Physics Final Question Bank Rkmishra

PHYSICS CLASS-XII REVISION
UNIT-1-ELECTROSTATICS
1. (a) Name any two basic properties of electric charge.
(b) What does signify in electrostatics ? CBSE(F)-2003,(AIC)-2001
[ Ans. (a) (i) Quantization of charge (ii) Conservation of charge
(b) It signifies that charges are algebraically additive and here are equal and opposite
2. Two point charges having equal charges separated by distance experience a force of . What will be the force experienced
by them, if they are held in water, at the same distance ? CBSE (AIC)-2011
[Ans.
3. Why must electrostatic field at the surface of a charged conductor be normal to the surface at every point ?
Give reason. CBSE (AI)-2015,2002,(F)-2014,(AIC)-2002
[Ans. . but at the surface of a conductor constant
⇨ . 0 ⇨ 0 ⇨
4. Name the physical quantity whose S.I. unit is Is it a scalar or vector quantity ? CBSE (AI)-2010
[Ans. Potential, it is a scalar quantity
5. Define electric flux. Write its S.I. unit. CBSE (AIC)-2017,(AI)-2015,2012,2008,(F)-2006,(D)-2007,2006
[ Ans. Electric flux :It is defined as the total number of electric lines of force passing normally through a given surface
.
It’s S.I. unit is
6. Consider two hollow concentric spheres, S1 & S2, enclosing charges 2Q & 4Q respectively as shown.
(i) Find out the ratio of the electric flux through them.
(ii) how will the electric flux through the sphere S1 change, if a medium of
dielectric constant is introduced in the space inside S1 in place of air ?
Deduce the necessary expression.
[ Ans. (i) &
⇨ 1
(ii)
7.(i) Define an equipotential surface ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2002,(D)-2003

(ii) Write any two properties of an equipotential surface.
[ Ans. (i) Equipotential surface : A surface drawn in an electric field at which every point has the same potential, is
known as equipotential surface
(ii) Properties :
(a) No work is done in moving a test charge from one point to another over an equipotential surface
(b) Electric field is always normal to the equipotential surface at every point
(c) No two equipotential surfaces can intersect each other
(d) Equipotential surfaces are closer in regions of strong field and farther in regions of weak field
8. Draw an equipotential surface and corresponding electric field lines for a single point charge (i) ( > 0) (ii) ( < 0).
[Ans. (i) >0 (ii) <0 CBSE (AI)-2016,(F)-2006,(D)-2001
www.conceptualphysicsindia
9. The graph shows the variation of voltage V across the plates of two capacitors A and B versus increase of charge
Q stored on them. Which of the capacitors has higher capacitance ? Give reason for your answer. CBSE (D)-2004
[ Ans. B has higher capacitance

Reason :
If constant then
As ⇨
10. A parallel plate capacitor of plate area and separation is filled with dielectrics of dielectric constants and as
shown in the figure. Find the net capacitance of the capacitor. CBSE (F)-2011
[ Ans.
⇨ ⇨
11. Two dielectric slabs of dielectric constants and are filled in between the two plates, each of area , of the
parallel plate capacitor as shown. Find net capacitance of the capacitor. CBSE (AI)-2005,(F)-2011
[ Ans.
12. (i) An electric dipole is held in a uniform electric field. Using suitable diagram show that it does not undergo any
translatory motion. Derive the expression for the torque acting on it.
(ii) What would happen if the field in non-uniform ?
(iii) What would happen if the external electric field is increasing
(a) parallel to and (b) anti-parallel to ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2014,2008,(F)-2016,(DC)-2015
[ Ans. (i) Let an electric dipole of dipole moment is placed in a uniform electric field as shown in figure.
Force : Force on
Force on
Hence net force on the dipole
Torque :Two equal and opposite forces and forms a couple

which tries to rotate the dipole. Torque due to this couple x
= either force X distance = x

= x
⇨ =p X
(ii) If the electric field is non-uniform, the net force on the dipole will
not be zero hence there will be the translator motion of the dipole.
(iii) (a) Net force will be in the direction of increasing electric field.
(b) Net force will be in the direction opposite to the increasing field
Typ
13. . Derive an expression for the electric field intensity at a point on the equatorial line of an electric dipole of dipole moment
and length . What is the direction of this field ? CBSE (D)-2017,(AI)-2016,2013,(F)-2015,2009
[ Ans. Let, and be the electric field intensity at
at P due to & charges respectively, then
⇨ ---------(1)
On resolving and in horizontal and vertical

components, resultant electric field intensity
2
⇨ 2 [ =
⇨
⇨ [ ]
Obviously, if then
direction of is opposite to that of dipole moment
14. (i) Derive the expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole of dipole moment placed in a uniform electric field .
(ii) Find out the orientation of the dipole when it is in (a) stable equilibrium (b) unstable equilibrium.
CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2012
[ Ans. (i) Two equal and opposite forces and forms a couple
which tries to rotate the dipole. Torque due to this couple
either force X distance = x
=
Work done in rotating the dipole through an angle
= =p
⇨ = = =
⇨ = -------(1) x
0
When = 90 and = , then =
⇨ = = =
⇨ .
(ii) (a) When = , = =
In this case P.E. is minimum hence it is the orientation of stable quilibrium.
(b)When = , = =
In this case P.E. is maximum hence it is the orientation of unstable equilibrium.
www.conceptualphysicsindia
15. Using Gauss’s law, derive an expression for the electric field intensity due to an infinitely long, straight wire of
linear charge density C/m. CBSE (AIC)-2017,(AI)-2007,2006,2005,(D)-2009,04
[ Ans. Charge enclosed by Gaussian surface, =
At the part I and II of Gaussian surface and
are , so flux through surfaces I and II is zero.
By Gauss’s law,
⇨
⇨
⇨
⇨
16. . Using Gauss’s law, obtain the expression for electric field intensity at a point due to an infinitely large, plane sheet of
charge of charge density C/m2. How is the field directed if the sheet is (i) positively charged (ii) negatively charged?
CBSE (AI)-2015,2010,2005,2004,(D)-2012,2009,06,(DC)-2002,01,(F)-2003
[ Ans. Let us consider a Gaussian surface as shown.
At the curved part of Gaussian surface and
are , so flux through curved surface is zero.
By Gauss’s law,
⇨
⇨
⇨
⇨
Direction of field : (i) If the sheet is positively charged the field is
directed away from it
(ii) If sheet is negatively charged the field is direct
towards it
17. What is a capacitor? Deduce an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with air as the medium
between the plates. CBSE (F)-2017,2006,(AI)-2003,2001,(DC)-2005,2004
[ Ans. Capacitor :It is an arrangement required to increase the capacity of a conductor so that a large amount of charge
can be stored in it without changing its dimensions
Capacitance of plate capacitor : let us consider a parallel plate
capacitor filled with a medium of dielectric constant K as shown
Electric field between the plates
⇨ potential difference between the plates
⇨
If air is as the medium between the plates then, ⇨
18. Using Gauss’s law, deduce the expression for the electric field due to uniformly charged spherical conducting shell of
radius at a point (i) outside and (ii) inside the shell.
Plot a graph showing variation of electric field as a function of r > R and r< R.
CBSE (AI)-2015,2013,2007,2004,(D)-2011,2009,2008,2006,2004
[ Ans. (i) Outside the shell
Let us consider the Gaussian surface as shown
by Gauss’s law,
⇨
⇨
⇨
⇨ =
(ii) Inside the shell
Let us consider the Gaussian surface as shown
By Gauss’s law
But, charge inside the spherical shell, i,e, q = 0

⇨
⇨
19. A dielectric slab of thickness ‘t’ is introduced without touching between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor
separated by a distance ‘d’ (t < d). Derive an expression for the capacitance of the capacitor.
[ Ans. Electric field between the plates in air CBSE (AIC)-2005,2001
Electric field in dielectric slab
⇨ potential difference between the plates
⇨
20. Prove that the total electrostatic energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor is . Hence derive an expression
for energy density of the capacitor. How does the stored energy change if air is replaced by medium of dielectric
constant ‘K’ ? CBSE (AI)-2015,2012,2008,2002,(F)-2013,2006,(D)-2006,2002
[ Ans. Energy stored in a capacitor : When a capacitor is charged by a battery, work is done by the battery at the
expense of its chemical energy. This work done is stored between the plates as electrostatic potential energy
Small work done in giving a charge
=VX =
⇨ Total work done in giving a charge Q to the capacitor
= = =
⇨ = = =
Energy density:
⇨
If air is replaced by a medium of dielectric constant then
= = = =
21. Calculate the work done to dissociate the system of three charges placed on the vertices of an equilateral triangle
of ide 10 cm as shown in figure. Here . CBSE (AI)-2016,2013, (D)-2008
[ Ans. Required work done potential energy of the system
⇨ = =+
⇨ = = J
22. 14. Two parallel plate capacitors X and Y have the same area of plates and same separation between
them. X has air between the plates while Y contains a dielectric medium
(i) Calculate capacitance of each capacitor if equivalent capacitance of the combination is 4 pF.
(ii) Calculate the potential difference between the plates of X and Y.
(iii) Estimate the ratio of electrostatic energy stored in X and Y
UNIT-2-CURRENT ELECTRICITY
23. The figure shows a plot of terminal voltage ‘V’ versus the current ‘i’ of a given cell. Calculate from the graph
(a) emf of the cell and (b) internal resistance of the cell. CBSE (AIC)-2017
[ Ans. (a) –I
When
⇨
(b) ⇨
⇨
24. Find the resistance of the following carbon resistors. CBSE(AIC)-2010,NCERT-2017
[Ans. (i) X
(ii) X
25. A 10 V battery of negligible internal resistance is connected across a 200 V battery and a resistance of 38 as
shown. Find the value of the current in the circuit. CBSE (D)-2013
[Ans. = =
26. Derive an expression for drift velocity of free electrons in a conductor in terms of relaxation time of electrons.
[Ans. Expression for drift velocity : CBSE(AI)-2016,2015,2009
Let a potential difference is applied across the ends of a
conductor, then each free electron will experience a force
⇨
Average of all random velocities under this acceleration is the drift velocity
⇨
⇨
⇨
⇨
27. Deduce the relation between current flowing through a conductor and drift velocity of free electrons.
[ Ans. Relation between current and drift velocity : CBSE(AIC)-2015,(AI)-2013,(D)-2008
Let a potential difference is applied across the ends of a conductor
as shown. If be the number of free electrons per unit volume then
charge crossing area in time
Ne
⇨
⇨ & j ⇨ j
28. Deduce Ohm’s law using the concept of drift velocity. CBSE(AI)-2013
OR
On the basis of electron drift, derive an expression for resistivity of a conductor in terms of number density of free
electrons and relaxation time. CBSE (D)-2016,(AI)-2012
[Ans. Let a potential difference is applied across the ends of a conductor as shown.
Electric field produced,
⇨
⇨
⇨ ---------(1)
If the physical conditions of conductor such as temperature etc. remains constant then
--------(2)
⇨ from (1) ⇨
Now, ⇨ from ( 2)
29. State Kirchhoff’s rules in electrostatics and explain on what basis they are justified ? CBSE(AI)-2017,2015
[ Ans. Kirchhoff’s Rules :
(i) Junction rule :The algebraic sum of all the currents meeting at any junction in an electric circuit is zero.
i,e, =
⇨ + = +
This rule is based on the conservation of charge.
(ii) Loop rule : In any closed mesh of an electric circuit, the algebraic sum of the products of the currents and the
resistance in each part of the mesh is equal to the algebraic sum of emf’s in that mesh.
i,e,
In mesh (1),
=
Similarly, in mesh (2)
+ =
This rule is based on the conservation of energy
30. Answer the following :

1. Why is potentiometer preferred over a voltmeter for comparison of emf. of cells ? CBSE(D)-2016,(AI)-2014
[Ans. because a potentiometer does not draw current for any measurement unlike a voltmeter
2. (i) Define potential gradient. Write its S.I. unit. Obtain an expression for potential gradient in terms of the resistivity
of the potentiometer wire. CBSE (D)-2016,(AI)-2014,2006,(F)-2009
(ii) In a potentiometer experiment, if the area of cross section of the wire increases uniformly from one end to
another, draw a graph showing how potential gradient would vary as the length of the wire increases from one end ?
[ Ans. Potential gradient : Potential drop per unit length of the wire carrying current is called potential gradient
i,e, ⇨ S.I. unit of potential gradient is V/m

