DEPARTMENT

OF
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING –

DC Circuits
20EE104

SOLUTION

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 UNIT I DC Circuits
3. Determine the equivalent resistance of the network shown in figure below

A
5 ohm

10 ohm 30 ohm

Solution 10 ohm and 30 ohm are in parallel

10 ∗ 30
𝑅1 = = 7.5 Ω
10 + 30

A
5 ohm

R1=7.5 ohm

5 Ω and 7.5 Ω are in series.

𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 5 + 7.5 = 12.5 Ω
4. Determine the equivalent resistance of the network shown in figure below

A
5Ω

10 Ω 10 Ω 30 Ω

Solution 10 ohm and 30 ohm are in parallel

10 ∗ 30
𝑅1 = = 7.5 Ω
10 + 30
A
5Ω

10 Ω R1=7.5 Ω

5 Ω and 7.5 Ω are in series.

𝑅2 = 5 + 7.5 = 12.5 Ω

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 A

10 Ω R2=12.5 Ω

10 Ω and 12.5 Ω are in parallel.

10 ∗ 12.5
𝑅𝐴𝐵 = = 5.556 Ω
10 + 12.5
5. The equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors is 4.8Ω. If the resistance of one of the
resistors is 8Ω, calculate the resistance of the other. If it is connected to a 48V DC supply,
calculate the current drawn from the source.
Solution Let R1 be the resistance of the other resistor. Then,

8 ∗ 𝑅1
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =
8 + 𝑅1
= 4.8 Ω
 R1= 12 Ω
When it is connected to a 48V supply, the current drawn from the circuit = (48/4.8)A = 10A
9. When two series resistors 2Ω and 4Ω are connected across a DC source, the voltage drop
across the 2Ω resistor was found to be 4V. Calculate (i) the voltage drop across 4Ω (ii) the
supply voltage (iii) current in the circuit (iv) power consumed by each resistor (v) total power
consumed by the circuit.
Solution When two resistors are connected in series, the current in both the resistors should be the same.
Since, the voltage drop across 2Ω resistor was found to be 4V, the current in the circuit should
be I = (4/2) A = 2A.
(i) Voltage drop across 4Ω resistor = (4*2) V = 8V
(ii) Supply voltage = (8+4)V = 12V
(iii) Current in the circuit = 2A (as calculated above)
(iv) Power consumed by 2Ω is I2R = 22*2 = 8W; Power consumed by 4Ω resistor is
22*4 = 16W
(v) Total power consumed = Sum of the power consumed by individual resistors =
(8+16)W = 24W
10. When two parallel resistors 2Ω and 4Ω are connected across a DC source, the current in the 4Ω
resistor was found to be 3A. Calculate (i) the supply voltage (ii) the current in 2Ω resistor (iii)
the supply current (iv) power consumed by each resistor (v) total power consumed by the
circuit.
Solution Given: R1 =2Ω; R2 = 4Ω; Connected in parallel. I4Ω = 3A.
Then,
(i) the supply voltage V = (4*3)V = 12V
(ii) Current in 2Ω resistor = (12/2) A = 6A
(iii) Supply current = (3+6) A = 9A
(iv) Power consumed by 2Ω resistor = (62*2)W = 72W; by 4Ω resistor = (32*4)W =
36W
(v) Total power consumed = (72+36)W = 108W
11. An unknown resistance R is connected in series with a parallel circuit comprising of 20Ω and
48Ω. The total power dissipated in the circuit is 1000W and the applied voltage is 250 V.
Calculate R.

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Solution P = (V2/Req) = (2502/ Req) = 250W => Req = 62.5Ω
20∗48
But, + 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅 +
20+48

62.5 = R + 14.12 => R = 48.38 Ω

12. A current of 30A flows through two ammeters A1 and A2 connected in series. The potential
differences across the two ammeters are 0.3V and 0.5V respectively. Find how the same
current will divide when they are connected in parallel.
Solution Let R1 and R2 be the resistances of the ammeters 1 and 2. Then,
30 R1 = 0.3 => R1= 0.01 Ω
30 R2 = 0.6 => R2 = 0.02 Ω
Now, when the ammeters are connected in parallel, let the currents in ammeters 1 and 2 be I1
and I2 respectively. Using the current division rule, we have

I1 = 30*[0.02/(0.02+0.01)] = 20A
I2 = (30-20)A = 10A
13. A 12V DC source supplies a current of 2A to a series combination of two unknown resistors.
Calculate (i) the equivalent resistance of the circuit (ii) the power and (iii) energy consumed by
the circuit in two hours.
Solution (i) Equivalent resistance of the circuit = 12/2 = 6 Ω
(ii) Power consumed by the circuit = I2R = 22*6 W = 24W
(iii) Energy consumed in two hours = P*t = 24*2 Wh = 48Wh
14. A 20V DC source supplies a current of 4A to a parallel combination of two unknown resistors.
Calculate (i) the equivalent resistance of the circuit (ii) the power and (iii) energy consumed by
the circuit in two hours.
Solution (i) Equivalent resistance of the circuit = 20/4 = 5 Ω
(ii) Power consumed by the circuit = I2R = 42*5 W = 80W
(iii) Energy consumed in two hours = P*t = 80*2 Wh = 160Wh
15. A piece of silver wire has a resistance of 1Ω. What will be the resistance of a manganin wire
half the length and half the diameter, if the specific resistance f manganin is 30 times that of
silver.
Solution Let R1 be the resistance of silver wire. Then,
R1 = (ρ1l1/A1) = (ρ1l1 / (Πd21/4)

Let R2 be the resistance of manganin wire. Then,

R2 = (ρ2l2/A2) = (ρ2l2 / (Πd22/4)

Then, R2/R1 = (ρ2l2/ (ρ1l1)) (d1/d2)2 => R2 = 60Ω.

16. When a certain battery is loaded by a 60Ω resistor, its terminal voltage is 98.4V. When it is
loaded by a 90Ω resistor, its terminal voltage is 98.9V. What load resistance would give a
terminal voltage of 90V?
Solution Let r be the internal resistance of the battery and Ei be the internal voltage.
When RL = 60Ω and V = 98.4V; current is I1 A.
Ei = 98.4+ I1r -----(i)
And
I1 = 98.4/60 A = 1.64A

When RL = 90Ω and V = 98.9V; current is I2 A.

Ei = 98.9+ I2r -----(ii)
And

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 I2 = 98.9/90 A = 1.099A

Substituting the values of I1 and I2 in equations (i) and (ii), we get,

Ei = 98.4+ 1.64r -----(iii)

Ei = 98.9+ 1.099r -----(iv)

Since the internal voltage is the same, the LHS of both equations (iii) and (iv) should be the
same. So,

98.4+ 1.64r = 98.9+ 1.099r

=> r = 0.924 Ω

Substituting the value of r in equation (iii), we get, Ei = 99.92V.

Now, we need to calculate the load resistance required to give a terminal voltage of 90V. Let it
be RΩ and the current in the circuit be I A. Then,

I = (Ei – 90)/0.924 = (99.92-90)/0.924 = 10.736A

Therefore the load R = (90/10.736) Ω = 8.383 Ω.

17. An unknown resistor R and a 10Ω resistor are connected in parallel. If the potential difference
across 10Ω resistor is 30V and the total current drawn from the source is 5A, calculate (i) the
resistance R (ii) power consumed by 10 Ω resistor (iii) power consumed by the resistor R and
(iv) the total power consumed by the circuit neglecting the internal resistance of the source.
Solution Since the potential difference across 10Ω resistor is 30V, the current in that branch is (30/10)A
= 3A.
If the total current is 5A, the current in the other branch is (5-3)A = 2A.
Since both the resistors are connected in parallel, the potential difference across both the
resistors should be the same.
(i) Therefore, the resistance R = (30/2) Ω = 15 Ω
(ii) Power consumed by 10 Ω resistor = Voltage*current in that branch = (30*3) W =
90W
(iii) Power consumed by resistor R = Voltage*current in that branch = (30*2) W =
60W
(iv) Total power consumed = (90+60)W = 150W
18. 4Ω and 8Ω resistors are connected in parallel and energized by a DC source. If the total current
drawn from the supply is 12A, calculate (i) the current drawn by 4 Ω and 8 Ω resistors (ii)
power consumed by the circuit. If both the resistors are now connected in series across the
same supply, calculate (iii) the total current drawn from the supply and (iv) total power
dissipated in the circuit.
Solution (i) Current drawn by 4 Ω resistor = (12*8)/(8+4) A = 8A; Current drawn by 8 Ω
resistor = (12-8)A = 4A
(ii) Power consumed by the circuit = (82*4 + 42*8)W = (256 + 128)W = 384W

The supply voltage is (4*8) V = 32V.

Now, if both the resistors are connected in series across the same supply, the equivalent
resistance is (4+8) Ω = 12 Ω.
(iii) The total current drawn from the supply = (36/12)A = 3A

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 (iv) The total power dissipated in the circuit = (32*12)W = 108W
19. For the circuit of Figure below, find voltages Va, Vb and Vab
b
a
33 Ω

2V 100 Ω 200 Ω

Solution b
a
33 Ω

2V
100 Ω 200 Ω

From above circuit, 𝑉𝑎 − 0 = 2 𝑉, ⇒ 𝑉𝑎 = 2 𝑉

Applying KCL at node b,
𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑏 − 0 𝑉𝑏 − 0
+ + =0
33 100 200
Substituting 𝑉𝑎 = 2 𝑉 and simplifying,
We get, 𝑉𝑏 = 1.3378 𝑉
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏 = 2 − 1.3378 = 0.662 𝑉
20. Using nodal analysis, find Vb
1Ω 2Ω
b c
a

12 V
9V 3Ω

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Solution 1Ω 2Ω
b c
a

12 V
9V 3Ω

Applying KCL at node b,

𝑉𝑏 − 9 𝑉𝑏 − 0 𝑉𝑏 − 12
+ + =0
1 3 2
Simplifying above equation, We get
𝑉𝑏 = 8.18𝑉
21. Using mesh analysis, determine the value for Vb
200 Ω 75 Ω
b c
a

120 V
50 V 40 Ω

Solution 200 Ω 75 Ω
b c
a

120 V
50 V I1 40 Ω
I2

Applying KVL to loop 1,

+50 − 200 ∗ 𝐼1 − 40 ∗ (𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) = 0
240𝐼1 − 40𝐼2 = 50 (1)
Applying KVL to loop 2,
−120 − 40 ∗ (𝐼2 − 𝐼1 ) − 75 ∗ 𝐼2 = 0
40𝐼1 − 115𝐼2 = 120 (2)
Solving eq(1) and eq(2),
𝐼1 = 0.0365𝐴, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 = −1.0308 𝐴
Voltage drop 𝑉𝑏 = 40 ∗ (𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) = 42.692𝑉
23. Determine the total power dissipated for the circuit shown below, if the current in the 6 Ohms
resistor is 5 A.

