M3, C2 CAP Theorem

CAP theorem,
NoSQL Data Architecture patterns
M3,C2
•Consistency, Availability, Partition tolerance.
•The CAP theorem is a belief from theoretical

CAP
THEOREM computer science about distributed data stores
that claims, in the event of a network failure on
a distributed database, it is possible to provide
either consistency or availability—but not
both.
Consistency
• All the servers in the system will have the same data so
anyone using the system will get the same copy
regardless of which server answers their request.
Availability
CAP
Theorem • The system will always respond to a request (even if it's
not the latest data or consistent across the system or
just a message saying the system isn't working)
Partition Tolerance
• The system continues to operate as a whole even if
individual servers fail or can't be reached..
Schema-less Models
• Schema of a database system refers to designing of a structure for datasets and data
structures for storing into the database.
• NoSQL data not necessarily have a fixed table schema.

• A key-value store allows you to store any data you like under a key.
• A document database effectively does the same thing, since it makes no restrictions
on the structure of the documents you store.
• Column-family databases allow you to store any data under any column you like.
• Graph databases allow you to freely add new edges and freely add properties to
nodes and edges as you wish
Flexibility
Schema-less: Can be more tolerant of variable

Acidity and Consistency models
Pros
Ease of use and maintenance

Flexibility - Users can, in theory:
• Put any kind of data into the system

• Create new kinds of relationships between things (in a few
products)
Schema-less: • Find data without worrying about the types of data involved.
Pros Can be more tolerant of variable Acidity and

Consistency models
Ease of use and maintenance:
• No need to worry about data types

• No need for a DBA
• Applications will [probably] work when new data arrives
Confusion
Schema-less: Performance suffers

Cons
poor Integrity
Ambiguity
The additional data may not be
structured and follow fixed schema as
NoSQL is schema-less.
In such case the data store consist of
Increasing additional data, such as documents,
Flexibility for blogs, face book pages and tweets.
Data NoSQL data store possess characteristic
Manipulation of increasing flexibility for data
manipulation.
Late binding of new attributes is allowed
and BASE is a flexible model for NoSQL
data stores.
This model accommodates the flexibility offered by
NoSQL and similar approaches to the management and
curation of unstructured data.
BASE consists of three principles:
• Basic Availability:
• The NoSQL database approach focuses on the availability

BASE Model
of data even in the presence of multiple failures.
• It achieves this by using a highly distributed approach to
database management.
• Instead of maintaining a single large data store and
focusing on the fault tolerance of that store, NoSQL
databases spread data across many storage systems
with a high degree of replication.

Soft State:
• BASE databases abandon the consistency
requirements of the ACID model pretty
much completely.
• One of the basic concepts behind BASE is
that data consistency is the developer’s
problem and should not be handled by the
database.
Eventual Consistency:
• The only requirement that NoSQL databases
have regarding consistency is to require that
at some point in the future, data will
converge to a consistent state.
• No guarantees are made, however, about
when this will occur.
• That is a complete departure from the
immediate consistency requirement of ACID
that prohibits a transaction from executing
until the prior transaction has completed
and the database has converged to a
consistent state.
Example:
database for
the students in
various courses
to demonstrate
the concept of
increasing
flexibility
NOSQL Data
Architecture Patterns
Key-value store
Document Store
NoSQL data Tabular Data store
• Column Family store

stores • Big table Data store
• RC file format
categories • ORC file format
• Paraquet File formats
Object Data store
Graph Data store

Simplest way to implement
a schema-less data store
1. Key Value Enables fast Data retrieval

store
Key is a string which maps

to a large data string or
BLOB (Basic Large Object)
Key-value store accesses use a primary
key for accessing the values.
Therefore, the store can be easily

scaled up for very large data.
The concept is similar to a hash table

where a unique key points to a
particular item(s) of data.
key-value architectural pattern and example
Advantages
Client read and write in key-value store using a key
Limitations of key-value store architectural pattern
Image store
Uses of
Document or file store
key value
store : Lookup table
Query-cache
HASH TABLE
• Refers to using associated key-value pairs
• A set of pairs retrieve by using a hash key.
• The hash key is a computed index using hash keys in the table-column.
• The entries(values) across an array of slots(also called buckets)
• The buckets correspond to the key for the pairs at column.
• The values are in the associated rows of that column

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CAP theorem,

NoSQL Data Architecture patterns

•The CAP theorem is a belief from theoretical

that claims, in the event of a network failure on

a distributed database, it is possible to provide

either consistency or availability—but not

• NoSQL data not necessarily have a fixed table schema.

Schema-less: Can be more tolerant of variable

Ease of use and maintenance

• Put any kind of data into the system

Pros Can be more tolerant of variable Acidity and

Ease of use and maintenance:

• No need to worry about data types

Schema-less: Performance suffers

• The NoSQL database approach focuses on the availability

• It achieves this by using a highly distributed approach to

• Instead of maintaining a single large data store and

focusing on the fault tolerance of that store, NoSQL

databases spread data across many storage systems

with a high degree of replication.

NoSQL data Tabular Data store

• Column Family store

Object Data store

Graph Data store

1. Key Value Enables fast Data retrieval

Key is a string which maps

Therefore, the store can be easily

The concept is similar to a hash table

• Refers to using associated key-value pairs

• A set of pairs retrieve by using a hash key.

• The entries(values) across an array of slots(also called buckets)

• The buckets correspond to the key for the pairs at column.

• The values are in the associated rows of that column

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