31. (i) With the help of a circuit diagram, explain how a potentiometer is used to compare the emf’s of two primary cells.
obtain the required expression used for comparing the emfs. CBSE (D)-2013, (AIC)-2008
(ii) Write two possible causes for one sided deflection in a potentiometer experiment. CBSE (D)-2013
[Ans. (i) Comparison of emf’s of two primary cells :
If is the balancing length the by the principle of potentiometer
-----------(1)
Where K is the potential gradient.
Let be the balancing length for cell of emf then as per (1)
Similarly, if be the balancing length for cell of emf then

⇨ from (1) & (2)
(ii) Possible causes :

(a) The emf or is more than the emf of driver cell
(b) Positive terminals of driver cell and the cell whose emf is to be measured may not be connected to the zero
end of the potentiometer
32. With the help of a circuit diagram, explain how a potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of a cell.
obtain the required expression used. CBSE (F)-2016,2011,(AI)-2013
[Ans. Determination of internal resistance of a cell :
Let is the balancing length when key is open then by the principle of
potentiometer
-----------(1)
Where K is the potential gradient.
Similarly, if be the balancing length when key is closed then
---------(2)
⇨ from (1) & (2)
⇨ ⇨ ⇨
33.Two cells of emf and having internal resistances and respectively are connected in parallel.
Calculate the emf and internal resistance of the equivalent cell. CBSE(D)-2016,(AI)-2013
[Ans. Given : , , , , &
]
34. In the following potentiometer circuit AB is a uniform wire of length 1 m and resistance 10 . Calculate the
(i) potential gradient along the wire, and [Ans 0.8 V/m, 37.5 cm] CBSE (D) -2016
(ii) balance length AO (= l ).
[Ans. (i)
⇨
(ii) Current flowing in the circuit containing cell
⇨ 0.3 X 1
Now, ⇨
0.375 m
UNIT-3-Moving Charge and Magnetism
35. Write the expression, in vector form, for the Lorentz magnetic force due to a charge moving with velocity in a
magnetic field . What is the direction of the magnetic force ? CBSE (D)-2016,2014,2008
[Ans. =
The direction of magnetic force is perpendicular to the plane containing velocity and magnetic field vectors
36. Under what condition is the force acting on a charge(or an electron) moving through a uniform magnetic field maximum ?
[Ans. When it moves perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field CBSE (D)-2007
Reason : ⇨ when ,
37. Under what condition is the force acting on a charge moving through a uniform magnetic field minimum ?
[Ans. When it moves parallel or antiparallel to the direction of magnetic field CBSE (D)-2007,(AI)-2005
Reason : ⇨ when or ,
38. State the condition under which a charged particle moving with velocity goes undeflected in a magnetic field .
[ Ans. CBSE (F)-2017
The charge will go undeflected when i,e, If is parallel or antiparallel to i,e, either or
39. State Biot – Savart law and express this law in the vector form. CBSE (AI)-2017,2016
[ Ans. Biot-Savart’s law : It states that magnetic field , due to a current element, , at a point, having a position
vector relative to the current element, is found to depend
(i) directly on the current element,
(ii) inversely on the square of the distance,
(iii) directly on the sine of angle between the current
element and the position vector ,
i,e,
⇨
In vector form,
40. State Ampere’s circuital law. CBSE (AI)-2016

[ Ans. Ampere’s circuital law : “ The line integral of the magnetic field, around a closed loop, equals times the total
current passing through the surface enclosed by that loop.”
i,e, I
41. 1. Draw a neat labelled diagram of a cyclotron. State the underlying principle of a cyclotron. Show that time period of
ions in cyclotron is independent of both the speed of ion and radius of circular path. Also obtain an expression for
maximum kinetic energy gained by the particle.
CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2014,2013,2009,2007,(D)-2011,2009,2008,2004,2001,(F)-2006,2003
[ Ans. Cyclotron : It is a device used to accelerate charged particles or ions to very high energies.
Principle : A charged particle can be accelerated to very high energy, by making it to pass through a small region of
oscillating electric field again and again with the help of a strong perpendicular magnetic field.
Working :
Due to electric field particle enters in a Dee where it moves
along a circular path due to normal magnetic field. At the moment
particle comes out of a Dee, polarities of the Dees get reversed and
particle is further accelerated to enter in another Dee and follows a
circular path of larger radius with higher speed. This process goes on
continuously, till the particle acquires sufficient speed and is taken out
with the help of a deflection plate
=
⇨ =
⇨ T= ⇨ = =
Hence, time period or cyclotron frequency is independent of both the speed of ion and radius of circular path
Maximum K.E. : for maximum velocity we have,
= ⇨ /m
⇨ =
i. Explain clearly the role of crossed electric and magnetic field in accelerating charge in a cyclotron. CBSE (AI)-2013
[ Ans. Electric field : It is used to accelerate the charged particle
Magnetic field : It is used to restrict the particle to move in circular path
ii. Where do the electric and magnetic fields exist in a Cyclotron. Write about their nature. CBSE (AI)-2016
[ Ans. Electric field : It exists between the Dees an d it is alternating /oscillating in nature
Magnetic field : It exists both inside and outside the Dees and it is constant/uniform in nature
iii. What is resonance condition in a cyclotron ? How is it used to accelerate charged particles ? CBSE (AI)-2009
[ Ans. Resonance condition : “The frequency of oscillating electric field must be equal to the frequency of revolution of
charged particle”
Due to it, charged particles remain in phase with frequency of the applied voltage and accelerated to high speeds
iv. What is the requirement of the frequency of the applied voltage so as to ensure that the ions get accelerated across
the gap of the Dees in a cyclotron ? CBSE (F)-2008
[ Ans. “The frequency of oscillating electric field must be equal to the frequency of revolution of charged particle”
v. In a cyclotron, the time period of ions is independent of both the speed of ion and radius of circular path. What is the
significance of this property ? CBSE (AIE)-2016
[Ans. It helps in achieving resonance condition/Due to it, particle remains in phase with frequency of the applied voltage
vi. Is there an upper limit on the energy acquired by the particle ? Give reason. CBSE (D)-2011
[ Ans. When the charged particle moves in a path of radius equal to that of Dees, it gains maximum speed and hence
maximum energy which cannot be further increased . Hence, there is an upper limit on the energy acquired by the
charged particle in a cyclotron
vii. Can we accelerate neutrons by a Cyclotron ? Give reason to your answer. CBSE (AIC)-2010
[ Ans. No, neutrons cannot be accelerated by using Cyclotron
Reason : Being neutral, neutrons will not experience electric or magnetic force
42. A neutron, an electron and an alpha particle moving with equal velocities, enter a uniform magnetic field going into
the plane of the paper as shown. Trace their paths in the field and justify your answer. CBSE (D)-2016
[Ans. Justification :
Direction of force experienced by
the particle will be according to the Fleming’s
left hand rule
43. A proton and an move perpendicular to a magnetic field. Find the ratio of radii of the circular paths
described by them when both (i) have equal momenta, and (ii) were accelerated through the same potential
difference. CBSE (F)-2017
[ Ans. (i) ⇨ ⇨
(ii)
⇨
44. A proton and an move perpendicular to a magnetic field. Find the ratio of radii of the circular paths
described by them when both (i) have equal velocities, and (ii) equal kinetic energies. CBSE (F)-2017
[ Ans. (i) ⇨ ⇨ =
(ii)
⇨ 1
45. Two identical coils and each of radius are lying in perpendicular planes such that they have a common centre.
Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at the common centre of the two coils, if they carry currents
equal to I and I respectively. CBSE (F)-2016
[ Ans. &
⇨
⇨
⇨ with
46. Using Biot-Savart law, deduce the expression for the magnetic field at a point (x) on the axis of a circular current
carrying loop of radius R. How is the direction of the magnetic field determined at this point ?
[ Ans. Magnetic field due to a current carrying loop at a point on its axis : CBSE (F)-2017,(AI)-2016
According to Biot-Savart’s law the magnetic
field at P due to current element at C
⇨
Resolving in to horizontal and vertical
Components, resultant magnetic field at P
⇨
⇨
For a coil of N turns
Direction of this magnetic field can be determined by the right hand thumb rule
47.Two identical circular loops and of radius and carrying the same current are kept in perpendicular planes
such that they have a common centre at as shown in the figure. Find the magnitude and direction of the net
magnetic field at the point due to the loops. CBSE (F)-2014,(D)-2008,2005
[Ans.
⇨ with either or
48. Derive an expression for the force per unit length between the two infinitely long straight parallel current carrying
conductors. Hence define S.I. unit of current. CBSE (D)-2016,(AI)-2016,2015,2012,2010,2009
[ Ans. Magnetic field due to conductor ‘1’ at any point on conductor ‘2’
=
By right hand rule will act perpendicular to conductor ‘2’ and into
the plane of the paper
Due to this magnetic field force on length of wire ‘2’
= =
⇨ =
Similarly, force on length of wire ‘1
= = =
⇨ = =
Hence force per unit length
= = -----------(1)
By Fleming’s left hand rule will act towards conductor ‘1’ and
will act towards conductor ‘2’. Obviously the two conductors will
attract each other
If the currents are in opposite directions, then there will be repulsion
between the two conductors
One Ampere is the current which when flowing through each of the two infinite long
straight parallel conductors placed one meter apart from each other in free space will exert a force of X per
meter of their length
49. How is a galvanometer converted into a voltmeter and an ammeter ? Draw the relevant diagrams and find the
resistance of the arrangement in each case. Take resistance of galvanometer as CBSE (AI)-2016
[Ans. (i) Conversion of galvanometer in to Ammeter :
A galvanometer is converted in to an ammeter by connecting a very small resistance (called shunt) in parallel with it.
⇨
Effective resistance of ammeter
⇨
RA < G always
(ii) Conversion of galvanometer in to Voltmeter :
A galvanometer can be converted in to a voltmeter by connecting a very high resistance in series to it.
⇨
Effective resistance of voltmeter
always
i. An ammeter of resistance can measure current up to CBSE (D)-2013

(i) What must be the value of shunt resistance to enable the ammeter to measure current up to ?
(ii) What is the combined resistance of the ammeter and the shunt ?
[ Ans. (i) (ii)
ii. A galvanometer with a coil of resistance shows full scale deflection for a current . How will you convert the
meter in to : NCERT-2017, CBSE (D)-2005
(i) an ammeter of range to (ii) a voltmeter of range to
50.Define the term magnetic dipole moment of a current loop. CBSE (AI)-2008
[Ans. Magnetic moment of a current loop is defined as the product of current (I) and the area (A) enclosed by the current
loop i,e,
51. Write two properties of a material suitable for making (a) a permanent magnet, and (b) an electromagnet.
[ Ans. (a) For making permanent magnet : CBSE (AI)-2017,2016,(D)-2010,(F)-2009
(i) High retentivity (ii) High coercivity (iii) High permeability
(b) For making electromagnet :
(i) High permeability (ii) Low retentivity (iii) Low coercivity
. Draw the magnetic field lines distinguishing between diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials. Give a simple
explanation to account for the difference in the magnetic behaviour of these materials.
[Ans. CBSE (DC)-2017,(F)-2016,(AI)-2015,2014
(i) Diamagnetic (ii) Paramagnetic