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 12 Ω

8Ω I1

6Ω
5A
I
I2

V
Solution 12 Ω

8Ω I1

6Ω
5A
I
I2

V
Voltage drop in 6 Ω resistor = I2 x6 = 5x6 = 30 V.
Voltage drop across 12 Ω = Voltage drop in 6 Ω resistor =30 V
Current through 12 Ω= I1= 30/12 = 2.5 A.
Applying KCL, I= I1+ I2 = 2.5+5 =7.5 A.
Equivalent resistance of the circuit = Req=8+(12||6) =12 Ω.
Total Power dissipated = I2Req=7.52x12 = 675 W
24. Using mesh analysis, find voltage drop across 3 ohm resistor.
1Ω 2Ω
b c
a

12 V
9V 3Ω

Solution 1Ω 2Ω

_ _+ _
+ +
12 V
9V I1 3Ω
I1
_ +

Applying KVL to loop 1,

+9 − 1 ∗ 𝐼1 − 3 ∗ (𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) = 0

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 4𝐼1 − 3𝐼2 = 9 (1)
Applying KVL to loop 2,
−12 − 3 ∗ (𝐼2 − 𝐼1 ) − 2 ∗ 𝐼2 = 0
3𝐼1 − 5𝐼2 = 12 (2)
Solving eq(1) and eq(2),
𝐼1 = 0.8182𝐴, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 = −1.9091 𝐴
Voltage drop in 3 Ω resistor 𝑉3Ω = 3 ∗ (𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) = 8.1819𝑉.( )
25. Using Nodal analysis, find Vbc.
7.5 Ω 8Ω 20 Ω
b c d
a

30 V
20 V 10 Ω 15 Ω

Solution 7.5 Ω 8Ω 20 Ω
b c d
a

30 V
20 V 10 Ω
15 Ω

Applying KCL at node b,

𝑉𝑏 − 20 𝑉𝑏 − 0 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑐
+ + =0
7.5 10 8
Simplifying, 0.358𝑉𝑏 − 0.125𝑉𝑐 = 2.6667 (1)

Applying KCL at node c,

𝑉𝑐 − 30 𝑉𝑐 − 0 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉𝑏
+ + =0
20 15 8
Simplifying, −0.125𝑉𝑏 + 0.2417𝑉𝑐 = 1.5 (2)
Solving eq(1) and eq(2),
𝑉𝑏 = 11.7348𝑉, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑐 = 12.2749𝑉
Now 𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑐 = 11.7348 − 12.2749 = −0.54 𝑉
26 Using mesh analysis, find voltage drop across 8Ω resistor. Also find the power consumed by it.

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 7.5 Ω 8Ω 20 Ω
b c d
a

30 V
20 V 10 Ω 15 Ω

Solution 7.5 Ω 8Ω 20 Ω

I1 30 V
20 V 10 Ω I2 15 Ω I3

Applying KVL to loop 1,

+20 − 7.5 ∗ 𝐼1 − 10 ∗ (𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) = 0
17.5𝐼1 − 10𝐼2 = 20 (1)
Applying KVL to loop 2,
−10 ∗ (𝐼2 − 𝐼1 ) − 8 ∗ 𝐼2 − 15 ∗ (𝐼2 − 𝐼3 ) = 0
10𝐼1 − 33𝐼2 + 15𝐼3 = 0 (2)
Applying KVL to loop 3,
−30 − 15 ∗ (𝐼3 − 𝐼2 ) − 20 ∗ 𝐼3 = 0
15𝐼2 − 35𝐼3 = 30 (3)
Solving eqn (1), (2) and (3),
𝐼1 = 1.1037𝐴, 𝐼2 = −0.0685 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼3 = −0.8865 𝐴
Voltage drop in 8 Ω resistor 𝑉8Ω = 8 ∗ 𝐼2 = −0.548 𝑉( )
27, Using mesh analysis, determine the value of Vbc for the circuit shown in Figure
a

5k Ω 7.5k Ω

600 Ω

b c

100 V 2k Ω 15k Ω

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Solution a

5k Ω I2 7.5k Ω

600 Ω
I1 b c

100 V 2k Ω I3 15k Ω

Applying KVL to loop 1,

+100 − 5 × 103 ∗ (𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) − 2 × 103 ∗ (𝐼1 − 𝐼3 ) = 0
7000𝐼1 − 5000𝐼2 − 2000𝐼3 = 100 (1)
Applying KVL to loop 2,
−5 × 103 ∗ (𝐼2 − 𝐼1 ) − 7.5 × 103 ∗ 𝐼2 − 600 ∗ (𝐼2 − 𝐼3 ) = 0
5000𝐼1 − 13100𝐼2 + 600𝐼3 = 0 (2)
Applying KVL to loop 3,
−2 × 103 ∗ (𝐼3 − 𝐼1 ) − 600 ∗ (𝐼3 − 𝐼2 ) − 15 × 103 ∗ 𝐼3 = 0
2000𝐼1 + 600𝐼2 − 17600𝐼3 = 0 (3)
Solving eqn (1), (2) and (3),
𝐼1 = 0.0208𝐴, 𝐼2 = 0.0081 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼3 = 0.0026𝐴
Voltage drop 𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 600 ∗ (𝐼3 − 𝐼2 ) = 3.3𝑉

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 Chapter – AC Fundamentals

15 An alternating current of 60 Hz has maximum value of 12A. [i] Write down the
equation for instantaneous values [ii] find the value of current after 1/360 second
[iii] time taken to reach 9.6A for the first time.
i. I=Im sinwt

=12 sin(2Π60t)

i=12sin(377t) 02

ii. i=Imsinwt

=12sin(377/360)

=0.21 02

iii. 9.6=12sinwt

9.6=12sin 377t

t=0.14 sec 02

16 An alternating voltage has the equation v =141.4 sin377t Volts, what are the
values of (a) r.m.s voltage (b) frequency (c) the instantaneous voltage when
t=3ms.

i) v=Vmsinwt

v=141.4sin377t

r.m.s voltage=Vm/√2=99.98 02

ii)frequency w=2Πf

f=w/2П

=377/2x3.14

60hz 02

iii)v=141.4sin(1.131)

=2.79 volts 02

17 A sinusoidal varying alternating current of frequency 60 Hz has a value of

15 sin(314t-300) amperes. Determine the i)peak value of the current ,

ii) Average value of the current, iii) RMS value of the current, and iv) phase angle.
 peak value=15amps 02

rms value=Im/√2

=10.60 02

phase angle=30 degree.

Average value=0.637x15

=9.55 amperes 02

18 The equation of an alternating current is given by i =141.4 sin314t Amps, Find (i)
rms value of current (ii)frequency (iii) instantaneous value of current at t=5 msec

i) v=Vmsinwt

v=141.4sin377t

r.m.s voltage=Vm/√2=99.98 02

ii)frequency w=2Πf

f=w/2П

=314/2x3.14 02

50hz

iii)v=141.4sin(314X5m)

=3.87 volts 02
 AC Circuits
14. An AC circuit consists of a pure resistance of 10 Ω and is connected to a supply
of 230V, 50 Hz. Calculate the (i) current (ii) power consumed and (iii) equations
for voltage and current.
Solution Given: 𝑉 = 230𝑉, 𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧, 𝑅 = 10 𝑜ℎ𝑚
Current:
𝑉 230
𝐼= = = 23𝐴 01
𝑅 10
Power consumed
2
𝑃 = 𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅 = 16.622 × 10 = 2643 𝑊 02
Equation of voltage and current
𝑉𝑚 = √2 × 𝑉 = √2 × 230 = 325.27𝑉,
𝐼𝑚 = √2 × 𝐼 = √2 × 10 = 14.14𝐴,
03
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 = 14.14 × sin(2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 𝑡) = 23sin(314𝑡)
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 = 325.27 sin(2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 𝑡) = 230sin(314𝑡)

15. A pure inductive coil allows a current of 10A to flow from a 230V, 50 Hz supply.
Find (i) inductance of the coil (ii) inductance and (iii) equations for voltage and
current.
Solution Given
𝐼 = 10𝐴, 𝑉 = 230𝑉, 𝑓 = 50𝐻𝑧
Inductive reactance 02
𝑉 230
𝑋𝐿 = = = 23𝛺
𝐼 10
Inductance 01
𝑋𝐿 23
𝐿= = = 0.073𝐻
2𝜋𝑓 2 × 𝜋 × 50
Equation of voltage and current
𝑉𝑚 = √2 × 𝑉 = √2 × 230 = 325.27𝑉,
𝐼 = √2 × 𝐼 = √2 × 10 = 14.14𝐴,

𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 = 325.27 sin(2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 𝑡) = 325.27sin(314𝑡) 03

𝜋 𝜋
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − ) = 14.14 × sin (2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 𝑡 − )
2 2
𝜋
= 14.14sin(314𝑡 − )
2

16. The current drawn by a pure capacitor of 20 μF is 1.382 A from a 220V AC

supply. What is the supply frequency? Also write the equation for voltage and
current
Solution Given
𝐶 = 20𝑢𝐹, 𝐼 = 1.328𝐴, 𝑉 = 220𝑉
Frequency
𝑉 220
𝑋𝑐 = = = 159.19𝛺
𝐼 1.382
𝑋𝑐 159.19
𝑓 = 2𝜋𝐶 = 2×𝜋×20𝑢 = 50𝐻𝑧
03
 Equation of voltage and current
𝑉𝑚 = √2 × 𝑉 = √2 × 220 = 311.12𝑉,
𝐼 = √2 × 𝐼 = √2 × 1.382 = 1.66𝐴,
03
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 = 311.12 sin(2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 𝑡) = 311.12sin(314𝑡)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + ) = 1.66 × sin (2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 𝑡 + ) = 1.66sin(314𝑡 + )
2 2 2

