SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
IN MODERN EPOCH I
Early Metal Age: Copper
• Around 7,000 years ago when modern humans started
extracting these red stones that do not break. Since it is
easy to mine and process but more durable, malleable,
and less brittle than stone, it started replacing other
material of choice for tools, weapons, and ornaments.
Copper nugget

Copper axe head

(5,500 years ago)
Early Metal Age: Copper
• Due to the size of the nuggets, presence of impurities,
and increasing scarcity because of continuous
extraction, the smiths were forced to experiment on
what they have. This led to the development of
smelting and annealing.

Clay furnace for smelting minerals

Air tubes for clay furnace

Middle Metal Age: Bronze
• Around 5,020 years ago when modern humans started
smelting copper and combination of different metals
(tin, arsenic, phosphorus) to create alloys using pottery
kilns. This process is known as metallurgy.
Bronze mirror from Egypt
(3,560 years ago)
• Bronze is the most durable material at that time, which
then allowed the bronze age civilizations to gain further
technological advantage.

Bronze artifacts from Korea

(3,020 years ago)
Middle Metal Age: Bronze
• This technology rapidly scattered around the globe,
starting in East Africa then in India (around 5,350 years
ago), to Europe (around 5,220 years ago), and East Asia
(around 5,120 years ago). It is mainly due to trade and
Cuneiform from Mesopotamia
travel. (5,520 years ago)

• According to archeological evidences, it was the

period where the earliest form of writing and counting
systems emerged. These are in Mesopotamia (Iraq;
cover some part of Iran, Syria, Turkey) and Egypt.

Hieroglyphics from Egypt

(5,320 years ago)
Late Metal Age: Iron
• Around 3,220 years ago when modern humans started
smelting iron to create steel and combination of
different materials (carbon) to create alloys using Lingling-o earrings from Philippines
(2,520 years ago)
pottery kilns.

• Iron is the most durable material at that time, which

then allowed the iron age civilizations to gain both
technological and warfare advantage.

Silla armor from Korea

(2,420 years ago)
Late Metal Age: Iron
• This technology rapidly scattered around the Europe
and Asia, starting in Greece and Italy (around 3,210
years ago) and to the rest of Europe (around 2,920-
Bow brooch from Greece
2,520 years ago). As well as in South Asia (around 3,220 (2,720 years ago)
years ago) and to East Asia (around 2,520 years ago). It
is mainly due to trade and travel.

• According to archeological evidences, there was no

definite period of the beginning of the iron age since
the transition was different per area and they go back
and forth between bronze and iron technologies.
Farming tools from Great Britain
(2,220 years ago)
Intellectual Revolution
• During this period, modern humans craves to understand the human
mind and everything around them. The modern humans that joined this
search for knowledge were known as philosophers or thinkers.
Intellectual Revolution
• It is one of the largest and most significant libraries in
the ancient world, and was located in Alexandria,
Egypt.

• It was built during the period of Ptolemaic kingdom

(Ptolemy I-VIII) as proposed by Demetrius of
Phalerum, around 2,305 years ago.

• It quickly became filled with papyrus scrolls, but was

destroyed by continuous wars, and its complete
destruction around 1,745 years ago on the hands of
King Theophilus.
Intellectual Revolution
• Plant and animal domestication
• Irrigation and agricultural tools (e.g. stone, metal)
• Fermentation (e.g. milk, fruit extracts)
• Wheel and roads
• Boats and canals
• Weapons and armors (e.g. stone, metal)
• Writing system and medium (e.g. stone, paper)
• Numbering and counting system
• Foundations of modern knowledge
FOOD APPLICATION:
FERMENTATION
• It is metabolic process in which a microbial organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into
an alcohol or an acid.
• For example, yeast performs fermentation to obtain energy by converting sugar into alcohol. Bacteria
perform fermentation, converting carbohydrates into lactic acid.

Cheese from fermented milk Wine from fermented grapes Beer from fermented barley
FOOD APPLICATION:
FERMENTATION
• It is metabolic process in which a microbial organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into
an alcohol or an acid.
• For example, yeast performs fermentation to obtain energy by converting sugar into alcohol. Bacteria
perform fermentation, converting carbohydrates into lactic acid.
AGRICULTURAL APPLICATION:
SELECTIVE BREEDING
• Also known as artificial selection, is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to
selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics).

Selective breeding in plants Selective breeding in animals

results to varieties/cultivars results to breeds
MEDICINAL APPLICATION:
INOCULATION
• It is a set of methods of artificially inducing immunity against various infectious diseases. This process is
known in ancient China, India, Middle East, and Africa in treating smallpox.

Nasal insufflation using a Tishteree el Jidderi using a cotton cloth to tie Needle variolation using an
silver blowpipe around an arm; Dak el Jedri using a cotton iron needle
cloth to rub into a flesh wound.
Science
• It is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the
form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
1. Non-discriminatory
2. Systematic
3. Evidence-based
4. Testable
5. Iterative
6. Peer reviewed
7. Self-correcting

Image Source: Times Higher Education, Science News, Scientific American

Industrial Revolution
• It is the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft
economy to one dominated by industry and machine
manufacturing.

• It mainly started in Britain in the 18th century, and from there

spread to other parts of the world.

Image Source: Times Higher Education, Science News, Scientific American

7 Technological Changes
during the Industrial Revolution
1. The use of new basic materials, like iron and steel.

2. The use of new energy sources, like coal, steam engine,

electricity, petroleum, and internal-combustion engine.

3. The invention of new machine, like spinning jenny and

power loom.

Image Source: Times Higher Education, Science News, Scientific American

7 Technological Changes
during the Industrial Revolution
4. The formation of new organization of work, like division of
labor and specialization of function.

5. The improvement of transportation, like steam

locomotive, steamship, automobile, and airplane.

6. The improvement of communication, like telegraph and

radio.

Image Source: Times Higher Education, Science News, Scientific American

7 Technological Changes
during the Industrial Revolution
7. The increase in application of science to industry, like use
of natural resources and mass production of
manufactured goods.

Image Source: Times Higher Education, Science News, Scientific American

5 Socio-economic Changes
during the Industrial Revolution
1. The improvement of agricultural sector for food
provisions.

2. The distribution of land and wealth, and increasing

international trade.

3. The shifting of economic power due to new state policies

and need of industrialization.

Image Source: Times Higher Education, Science News, Scientific American

5 Socio-economic Changes
during the Industrial Revolution
4. The growth and development of cities, working-class
movements, and new patterns of authority.

5. The transformation of culture to a broader order which

lead to acquisition of new skills and shifting of tasks.

Image Source: Times Higher Education, Science News, Scientific American

First Industrial Revolution
• 18th to 19th century
• Conversion of agrarian and rural lands to
industrial and urban lands.
• Products: iron, coal, textiles
• Transportation: steam engines

Image Source: Times Higher Education, Science News, Scientific American

Second Industrial Revolution
• 1870 to 1914 (before WWI)
• Utilization of electricity in industries for mass
production and in households for
efficiency.
• Products: steel, oil, electricity, light bulb
• Transportation: internal combustion engine
• Communication: telephone, radio
• Entertainment: phonograph

Image Source: Times Higher Education, Science News, Scientific American

 Industrial Melanism

Image Source: Times Higher Education, Science News, Scientific American

 SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
IN MODERN EPOCH I