Explanation : When a diamagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, atoms acquire net magnetic
moment opposite to field, and material acquires a slight magnetism in the opposite direction of field.
Hence, magnetic field lines are repelled or expelled.
When a paramagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, atomic magnets align themselves
along the field direction and material acquires a slight magnetism in the direction of field. Hence,
magnetic field lines are attracted
52-1. Name the three elements of Earth’s magnetic field. CBSE (F)-2011
[ Ans. Elements of Earth’s magnetic field :
(i) Magnetic declination (ii) Angle of dip or magnetic inclination
(iii) Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field
2. What is the angle of dip at equator ? CBSE (AIC)-2010
[ Ans. zero (
3. What is the angle of dip at magnetic poles ? CBSE (AIC)-2001
[ Ans.
4. How does angle of dip varies from equator to poles ? CBSE (F)-2009,2003
[ Ans. angle of dip increases from zero to on moving from equator to poles
5. Where on the surface of Earth is the angle of dip zero ? CBSE (AI)-2011
[ Ans. At equator
6. Where on the surface of Earth is the angle of dip ? CBSE (AI)-2011
[ Ans. At poles
7. Where on the Earth’s surface is the value of angle of dip (i) minim um (ii) maximum ? CBSE (D)-2003
[ Ans. (i) at equator ( ) (ii) At poles ( )
8. Where on the surface of Earth is the vertical component of Earth’ s magnetic field zero ? CBSE (AI)-2011,2003,(F)-2010
[ Ans. At equator , Reason : At equator, ⇨
9. What will be the value of the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field at the Earth’s geometric pole ?
[Ans. Zero
Reason : At poles ⇨
10. A small magnet is pivoted to move freely in the magnetic meridian. At what place on the surface of the earth will the
magnet be vertical ? CBSE (F)-2012
[Ans. At poles
11. A magnetic needle, free to rotate in a vertical plane, orients itself vertically at a certain place on the earth. What are
the values of (i) angle of dip at this place, and (ii) horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field CBSE (F)-2012
[Ans. (i) (ii)
12. The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is and the angle of dip is . What is the value of
vertical component of earth’s magnetic field at equator ? CBSE (D)-2012
[Ans. Zero, Reason : at equator, , so = = =0
13. What is the angle of dip at a place where the horizontal and vertical components of the earth’s magnetic field are equal ?
[ Ans. As ⇨ ⇨ CBSE (F)-2012,(AI)-2011
14. Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is times the vertical component. What is the value of
angle of dip at this place ? CBSE (DC)-2007
[ Ans. As ⇨ ⇨
15. The vertical component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is times the horizontal component. What is the value
of angle of dip at this place ? CBSE (D)-2006
[ Ans. As ⇨ ⇨
16. At a place the horizontal component of magnetic field is and angle of dip is . What is the value of horizontal
component of the Earth’s magnetic field at equator ? CBSE (D)-2017
[Ans. Given : In first case, , ,
⇨
In second case, at equator,
⇨
UNIT-IV-EMI&AC
53 State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction. CBSE (F)-2017,2009,(AI)-2016,2015
[ Ans. Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic Induction :
(i) Whenever there is change in magnetic flux linked with a circuit, an emf is induced in the circuit. The induced emf
lasts so long as the change in magnetic flux continues.
(ii) The magnitude of induced emf in a circuit is equal to time rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
i,e, .
54.1. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described below : CBSE (AI)-2017,2011
[ Ans. A – positive
B- negative
2. A bar magnet is moved in the direction indicated by the arrow between two coils PQ and CD. Predict the direction
of the induced current in each coil. CBSE (AI)-2017,2012
[ Ans. Q to P through ammeter and D to C through ammeter

(Alternatively: Anticlockwise as seen from left in coil PQ clockwise as seen from left in coil CD
3. The electric current flowing in a wire in the direction from B to A is decreasing. Find out the direction of the induced current in the
metallic loop kept above the wire as shown. CBSE (AI)-2014
[Ans. Clockwise
4. A conducting loop is held above a current carrying wire as shown in the figure. Depict the direction of the current induced in
the loop when the current in the wire is constantly increasing. CBSE (AI)-2014
[Ans. Clockwise
5. A conducting loop is held below a current carrying wire as shown in the figure. Predict the direction of the induced current in
the loop when the current in the wire is constantly increasing. CBSE (AI)-2014
[Ans. Anticlockwise
6. What is the direction of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 when current I in the wire is increasing steadily ?
[ Ans. Clockwise in loop 1, anticlockwise in loop 2 CBSE (AI)-2017
7. The closed loop (PQRS) of wire is moved in to a uniform magnetic field at right angles to the plane of the paper as
shown in figure. Predict the direction of the induced current in the loop . CBSE (F)-2012
[Ans. Anticlockwise
55. 1. What are eddy currents ? How are they produced ? CBSE (AI)-2011,2009,(F)-2009,(AIC)-2006
[ Ans. Eddy currents : The induced circulating currents produced in the bulk piece of a conductor, when it is subjected
to a changing magnetic flux, are known as eddy currents
Eddy currents are produced when a bulk conductor is placed in a changing magnetic field
2. Give two uses of eddy currents. CBSE (AI)-2009

[ Ans. (i) magnetic braking in electric trains
(ii) to produce heat in induction furnaces
(iii) electro magnetic damping
3. Why eddy currents are considered undesirable ? CBSE (AI)-2011,2009

[ Ans. Because (i) they heat up the metallic core and dissipate electrical energy in the form of heat.
(ii) they always oppose the motion.
4. How are eddy currents minimized ? CBSE (AI)-2011,2009

[ Ans. (i) using laminating iron core
(ii) using slotted iron blocks
56. Figure shows an inductor and a resistor connected in parallel to a battery through a switch. The resistance
is same as that of coil that makes . Two identical bulbs are put in each arm of the circuit. CBSE (AI)-2003
(i) Which of the bulbs lights up earlier when S is closed ?
(ii) Will the two bulbs be equally bright after some time ?
Give reason for your answer.
[Ans. (i) Bulb lights up earlier
Reason : induced emf across opposes growth of current in
(ii) yes, after some time both bulbs will be equally bright
Reason : after some time current reached its maximum value in
and self-induction plays no role
57. 1. What is meant by mutual induction ?
[Ans. Mutual induction : When a changing current is passed through a coil, an emf is induced in the neighbouring coil due
to change in magnetic flux passing through it. This phenomenon is called mutual-induction.
2. Define Mutual inductance of a coil. Write its S.I. unit. CBSE (AI)-2015,2005,(D)-2009,(F)-2009
[Ans. Mutual inductance : Mutual inductance of two coils may be defined as the total magnetic flux linked with one coil,
when unit current flows through the other coil.
Its S.I. unit is Henry (H)
58. 1.A lamp is connected in series with an inductor and an a.c. source. What happens to the brightness of the lamp
when the key is plugged in and an iron rod is inserted inside the inductor ? Explain. CBSE (F)-2017,(AI)-2016
[Ans. Brightness decreases
Reason : When iron rod is inserted, inductance increases
⇨ & also decreases and current increases
Hence brightness (
2. A bulb is connected in series with a variable capacitor and an a.c. source as shown. How the brightness of bulb
changes on reducing the (a) capacitance and (b) frequency ? Justify your answer. CBSE (AI)-2016,(D)-2010
[Ans. (a) Brightness will decreases
Reason : When capacitance is reduced, reactance ( ) increases
⇨ also increases and current decreases

Hence brightness (
(b) Brightness will decreases
Reason : When frequency is reduced, reactance ( ) increase.
⇨ also increases and current decreases

Hence brightness (
59. 1. Define quality factor (Q-factor) and give its significance. What is its S.I. unit ? CBSE (D)-2016,2013,(AI)-2015
[Ans. Quality factor: It is defined as the ratio of resonant frequency to the frequency band width of the resonant curve
i,e, = = =
Significance : It gives the sharpness of resonance. For larger value of Q, resonance will be sharper and
consequently the circuit will be more selective.
Unit : It has no unit
2. Name the factors on which Quality factors depends. CBSE (D)-2009
[Ans. Resonating frequency and band width (
3. Why should the quality factor have high value in receiving circuits ? CBSE (D)-2016,2013,(AI)-2015,(DC)-2014
[Ans. For high value of Q, resonance will be sharper and consequently the circuit will be more selective
4. Define the term ‘sharpness of resonance’. Under what condition, does a circuit become more selective ? CBSE (F)-2016
[Ans. Sharpness of resonance : The ratio of resonant frequency to the frequency band width of the resonant curve is the
measure of sharpness of resonance (called Q-factor) and is given by
For high value of Q, resonance will be sharper and consequently the circuit will be more selective
60.1. Define the term power factor. State the condition under which it is (i) maximum and (ii) minimum. CBSE (D)-2010
[ Ans. Power factor : It is the ratio of resistance to the impedance of an a.c. circuit
i,e,
(i) when, , maximum
i,e, when the circuit is purely resistive, power factor is maximum
(ii) when, , minimum
i,e, when the circuit is purely inductive or capacitive, power factor is minimum ]
2. Define the term ‘Wattless current’. CBSE (AI)-2015, (D)-2011
[ Ans. Wattless current : The current which flows in a circuit without consuming any electrical power is called Watt less
current
In a purely inductive or capacitive circuit,
⇨
3. The power factor of an a.c. circuit is 0.5. What is the phase difference between the voltage and current in the circuit ?
[Ans. Reason : ⇨ CBSE (AI)-2016
4. In a series circuit, . What is the value of power factor ? CBSE (AI)-2015
[Ans. ⇨ ⇨
⇨ ⇨ Power factor,
5. In an a.c. circuit, the instantaneous voltage and current are Volt and Ampere
respectively. Is the nature of the circuit is capacitive or inductive ? Give reason. CBSE (AI)-2015
[ Ans. Capacitive, Reason : Given, & ⇨
As the current leads voltage by phase angle . Hence the circuit is Capacitive
6. Can the voltage drop across the inductor or the capacitor in a series circuit be greater than the applied voltage
of the a.c. source ? Justify your answer. CBSE (D)-2005,2002
[ Ans. Yes, because in series circuit, or are not in same phase, hence cannot be added like ordinary numbers
61.1.What is motional electromotive force (motional emf) ?
A rod of length is moved horizontally with a uniform velocity in a direction perpendicular to its length through a
region in which a uniform magnetic field is acting vertically downward. Derive the expression for the emf induced
across the ends of the rod. CBSE (D)-2014,2013
[ Ans. Motional emf : The emf induced across the ends of a conductor due to its motion in a magnetic field is called
motional emf
Expression for motional emf :
Magnetic flux enclosed by loop PQRS
Since X is changing with time, the rate of change of magnetic flux will
induce an emf given by
⇨
⇨ Where because velocity is in decreasing direction of
2. Figure shows a rectangular conducting loop in which arm of length is movable. The loop is kept in a
uniform magnetic field directed downwards perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The arm is moved with a
uniform speed . Deduce the expression for the : CBSE (AI)-2009
(a) emf induced across the arm
(b) external force required to move the arm, and
(c) power dissipated as heat.
[ Ans. (i) Induced emf :
Magnetic flux enclosed by loop PQSR
Since X is changing with time, the rate of change of magnetic flux will induce an emf given by
⇨
(ii) External force required to move the arm RS:
Induced current,
⇨ External force required,
(iii) Power dissipated as heat :

62.1. Derive the expression for the self-inductance of a long solenoid of cross sectional area , length , and having
turns per unit length. CBSE (AIC)-13,(AI)-2005,(D)-2012,2009,2008
[Ans. Self inductance of a long solenoid :
Let a current I is flowing through a long solenoid, then magnetic field at its centre
[ ]
⇨ magnetic flux linked with each turn of the solenoid
⇨
⇨
If we fill the inside of the solenoid with a material of relative permeability , then
2. Derive an expression for the self-inductance of a circular aired coil. Name the three factors on which the self-
inductance of a coil depends. CBSE (AI)-2015
[Ans. Self inductance of an aired coil :
magnetic field at the centre of circular coil
⇨ magnetic flux linked with each turn of the coil
⇨ Self inductance of the coil
Factors on which self inductance of a coil depends :

(a) the number of turns in the coil
(b) the area of cross section of the coil
(c) the permeability of the core material
3. (i) Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids of same length wound one over
the other. CBSE (AI)-2017,2014,2009,(D)-2015,2012,2005,(F)-2013,2011
(ii) Write the factors on which the mutual inductance of a pair of solenoids depends. CBSE (AI)-2015
[Ans. Mutual inductance between two co-axial long solenoids of same length wound over the other :
Magnetic field at the centre of solenoid
=
Magnetic flux linked with each turn of inner solenoid
= = =
Hence mutual inductance
⇨
Similarly, ⇨
If a medium of relative permeability is filled in between the solenoids then
Factors on which mutual inductance of a pair of solenoids depends :

(i) number of turns and separation between two solenoids
(ii) relative orientation of two solenoids
63. Obtain an expression for the energy stored in an inductor/coil/ solenoid of self-inductance when the current
through it grows from zero to . CBSE (AI)-2017,2015,2011,2008
[ Ans. Energy stored in an inductor/coil/solenoid :
When a current flows through an inductor/solenoid, work is
done against back emf ( = ), which is stored as magnetic potential
energy.
Rate of work done, when a current I is passing through the inductor
⇨ = = =
=
⇨
But for a solenoid,
⇨
64. A series circuit is connected to an a.c. source having voltage = . Using phasor diagram, derive
expressions for impedance, instantaneous current and its phase relationship to the applied voltage. Also draw
graphs of and versus for the circuit CBSE (AI)-2016
[ Ans. AC through LCR circuit :
We have the applied a.c. voltage
-------(1)
From phasor diagram
Obviously, effective resistance of the circuit, known as
impedance is given by
Obviously, ----(2)
Where,
⇨
From (1) & (2) we conclude that current in the circuit
leads the voltage in phase by .
===============================================================================
65. A voltage = is applied to a series circuit. Derive the expression for average power dissipated over a
cycle. Under what condition is -
(i) no power is dissipated even though the current flows through the circuit,
(ii) maximum power dissipated in the circuit. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2014,(D)-2016
[ Ans. We have the applied voltage
& Where,
⇨
⇨
⇨
Average power per cycle
⇨
⇨
⇨
⇨ Where, is called power factor
(i) For a pure inductive or capacitive circuit,
⇨ which shows that, no power is dissipated even current flows through the circuit
(ii) at resonance when