17. A 318μF capacitor is connected across a 230V, 50 Hz system. Find (i) the
capacitive reactance (ii) RMS value of current and (iii) equations for voltage and
current.
Solution Given:
𝐶 = 318𝑢𝐹, 𝑉 = 230𝑉, 𝑓 = 50𝐻𝑧
Capacitive reactance
1 1
𝑋𝑐 = = = 10𝛺 02
2 × 𝜋 × 𝑓 × 𝐶 2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 318𝑢
Rms value of current
𝑉 230
𝐼= = = 23𝛺 01
𝑋𝑐 10
Equation of voltage and current
𝑉𝑚 = √2 × 𝑉 = √2 × 230 = 325.27𝑉,
𝐼 = √2 × 𝐼 = √2 × 23 = 32.53𝐴,

𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 = 325.27 sin(2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 𝑡) = 325.27sin(314𝑡)

𝜋 𝜋 03
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + ) = 32.53 × sin (2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 𝑡 + )
2 2
𝜋
= 32.53sin(314𝑡 + )
2

18. A resistance of 3.5 ohm is connected in series with an inductance of 0.1H and this
series combination is connected to a 250V, 50hz, sinusoidal supply. Calculate
(a)rms current (b) impedance (c) power factor
Solution Given
𝑅 = 3.5 𝑜ℎ𝑚, 𝐿 = 0.1𝐻, 𝑉 = 250𝑉, 𝐹 = 50𝐻𝑧
Inductive reactance
𝑋𝐿 = 2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 0.1 = 31.4𝑜ℎ𝑚 02
Total impedance
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2 = 31.59𝛺
Current
𝑉 220 02
𝐼= = = 6.96𝐴
𝑍 31.59
Power factor
𝑅 3.5
𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = = = 0.11 02
𝑍 31.59
19. A voltage of 100 sin 314t applied to a circuit of R=25 ohm and C=80µF in series.
Determine expression for current and power consumed.
Solution Given
𝑣 = 100 sin 314𝑡, 𝑅 = 25 𝑜ℎ𝑚, 𝐶 = 80𝑢𝐹
𝑤 = 314𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
 𝑤 314
𝑓= = = 50𝐻𝑧
2×𝜋 2×𝜋
Capacitive Reactance
1 1
𝑋𝑐 = = = 39.8𝛺
2 × 𝜋 × 𝑓 × 𝐶 2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 80𝑢
Total impedance 02
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝑐2 = 47𝛺
Current
𝑉𝑚 100
𝐼𝑚 = = = 2.13𝐴
𝑍 47
Power factor
𝑅 25
𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = = = 0.532 02
𝑍 47
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∅ = 57.85
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + ∅) = 2.13sin(314𝑡 + 57.85)
Power consumed by the circuit is 02
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = 70.71 × 1.51 × 0.523 = 56.8𝑊
20. A pure resistance of 50 ohm is in series with a capacitance of 100µF. The series
combination is connected across a 100V, 50Hz supply. Find impedance, current
and power factor of the circuit.
Solution Given:
𝑅 = 50𝛺, 𝐶 = 100𝑢𝐹, 𝑉 = 100𝑉, 𝑓 = 50𝐻𝑧
Capacitive reactance
1 1
𝑋𝑐 = = = 32𝛺 02
2 × 𝜋 × 𝑓 × 𝐶 2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 100𝑢
Total impedance
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝑐2 = 59.4𝛺
Current
𝑉 100
𝐼= = = 1.684𝐴 02
𝑍 59.4
Power factor
𝑅 50
𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = = = 0.842
𝑍 59.4 02
21. A resistance of 20 ohm, and an inductance of 0.2 Henry and capacitance of 100µF
are connected in series across 220V, 50Hz supply mains. Determine impedance,
current, power and power factor of the circuit.
Solution Given:
𝑅 = 20 𝑜ℎ𝑚, 𝐿 = 0.2𝐻, 𝐶 = 10𝑢𝐹, 𝐹 = 50 𝐻𝑧, 𝑉 = 220𝑉
Inductive reactance
𝑋𝐿 = 2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 0.2 = 63𝑜ℎ𝑚
Capacitive reactance
1 1
𝑋𝑐 = = = 32𝛺 02
2 × 𝜋 × 𝑓 × 𝐶 2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 100𝑢
Total impedance
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 = 37𝛺
Current
𝑉 220
𝐼= = = 5.95𝐴
𝑍 37 02
 Power factor
𝑅 20
𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = = = 0.54
𝑍 37
Power consumed by the circuit is
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = 220 × 5.95 × 0.54 = 706.86𝑊 02
22. A coil having a resistance of 10 Ω and an inductance of 35mH is connected to
230V, 50Hz supply. Calculate (i) the impedance and the circuit current (ii) phase
angle (iii) power factor (iv) power consumed.
Solution Given data:
R=10 Ω, L=35mH, V=230V, f=50Hz
(i) The impedance and the circuit current
V
Current I = Z
XL = 2πfL = 2π × 50 × 35 × 10−3 = 10.99Ω
Impedance Z = √R2 + XL 2 = √102 + 10.992 = 14.85Ω 02
V 230
∴ Current I = Z = 14.85 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝟖𝐀
(ii) phase angle:
R 10
∅ = cos−1 = cos−1 = 24°
Z 10.99
(iii) power factor: 02
R 10
cos ∅ = Z = 10.99 = 0.909
(iv) power consumed: 02
P = VI cos ∅ = 230 × 15.48 × 0.909 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝐤𝐖
23. A choke coil takes a current of 2A, lagging 60 degrees behind the applied voltage
of 200V at 50Hz. Calculate the inductance, resistance and impedance of the coil.
Also determine the power factor when it is connected across 100V, 25 Hz supply.
Solution Given
𝐼 = 2𝐴, 𝑉 = 200𝑉, ∅ = 60°, 𝑓 = 50𝐻𝑧
Impedance
𝑉 200
𝑍= = = 100𝐴
𝐼 2
From impedance triangle
𝑋𝐿 = 𝑍 sin 60 = 86.6 Ω
𝑅 = 𝑍 cos 60 = 50 Ω
Inductance
𝑋𝐿 86.6
𝐿= = = 0.275𝐻
2𝜋𝑓 2 × 𝜋 × 50
When is 100V, 50Hz 02
86.6
𝑋𝐿 = = 43.3𝐻
2
Total impedance
𝑍𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2 = 66.1𝛺
𝑉 100 02
𝐼= = = 1.5𝐴
𝑍𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 66.1
Power factor
𝑅 50
𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = = = 0.75
𝑍 66.1 02
 24. A coil takes 10A and dissipates 1000W, when connected to a supply of 250V,
50Hz. Calculate the inductance of the choke coil.
Solution V 250
Z= = = 25Ω
I 10
P = I2 R
1000 = 102 R
R = 10Ω
Inductive Reactance XL = √Z 2 − R2 = √252 − 102 = 22.9Ω 03
XL 22.9
Coil Inductance, L = 2πf = 2π×50 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝐇 03
25. A capacitor of 100μF takes a current of 1A when the alternating voltage applied
across it is 250V. Calculate (a) frequency of the applied voltage (b) resistance to be
connected in series with the capacitor to reduce the current in the circuit to 0.5A
at the same frequency (c) phase angle of the resulting circuit (d)Draw the phasor
diagram
Solution (a) X = V = 250 = 250Ω
c I 1
1
Xc =
2πfC
1 1
∴f= = = 6.36Hz
2πCXc 2π × 100 × 10−6 × 250 02
(b) When a resistance is connected in series with the capacitor,
V 250
Z= = = 500Ω
I 0.5
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + X𝐶 2 = √𝑅 2 + 2502 = 500
02
Hence R=433Ω
R 433
∅ = cos −1 = cos −1 = 30° lead (∵ Capacitive circuit)
Z 500 02
26. A coil of resistances 8 Ω and inductance 15mH is connected in series with a
capacitor of capacitance 150μF, across a supply of 200V, 50Hz. Calculate (a)
impedance of the circuit (b)current (c) power consumed.
Solution (a) Impedance of the circuit:
XL = 2πfL = 2π × 50 × 15 × 10−3 = 4.71Ω
1 1 02
Xc = = = 21.22Ω
2πfC 2π × 50 × 150 × 10−6
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + ( X𝐶 − X𝐿 )2 = √82 + (21.22 − 4.71)2 =18.34 Ω
(b) Current:
V 200
Current I = = = 10.90A 02
Z 18.34
(c) Power consumed:
R 8
∅ = cos −1 = cos−1 = 64°
Z 18.34
R 8
cos ∅ = = = 0.436
Z 18.34
P = VI cos ∅ = 200 × 10.90 × 0.436 = 950.48W 02
27. A resistance R, an Inductance of L=0.2 Hand capacitance C are connected in
series. When an alternating voltage 𝑣 = 400√2 sin(314𝑡 − 20°) is applied to the
series combination, the current flowing is i = 10√2 sin(314𝑡 − 65°). Find
 values of R and C.
Solution Given:
L=0.2H
𝑣 = 400√2 sin(314𝑡 − 20°)
i = 10√2 sin(314𝑡 − 65°)
impedance
V 400
Z= = = 40Ω
I 10 02
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑦 65
− 25 = 20 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒, ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑋𝐿 > 𝑋𝑐
𝑅 = 𝑍𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = 28.28 Ω
𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝑐 = 𝑍𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ = 28.28Ω
𝑋𝐿 = 2 × 𝜋 × 𝑓 × 𝐿 = 62.8Ω 02
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑋𝑐 = 𝑋𝐿 − 28.28 = 34.52Ω
1 1
𝐶= = = 92.2𝑢𝐹
2 × 𝜋 × 𝑓 × 𝑋𝑐 2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 34.52 02

28. A voltage of 177V is applied to a series circuit consisting of a resistor, inductor

and capacitor. The respective voltage across these components are 170V, 150V
and 100V and current is 4A. Find the power factor of the circuit
Solution Given
𝑉𝑅 = 170𝑉, 𝑉𝐿 = 150𝑉, 𝑉𝑐 =100V
𝑉𝑅
𝑅= = 42.5Ω
𝐼
𝑉𝐿
𝑋𝐿 = = 37.5Ω
𝐼
𝑉𝑐
𝑋𝑐 = = 25Ω 02
𝐼
Impedance
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 = 44.2𝛺
Power factor 02
𝑅 42.5
𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = = = 0.96 02
𝑍 44.2

