • 350
Overl7aul volume :: 560 m3
@ Volume ofborrow:
Volume ofborrow = 350 + 520
Volume of borrow = 870 m3

Solution:

STATION VOLUME Mass Ordinates

10+000 +200 -+-200
10+040 +100 +300
10 +080 +150 +450
10 +120 +140 +590
10 +160 +110 +700
10 +200 +190 +890
10 +240 t50 +940
10 +280 ·40 +900
10 +320 ·120 +780
10 +360 -90 -tti9O
10 +400 -80 +£10
10 +440 . ·200 +410
10 +480 ·220 +190
10 +520 -110 +80 (D•• • ·~~ • lheQ~lJlv~rnelrieu'lll·> • • •.·.•·
~ • • • (»~t~.tbe~~gth(itovt~\lll(lt@te~if
10 +560
10+600
·320
-280
-240
-520
••
·~ ~~:l-r~.~=~(~~~G~~~·············
Solution:
CD Overl7aul volume:

·130

Overhaul volume =600 - 200

Overhaul volume:: 400 m3
 5-430

EARTHWORIS

@ Length of ovemaul:
LEH= Cb C + FHD @ Mass ordinate of inital point of limit of
Ch economical haul:
450 = 500 (20) + 50 Cost of haul:
Ch
Ch = P25 per cU.m. I meter station 171100 = 25 (201.40) Vol. of overhaul
20
Total cost of haul = P105750.OQ
Vol. of overtlaul =680 m3
105750 - 25(L) (400)
- 20
L = 211.50 m. Mass ordinate of inital point of limit of
economical h8uJ •
® Total cost of borrow:
Vol. of borrow = 200 + 130 =800-68G
Vol. of borrow; 330 m3 = 120m3
Cost of borrow = 330 (500)
Cost of borrow = P165,OOO

+800

Th~ • cO$t.of.l)OrroW.pet.Cl.nn·••I$.·A5po.atld.lbe
cq~t.of.bt:lul.~r.m~tel"~tiPl1i$.P25· • 9q$t·.Q(
~~",\)~li® • • i$ • i!PPt9Xki)~teJy • P6~.pElr • CU.m·
me
Th~.·fO*! • bl:lyl•• djstanl:El.ls50••Itl·•• IoIl~ • ~.IKi • -60
leJlgltlm.()~mallli$.~q®I!P.?Qt4Q·tl1< • • lfthe
.mass • ~rgliJ~t~.Of • lh~ini~~.poJtlt • oftM.ftee , o.Vtrhl1M1
m3••.
.~~l1l •. djsmn:C~ •.• j$ .• t80Q • • 'tld•• • ttl~>roa$$ Was"vQlw,",

·oroinates•• l'fthe • ~urnrnit.ma,sS • diagram.fJ'Ql1l

lQt{)(}QJo10+6()Ollre·60I'I'I~alld. 140m3
respecllvely.

$ • • • CQfuputelhe.length.ofeeonomicalhaut
®•• • COItlPot~ • th~lTlass • • otditl~ • of•• lhe.jrlitial
·PQint.. Qf.lhe•• limit.of.ecQtlOItl!cal•. t18ul.lf.the·
• • • total¢()~of.haulih9.jS.P17H~. ® Cost of waste:
® Computethefotalcostofwaste. Cost = 650 (120 + 60)
Solution: Cost = P11T,()(JO
CD Limit of economical haul:
LEH= CbC+ FHD
Ch
LEH = 5O~~20) + 50
LEH=450m.
 S-430-A
EARTHWORKS

@ Length of overhaul:
192000 = 120(400) x
, 20
The following are the data on a simple summit x=80m.
mass diagram.
STA MASS ORDINATE (m3)
0+000 -80
0+ 500 -130
Initial point of limit.of freehaul distance = +600
Inmallimit of economic haul = +200 Using the following notes on cuts and fills and
Freehaul distance = 60 m. a shrinkage factor of 1.25.
limit of economical distance =400 m. (j) Find the. mass ordinate at station 20 + 040.
Cost of haul = P120 per cU.m per meter station. @ Find the mass ordinate at station 20 + 120.
@ Find the mass ordinate at station 20 + 180.
(j) Determine the volume of waste in m3•
@ Determine the volume of borrow in m3.
STATIONS VOLUMES
@ Determine the overhaul volume in cU.m.
CUHm3) FILLim 3)
@ Determine the length of overhaul if the
total cost of hauling is P192,000. 20 + 000 60
20 + 020 70
Solution: 20 + 040 30
20+ 060 110
(j) Volume of waste:
20 + 080 50
20 + 100 50
20 + 120 40
20 + 140 60
20 + 160 20
20 + 180 30
+600 :f---++-P:dU.~!lIbO.,.
solution:
+2oo~--------.f--~=-",=--">'" CD Mass ordinate at station 20 + 040:

0+000-:-{---------\-..:..'0+5oo MASS
STATIONS VOLUMES ORDINATES
-80 CUT CORRECTED FILL
(m'l m'l
-130 20 + 000 1.25 60 =- 75 20 + 000
Volume of waste = 200 + 80 20 + 020
, 1.25 70 =- 87.5 20 + 020
Volume of waste = 280 m3 20 + 040 1.25 30 =- 37.5 20 + 040
20 + 060 110 + 110 20 + 060
@ Volume of borrow: 20 + 080 50 + 80 20 + 080
Volume of borrow = 200 + 130 20 + 100 50 + 50 20 + 100
Volume of borrow = 330 m3 20 + 120 1.2540 =-50 20 + 120
20 + 140 1.25(60\ =- 75 20 + 140
20 + 160 20 -+ 20 20 + 160 I
@ Overhaul volume:
20 + 180 30 -+ 30 20 + 180
Overhaul volume = 600 - 200
Overhaul volume =400 m3
Mass ordinate at station 20 + 040 =- 200
S-430-B
EARTHWORKS

@ Mass ordinate at station 20 + 120 = • 10 @ Overhaul volume:

@ Mass ordinate at station 20 + 180: =·35

2+040
The grading works of a proposed National Borrow

Road shows the following data of an

_h1_=~
earthworks:
208,03 300
h1 =47,85
Free haul distance = 50 m,
Cost of borrow = P5 per cu,m, ~=~
Cost of haul = P0.25 per meter station 23,12 300
Stationing of one limit of Free Haul h2 = 5,32
= 2 + 763,12
Stationing of one limit of Economical Haul ~=~
241.97 300
= 2 + 948,03 h3 =41,13
Assume the ground surface has auniform ~=~
slope from cut to fill. 26,88 300
h4 =4,57
STATION AREA
CUT 1m2) FILL 1m2) Overhaul volume = (h 3 + h4 ) (215,09)
2 + 440 51 m2 2
Balancing Overhaul volume = (41,13 + 4,57) (215 ,09)
2 + 740 0 2
Point
3 + 040 69 m2 Overhaul volume = 4915 ~3
Check:
CD Compute the length of economical haul. (h + h )
Vol. = _2_ _ 1 (184,91)
@ Compute the overhaul volume, 2
@ Compute the volume of borrow,
Vol. = (5.32 + 47.85) (184,91)
® Compute the volume of waste,
2
Vol. = 4915m 3
Solution: @ Volume of borrow:
CD Limit'of economical haul:
Vol. of borrow = (47,85 +69) (91 ,97)
LEH = Cb 20 + FHD 2
Ch Vol. of borrow = 5373.35 m3
LEH = 5(20) + 50 ® Volume of waste:
0.25
LEH = 450m. Vol. of waste = (51 + 41.13) (58,03)
2
Vol. of waste = 2673.15 m3