⇨ maximum Which shows that at resonance m ax power is dissipated
66. Draw a schematic diagram of a step up/step down transformer. Explain its working principle. Deduce the expression
for the secondary to primary voltage in terms of the number of turns in the two coils.
In an ideal transformer, how is this ratio related to the currents in the two coils ?
CBSE (F)-2017,2012,2009,(AI)-2015,2010,(D)-2016
[ Ans. Transformer : It is an electrical device which, which is used to increase or decrease the voltage in a.c. circuits.
Principle : It is based on the principle of mutual induction, i,e, whenever there is change in magnetic flux
linked with a coil, an emf is induced in the neighbouring coil
Working :
When an alternating voltage is
applied to the primary, magnetic flux linked with
it changes which links to the secondary and
induces an emf in it due to mutual induction.
Back emf induced in Primary
Similarly, emf induced in the secondary
⇨ ---------(1)
As the primary has negligible resistance, and if secondary is in an

open circuit then , Then from (1) we have
= = = --------(2)
Where, , is called transformation ratio

Now, if the transformer is ideal, then
power input power output
⇨ X X
⇨ = = =
It shows that when voltage is stepped-up, the current is correspondingly reduced in the same ratio, and vice-versa
==================================================================================
(ii) Describe briefly any two energy losses, giving the reason of their occurrence in actual transformer. How are these
reduced ? CBSE (D)-2016, (AI)-2015, 2010, (F)-2012, 2009
[ Ans. Energy losses in a transformer :
(i) Copper loss : Energy loss as heat due to resistance of primary and secondary is called copper loss and can be
minimized by using thick copper wires
(ii) Iron loss : Energy loss as heat due to eddy currents in the iron core is called Iron loss and can be reduced by
using a laminated iron core
(iii) Hysteresis loss: Magnetisation of iron core is repeatedly reversed by the alternating magnetic field and
energy is lost in the form of heat in the core. This is called hysteresis loss and can be
minimized by using a core of a material having low hysteresis loop.
(iv) Flux leakage : There is always some flux leakage; i,e, all of the flux due to primary does not passes through
the secondary. It can be minimized by winding primary and secondary coils one over the other
(iii) How is the transformer used in large scale transmission and distribution of electrical energy over long distances ?
CBSE (AI)-2016,2010,2008,(AIC)-2014,(F)-2009
[ Ans. (a) output voltage of the power generator is stepped-up so that current is reduced and as a result, line loss I2R is
also reduced
(b) It is then transmitted over long distances to an area sub-station, where voltage is stepped down.
(c) It is further stepped down at local sub-stations and poles before a power supply of 220 V reaches our homes
67. 1. (i) Explain with the help of a labelled diagram, the principle and working of an ac generator and obtain expression
for the emf generated in the coil.
(ii) Draw a schematic diagram showing the nature of the alternating emf generated by the rotating coil in the
magnetic field during one cycle. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2011,(F)-2012,2009,(D)-2010,2007
[ Ans. AC generator : It is a device which converts mechanical energy in to electrical energy.
Principle : It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, i,e, whenever there is change in magnetic flux
linked with a coil, an emf is induced in the coil
Working :
When the armature coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field,
effective area of coil changes continuously due to which
magnetic flux linked with it changes. Hence an emf is induced in the
circuit and a current flows through the coil
At any instant the magnetic flux linked with the coil
BA BA
⇨ Induced emf in the coil
= = ( )
⇨ = ( )=
Obviously, when =1
= = =
⇨ =
& = = =
==============================================================================
2. In a series circuit connected to an a.c. source of variable frequency and voltage , draw a plot
showing the variation of amplitude of circuit current with angular frequency of applied voltage for two different
values of resistance and . Write the condition under which the phenomenon of resonance occurs.
Answer the following using this graph: CBSE (F)-2016,(AI)-2015,(DC)-2014,(D)-2013
(a) In which case the resonance is sharper and why ?
(b) In which case the power dissipation is more and why ?
(c) Which one would be better suited for fine tuning in a receiver set ?
[Ans. Resonance condition : or
(a) Sharper for Reason : Sharpness of resonance
(b) More power dissipation for
Reason : At resonance, power dissipation
(c) for larger value of Q (= , resonance will be sharper hence

circuit with resistance would be better suited for tuning the ]
receiver set
==============================================================================
3. In a series circuit and power factor of the circuit is . When capacitor with capacitance such that
is put in series, the power factor becomes . Calculate . CBSE (D)-2016, (AI)-2015
[ Ans. For LR circuit power factor
When is put in series, for LCR circuit power factor
⇨ ]
UNIT-V-ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
68.1. What are electromagnetic waves ? Are these waves transverse or longitudinal ? BSE (AIC)-2011,(AI)-2001
[ Ans. The waves produced by accelerated charged particles, in which there are sinusoidal variations of electric and
magnetic field vectors at right angles to each other as well as at right angles to the direction of propagation of
wave, are called electromagnetic waves . em waves are trans verse in nature
2. (i) How are electromagnetic waves produced ? Explain. CBSE (F)-2017,(AI)-2016,2015
(ii) What is the source of energy of these waves ?
[ Ans.(i) Production of em waves : em waves are produced by accelerated/ oscillating charges
A charge oscillating with some frequency, produces an oscillating electric field in
space, which produces an oscillating magnetic field perpendicular to the electric field, which in turn is a source of
electric field, this process goes on repeating, producing em waves in space perpendicular to both fields.
(ii) Source of energy of em waves is the energy of accelerated/ oscillating charge
3. What oscillates in electromagnetic waves ? CBSE (DC)-2010
[ Ans. Electric and magnetic vectors oscillates in an em wave
4. What is the phase relationship between oscillating electric and magnetic fields in an em wave ? CBSE (AIC)-2010
[ Ans. They are in the same phase
5. What is the frequency of em waves produced by oscillating charge of frequency ? CBSE (AI)-2015,2010
[ Ans. Frequency of em wave frequency of oscillating charge
6. When can a charge acts as a source of em wave ? CBSE (D)-2013,2005,(AI)-2012,(AIC)-2004
[ Ans. when charge is either accelerated or oscillating
7. Write the relation for the speed of electromagnetic waves in terms of the amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields.
[ Ans. Speed of em waves is given by the ratio of the amplitudes of electric and magnetic field vectors. CBSE (AI)-2017
8. Write the expression for speed of electromagnetic waves in a medium of electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability .
9. What is meant by the transverse nature of electromagnetic waves ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2015
[ Ans. Transverse nature means, & are to each other as well as to the direction of propagation of the wave
10. How are the directions of the electric and magnetic field vectors in an em wave are related to each other and to the
direction of propagation of the em waves ? CBSE (F)-2012
[ Ans. & are to each other as well as to the direction of propagation of the wave
11. In which directions do the electric and magnetic field vectors oscillate in an electromagnetic wave propagating along the x-axis ?
[ Ans. along y-axis and along z-axis CBSE (AI)-2017
(Alternatively along z-axis and along y-axis
12. Write mathematical expression for electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave propagating along z-axis.
[ Ans. – & –
13. Draw a sketch of linearly polarized em waves propagating in the Z-direction. Indicate the directions of the oscillating
electric and magnetic fields. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2010,(F)-2014,(D)-2009
[ Ans.
14. Write the expression for the energy density of an

electromagnetic wave propagating in free space. CBSE (AI)-2015
[ Ans. =
69. 1. Name the following constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum which- CBSE (AI)-2016,2005
(i) are used in satellite communication/in radar and geostationary satellite CBSE (D) -2010, 2004
(ii) are used for studying crystal structure of solids CBSE (AI)-2007, (F)-2012,2005
(iii) are similar to the radiations emitted during decay of radioactive nuclei CBSE (AI)-2005, (AIC)-2005
(iv) used for water purification/ are absorbed from sunlight by ozone layer CBSE (AI)-2007, (F)-2005
[ Ans. (i) microwaves (ii) x- rays (iii) - rays (iv) UV rays
2. Name the following constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum which- CBSE (AI)-2016,2005
(i) has its wavelength range between 390 nm to 770 nm CBSE (AI)-2005, (AIC)-2005
(ii) produce intense heating effect/ used in warfare to look through fog CBSE (AI)-2007, (F)-2005
(iii) are used for radar systems used in aircraft navigation CBSE (D)-2015,(F)-2012,(AI)-2007
[ Ans. (i) visible light (ii) Infrared rays (iii) microwaves
3. Name the following constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum which-
(i) are adjacent to the low frequency end of electromagnetic spectrum CBSE (F)-2010
(ii) produced by nuclear reactions/used to destroy cancer cells/treatment of cancer CBSE (F)-2010
(iii) produced by bombarding a metal target by high speed electrons. CBSE (AI)-2016, (F)-2009
(iv) maintains the earth’s warmth/ used in remote sensing CBSE (F) -2012 ,(AI) -2007
[ Ans. (i) microwaves (ii) - rays (iii) x- rays (iv) Infrared rays
4. Which constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum is used - CBSE (F)-2004
(i) in Radar
(ii) in photographs of internal parts of human body/as a diagnostic tool in medicine CBSE (D) -2015
(iii) for taking photographs of sky, during night and fog conditions. CBSE (D)-2004
(iv) has the largest penetrating power CBSE (D) -2010, 2004
Give reason for your answer in each case.
[ Ans. (i) microwaves because they go straight and are not absorbed by the atmosphere
(ii) x- rays because they can penetrate light elements (flesh)
(iii) Infrared rays, because they penetrate fog and are not absorbed by the atmosphere
(iv) as they have the highest frequency and hence highest energy
5. Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths- CBSE (Sample Paper)-2009
(i) are used to treat muscular strain CBSE (D) -2015
(ii) are used by a F.M. radio station for broadcasting
(iii) are used to detect fractures in bones CBSE (D) -2015
(iv) are absorbed by ozone layer of the atmosphere CBSE (D) -2010, 2004
Identify the name and part of electromagnetic spectrum to which these radiations belong. Arrange these
wavelengths in order of magnitude.
[ Ans. (i) Infrared rays (ii) radio waves (iii) x- rays (iv) UV rays, , ,> >
6. Identify the electromagnetic waves whose wavelength vary as and also write one use for each. CBSE (AI)-2017
(i) (ii)
[Ans. (i) X-rays/ s used for medical purposes/ nuclear reactions (ii) Microwaves used for radar systems
7. Identify the electromagnetic waves whose wavelength vary as and also write one use for each. CBSE (AI)-2017
(i) (ii)
[Ans. (i) X-rays/ used for medical purposes/ nuclear reactions
(ii) Infrared/ visible used for muscular treatment/ vision
70. 1. What is meant by displacement current ? CBSE (AIC)-2010
[ Ans. Displacement current : A current which comes in to existence due to time varying electric field, is known as
displacement current
ID =
2. In which situation there is a displacement current but no conduction current ? CBSE (AI)-2016
[ Ans. Between the plates of capacitor during charging/discharging or in the regions of time varying electric field
3. The charging current for a capacitor is 0.25 A. What is the displacement current across its plates ? CBSE (F)-2016
[ Ans. same as the convection current, i,e, ID = 0.25 A
4. Why is the quantity is called displacement current ? CBSE (AIC)-2001