29. A choke coil takes a current of 2A, lagging 60 degrees behind the applied voltage
of 200V at 50Hz. Calculate the inductance, resistance and impedance of the coil.
Also determine the power consumed when it is connected across 100V, 25 Hz
supply.
Solution ImpedanceZ = V = 200 = 100Ω
I 2
Resistance R = Z cos ∅ = 100 × cos 60° = 𝟓𝟎𝛀
Inductance XL = Z sin ∅ = 100 × sin 60° = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟔𝛀
But XL = 2πfL 02
86.6 = 2π × 50 × L
86.6
L= = 0.276H
2π × 50
When V=100V, f=25Hz
XL = 2πfL = 2π × 25 × 0.276 = 43.3Ω
𝑍 = (50 + 𝑗4.33)Ω = √4374.89 = 66.14Ω 02
 V 100
∴I= = = 1.51A
Z 66.14 02
∴ P = I2 R = 1.512 × 50 = 114.005W
30. Two impedances Z1=10-j15 and Z2=6-j8 ohm are connected in parallel. If the
total current of the combination is 15A, (i) what is the power taken by each
branch? (ii) power factor of the branch and (iii) overall power factor.
Solution I = 15A = 15∠0°
Z1 = 10 + j15
Z2 = 6 − j8
Z1 Z2 (10 + j15)(6 − j8)
Z= = = 9.67 − j3.6 = 10.3∠−20.4° Ω
Z1 + Z2 (10 + j15 + 6 − j8)
Applied Voltage, V = IZ = 15 × 10.3∠−20.4° = 154.5∠−20.4° V
V 154.5∠−20.4°
Branch Current, I1 =
Z1
= = 8.58∠−77.4° A
10+j15
V 154.5∠−20.4°
Branch Current, I2 = = = 15.45∠32.7° A 02
Z2 6−j8
A phasor diagram is drawn as shown in figure

02

Power taken by first branch, P1 = I12 R1 = 8.582 × 10 = 736W

Power taken by first branch, P2 = I22 R 2 = 15.452 × 6 = 1432W
I1 lags behind the voltage V by 57° and I2 leads it by 53.1°
02
∴ Power factor of first branch= cos 57° = 0.544 (lagging)
Power factor of Second branch= cos 53.1° = 0.6 (leading)
Phase angle difference behind V and I is 20.4° 02
Power factor of the circuit= cos 20.4° = 0.937 (leading)
 Three Phase AC Circuits

Solution
2. A three phase motor when connected to a 400V, 50Hz supply, draws 5A at
0.8 pf lagging. What is the power consumed by the motor?
Solution:-
Line voltage is VL = 400V
Line current is IL = 5A
Power factor = CosØ = 0.8
Power = P = √3 VL IL CosØ
= √3 x400x5x0.8
= 2.77kW
3. The input power to a 3-phase a.c. motor is measured as 5kW. If the voltage
and current to the motor are 400V and 8.6A respectively, determine the
power factor of the system

Solution:-
Power P=5000W,
line voltage VL = 400 V,
line current, IL = 8.6A and
Power, P =√3 VL IL cos φ
Hence
power factor = cos φ = P √3 VL IL = 5000 √3 (400) (8.6) = 0.839
4. Two wattmeters are connected to measure the input power to a balanced 3-
phase load by the two-wattmeter method. If the instrument readings are
8kW and 4kW, determine (a) the total power input and (b) the load power
factor.
Solution:-
(a)Total input power,
P = W1 +W2
=8+4
= 12kW
(b) tan φ =√3(W1 − W2)/(W1 + W2)
=√3 (8 – 4) / (8 + 4)
=√3 (4/12)
=√3(1/3)
= 1/ √3
Hence φ= tan−1 (1 √3)
 =30°
Power factor= cos φ
= cos 30° =0.866

5. Three loads, each of resistance 30, are connected in star to a 415 V, 3-phase
supply. Determine (a) the system phase voltage, (b) the phase current and
(c) the line current.

Solution:-
A ‘415 V, 3-phase supply’ means that 415 V is the line voltage, VL
(a) For a star connection, VL =√3Vp
Hence phase voltage, Vp = VL/√3
= 415 /√3
= 239.6 V
(b) Phase current, Ip = Vp/Rp
= 240/30
=8A
(c) For a star connection, Ip = IL Hence the line current, IL = 8 A
7. 3 identical coils, each of resistance 20 and inductance 0.5H are connected in
star to a 3phase 400V, 50Hz supply. Determine the line current and the power
consumed.
Sol:-
R=20, L=0.5H, VL=400V, f=50Hz.
Vph =
VL
3 =
400
 230 .94 V.
3
 V ph
I ph 
Z
impadence Z  R 2  X L 2
inductivereac tan ce X L  2 fL  2 x50 x0.5  157 .07 
Z  20 2  157 .07 2  158 .34 
230 .94
 I L  I Ph   1.46 A(sin ce star connected)
158 .34
power consumed P  3V L I L cos 
R 20
where cos     0.126 lag
Z 158 .32
 P  3V L I L cos   3 x 400 x1.46 x0.126  127 .45 .

8. Three impedances each of (15+j20) are connected in mesh across a 3-

phase 400V A.C supply. Determine the phase current, line current, active
power and reactive power drawn from the supply.

Sol:- Zph=(15+j20), VL=400V=Vph (delta connection) and IL= 3 IPh

Iph =
Vph
Z ph
 20
Z ph  15 2  20 2  25 and   tan 1    53.13 0
15
25  53.13 0 

V ph 400
 I ph    16 A
Z ph 25
 I L  3I Ph  3 x16  27.7 A
Active powerP  3V L I L cos   3 x 400 x 27.7 x cos(53.13)  11514.7W .
Re activepower Q  3V L I L sin   3 x 400 x 27.7 x sin( 53.13)  15352.88VAR.
9. A balanced 3phase star connected load of 150KW takes a leading current of
100Amps with a line voltage of 1100V. Find the circuit constants of the load per
phase.
 Sol:-
P=150KW, IL=100A=IPh(star connection) VL=1100V, f=50Hz.

Given that current is leading, therefore circuit constants are resistance and
capacitance
V 1100
V Ph  L   635 .08V
3 3
impadence Z  R 2  X c 2
V ph 635 .08
also Z    6.35 
I ph 100
P 150 x1000
power factor cos     0.78
3 xV L xI L 3 x1100 x100
resis tan ceR  Zx cos   6.35 x0.78  4.953 
also X C  Z sin   6.35 x0.625  3.968 
1
XC 
2 fC
1 1
C    8.x10  4 F .
2fX C 2 x50 x3.968

10. Two wattcmeters are connected to measure power input to a 3phase balanced
circuit indicate 8KW and 0.8KW; the later reading being obtained after reversing
the current coil connection. Find i) power factor of the load. ii) Active power iii)
reactive power iv) apparent power

Sol:- W2=8KW, W 1= -0.8KW (because the reading is obtained after reversing the
current coil connection)
(W2  W1 )
Power factor cos   cos{tan 1[ 3 ]}
(W1  W2 )
(8  (0.8))
 cos{tan 1[ 3 ]}
(8  (0.8))
 0.427
Active power P  W1  W2  8  (0.8)  7.2 KW
Re active power Q  3 (W2  W1 )  15 .24 KVAR
KW 7.2
Apparent Power    16 .86 KVA.
cos  0.427
11. Two wattmeters connected to a 3-phase motor indicate the total power input to
be 12kW. The power factor is 0.6. Determine the readings of each
wattmeter.
 Sol:-
If the two wattmeters indicate W1 and W2 respectively
P = W1 +W2
= 12kW ---(1)
tan φ =√3(W1 − W2)/(W1 + W2)

And power factor=0.6= cos φ.

Angle φ= cos−1(0.6) =53.13◦ and
tan 53.13◦ =1.3333.

Hence
1.3333 =√3(W1 − W2)/12

From which,
W1 − W2 = 12(1.3333) /√3
i.e. W1 −W2 =9.237kW ----(2)
Adding Equations (1) and (2) gives:
2*W1 = 21.237

i.e W1 = 21.237/2
= 10.62kW

Hence wattmeter 1 reads 10.62kW From Equation (1), wattmeter 2 reads

(12−10.62)=1.38kW
12. Three identical coils, each of resistance 10ohm and inductance 42mH are
connected (a) in star and (b) in delta to a 415V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply.
Determine the total power dissipated in each case.
Sol:-
(a) Star connection
Inductive reactance,
XL =2πf L =2π (50) (42×10-3) =13.19
Phase impedance,
Zp =√(R2 +XL2)=√(102 +13.192)=16.55

Line voltage, VL =415 V

And phase voltage,
VP =VL/√3=415/√3=240 V.
Phase current,
Ip =Vp/Zp =240/16.55=14.50 A.

Line current, IL =Ip =14.50 A.

Power factor=

cos φ=Rp/Zp =10/16.55 =0.6042 lagging.

Power dissipated,
P =√3 VLIL cos φ
=√3 (415) (14.50)(0.6042) = 6.3kW
(b) Delta connection

VL = Vp = 415 V,
Zp = 16.55

cos φ = 0.6042 lagging (from above).

Phase current,
Ip =Vp/Zp =415/16.55

=25.08A.
Line current,IL =√3Ip =√3(25.08)=43.44A.
Power dissipated,
P =√3 VL IL cos φ
=√3 (415)(43.44)(0.6042) = 18.87kW
13. A 415V, 3-phase a.c. motor has a power output of 12.75kW and operates at a
power factor of 0.77 lagging and with an efficiency of 85 per cent. If the
motor is delta-connected, determine (a) the power input, (b) the line current
and (c) the phase current.

Sol:-
(a) Efficiency=power output/power input.
Hence
(85/100)=12.750 x power input
Power input = 12.750 × 10085
= 15000W or 15Kw
(b) Power,P=√3 VLIL cos φ, hence line current,
IL = P/ √3 VL cos φ
IL = P/ √3 (415) (0.77)
= 15 000/ √3 (415) (0.77)
= 27.10A
(c) For a delta connection, IL =√3 Ip,
Hence
Phase current, Ip = IL/√3 = 27.10 /√3
= 15.65A
14. A 400V, 3-phase star connected alternator supplies a delta-connected load,
each phase of which has a resistance of 30 ohms and inductive reactance 40
ohms. Calculate (a) the current supplied by the alternator and (b) the output
power and the kVA of the alternator, neglecting losses in the line between the
alternator and load.

Sol:-
(a) Considering the load:
Phase current, Ip =Vp/Zp
Vp =VL for a delta connection,
Hence Vp =400V.
Phase impedance,
Zp =√ (R2+XL2) =√ (302 +402) =50
Hence Ip =Vp/Zp =400/50=8A.
For a delta-connection,
Line current, IL =√3 Ip =√3 (8) =13.86 A.
Hence 13.86A is the current supplied by the alternator.
(b) Alternator output power is equal to the power Dissipated by the load
I.e. P =√3 VLIL cos φ,
Where cos φ = Rp/Zp = 30/50 = 0.6.
Hence P =√3 (400) (13.86) (0.6) = 5.76kW.
Alternator output kVA,
S =√3 VLIL =√3 (400) (13.86)
9.60 kVA.
 DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

20EE104

SOLUTION

20EE104
 UNIT II DC Machines
1. An 8-pole wave connected DC generator has 1000 armature conductors and flux/pole
0.035 Wb. At what speed must it be driven to generate 500 V?
Solution
Given P=8 , Z=1000, φ=0.035, A=2 for wave connection
The generated EMF equation :
𝜑𝑍𝑁𝑃
𝐸𝑔 =
60𝐴
𝐸𝑔 60 𝐴
𝑁=
𝜑𝑍𝑃

N = 214 rpm

2. A 4-pole generator has a lap-wound armature with 50 slots with 16 conductors per slot.
The useful flux per pole is 30mWb. Determine the speed at which the machine must be
driven to generate an e.m.f. of 240V
Solution Given P = 4 , Z = 50 ×16 = 800
Φ= 30mWb= 30 × 10−3 Wb
A=P=4
𝐸𝑔 = 240 𝑉
The generated EMF equation :
𝜑𝑍𝑁𝑃
𝐸𝑔 =
60𝐴
𝐸𝑔 60 𝐴
𝑁=
𝜑𝑍𝑃

N = 600 rpm

3. An 8-pole, wave-connected armature has 600 conductors and is driven at 625 rev/min.
If the flux per pole is 20 mWb, determine the generated e.m.f.
Solution Z =600, A=2 (for a wave winding), P=8,
N=625rev/min and ∅=20×10−3 Wb.
Generated e.m.f.
∅PNZ 20 × 10−3 × 8 × 625 × 600
Eg = = = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬
60A 60 × 2

4. A 4 pole lap wound Dc generator has 672 conductors. It is driven at 1120 rpm. If the
useful fluc per pole is 21 mWb, calculate the generated emf. Find the speed at which it
is to be driven to generate the same emf with wave wound armature.
Solution

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 Given P = 4
Φ= 21mWb= 21 × 10−3 Wb
N= 1120 rpm , Z = 672

i) For lap connection, A = P = 4

𝜑𝑍𝑁𝑃
𝐸𝑔 =
60𝐴

Eg = 263.4 V

ii) For wave wound, A = 2

𝜑𝑍𝑁𝑃
𝐸𝑔 =
60𝐴

𝐸𝑔 60 𝐴
𝑁=
𝜑𝑍𝑃

N = 560 rpm

5. A 4 pole dc motor has lap connected armature winding. The flux per pole is 30 mWb.
The number of armature conductors is 250. When connected to 230 V dc supply, it
draws an armature current of 40 A. Calculate the back e.m.f and the speed with which
motor is running. Assume armature resistance is 0.6 Ω
Solution Given P = 4
A= P=4
V = 230 v Z= 250
Φ= 30mWb= 30 × 10−3 Wb
𝐼𝑎 = 40 𝐴

The back emf equation for DC motor is 𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎

𝐸𝑏 = 230 − 40 ∗ 0.6

𝐸𝑏 = 206 𝑉

Also
𝜑𝑍𝑁𝑃
𝐸𝑏 =
60𝐴

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 𝐸𝑔 60 𝐴
𝑁=
𝜑𝑍𝑃

𝑁 = 1648 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚

6. A 4-pole lap wound shunt generator supplies to 50 lamps of 100 watts, 200 V each.
The field and armature resistances are 50 Ω and 0.2 Ω respectively. Allowing a brush
drop of 1 V at each brush, calculate the following. (i) Armature current (ii) Current per
path (iii) Generated e.m.f. (iv) Power output of DC armature
Solution Number of Poles P=4
Total lamp load P=50×100=5000W
Terminal Voltage V=200V
Field resistance, R sh = 50 Ω
Armature resistance, R a = 0.2 Ω
Voltage drop/brush =1V
(i) Armature Current 𝐈𝐚 :
Power consumed P 5000
Load current, I = = = = 25𝐴
Terminal Voltage V 200
V 200
Shunt field current,Ish = R = = 4𝐴
sh 50
Armature current Ia = I + Ish = 25 + 4 = 𝟐𝟗𝐀
(ii) Current per path:
I 29
Current per path = Aa = 4 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟓𝐀 (𝐴 = 𝑃 = 4)
(iii) Generated e.m.f. 𝐄𝐠 :
Eg = V + Ia R a + brush drop = 200+29×0.2+2×1= 207.8V
(iv) Power output of DC armature:
Eg Ia 207.8×29
Power output of DC armature = = 1000 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝐤𝐖
1000
V 200
Shunt field current,Ish = R = 50
= 4𝐴
sh
Armature current Ia = I + Ish = 25 + 4 = 𝟐𝟗𝐀
(i) Current per path:
I 29
Current per path = Aa = 4 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟓𝐀 (𝐴 = 𝑃 = 4)
(ii) Generated e.m.f. 𝐄𝐠 :
Eg = V + Ia R a + brush drop = 200+29×0.2+2×1= 207.8V
(iii) Power output of DC armature:
Eg Ia 207.8×29
Power output of DC armature = 1000 = 1000 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝐤𝐖
7. A 230 V D.C. shunt motor takes 32 A at full load. Find the back e.m.f on full load if
the resistances of armature and shunt field windings are 0.2 Ω and 115 Ω respectively.
Solution Given V = 230V , 𝑅𝑎 = 0.2 Ω , 𝑅𝑠ℎ = 115 Ω
𝐼𝐿 = 32 𝐴 ,
Back emf , 𝐸𝑏 = ?
The back emf equation for DC motor is 𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎

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 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ
𝑉
𝐼𝑠ℎ =
𝑅𝑠ℎ

230
𝐼𝑠ℎ =
115

=2A

Armature current Ia = 32 – 2 = 30 A

The back emf equation for DC motor 𝐸𝑏 = 230 − 30 × 0.2

= 224 V
8. The power input to a 230 V D.C. shunt motor is 8.477 KW. The field resistance is 230
Ω and armature resistance is 0.28 Ω. Find the input current, armature current and back
e.m.f.
Solution Given V= 230 V
𝑅𝑠ℎ = 230 Ω
𝑅𝑎 = 0.28 Ω

Input current
8.477 × 1000
𝐼𝐿 =
230

𝐼𝐿 = 36.85 𝐴

The back emf equation for DC motor is 𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎

𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ
𝑉
𝐼𝑠ℎ =
𝑅𝑠ℎ

230
𝐼𝑠ℎ =
230

=1A

Armature current Ia = 36.85 – 1 = 35.85 A

The back emf equation for DC motor 𝐸𝑏 = 230 − 35.850 × 0.28

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 = 220 V
9. A six-pole lap-connected 230 V shunt motor has 410 armature conductors. It takes 41
A on full load. The flux per pole is 0.05 Webber. The armature and field resistances are
0.1 Ω and 230 Ω respectively. Contact drop per brush = 1 V. determine the speed of the
motor at full load.
Solution Given V = 230V , 𝑅𝑎 = 0.1 Ω , 𝑅𝑠ℎ = 230 Ω
𝐼𝐿 = 41 𝐴 , Φ = 0.05 Wb
Contact drop per brush = 1 V
Speed 𝑁 = ?

The back emf equation for DC motor is

𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 − 2(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ)

𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ

𝑉
𝐼𝑠ℎ =
𝑅𝑠ℎ

230
𝐼𝑠ℎ =
230

=1A

Armature current Ia = 41 – 1 = 40 A

The back emf equation for DC motor 𝐸𝑏 = 230 − 40 × 0.1 − 2 × 1

= 224 V

10. A 240 V , 4 pole shunt motor running at 1000 r.p.m gives 15 HP with an armature
current of 50 A and field current of 1 A. The armature winding is wave connected and
has 540 conductors. Its resistance is 0.1 Ω and drop at each brush is 1V.
Find

(i) Useful torque

(ii) Total torque
(iii) Useful flux per pole
Solution Given
P = 4, V= 240 V, N = 1000 r.p.m \
Pout = 15 HP = 15 × 735.5 Watt
Ia= 50 A, Ish = 1A, Ra = 0.1 Ω , Z = 540

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 i) Useful torque
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑠ℎ = 2𝜋 𝑁
60

15 × 735.5
𝑇𝑠ℎ = 2×𝜋× 1000
60

𝑇𝑠ℎ = 105.35 𝑁 − 𝑚

ii) Total torque is armature torque

𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑇𝑎 = 2𝜋 𝑁
60

𝐸𝑏 𝐼𝑎
𝑇𝑠ℎ = 2𝜋 𝑁
60

Now
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 − 2(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ)

𝐸𝑏 = 240 − (50 × 0.1) − 2(1)

𝐸𝑏 = 233 𝑉

233 × 50
𝑇𝑎 = 2𝜋 ×1000
60

𝑇𝑎 = 111.24 𝑁 − 𝑚

Also
𝜑𝑍𝑁𝑃
𝐸𝑏 =
60𝐴
𝐸𝑏 60 𝐴
∅=
𝑁𝑍𝑃

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 233 × 60 × 2
∅=
4 × 1000 × 540