[ Ans. Because the quantity has the dimensions of current and this current exists in a region between the two
plates of a capacitor when displacement of charges occurs there ,i,e, during charging or discharging of capacitor
5. How does Ampere-Maxwell law explain the flow of current through a capacitor when it is being charged by a battery?
Write the expression for displacement current in terms of the rate of change of electric flux. CBSE (D)-2017
[ Ans. During charging, electric flux between the plates of capacitor keeps on changing; this results in the production of a
displacement current between the plates
ID =
6. Why does a galvanometer show a momentary deflection, at the time of charged or discharging a capacitor ? Write
the necessary expression to explain this observation. CBSE (AI)-2017,2016
[ Ans. During charging or discharging of the capacitor, displacement current between the plates is set up . Hence circuit
becomes complete and galvanometer shows momentary deflection
ID =
7. A capacitor has been charged by a d.c. source. What are the magnitudes of conduction and displacement currents,
when it is fully charged ? CBSE (D) -2013
[ Ans. when fully charged then both I = ID =0 and during charging I = ID =
8. What does the displacement current ID = signify ? CBSE (D)-2012
[ Ans. It signifies that the changing electric field can give rise to a magnetic field
9. When an ideal capacitor is charged by a d.c. battery, no current flows. However, when an a.c. source is used, the current flows
continuously. How does one explain this, based on the concept of displacement current ? CBSE (AI)-2017,(D)-2012
[ Ans. In case of d.c. there is no change in electric flux and hence there is no displacement current. Circuit remains
incomplete and capacitor does not conduct and no current flows
In case of a.c. source changing voltage causes change in electric flux and so displacement current (ID = ) is
set up between the plates of capacitor. It completes the circuit and current flows continuously.
10. A capacitor made of two parallel plates each of plate area A and separation d, is being charged by an external a.c.
source. Show that the displacement current inside the capacitor is same as the current charging the capacitor.
[ Ans. Let applied alternating voltage CBSE (AI)-2013
=
At any instant, the conduction current
= = = = = =
Displacement current,
ID = = ( ) = =
11. Write the expression for the generalized Ampere’s circuital law. Through a suitable example, explain the significance
of time dependent term. CBSE (AI)-2015
[ Ans. Generalized Ampere’s circuital law : = I+ )
Significance : Time dependent term i,e, is the displacement current and it signifies that the changing
electric field can give rise to a magnetic field
12. Show that in the process of charging a capacitor, the current produced within the plates of the capacitor is
ID = CBSE (D) -2016
where is the electric flux produced during charging of the capacitor plates.
[ Ans. Electric field between the plates of capacitor, =
⇨ electric flux, = = =
⇨
⇨ =
⇨ ID =
13. Show that in the process of charging a capacitor, displacement current is always equal to conduction current.
[ Ans. Displacement current between the plates of capacitor, during charging CBSE (AIC) -2010
ID = = ( ) = = =I
Unit-VI (Ray & Wave Optics)
71. 1. When a wave is propagating from a rarer to a denser medium, which characteristic of the wave does not change and why ?
[ Ans. frequency, as frequency is a characteristic of the source of waves CBSE (AI)-2015
OR
When monochromatic light travels from one medium to another, its wavelength changes but its frequency remains same. Why ?
[Ans. frequency is a characteristic of the source of waves. That is why it remains the same. CBSE (AI)-2011
But wavelength is characteristic of medium. So wavelength and velocity both change.
2. When monochromatic light is incident on a surface separating two media, the reflected and refracted light both
have the same frequency as the incident frequency. Why ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2010,(D)-2011
[Ans. Reflection and refraction arise through interaction of incident light with atomic constituents of matter which
vibrate with the same frequency as that of incident light. Hence frequency remains unchanged.
3. When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, the speed decreases. Does this decrease in speed imply a
reduction in the energy carried by the wave ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2010
[Ans. No. Energy carried out by a wave depends on the amplitude of the wave, not on the speed of wave propagation.
4. In the wave picture of light, intensity of light is determined by the square of the amplitude of the wave. What
determine the intensity in the photon picture of light ? CBSE (AI)-2016
[Ans. In photon picture, intensity is determined by the number of photons incident normally on a unit area per unit time
5. When light comes from air to glass, the refracted ray is bent towards the normal. Why ? CBSE (DC)-2004
[Ans. =
⇨ ⇨ ⇨ hence, refracted ray is bent towards the normal
6. For the same angle of incidence, the angle of refraction in to two media A and B are and respectively. In
which medium is the speed of light less ? CBSE (AI)-2015,2012
[Ans. In medium A speed of light is less
Reason : = = ⇨ = ⇨ [ angle of incidence is same
But ⇨
7. Define refractive index of a transparent medium. What is the minimum and maximum value of refractive index ?
[Ans. Refractive index : CBSE (AIC)-2017,(AI)-2009
Refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of velocity of light in vacuum to the
velocity of light in that medium
i,e, Minimum value of refractive index is 1 for air and maximum is 2.42 for diamond
8. What is the ratio of the velocity of the wave in the two media of refractive indices and ? CBSE (AI)-2015
[ Ans.
9. How does the refractive index of a transparent medium depend on wavelength of light used ? CBSE (F)-2015
[Ans.
10. When a glass slab is placed on an ink dot, ink dot appears to be raised. Why ? CBSE (AIC)-2010
[ Ans. due to refraction of light
11. By how much would an ink dot appear to be raised, when covered by a glass plate of thickness . Refractive
index of glass is . CBSE (AIC)-2010
[ Ans.
12. The line AB in the ray diagram represents a lens. State whether the lens is convex or concave ? CBSE (AI)-2015
(i) (ii)
[Ans. (i) Convex lens, Reason : refracted ray is bending towards the principal axis
(ii) Concave lens, Reason : refracted ray is bending away from the principal axis
72. 1. What is total internal reflection of light ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2001

[Ans. Total internal reflection : When a ray of light travelling from denser to a rarer medium is incident on the
interface at an angle greater than the critical angle, it is totally reflected back in to the denser medium. This
phenomenon is called total internal reflection of light.
2. State the conditions for the phenomenon of total internal reflection to occur. CBSE (AI)-2016,(D)-2010
[Ans. Conditions for TIR :
(i) light ray must travel from denser to a rarer medium
(ii) angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle ( )
3. Name one phenomenon which is based on total internal reflection. CBSE (AI)-2016
[ Ans. Mirage/ sparkling of diamond/ optical fibre/ totally reflecting prisms
4. Can total internal reflection occur when light goes from rarer to a denser medium ? CBSE (D)-2007
[Ans. No
5. Define critical angle. What is the relation between refractive index & critical angle for a given pair of optical media ?
[Ans. Critical angle : The angle of incidence in the denser medium for which the angle of refraction in the rarer medium
is is called critical angle. CBSE (AI)-2009
Relation :
6. When light travels from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium, why does the critical angle of incidence
depend on the colour/wavelength of light ? CBSE (AI)-2015,2009
[Ans. ⇨ =
As . Hence critical angle would also be different for different colours/wavelengths of light
7. What is the critical angle for a material of refractive index ? CBSE (AI)-2010
[Ans. ⇨
8. Velocity of light in glass is and in air is . If the ray of light passes from glass to air,
calculate the value of critical angle. CBSE (F)-2015
[Ans.
⇨ = =
9. Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angle is CBSE (AI)-2012,2010
[Ans. Now, ⇨
10. In the following ray diagram, calculate the speed of light in the liquid of unknown refractive index. CBSE (AIC)-2017
[ Ans.
⇨
⇨
11. Draw a ray diagram to show how a right angled isosceles prism can be used to- CBSE (AI)-2015,(DC)-2001
(i) deviate a light ray through (i) , (ii) deviate a light ray through to obtain the inverted image
(iii) to invert an image without the deviation of the rays ?
[ Ans. (i) (ii) (iii)
73. 1. Why does a diamond sparkle ? CBSE (D)-2009,2002
[Ans. The brilliance of diamond is due to total internal reflection of light
Refractive index of diamond is very large (2.42) so its critical angle is small (24.4 0). The faces of diamond are cut
in such a manner that light entering diamond from any face suffers multiple total internal reflections and
remains within the diamond but it comes out through only a few faces. Hence the diamond sparkles.
2. Find the relation between critical angle and refractive index. CBSE (AI)-2016
[ Ans. By Snell’s law,
But when ,
⇨ ⇨
3. What is an optical fibre ? Name the phenomenon on which working of an optical fibre is based. Give any two uses of
optical fibres. CBSE (AI)-2016,(D)-2011
[Ans. Optical fibre : An optical fibre is a fine strand of quality glass/quartz surrounded by a glass coating of
slightly lower refractive index called cladding.
Phenomenon : Total internal reflection of light
Uses : (a) in transmission of optical signals
(b) as light pipe in medical examination of stomach etc.
===============================================================================
4. Draw a labelled diagram of an optical fibre. Explain how light propagates through the optical fiber.
[Ans. Phenomenon : Total internal reflection CBSE (AI)-2016,(D)-2011
Working :
When a signal in the form of light
enters at one end of the fibre at suitable angle,
it undergoes repeated total internal reflections
and finally comes out at the other end.
74.1. What is scattering light ? What is the condition for Rayleigh scattering to occur ? CBSE (AIC)-2010
[Ans. Scattering of light : This is the phenomenon in which light is deflected from its path due to its interaction with
the particles of the medium through which it passes.
Condition : size of scatterer
2. Why cannot we see clearly through fog ? Name the phenomenon responsible for it. CBSE (AI)-2016
[Ans. Some light gets deviated/ scattered/ absorbed
Phenomenon- Scattering of light
3. Why does bluish colour predominate in the sky ? CBSE (AI)-2015,2008,(D)-2010
[Ans. due to most scattering of blue light
as blue light has the smallest wavelength and as per Rayleigh’s law of scattering, intensity of scattered light
4. Why does Sun appears red at sunrise and sunset ? CBSE (AI)-2016,(F)-2015
[Ans. due to least scattering of red light
as red light has the longest wavelength and as per Rayleigh’s law of scattering, intensity of scattered light
5. Clouds appear white. Why ? CBSE (AIC)-2010
[Ans. due to equal scattering of all colours of light
Large particles such as dust, raindrops, ice particle do not scatter light in accordance with Raleigh’s law but
scatters light of all colours almost equally
6. Give reasons for the following observations on the surface of the moon : CBSE (AI)-2000
(a) Sunrise and sunset are abrupt. (b) Sky appears dark (c) a rainbow is never formed.
[Ans. (a) Moon has no atmosphere. There is no scattering of light. Sunlight reaches the moon straight covering the short
distance. Hence sunrise and sunset are abrupt.
(b) Moon has no atmosphere. There is nothing to scatter sunlight towards the moon. No skylight reaches moon
surface. Hence sky appears black in the day time as it does at night.
(c) No water vapours are present at moon surface. No clouds are formed. There are no rains
on the moon, so rainbow is never formed
75. 1. Why is aperture of objective lens of a telescope is taken large ? CBSE (AI)-2013
[ Ans. to increase the light gathering capacity and hence brightness of the image
2. State two main considerations taken into account while choosing the objective in optical telescopes with large diameters.
[ Ans. (i) better light gathering power CBSE (AI)-2015
(ii) high resolving power
3. The objective of a telescope is of larger focal length and of larger aperture (as compared to eye piece). Why ?
[ Ans. (i) Objective of larger focal length increases magnification ( ) CBSE (AIC)-2013
(ii) Objective of larger aperture has large light gathering capacity and hence increases the brightness of image/
have a high resolving power
4. Why is eye piece of a telescope is of short focal length, while objective of large focal length ? Explain.
⇨ for large angular magnification,

Hence, focal length of objective should be large, while focal length of eye piece should be small
5. State the condition under which a large magnification can be achieved in an astronomical telescope.CBSE (F)-2017
[Ans. (i) By increasing /decreasing or
(ii) Distance between two lenses

6. You are given the following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and as an objective to
construct an astronomical telescope ? Give reason. CBSE (AI)-2017,(D)-2009
[Ans. Objective lens : Lens

& Eye piece : Lens Reason :
⇨ for higher magnification & brighter image, objective should have large aperture and large focal length
& eye piece should have small aperture and small focal length
7. You are given three lenses of power and to design a telescope. Which lenses should you use as
an objective and eyepiece of an astronomical telescope ? Justify your answer. CBSE (AI)-2016
[Ans. Objective lens :
& Eye piece :
Justification :
⇨ for higher magnification, objective should have large focal length & eye piece should have small focal length
8. Write two main limitations of refracting telescopes. Explain how these can be minimized in a reflecting telescope.
[ Ans. Limitations of refracting telescope: CBSE (F)-2016,2015,(AI)-2013
(i) Suffers from spherical aberration . It can be corrected by using parabolic mirror objective
(ii) Suffers from chromatic aberration. It can be corrected by using mirror objective instead of spherical lens
(iii) Image is less bright/ small magnifying power/small resolving power
In reflecting telescope image is bright due to reflection and has high resolving power due to large aperture
9. Give two reasons to explain why a reflecting telescope is preferred over a refracting telescope. CBSE (F)-2017
OR
State the advantages of reflecting telescope over refracting telescope. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,(D)-2016,2009
[ Ans. (i) No chromatic/spherical aberration as mirror is used as objective in reflecting telescope
(ii) Brighter image/ high resolving power as mirror of large aperture is used as objective in reflecting telescope
76. A concave mirror produces a real and magnified image of an object kept in front of it. Draw a ray diagram to show
The mage formation and use it to derive the mirror equation. CBSE (AI)-2015
[ Ans. Derivation of mirror formula:
and are similar
= -----------(1)
and are also similar
= ----------(2)
⇨ from equation (1) and (2)
=
–
⇨ = ⇨ = ⇨ =
⇨
Dividing by on both sides we get, = +
⇨
==================================================================================
77.A point object O on the principal axis of a spherical surface of radius separating two media of refractive indices
and forms an image as shown in the figure. CBSE (F)-2017,(AI)-2015
Prove that
=
[ Ans. By Snell’s law,
For small angles,
⇨ -----------(1)
In OAC and IAC,