∅ = 12.95 𝑚 𝑊𝑏

11. A series generator delivers a current of 100 A at 250 V. Its armature and series
resistances are 0.1 Ω and 0.055 Ω respectively. Find (i) Armature current (ii)
Generated e.m.f.
Solution Armature resistanceR a =0.1 Ω
Series field resistanceR se =0.055 Ω
Load current, I=100A
Terminal Voltage, V=250V
(i) Armature Current 𝐈𝐚 :
Armature Current (Ia )= Load current (I)
𝐈𝐚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑨
(ii) Generated e.m.f.
Eg = V + I(R a + R se ) = 250+100(0.1+0.055) = 265.5V
12. A six pole, lap-wound 400 V series motor has the following data: Number of armature
conductors = 920, flux/pole = 0.045 Wb, total motor resistance = 0.6 Ω, iron and
friction losses = 2 kW. If current taken by the motor is 90 A, find: (i) Total torque (ii)
Useful torque at the shaft (iii) Power output.
Solution Number of Poles P=6
Supply Voltage, V=400V
Number of parallel paths, A=P=6
Number of armature conductors, Z=920
Flux per pole, ∅ = 0.045𝑊𝑏
Motor resistance, R m = 0.6 Ω
Iron and friction losses = 2kW = 2000W
Current taken by the motor Ia = 90A
Eb = V − Ia R m = 400 − 90 × 0.6 = 346V
∅PNZ
Also, Eb = 60A
Eb 60A 346 × 60 × 6
N= = = 𝟓𝟎𝟏 𝐫𝐩𝐦
∅PZ 6 × 0.045 × 920
(i) Total Torque, Ta :
𝐼 90
W.K.T Ta = 0.159 × ∅ZP × ( 𝑎) = 0.159 × 920 × 0.045 × 6 × = 𝟓𝟗𝟐. 𝟒 𝐍𝐦
𝐴 6
(ii) Useful Torque Tuseful :
2πN
Tlost × ( ) = Iron and friction loss = 2000W
60
2000 × 60 2000 × 60
Tlost = = = 38.11Nm
2πN 2π × 501
Tuseful = Ta − Tlost = 592.4 − 38.11 = 𝟓𝟓𝟒. 𝟐𝟗𝐍𝐦

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(iii) Power Output:
2πN 554.29×2π×501
Power Output= Tuseful × ( )= = 𝟐𝟗𝟎𝟖𝟒. 𝟒𝐖
60 60

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 DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

20EE104

SOLUTION

19EE104
 UNIT II - Synchronous Machines

15. A 4-pole 1500 rpm star connected alternator has 9 slots/pole and 8 conductors
per slot. Determine flux per pole to give terminal voltage of 3300 V. The winding
factor is 0.97 and pitch factor is 0.98.
Solution Soln: Given P= 4 , Ns = 1500 rpm , Eline = 3300V ,Kd = 0.98, Kc = 0.97
𝐸𝐿 3300
Eph = = = 1905.25V
√3 √3

120𝑓 4 ⨯1500
Ns = = = 50Hz
𝑃 120

𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
Z = Total conductors = ⨯ No.of poles ⨯ (Conductors/ slot)
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
= 9⨯4⨯8 =288
𝑍 𝑍𝑝ℎ
Zph =3 = 96 and Tph = 2
= 48

Eph = 4.44⨯ Kc⨯Kd⨯ᶲ ⨯f⨯Tph

Flux per pole (ᶲ) = 43mWb

16. A 2-pole 3-phase alternator running at 300 rpm has 42 armature slots with two
conductors in each slot. Calculate the flux per pole required to generate a phase
voltage of 1100 V. Assume kd=0.97 and full pitch winding.
Solution Soln: Given ,P= 2, Ns = 300 rpm ,Eph = 1100V, Kd = 0.97 and Kc = 1
120𝑓
Ns =
𝑃

2×300
f= = 5Hz , Eph = 1100𝑉
120

Total slots = 42, 2 conductor /slot

Z = slots⨯ conductor/slot = 2⨯ 42 =84

𝑍 𝑍𝑝ℎ
Zph =3 = 28 and Tph = = 14
2

Eph = 4.44× Kc⨯Kd⨯ᶲ ⨯f⨯Tph

Flux per pole (ᶲ) = 3.6Wb

17 A 12 pole 500 rpm star connected alternator has 48 slots, with 15 conductors/slot,
the flux/pole is 0.02 Wb. Assume unity distribution factor and winding factor as
0.97. Calculate line EMF.
Solution Soln: Given P = 12, Ns =500rpm ,48 slots, 15 conductors/slot
Flux/pole = 0.02 Wb, Kc = 0.97, Kd = 1
120𝑓 120𝑓
Ns = i.e 500 =
𝑃 12

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 f = 50Hz

Z = slots⨯ conductor/slot = 48⨯ 15 =720

𝑍 𝑍𝑝ℎ
Zph =3 = 240 and Tph = = 120
2

Eph = 4.44 ⨯Kc⨯Kd⨯ᶲ ⨯f⨯Tph

= 4.44 ⨯1⨯0.97⨯0.02⨯50⨯120
= 516.81V.
𝐸𝐿
Eph = , Eline =√3⨯ Eph = 894.08V.
√3
18 A 3 phase 2 pole, 2300V, 50 Hz, alternator has 42 slots with 2 conductors/slot.
Calculate the flux per pole. Assume Kd=0.952 and Kp=0.956. The armature is
star connected.
Solution Soln: Given f=50Hz, Eline = 2300 V, Kd=0.952, Kp=0.956
𝐸𝐿 2300
Eph = = =1327.905V
3√ √3
Total slots = 42, 2 conductors/slot
Z = slots⨯ conductors/slot = 2 ⨯42 = 84
𝑍 𝑍𝑝ℎ
Zph =3 = 28 and Tph = 2 = 14

Eph = 4.44 ⨯Kc⨯Kd⨯ᶲ⨯f⨯Tph

Flux/pole (ᶲ) = 0.4694Wb.

19 A 3 phase ,12 pole synchronous machines has a star connected full pitch winding
with 108 slots and 12 conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 50mWb and sine
distributed. The speed of rotation is 500 rpm. Find the frequency, phase emf and
the line emf. Assume Kd = 0.9597
Solution P=12, star connected,108 slots,12 conductor /slot, ᶲ =50mWb, Ns = 500rpm, Kc=
1 and Kd = 0.9597.
120𝑓 500×12
Ns = f = 120 = 50Hz
𝑃
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 108
n = 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 12 = 9
𝑛 9
m= = =3
3 3
180 180
β= = 9 = 20 ̊
𝑛
Z = slots⨯ conductors/slot = 108 ⨯12 = 1296
𝑍 𝑍𝑝ℎ
Zph =3 = 432 and Tph = 2 = 216
Eph = 4.44 ⨯Kc⨯Kd⨯ᶲ⨯f⨯Tph
= 2300.98 V
Eline =√3⨯ Eph = 3985.408V.

20 A 16 pole star connected alternator has 144 slots and 10 conductors per slot. The
flux per pole is 30 mWb and the speed is 375 rpm. Find the frequency, the phase
and line emf’s.

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Solution Soln: Given P= 16, slots =144, 10 conductors/slot , flux/pole =0.03 Wb,
Ns = 375rpm, Assume Kp = 1 and Kd = 0.096.
120𝑓 375×16
Ns = i.e f= = 50Hz
𝑃 120

Z =slots × conductors/slot = 144× 10 =1440

𝑍 𝑍𝑝ℎ
Zph =3 = 480 and Tph = = 240
2

Eph = 4.44 ⨯Kc⨯Kd⨯ᶲ ⨯f⨯Tph

= 4.44 ⨯1⨯0.096⨯0.03⨯50⨯240
= 1534.46 V
𝐸𝐿
Eph = , Eline =√3⨯ Eph = 2657.77V.
√3

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 DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

20EE104

SOLUTION

19EE104
 UNIT II Transformer

Questions carrying 2 Marks (L2)

3. A transformer has primary coil with 1200 turns and secondary coil with 1000 turns.
If the current in the primary coil is 4 Ampere, then what is the current in the
secondary coil?
Solution Given:
N1=1200, N2=1000, I1=4A.
𝑵𝟐 𝑰𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎
= ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟒 × = 𝟒. 𝟖𝑨
𝑵𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑰𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
4. A voltage transformer has 1500 turns of wire on its primary coil and 500 turns of
wire for its secondary coil. What will be the turns ratio of the transformer?
Solution Given:
N1=1500, N2=500,
𝑵 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟏
Turns ratio 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑
𝑵𝟏
5. A transformer has a primary coil and a secondary coil with the number of turns are
100 and 1000. Input voltage is 230 V. What is the output voltage?
Solution Given:
N1=100, N2=1000, V1=230V.
𝑵𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑽𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
= ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎 × = 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎𝑽
𝑵𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
6. A voltage transformer has 100 turns of wire on its primary coil and 1500 turns of
wire for its secondary coil. What will be the turns ratio of the transformer?
Solution Given:
N1=100, N2=1500,
𝑵 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎
Turns ratio 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓
𝑵𝟏
Questions carrying 6 Marks (L3)
22. Two coils A and B having turns 100 and 1000 are wound side by side on a closed iron
circuit of cross section 8 sqcm and mean length of 80cm. Relative permeability of iron
core is 900. Calculate the mutual inductance between the coils. What will be the
induced emf in coil B, if current in coil A is increased uniformly from zero to 10 A in
0.02sec.
Solution Given:
N1=100, N2=1000, A=80sq.cm, l=80cm, µ r=900, dI=10-0=10A, dt=0.02 sec
i) Mutual Inductance
𝑁 𝑁 µ µ 𝐴
M = 1 2𝑙 0 𝑟
100𝑋1000𝑋4𝜋𝑋10−7 𝑋900𝑋8𝑋10−4
=
80𝑋10−2
= 0.113𝐻
ii) EMF induced in Coil B is
𝑀𝑑𝐼 0.113𝑋10
𝑒𝑏 = = = 56.5𝑉
𝑑𝑡 0.02

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 23. A coil of 1500 turns gives rise to a magnetic flux of 2.5 mWb, when carrying a certain
current. If the current is reversed in 0.2 sec, what is the average value of the e.m.f
induced in the coil?
Solution Given:
N=1500, dΦ=2.5-(-2.5)=5mWb,dt=0.2 sec
Average emf induced in the coil:
𝑁𝑑Φ 1500𝑋5𝑋10−3
𝑒𝑏 = = = 37.5𝑉
𝑑𝑡 0.2