&
⇨ from (1),
⇨ ( ) ----------(2)
let the aperture of the surface is also very small then we have
=
= & =
⇨ from equation (2)
+ =
⇨ + =
Or
= =
==================================================================================
78.Derive expression for the lens maker’s formula using necessary ray diagrams. CBSE (AI)-2016,2014,2012,2011
=
Also state the assumptions in deriving the above relation and the sign conventions used.
[ Ans. For the refraction at the interface ABC,
= ---------(1)
For the refraction at ADC, image will act as an

imaginary object and if the lens is very thin, then
= ---------(2)
on adding (1) & (2) we get

=
⇨ =
⇨ =
But when then

⇨ =
Assumptions used :
(i) lens used is very thin.
(ii) Aperture of the lens is very small
(iii) Object is a point object placed at the principal axis.
(iv) All the rays are paraxial.
New Cartesian sign conventions used :
(i) All distances are measured from the optical centre of the lens
(ii) Distances measured in the direction of incident ray are positive
(iii) Distances measured in the opposite direction of incident ray are negative.
79 . (i) Draw a schematic diagram of a reflecting telescope. State the advantages of reflecting telescope over refracting telescope.
(ii) What is its magnifying power ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,(D)-2016,2009
[Ans. Advantages of reflecting telescope
(i) No chromatic aberration
(ii) No spherical aberration
(iii) Brighter image
(iv) large magnifying power
(v) High resolving power
80. Two thin convex lenses and of focal lengths and respectively, are placed coaxially in contact. An object is placed at a
point beyond the focus of lens . Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation and hence derive the expression for the focal
length of the combined system. CBSE (AI)-2017,2016,2014
[ Ans. For the refraction by lens we have
= ---------------(1)
For the refraction by lens , will act as an imaginary object,

⇨ = --------------(2)
On adding equation (1) and (2) we get

+ = +
⇨ = + ------------(3)
Let be the focal length of this lens combination then we have

= -------------(4)
From (3) and (4),
= +
==================================================================================
81. Draw a ray diagram to show the refraction of light through a glass prism. Hence derive the relation
= CBSE (F)-2017,(AI)-2016,(D)-2016
[ Ans. Refraction through a glass prism :

Let a light ray is incident on the principal section
ABC of a glass prism as shown
In quadrilateral ,
0
90 900 3600
⇨ 1800 ----------(1)
In triangle
1800 ----------(2)
From (1) and (2)
--------(3)
Now, total deviation
⇨ – ---------(4)
But when , hence
⇨ from (3), ⇨
From (4), 2i – ⇨
⇨ =
82. 1. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the image formation by an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment.
(ii) Define magnifying power of an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment (i,e, when the final image is formed at infinity).
(iii) Derive the expression for its magnifying power in normal adjustment.
[ Ans. CBSE (AI)-2017,2016,(F)-2016,2009
Magnifying power : It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final image to the angle
subtended at the eye by the object, when both are at infinity
⇨
===========================================================================
2. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope when the final image is formed at least distance of
distinct vision.
(ii) Define its magnifying power and deduce the expression for the magnifying power of telescope.
[ Ans. CBSE (F)-2015,2014,(AI)-2013
Magnifying power : It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the image at the least distance of
the distinct vision to the angle subtended at the eye by the object at infinity, when seen directly
= -------(1)
But for eye lens,
⇨
⇨ from (1), =
3. Write the main considerations required in selecting the objective and eye piece lenses in order to have large
magnifying power and high resolution of the telescope CBSE (AI)-2014
[ Ans. &
(i) to have large magnifying power
Hence, focal length of objective should be large, while focal length of eye piece should be small
(ii) to have high resolving power D should be large. Hence aperture of objective should be large
83. 1. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a compound microscope when image is formed at least distance of distinct vision.
Define its magnifying power and deduce the expression for the magnifying power of the microscope.
CBSE (AI)-2016,2010,(F)-2015,2013,(D)-2014
[ Ans. ray diagram of a compound microscope when the final image is at least distance of distinct vision:
Magnifying power : It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the image to the angle subtended at
the eye by the object, when both lie at the least distance of distinct vision.
⇨ ------------(1)
But for eye lens,
⇨
⇨ from (1),
===============================================================================
2. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope in normal adjustment.
(ii) Define magnifying power of a compound microscope in normal adjustment and derive an expression for it.
[ Ans. ray diagram of a compound microscope in normal adjustment CBSE (D)-2017,(AI)-2015
[ Ans. Magnifying power : Magnifying power of a compound microscope is defined as the angle subtended at the eye
by the final image to the angle subtended (at the un aided eye) by the object
= X = X
When the object is very close to , and the image formed is very close to eye lens, then
and L
= X
84.1. Three rays of different colours fall normally on one of the sides of an isosceles right angled prism as shown.
The refractive index of prism for these rays is , and respectively. Find which of these rays get
internally reflected and which get only refracted from . Trace the path of rays. Justify your answer.
[Ans. For TIR, CBSE (F)-2016,(AI)-2011,(D)-2009
⇨
⇨ [ ]
⇨
⇨
Hence rays (2) & (3) will go TIR
===========================================================================
2. A ray of light incident normally on one face of a right isosceles prism is totally reflected as shown. What must be the
minimum value of refractive index of glass ? Give relevant calculations. CBSE (D)-2016
[ Ans. For TIR,
⇨
⇨ ⇨
⇨ ⇨
===============================================================================
3. A beam of light converges at a point P. Now a lens is placed in the path of the convergent beam 12 cm from P. At
what point does the beam converge if the lens is CBSE (AI)-2015,NCERT-2017
(i) a convex lens of focal length 20 cm,
(ii) a concave lens of focal length 16 cm ?
[ Ans. = + 12 cm, = + 20 cm = + 12 cm, = 16 cm
= =
⇨ = ⇨ =
⇨ = + = = = ⇨ = = =
⇨ = + 7.5 cm ⇨ = + 48 cm
===============================================================================
4. A ray of light incident on one of the faces of a glass prism of angle ‘A’ has angle of incidence 2A. The refracted ray in
the prism strikes the opposite face which is silvered, the reflected ray from it retracing its path. Trace the ray
diagram and find the relation between the refractive index of the material of the prism and the angle of the prism.
[ Ans. We know CBSE (AI)-2015
But here,
⇨
⇨
===============================================================================
5. Using mirror formula, explain why does a convex mirror always produce a virtual image ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2011
[ Ans. ⇨ -------(1)
Hence from (1) is always positive, hence image is always virtual
85.1. You are given two converging lenses of focal lengths 1.25 cm and 5 cm to design a compound microscope. If it is
desired to have a magnification of 30, find out the separation between the objective and the eyepiece.
[ Ans. CBSE (AI)-2015
⇨ ⇨ ⇨
2. (i) A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 150 cm and eyepiece of focal length 5 cm. What is the
magnifying power of the telescope for viewing distant objects in normal adjustment ? CBSE (AI)-2015
(ii) If this telescope is used to view a 100 m tall tower 3 km away, what is the height of the image of the tower
formed by the objective lens ? CBSE (AI)-2015
[ Ans. (i)
(ii) For objective lens,
⇨ ⇨
⇨
3. (i) A giant refracting telescope has an objective lens of focal length 15 m. If an eye piece of focal length 1.0 cm is
used, what is the angular magnification of the telescope ? CBSE (D)-2015,(AI)-2011,NCERT-2017
(ii) If this telescope is used to view the moon, what is the diameter of the image of the moon formed by the
objective lens ? The diameter of the moon is 3.48 × and the radius of lunar orbit is .
[ Ans.(i) Angular magnification
(ii) Angle subtended by the moon
Angle subtended by the image
⇨ ⇨
==============================================================================
4. Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is incident from air on a water surface. If for water is 1.33, find the
wavelength, frequency and speed of the refracted light. CBSE (AI)-2017,NCERT-2017
[Ans.
Speed
1. Calculate the distance of an object of height from a concave mirror of radius of curvature so as to obtain a
real image of magnification . Also find the location of the image. CBSE (D)-2016
[ Ans. Given, ,
⇨ ⇨ --------( 1)
⇨ ⇨
From (1)
86. 1. Define a wavefront. How is it different from a ray ? CBSE (AI)-2017,2016,2015,2010,(D)-2013,2011
[ Ans. Wavefront : Continuous locus of all the particles of a medium vibrating in the same phase is called wavefront
Difference from a ray :
(i) A ray is always normal to the wavefront at each point.
(ii) A ray gives the direction of propagation of light wave while the wavefront is the surface of constant phase
2. State Huygen’s principle. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2010,2006,(D)-2013,2011,2008

[ Ans. Huygen’s Principle :
(i) Each point on the wave front acts as a fresh source of new disturbance, called secondary wavelets, which spread
out in all directions with the same velocity as that of the original wave
(ii) The forward envelope of these secondary
wavelets drawn at any instant, gives the shape
and position of new wave front at that instant
==================================================================================
2. (i) Sketch the wavefront that will emerge from a distance source of light like a star.
CBSE (F) -2010,(D)-2009,(AI)-2001,(AIC)-2004,2003
(ii) Sketch the shape of wavefront emerging/diverging from a point source of light and also mark the rays.
CBSE (F) -2009,2002,(D)-2009,2005, (AI)-2003,2001
(iii) Sketch the wavefront that will emerge from a linear source of light like a slit.
CBSE (D)-2009,(F)-2002,(AI)-2001
[ Ans. (i) Plane wavefront (ii) Spherical wavefront (iii) Cylindrical Wavefront
==================================================================================
3. Sketch the reflected wavefront emerging from a (i) concave mirror (ii) convex mirror, if plane wavefront is incident
normally on it. CBSE (AI)-2015,2006, (Sample Paper)-2011
[ Ans. (i) reflected wavefront from a concave mirror (ii) reflected wavefront from a convex mirror
==============================================================================
4. Sketch the refracted wavefront emerging from a convex/concave lens/prism, if plane wavefront is incident normally on it.
CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2006,2003,(AIC)-2004
[ Ans. (a) refracted wavefront from a convex/concave lens (b) refracted wavefront from a prism
87. Using Huygen’s construction draw a figure showing the propagation of a plane wavefront reflecting at a plane surface.
Show that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. CBSE (D)-2008,2003
[ Ans. Explanation of reflection on the basis of Huygen’s wave theory
Let a plane wavefront AB is incident on a reflecting surface XY as shown. By the Huygens’s principle, in the
time disturbance reaches from B to C, secondary wavelets from A must have spread over a hemisphere of radius
AD = BC = ct. Hence tangent CD be the reflected wavefront
In ABC & ADC,

AC = common
= = 900
AD = BC = c t
⇨ ABC ADC
=
==== ==============================================================================
2. Use Huygens’ principle to verify the laws of refraction. CBSE (AI)-2017
OR
Derive Snell’s law on the basis of Huygen’s wave theory when light is travelling from a rarer to a denser medium/
Denser to rarer medium. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2006,2002,(D)-2013,2011,2008,2005 (AIC)-2011
[ Ans. Explanation of refraction on the basis of Huygen’s wave theory
Let a plane wavefront AB is incident on a refracting surface XY as shown. By the Huygens’s principle,
in the time disturbance reaches from B to C, secondary wavelets from A must have spread over a hemisphere
of radius t. Hence tangent CD be the refracted wavefront
Obviously, = = = = constant This is Snell’s law of refraction
==================================================================================
88. Two harmonic waves of monochromatic light CBSE (AI)S -2016,(AIC)-2015,2014,(D)-2014
and
are superimposed on each other. Show that the maximum intensity in interference pattern is four times the intensity
due to each slit. Hence write the condition for constructive and destructive interference in terms of the phase angle .
[ Ans. &
⇨ = + = + =
⇨
⇨ Resultant intensity,
where is the intensity of each monochromatic wave
Obviously, X intensity due to one slit
For constructive interference,
⇨ = or = where = 0,1,2,3,------- and