24. A toroid of mean diameter 400 mm and cross sectional area 400 sq.mm is uniformly
wound with a coil of 1000 turns, which carries a current of 2 A. Determine (a) self
inductance of coil. (b) Emf induced in the coil when the current is uniformly reduced
to zero in 10 milliseconds. (Assume μr =1)
Solution Given:
d=400mm, A=400sq.mm, N=1000, I=2A, µ r=1,dI=2A,dt10msec
Self inductance of the coil:
𝑁2 µ µ 𝐴
0 𝑟
L= 𝑙
10002 𝑋4𝜋𝑋10−7 𝑋1𝑋400𝑋10−4
=
2𝑋𝛱𝑋200𝑋10−2
= 4𝑚𝐻
Emf induced in the coil:
𝐿𝑑𝐼 0.004𝑋2
𝑒𝑏 = = = 0.8𝑉
𝑑𝑡 10𝑋10−3

25. Two identical coils A and B of 1000 turns each lie in parallel planes such that 80% of
the flux produced by one coil links with the other. A current of 5 A flowing in coil A,
produces a flux of 0.05 mWb in it. If the current in coil A changes from +12 A to -12
A in 0.02 seconds, calculate (a) mutual inductance (b) emf induced in coil B.
Solution Given:
N1=1000, N2=1000, Φ2=80% Φ1, I1=5A, Φ1=0.05mWb
Self induced emf:
𝑁𝛷1 1000𝑋0.05𝑋10−3
𝐿= = = 0.01𝐻
𝐼1 5
To find flux for the current of:

𝐿𝐼1 0.01𝑋24
𝛷1 = = = 0.24𝑚𝑊𝑏
𝑁 1000
The mutual inducatnce of the second coil is:
𝑁𝛷1 1000𝑋0.24𝑋10−3
𝑀= = = 0.01𝐻
𝐼1 24
Emf induced in coil B is:
𝑁2 𝑑Φ2 1000𝑋0.8𝑋0.24𝑋10−3
𝑒𝑏 = = = 9.6𝑉
𝑑𝑡 0.02
26. A 125 kVA transformer has a primary voltage of 2000 volts at 50Hz. The number of

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 primary turns are 182 and secondary turns are 40. Neglecting losses, calculate (i) No
load secondary e.m.f (ii) full load primary and secondary current (iii) flux in the core.
Solution Given:
Full load KVA=125kVA, V1=2000V, N1=182, N2=40
𝑉2 𝑁2
=
𝑉1 𝑁1
𝑉1 𝑁2 2000𝑋40
𝑉2 = = = 439.56𝑉
𝑁1 182
Primary full load current
𝑘𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉1 𝐼1
𝑘𝑉𝐴 125𝑘
𝐼1 = = = 62.5𝐴
𝑉1 2000
Secondary full load current
𝑘𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉2 𝐼2
𝑘𝑉𝐴 125𝑘
𝐼2 = = = 284.34𝐴
𝑉2 439.56
27. In a 75 KVA, single phase transformer the iron and full load copper losses are 500W
&1000W Find (i) Efficiency at 0.8 p.f lagging (ii) The load at which maximum
efficiency occurs. (iii) Max efficiency.
Solution Given:
Full load KVA=75kVA, Pc=500W, Pcu=1000W
𝑥. 𝑉𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛷 1𝑋75𝑋1000𝑋0.8
𝜂= 2
= = 97.6%
𝑥. 𝑉𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛷 + 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑥 𝑃𝑐𝑢 1𝑋75𝑋1000𝑋0.8 + 500 + 1000

Maximum effciency occours at:

𝑃𝑖 = 𝑥 2 𝑃𝐶𝑢
𝑃𝑖 500
𝑥=√ =√ = 0.707
𝑃𝐶𝑢 1000
The load at which maximum efficiency occours is:
=x.Full load KVA=0.707X75=53.03kVA
𝑥. 𝑉𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛷 0.707𝑋75𝑋1000𝑋0.8
=
𝑥. 𝑉𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛷 + 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑥 𝑃𝑐𝑢 0.707𝑋75𝑋1000𝑋0.8 + 500 + 0.7072 𝑋1000
2

= 97.69%
28. A loss-less transformer has 500 turns of the primary winding and 10 turns of the
secondary winding. (i) Determine the secondary voltage if the secondary circuit is
open and the primary voltage is 120 V. (ii) Determine the current in the primary and
secondary winding, given that the secondary winding is connected to a resistance load
15 Ω?
Solution Given:
V1=120V, N1=500, N2=10
𝑉2 𝑁2
=
𝑉1 𝑁1

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 𝑉1 𝑁2 120𝑋10
𝑉2 = = = 2.4 𝑉
𝑁1 500
Given 𝑅𝐿 = 15 Ω
Secondary load current
𝑉2 2.4
𝐼2 = = = 0.16𝐴
𝑅2 15
Primary load current
𝑁2 𝐼1 10 𝐼1 10
= ⇒ = ⇒ 𝐼1 = 0.16 × = 3.2 𝑚𝐴
𝑁1 𝐼2 500 0.16 500
29. A 250-kVA, single-phase transformer has an efficiency of 96 % on full load at 0.8
power factor lagging and on half load 0.8 power factor lagging. Find iron loss and
full-load copper loss.
Solution Given:
Full load KVA=250kVA, 𝜂 = 96% = 0.96 (𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛷 =
0.8
𝑥. 𝑉𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛷
𝜂=
𝑥. 𝑉𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛷 + 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑥 2 𝑃𝑐𝑢
i. At full load, 𝑥 = 1:
1 × 250 × 0.8
0.96 = ⇒ 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 8.3333 . . . (1)
1 × 250 × 0.8 + 𝑃𝐶 + 12 𝑃𝑐𝑢
ii. At full load, 𝑥 = 0.5:
0.5 × 250 × 0.8
0.96 = ⇒ 𝑃𝐶 + 0.25𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 4.1667 . . . (2)
0.5 × 250 × 0.8 + 𝑃𝐶 + 0.52 𝑃𝑐𝑢
Solving equations (1) and (2) yields
Iron losses 𝑃𝐶 = 2.7778 𝑊
Full load Cu losses 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 5.5554 𝑊
30. A single-phase, 250-kVA, 11-kV/415-V, 50-Hz transformer has 80 turns on the
secondary. Calculate (a) the approximate values of the primary and secondary
currents, (b) the approximate number of primary turns, and (c) the maximum value of
the flux
Solution Given:
Full load KVA=250 kVA, V1=11000 V, V2=415, N2=80, f=50 Hz
(a)
Primary full load current
𝑘𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉1 𝐼1
𝑘𝑉𝐴 250 𝑘
𝐼1 = = = 22.7272𝐴
𝑉1 11𝑘
Secondary full load current
𝑘𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉2 𝐼2
𝑘𝑉𝐴 250𝑘
𝐼2 = = = 602.4096 𝐴
𝑉2 415
(b)
𝑁2 𝐼1
= ⇒ 𝑁1 = 2120.5 ≈ 2121
𝑁1 𝐼2

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 ©
𝑉 415
EMF 𝐸2 ≈ 𝑉2 = 4.44 𝑓∅𝑚 𝑁2 ⇒ ∅𝑚 = 4.442𝑓𝑁 = = 23.367𝑚 𝑊𝑏
4.44×50×80
2
31. A single-phase, 50-Hz transformer has 100 turns on the primary winding and 400
turns on the secondary winding. The net cross-sectional area of the core is 250 cm2. If
the primary winding is connected to a 50-Hz, 230-V supply, calculate (a) the emf
induced in the secondary winding, and (b) the maximum value of the flux density in
the core
Solution Given:
N1=100, V1=230, N2=400, f=50 Hz
(a)
𝑉2 𝑁2
=
𝑉1 𝑁1
𝑉1 𝑁2 230𝑋400
𝑉2 = = = 920 𝑉
𝑁1 100
(b)
𝑉 920
EMF 𝐸2 ≈ 𝑉2 = 4.44 𝑓∅𝑚 𝑁2 ⇒ ∅𝑚 = 4.442𝑓𝑁 = = 10.36𝑚 𝑊𝑏
2 4.44×50×400
Questions carrying 8 Marks (L3)
32. In a 50 KVA, 1100/220 V single phase transformer the iron and full load copper
losses at full load are 350W & 425W respectively. Find (i) Efficiency at full load
unity p.f (ii) The load at which maximum efficiency occurs iii) Max efficiency
Solution Given:
Full load KVA=50kVA, Pc=350W, Pcu=425W
𝑥. 𝑉𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛷 1𝑋50𝑋1000𝑋1
𝜂= = = 98.47%
𝑥. 𝑉𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛷 + 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑃𝑐𝑢 1𝑋50𝑋1000𝑋1 + 350 + 425

Maximum effciency occours at:

𝑃𝑖 = 𝑥 2 𝑃𝐶𝑢
𝑃𝑖 350
𝑥=√ =√ = 0.9074
𝑃𝐶𝑢 425
The load at which maximum efficiency occours is:
=x.Full load KVA=0.9074X50=45.37kVA
𝑥. 𝑉𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛷 0.9074𝑋50𝑋1000𝑋1
=
𝑥. 𝑉𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛷 + 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑥 2 𝑃𝑐𝑢 0.9074𝑋50𝑋1000𝑋1 + 350 + 0.90742 𝑋425
= 98.48%

33. A 600KVA transformer has an efficiency of 92% at full load unity p.f and at half load
0.9 p.f. Determine its efficiency at 75% of full load and 0.9 p.f.

Solution
Given:
Full load KVA=50kVA
Ƞ1=92% at cosΦ=1, x=1

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 Ƞ2=92% at cosΦ=0.9, x=0.5

𝑥. 𝑉𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛷
𝜂=
𝑥. 𝑉𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛷 + 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑃𝑐𝑢
Substituting values of Ƞ1 and Ƞ2 in the above equations we get

1𝑋600𝑋1
0.92 =
1𝑋600𝑋1 + 𝑃𝐶 + 12 . 𝑃𝑐𝑢

𝑃𝑖 + 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 52173.9 − − − −(1)

0.5𝑋600𝑋0.9
0.92 =
0.5𝑋600𝑋0.8 + 𝑃𝐶 + 0.52 . 𝑃𝑐𝑢
𝑃𝑖 + 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 23478.26 − − − − − (2)
Solving equation (1) and (2)
Pi=13.913kW and Pcu=38.26kW
𝑥. 𝑉𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛷 0.75𝑋600𝑋1000𝑋0.9
𝜂= =
𝑥. 𝑉𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛷 + 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑃𝑐𝑢 0.75𝑋600𝑋1000𝑋0.9 + 13.913𝑘 + 0.752 𝑋38.26𝑘
= 91.95%

34. A 40KVA transformer has iron loss of 450watts and full load copper loss of 850
watts. If the power factor of the load is 0.8 lagging. Calculate (i) full load
efficiency (ii) the load at which maximum efficiency occurs (iii) the maximum
efficiency.
Solution
Pi = 450W, [Pcu]FL = 850W ,S = 30kVA, cos 𝜑 = 0.8
(𝑉𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) cos 𝜑
(i) on full load, %η = (𝑉𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) cos 𝜑+𝑃𝑖+(𝑃𝑐𝑢)𝐹.𝐿 x 100

= 96.096%

(ii) Maximum efficiency is asked at cos 𝜑 = 1

For ηmax, Pcu = Pi = 450W and kVA for ηmax= 29.1 kVA.

%ηmax= 97%

(iii) Load for maximum efficiency is 29.1 kVA.

35. A single phase 25KVA 1000/2000V, 50Hz transformer has a maximum efficiency
of 98% at full load UPF. Determine its efficiency at (i) 3/4 full load upf (ii)1/2 full
load 0.8 p.f and (iii) 1.25 full load 0.9 p.f
Solution
25 kVA transformer has full load ηmax of 98% at cos 𝜑 = 1
For ηmax, Pi ( Iron loss) = Pcu ( copper loss)
kVA cos 𝜑
%ηmax = kVA cos 𝜑+𝑃𝑖+𝑃𝑖 x 100 as Pi = Pcu

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 Pi = 255.102 watts andPcu = 255.102 watts

(i) ¾ full load with cos 𝜑 = 1

(Pcu) at ¾ full load = 143.494 watts

(𝑉𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) cos 𝜑
%η = (𝑉𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) x 100
cos 𝜑+𝑃𝑖+(𝑃𝑐𝑢)𝐹.𝐿
= 97.918%
(ii) ½ full load at , cos 𝜑 = 0.8
(Pcu) at ½ of full load = 63.77 watts

(𝑉𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) cos 𝜑
%η = (𝑉𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) x 100
cos 𝜑+𝑃𝑖+(𝑃𝑐𝑢)𝐹.𝐿
= 96.9%
(iii) 1.25 full load at cos 𝜑 = 0.9
(Pcu) at 1.25 full load = 398.5 watts

(𝑉𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) cos 𝜑
%η = (𝑉𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔) cos 𝜑+𝑃𝑖+(𝑃𝑐𝑢)𝐹.𝐿 x 100

= 97.7%

36. A single-phase transformer has 480 turns on the primary winding and 90 turns on the
secondary winding. The maximum value of the magnetic flux density is 1.1T when
2200 volts, 50Hz is applied to the transformer primary winding. Calculate: (i) The
maximum flux in the core (ii) The cross-sectional area of the core and (iii) The
secondary induced emf.
Solution Given:
N1=480, N2=90, f=50 Hz , Bm=1.1T, V1=2200
(i)
𝑉 2200
EMF 𝐸1 ≈ 𝑉1 = 4.44 𝑓∅𝑚 𝑁1 ⇒ ∅𝑚 = 4.441𝑓𝑁 = = 20.6456 𝑚 𝑊𝑏
4.44×50×480
1
(ii)
∅
flux density 𝐵𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚
𝑚
∅ 20.6456 𝑚
⇒cross-sectional area of the core 𝑎𝑚 = 𝐵𝑚 = = 0.187𝑚2
𝑚 1.1
(iii)
𝑉1 𝑁2 2200𝑋90
𝑉2 = = = 412.5 𝑉
𝑁1 480

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 DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

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SOLUTION

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 UNIT III Three Phase Induction Motor
8 A 4 pole 3 phase induction motor operates from a supply whose frequency is 50Hz.
Calculate:
i) The speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is rotating.
ii) The speed of the rotor when the slip is 0.04
iii) Frequency of the rotor currents when the slip is 0.03
Solution P=4
f=50Hz
120𝑓 120∗50
Ns= = = 1500𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑃 4
the Speed at which magnetic field of the stator is rotating is 1500rpm
𝑁 = 𝑁𝑠 (1 − 𝑆) = 1500(1 − 0.04) = 1440𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑓𝑟 = 𝑠 ∗ 𝑓 = 0.03 ∗ 50 = 1.5𝐻𝑧

9 A 4 pole, 50Hz induction motor has a slip of 1% at no load .when operated at full load,
slip is 2.5% ,find the change in speed from no load to full load
Solution P=4
f=50Hz
%So=1%
%SFL=2.5%
120𝑓 120∗50
Ns= 𝑃 = 4 = 1500𝑟𝑝𝑚
The speed at no load is 𝑁𝑜 = 𝑁𝑠 (1 − 𝑆𝑜 ) = 1500(1 − 0.01) = 1485𝑟𝑝𝑚
The speed at full load is 𝑁𝐹𝐿 = 𝑁𝑠 (1 − 𝑆𝐹𝐿 ) = 1500(1 − 0.25) = 1462.5𝑟𝑝𝑚
Change in speed from no load to full load is 𝑁𝑜 −𝑁𝐹𝐿 = 22.5𝑟𝑝𝑚

10 A 4 pole 3 phase 50Hz induction motor runs at a speed of 1470rpm. Find the
synchronous speed, slip and frequency of induced emf in rotor.
Solution P=4
f=50Hz
N=1470rpm
120𝑓 120∗50
Ns= 𝑃 = 4 = 1500𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑁 1470
s=1-1 − 𝑁 = 1 − 1500 = 0.02
𝑠
𝑓𝑟 = 𝑠 ∗ 𝑓 = 0.02 ∗ 50 = 1𝐻𝑧
11 A 3 Phase, 4 poles, 440 volts, 50Hz Induction motor runs with a slip of 4%.
Find the rotor speed and frequency of the rotor current.

Solution 𝑵𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 × 𝒇 ÷ 𝒑
=120*50 / 4
=1500 rpm
𝑵 = 𝑵𝒔(𝟏 − 𝒔)
=1500(1-0.04)
= 1440 rpm
𝒇′ = 𝑺 × 𝒇

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 = 0.04*50
=2 Hz

12. A 4 pole 50 cycles/sec Induction motor is running at 1445 r.p.m. Find the slip
speed and slip.

Solution 𝑵𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 × 𝒇 ÷ 𝒑
=120*50 / 4
=1500 rpm
𝒔𝒍𝒊𝒑 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝑵𝒔 − 𝑵
=1500 – 1445
= 55 rpm
𝒔𝒍𝒊𝒑 = (𝑵𝒔 − 𝑵) ÷ 𝑵𝒔
= (1500 -1445) / 1500
= 0.037

13 A 4 pole Induction motor is connected to a 50Hz supply and at full load rotor
emf makes 90 complete cycles in one minute. Find the percentage slip and the
rotor speed.

Solution 𝑵𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 × 𝒇 ÷ 𝒑
=120*50 / 4
=1500 rpm
f” = 90/60 = 1.5 Hz
𝑺 = 𝒇′ × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ÷ 𝒇
=1.5 *100/ 50
= 3%
𝑵 = 𝑵𝒔(𝟏 − 𝒔)
=1500(1-0.03)
= 1455 rpm

14 A 3 Phase 50Hz Induction motor has 8 poles. If the full load slip is 2.5% find
(a) Synchronous speed (b) rotor speed and (c) rotor frequency.

Solution 𝑵𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 × 𝒇 ÷ 𝒑
=120*50 / 8
=750 rpm
𝑵 = 𝑵𝒔(𝟏 − 𝒔)
=750(1-0.025)
= 731.25 rpm
𝒇′ = 𝑺 × 𝒇
= 0.025*50
=1.25 Hz

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 15. The frequency of the supply applied to 4-pole Induction Motor is 50Hz. And
that of the rotor induced emf is 1.5Hz. What is the Slip and at what speed the
motor is running?

Solution 𝑺 = 𝒇′ ÷ 𝒇
= 1.5/ 50
= 0.03 =3%
𝑵𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 × 𝒇 ÷ 𝒑
=120*50 / 4
=1500 rpm

𝑵 = 𝑵𝒔(𝟏 − 𝒔)
=1500(1-0.03)
= 1455 rpm

24. A 3 Phase 50 Hz, 6 pole Induction Motor has a full load percentage slip of
3%. Find (i) Synchronous speed (ii) Actual rotor speed.
Solution Ns =120f /p
𝑵𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 × 𝒇 ÷ 𝒑
=120*50 / 6
=1000 rpm
𝑵 = 𝑵𝒔(𝟏 − 𝒔)
= 1000(1-0.03)
=970 rpm
29. A 3 Phase Induction Motor has 6 poles and runs at 960 r.p.m. on full load. It
is supplied from an Alternator having 4 poles and running at 1500 r.p.m.
Calculate the full load slip and frequency of the rotor currents of the Induction
Motor.

Solution For alternator

𝑵 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 × 𝒇 ÷ 𝒑
1500 =120*f / 4
f=50 Hz

For induction motor

𝑵𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 × 𝒇 ÷ 𝒑
=120*50 / 6
=1000 rpm
𝑺 = (𝑵𝒔 − 𝑵) ÷ 𝑵𝒔
=(1000-960)/1000
= 0.04
𝒇′ = 𝑺 × 𝒇
=0.04*50
=2 Hz

30. A 6 pole alternator running at 1200 r.p.m supplies a 10 pole 3 phase induction

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 motor. If the rotor induced emf makes 3 cycles/sec. Find the rotor speed.

Solution For alternator

𝑵 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 × 𝒇 ÷ 𝒑
1200 =120*f / 6
f=60 Hz
For induction motor
𝑵𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 × 𝒇 ÷ 𝒑
=120*60 / 10
=720 rpm
𝑺 = 𝒇′ ÷ 𝒇
= 3/ 60
= 0.05 =5%
𝑵 = 𝑵𝒔(𝟏 − 𝒔)
=720(1-0.05)
= 684 rpm

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