For destructive interference,
⇨ = or = where = 1,2,3,------- and 0

89. Derive an expression for path difference in Young’s double slit experiment and obtain the conditions for constructive
and destructive interference at a point on the screen. Hence find the expression for fringe width. Also draw a graph
showing the variation of intensity in the interference pattern.
CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2014,2012, (D)-2016,2012,2011, (F)-2015
[ Ans. Let ‘S ‘ be a monochromatic source of light of wavelength
The path difference
=
Now, = +
⇨ = + + – + =
⇨ =
If point P is very close to point O then
⇨ = =
For constructive interference at P
= where = 0,1,2,3,------
⇨
⇨ for bright fringe,
For destructive interference at P
= where = 1,2,3,---------
⇨
⇨ for dark fringe,
Fringe width
Width of a dark fringe
= = = = ⇨ =
Width of a bright fringe

= =
=
= ⇨
==================================================================================
5. (i) What is sustained interference pattern ? Write the necessary conditions to obtain sustained interference fringes.
[ Ans. Sustained interference pattern : CBSE (AI)-2015
An interference pattern, in which the positions of maxima and minima on the
screen does not change with time, is called sustained interference
Conditions : (i) Two sources must be coherent
(ii) Waves emitted by two sources should have same frequency and equal or nearly equal amplitude
(iii) Two sources should be quite narrow and the separation between them should be small
(iv) Distance of screen from the sources should be large
5. (ii) What is the effect on interference fringes in a Young’s double slit experiment when the monochromatic source of
light is replaced by a source of white light ? Explain. CBSE (F)-2012
[ Ans. The interference pattern consists of a central white fringe having on both sides a few coloured fringes and then a
general illumination
Reason : Due to zero path difference, all the waves of different colour produce bright fringes at the centre which
overlap and we get central white fringe.
As, , so closest fringe on either side of the central white fringe is violet and the farthest fringe
is red. After a few fringes, the interference pattern is lost due to large overlapping of the fringes and
uniform white illumination is seen on the screen.
90. When a parallel beam of monochromatic source of light of wavelength is incident on a single slit of width , show
how the diffraction pattern is formed at the screen by the interference of the wavelets from the slit.
(i) Show that, besides the central maximum at , secondary maxima are observed at & minima at
(ii) Show that angular width of central maximum is twice the angular width of secondary maximum and hence find the relation for
linear width of central maximum. CBSE (F)-2017,2016,2013,2012,2011,(AI)-2016,2014,(D)-2012
[ Ans. When a parallel beam of monochromatic light is incident on a single slit, By the Huygen’s principle, secondary wavelets
from each point on the slit superpose on each other and diffraction pattern is obtained on the screen.
Central maximum : Wavelets from any two corresponding points of the two halves of the slit reach the central point in the
same phase to produce maxima . The entire incident wavefront contributes to this central maxima
Positions of minima :
Path difference, a
Wavelets from upper half of the slit and the corresponding points in the lower half is received with path difference at P.
Thus destructive interference takes place and we get first minimum.
i,e, for first secondary minimum
a
⇨ for secondary minimum ,
a where = 1,2,3,-------
If is very small then for secondary minima
Positions of secondary maxima :

Dividing the slit in to three equal parts, wavelets from two parts will meet with phase difference
each and produce destructive interference and the wavelets from third part will produce first secondary maximum
i,e, for first secondary maximum
a
⇨ for secondary maximum
a where = 1,2,3,-------
If is very small then for secondary maxima
Width of central maximum :

for the first minima,
& for the second minima,
⇨ linear width of first minimum =D =
Angular width of central maximum
Angular width of secondary maxima Angular width of central maxima
⇨ linear width of central maxima

⇨
==================================================================================
91. 1. Draw the intensity pattern for single slit diffraction and double slit interference. CBSE (AI)-2017,2004
[ Ans. Interference Diffraction
==============================================================================
2. State two differences between interference and diffraction patterns. CBSE (AI)-2017,(D)-2017
[ Ans.
Interference Diffraction
1. It is due to superposition of two waves from two
1. It is due to superposition of secondary wavelets from
coherent sources different parts of the same wavefront
2. Width of fringes/ bands is equal2. Width of fringes/bands is not equal
3. All maxima have same intensity 3. Maxima have different intensity and intensity decreases
rapidly with the order of maxima
===============================================================================
3. Explain with reason, how the resolving power of an astronomical telescope will change when - CBSE (AI)-2002
(i) frequency of the incident light on the objective lens is increased
(ii) the focal length of the objective lens is increased ?
(iii) aperture of the objective lens is halved
(iv) the wavelength of the incident light is increased ? Justify your answer in each case.
[ Ans. R. P. of a Telescope
(i) R.P. increases as R.P. (ii) R.P. does not change as it does not depend on focal length of the objective lens
(iii) R.P. is halved as R.P. (iv) R.P. decreases as R.P.
4. How does the resolving power of a microscope change when CBSE (AI)-2015,2008,2005
(i) the diameter/aperture of the objective lens is decreased,
(ii) the wavelength of the incident light is increased ?
(iii) refractive index of the medium between the object and the objective lens increases
(iv) the focal length of the objective lens is increased ? Justify your answer in each case.
[ Ans.
(i) R.P. decreases because as D decreases, also decreases and R.P.

(ii) R.P. decreases as R.P.
(iii) R.P. increases as R.P.
(iv) R.P. does not change as it does not depend on focal length of the objective lens
5. Why is no interference pattern is observed when two coherent sources are- CBSE (AI)-2001
(i) infinitely close to each other (ii) far apart from each other
[ Ans.
(i) when sources are placed infinitely close to each other, ⇨

Even a single fringe may occupy the entire screen. Hence no interference pattern will be observed
(ii) when the distance d becomes too large, fringe width becomes too small to be detected. Hence no interference
pattern will be observed
6.Two slits are made apart and the screen is placed away. What should be the width of each slit to obtain
maxima of the double slit pattern within the central maximum of the single slit pattern ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2015
[ Ans. &
Given, ⇨ ⇨
92. 1. (i) What is a Polaroid ? What does a polaroid consists of ? CBSE (AI)-2015,(DC)-2013,(AIC)-2001
(ii) How does one demonstrate, using a suitable diagram, that unpolrised light when passed through a polaroid gets
polarized ? CBSE (D)-2014, (AI)-2012,2010
(iii) How will you use it to distinguish between unpolarised light and plane polarised light ? CBSE (AI)-2015
[ Ans. (i) Polaroid : A Polaroid is a thin commercial sheet which makes use of the property of selective absorption to
produce an intense beam of plane polarised light
A Polaroid consists of a long chain of molecules aligned in a particular direction
(ii) Plane Polarized light from Polaroid :
When an unpolarised light falls on it, the electric vectors
oscillating along the direction of aligned molecules get absorbed and
those oscillating in the direction perpendicular to the direction of
alignment of molecules are passed through it. Hence the emergent
light is plane polarised or linearly polarised
(iii) Distinction :
When unpolarised light is seen through a rotating Polaroid,
intensity of transmitted light does not change, it remains /2
When plane polarised light is seen through a rotating Polaroid, the intensity of transmitted light varies.
It becomes twice maximum and twice zero in each rotation
===============================================================================
2. When unpolarised light is incident on the boundary separating the two transparent media, explain, with the help of a suitable
diagram, the conditions under which the reflected light gets polarised. Hence derive the relation of Brewster’s angle in terms of
the relative refractive index of the two media. CBSE (AI)-2016,2014,2012,2008,(F)-2013,(D)-2014,2010
[ Ans. Polarization of light by reflection
When unpolarised light falls on a transparent surface, both
the reflected and refracted light are found partially polarised. It is
observed that, the degree of polarization of reflected light varies with
angle of incidence. At Brewster’s angle , reflected light is completely
plane polarised when the refracted and reflected rays make a right
angle with each other.
i,e, when = , ⇨
By Snell’s law,
⇨ This equation is called Brewster’s law

3. Show, with the help of a suitable diagram, how unpolarized sunlight gets polarized due to scattering ?
CBSE (AI)-2017,2014,2013,(F)-2014
[ Ans. Polarization of sunlight due to scattering
Scattered light is found to be plane polarized perpendicular
to the original direction.
Under the influence of electric field of incident wave, the
electrons in the air molecules acquire components of motion in both
the directions, parallel as well as perpendicular to the plane of paper
( as well as ). Charges accelerating parallel to , do not radiates
energy towards observer since their acceleration has no transverse
component. Hence the radiation, scattered towards the observer
gets linearly polarized.
4. The light from a clear blue portion of the sky shows a rise and fall in intensity when viewed through a polaroid which
is rotated. Why ? CBSE (AI)-2015
[ Ans. It is due to polarization of sunlight by scattering
Reason : When unpolarized sunlight falls on air molecules, it gets scattered and is found to be plane polarized
to the original direction hence shows rise & fall in intensity when viewed through a rotating polaroid
93.1. Unpolarised light is passed through a polaroid . When this polarised beam passes through another polaroid and
if the pass axis of makes angle with the pass axis of , then write the expression for the polarised beam
passing through . CBSE (AI)-2017
[ Ans.
=============================================================================
2. Find an expression for intensity of transmitted light when a polaroid sheet is rotated between two crossed polaroids.
In which position of the polaroid sheet will the transmitted intensity be maximum ? CBSE (D)-2015,2010
[ Ans. Let ntensity of polarised light passing through
⇨ Intensity of light after passing through second polarizer
=
Now, Intensity of light after passing through third polarizer
= =
⇨ = = (2 )2
= )2
⇨
Transmitted intensity will be –
(i) minimum when = 0 or = 00
(ii) maximum when = 1 or = 900 or = 450
===============================================================================
3. A narrow beam of unpolarised light of intensity is incident on a Polaroid . The light transmitted by it then
incident on a second Polaroid with its pass axis making an angle of 600 with relative to the pass axis of . Find
the intensity of light transmitted by . CBSE (D)-2017
[ Ans. Intensity through , = =
Intensity through , = = =
4. Two Polaroids and are placed with their pass axes perpendicular to each other. Unpolarised light of intensity
is incident on . A third Polaroid is kept in between and such that its pass axis makes an angle of 600 with
that of . Determine the intensity of light transmitting through , and . CBSE (AI) -2014
[ Ans. Intensity through , = =
Intensity through , = = =
Intensity through ,
= = = =
5. Light waves from two coherent sources arrive at two points on a screen with path differences of 0 and /2. Find the
ratio of intensities at these points. CBSE (AIC)-2017
[ Ans. (i) ⇨ X 0 (ii) ⇨ X
⇨
&
⇨
6. Find the intensity at a point on a screen in Young’s double slit experiment where the interfering waves of equal
intensity have a path difference of (i) /4, and (ii) /3. CBSE (F)-2017
[ Ans. (i) ⇨ X (ii) ⇨ X
⇨
94.1.In Young’s double slit experiment, using monochromatic light of wavelength , the intensity of light at a point on the
screen where path difference is , is K units. Find out the intensity of light at a point where path difference is .
[ Ans. (i) ⇨ X CBSE (D)-2015,2012,NCERT-2017
⇨ (given)
(ii) ⇨ X
⇨
2. Two coherent sources have intensities in the ratio 25 : 16. Find the ratio of intensities of maxima to minima after
interference of light occurs. CBSE (DC)-2003
[ Ans. Given, ⇨ ⇨ ?
⇨ 81 : 1
3. In Young’s double slit experiment, two slits are apart and the screen is placed away from the slits.
Calculate the fringe width when light of wavelength is used. CBSE (AI)E -2016
[ Ans. Given, 1 D , ?
fringe width,
4.-A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, and 60 , is used to obtain the interference fringes in a
Young’s double slit experiment on a screen is placed away. If two slits are separated by , Calculate the
least distance from the central bright maximum where the bright fringes of the two wavelengths coincide.
[ Ans. Given, , ,D , CBSE (AI)-2012
, Least distance of coincide ?
condition for coincide is
⇨ ⇨
⇨ X 60 X
⇨ 6 6 ⇨ ⇨ Required least distance
1.2 X
5. A slit of width is illuminated by red light of wavelength . For what value of will -
(i) the first minimum fall at an angle of diffraction of CBSE (AI)-2009, (F)-2006
(ii) the first maximum fall at an angle of diffraction of
[ Ans. Given,
(i) a
⇨ 2X 1.3 X
(ii) a
⇨ 3X 1.95 X
6.-The wavelengths of two Sodium light of and are used in turn to study the diffraction taking place at a
single slit of aperture The distance between the slit and the screen is . Calculate the separation
between the positions of first maxima of the diffraction pattern observed in the two cases.
CBSE (AIC)-2017,(AI)-2014,(D)-2013,(DC)-2006
[ Ans. Given, , ,D , a , ?
for first maxima,
⇨ 6.75 X
Unit-VII-Dual Nature of matter & radiation
95.1. What is Photoelectric effect ? CBSE (AI)-2007,2004,(D)-2002

[ Ans. Photoelectric effect : When an electromagnetic radiation (such as U.V rays, x-rays etc.) of suitable frequency is
incident on a metal surface, electrons are emitted from the surface. This phenomenon is called photoelectric effect
2. Define the term Work function of a photoelectric surface. CBSE (AI)-2007,2004,(D)-2002
[ Ans. (i) Work function (W) : The minimum energy required to by an electron to just eject out from the metallic surface
is called work function of that surface W
3. Define the term (i) cut off frequency & (ii) Threshold wavelength in photoelectric emission.
CBSE (F) -2016,2011,(D)-2004,(AI)-2002
[ Ans. (i) Cut off frequency ( ) :The minimum frequency of incident radiation, below which photoelectric emission is
not possible, is called cut off frequency or threshold frequency
(ii) Threshold Wavelength ( ): The maximum wavelength of incident radiation, above which photoelectric emission
is not possible, is called threshold wavelength
4. Define the term ‘intensity of radiation’ in photon picture and write its S.I. unit. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015
[ Ans. Intensity of radiation : Number of photons incident per unit area per second normal to the surface, is defined as
the intensity of radiation. Its S.I. unit is Watt/
5. Define the term “stopping potential” or “Cut-off Potential” in relation to photoelectric effect.
[ Ans. Stopping potential or Cut-off Potential ( ) : CBSE (AI) -2011,2008,2002, (D) -2005,2002
The minimum negative potential of anode at which photoelectric current becomes zero is called stopping potential
6. Name the phenomenon which shows the quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation. CBSE (AI)-2017
[ Ans. Photoelectric effect
7. What is the stopping potential applied to a photocell if the maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron is 5 eV ?
[ Ans. = ] CBSE (AI) -2009, 2008, (D)-2001
8. The stopping potential in an experiment is 1.5 V. What is the maximum K.E. of photoelectrons emitted ?
[ Ans. 1.5 eV ] CBSE (AI)-2009
9. Two metals A and B have work functions 4 eV and 10 eV respectively. Which metal has the highest threshold
wavelength ? CBSE (AI) -2004, (F)-2005
[ Ans. Metal A has highest threshold wavelength as W=
10. Two metals X and Y, when illuminated with appropriate radiations emit photoelectrons. The work function of X is
higher than that of Y. Which metal will have higher value of cut off frequency & why ? CBSE (AIC)-2001
[ Ans. Metal X has the higher cut off frequency because &
11. A photosensitive surface emits photoelectrons when red light falls on it. Will the surface emit photoelectrons when
blue light is incident on it ? Give reason. CBSE (F)-2017
[ Ans. Yes, Reason : ⇨
12. For a photosensitive surface, threshold wavelength is , Does photoemission occure, if the wavelength ( ) of the
incident radiation is (i) more than (ii) less than . Justify your answer. CBSE (AI)-2010, (AIC)-2001
[ Ans. (i) No (ii) yes as for photoelectric emission hence ]
13. Electrons are emitted from a photosensitive surface when it is illuminated by green light but does not take place by
yellow light. Will the electrons be emitted when the surface is illuminated by (i) red light, and (ii) blue light ?
[ Ans.(i) No (ii) yes as is for wavelength of green light ] CBSE (AI)-2012,2007, (D)-2005
14. Red light however bright is it, cannot produce the emission of electrons from a clean zinc surface but even a weak
Ultraviolet radiation can do so. Why ? CBSE (AI)-2004, (AIC)-2003
[ Ans. The energy of photon of red light is less than work function of zinc surface and the energy of photon of Ultraviolet
radiation is more than the work function of zinc surface
15. Work function of sodium is 2.3 eV. Does sodium show photoelectric emission for light of wavelength 6800 A 0 ?
[ Ans. 1.8 CBSE (D)-2001
⇨ W, Hence photoelectric emission will not take place
96. 1. If the intensity of the incident radiation on a photosensitive surface is doubled, how does the kinetic energy of
emitted electrons get affected ? CBSE (F) -2005
[ Ans. No change as does not depend on intensity
2. Ultraviolet light is incident on two photosensitive materials having work functions and ( > ). In which
case will the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons be greater ? Why ? CBSE (AI)-2005
[ Ans. K.E. of electrons emitted by the metal having work function will be greater as = W]
3. Ultraviolet radiations of different frequencies and are incident on two photosensitive materials having work
functions and ( > ) respectively. The kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is same in both the cases.
Which one of the two radiations will be of higher frequency and why? CBSE (AI)-2007
[ Ans. > as = W
4. The threshold frequency of a metal is f. When the light of frequency 2f is incident on the metal plate, the maximum
velocity of photo-electrons is . When the frequency of the incident radiation is increased to 5f, the maximum
velocity of photo-electrons is . Find theratio : . CBSE (F)-2016, (D) -2004
[ Ans. W & W
⇨ ⇨ ⇨ : 1: 2
5. The graph below shows variation of photocurrent with collector plate potential for different frequencies of incident radiation.
(i) Which physical parameter is kept constant for the three curves ? CBSE (F) -2009
(ii) Which frequency ( , or ) is the highest ? [ Ans. (i) Intensity (ii) is highest ]
6. The given graph shows the variation of photoelectric current (I) with applied voltage ( ) for two different materials
and for two different intensities of the incident radiations. Identify the pair of curves that corresponds to
(i) different materials but same intensity of incident radiation CBSE (AI)-2016,(D)-2013
(ii) different intensities but same material. [ Ans. (i) (1,2) and (3,4) (ii) (1,3) and (2,4) ]
7. (i) Plot a graph showing the variation of photoelectric current with intensity of light.
(ii) Show the variation of photocurrent with collector plate potential for different intensity but same frequency of incident radiation
(iii) Show the variation of photocurrent with collector plate potential for different frequency but same intensity of incident radiation
[ Ans. CBSE (F) -2016,(D)-2014,(AI)-2010,(AIC)-2011
(i) (ii) (iii)
97. 1. (i) Show on a graph the variation of the de-Broglie wavelength ( ) associated with an electron with the square root
of accelerating potential V. CBSE (F)-2012
(ii) Show graphically the variation of the de-Broglie wavelength ( ) with the potential (V) through which an electron is
accelerated from rest. CBSE (D) -2011
[ Ans. (i) (ii)
2. (i) Plot a graph showing variation of de-Broglie wavelength versus , where is accelerating potential for two
particles and carrying same charge but of masses , .
(ii) Which one of the two graphs represents a particle of smaller mass and why ? CBSE (D)-2016,(AI)-2008
[ Ans. (ii) B represents smaller mass ( because its slope is more
slope = [
⇨ slope
3. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 100 Volts. What is the de-Broglie wavelength associated
with it ? To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this value of wavelength corresponds ?
[ Ans. 1.227 , X-rays CBSE (D)-2010,(F)-2006
4. What is the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron with kinetic energy (K.E.) 120 eV ? CBSE (AI)-2016,(F)-2015
[ Ans. 120 eV ⇨ 120 Volts
⇨ 1.12
5. An particle and a proton are accelerated from rest through the same potential difference . Find the ratio of their
de-Broglie wavelengths associated with them. CBSE(AI)-2010,2005,(F)-2008
[ Ans. & V = same
⇨ = X = X
6. A proton and electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has greater de-Broglie wavelength and why ?
[ Ans. & = same CBSE (AI) -2012, (AIC)-2005
⇨ as hence
Thus electron will have the greater de-Broglie wavelength
7. An electron, an alpha particle and a proton have the same kinetic energy. Which one of these particles has the
largest/ shortest de-Broglie wavelength ? CBSE (D) -2007, (DC) -2003
[ Ans. & = same
⇨ as hence
Thus electron will have the largest de-Broglie wavelength & alpha particle has shortest de-Broglie wavelength
8. An electron and alpha particle have the same de-Broglie wavelength associated with them. How are their kinetic
energies related to each other ? CBSE (D) -2008
[ Ans. & same
⇨ as hence >
9. Matter waves are associated with the material particles only if they are in motion. Why ? CBSE (DC)-2008
[ Ans. If v = 0, , it means, matter waves are associated with the material particles only if they are in motion
98. 1. State the laws of photoelectric emission. CBSE (AI)-2010,(AIC)-2012
[ Ans. (i) For a given photosensitive surface, photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of incident
light
(ii)The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons does not depend on intensity but it depends on frequency of
incident radiation and is directly proportional to it
(iii) For a given photosensitive surface, there exists a certain minimum frequency of incident radiation, called
threshold frequency ( ) below which no photoelectric emission takes place, whatever may be the intensity of
incident radiation
(iv) The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process
2. Why photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of wave nature of light ? Give reasons. CBSE (D) -2013
[ Ans.(i) According to wave theory, Kinetic energy of photoelectrons must increase as the intensity of light is increased.
But, experimental observations show that, K.E. of photoelectrons does not depend on intensity of incident light
(ii) According to wave theory, if the intensity of incident radiation is sufficient photoelectron emission should take
place, whatever may be the frequency. But, experimental observations shows that, if , no emission of photo
electrons takes place, whatever may be the intensity
(iii) According to wave theory, the electron should take appreciable time before it acquires sufficient energy to
come out from the metal surface. But, experimental observations show that, there is no time lag between the
incidence of radiation and emission of photoelectrons
3. (i) Using photon picture of light, show how Einstein’s photoelectric equation can be established.
(ii) Write three salient features observed in photoelectric effect which can be explained using this equation.
CBSE (AI)-2017,2013,(D)-2012
[ Ans. (i) In the photon picture, energy of light is assumed to be in the form of photons, each carrying an energy
Einstein assumed that-
(a) Photoelectric emission is the result of interaction of a photon of incident radiation and a bound electron of
metal surface
(b) When a photon falls on a metal surface, the energy of a photon is completely absorbed by an electron and is
partly used as work function and rest is carried as its kinetic energy
i,e, , W
⇨ W [ W ]
⇨ ( )
This is Einstein’s photoelectric equation
(ii) Three salient features explained by the Einstein’s photoelectric equation
(a) Existence of threshold frequency
In the equation ( )
If , will be negative, which is not possible. Hence must be greater than
(b) The K.E. of photoelectrons is independent of intensity of incident light.
(c) The K.E. of photoelectrons increases with the frequency of incident light
4. (i) Plot a graph showing the variation of photocurrent versus collector potential for three different intensities
, two of which ( and ) have the same frequency and the third has frequency > .
(ii) Explain the nature of curves on the basis of Einstein’s equation. CBSE (AI)-2016
[ Ans. (i) graph is shown below
(ii) as per the Einstein’s equation
= ( ) which concludes
(a) the stopping potential is same for and as they have the same
frequency.
(b) the saturation currents are as shown, because .
99. 1. Two metals X and Y have work functions 2 eV & 5 eV respectively. Which metal will emit electrons, when it is
radiated with light of wavelength 400 nm & why ? CBSE (AIC)-2010
[Ans. metal X, as 3.09 eV ⇨ WX & WY
2. Monochromatic light of frequency 6.0 X Hz is produced by a laser. The power emitted is 2.0 X W.
(a) What is the energy of a photon in the light beam ? NCERT-2017
(b) Estimate the number of photons emitted per second on an average by the source. CBSE (AI)-2015,(D)-2014
[ Ans. (a) J
(b) number of photons,
3. The work function for the following metals is given : CBSE (F)-2016
: and :
(i) Which of these will not give photoelectron emission from a radiation of wavelength 3300 A0 from a laser beam ?
(ii) What happens if the source of laser beam is brought closer ?
[ Ans. (i) for 3300 A0, energy of photon, 3.75 4.175 eV
Hence Mo will not give photoelectric emission as W
(ii) In case of Na, photocurrent will increase but in case of Mo no effect

4. The work function of Cesium metal is 2.14 eV. When light of frequency 6.0 X is incident on metal surface,
photoemission of electron occurs. What is the CBSE (AIC)-2010,NCERT-2017
(i) maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons (ii) stopping potential, and
(iii) maximum speed of emitted photoelectrons
[Ans. (i) 2.14 X 1.6 X 1.6 X (2.48 2.14) J 0.34 eV
(ii) e 0.34 eV ⇨ 0.34
(iii) 0.34 eV 0.34 X 1.6 X J ⇨ 345.8 X

0
5. Light of wavelength 2000 A falls on a metal surface of work function 4.2 eV. CBSE (F)-2011
(i) What is the kinetic energy (in eV) of the (a) fastest and (b) slowest electrons emitted from the surface ?
(ii) What will be the change in the energy of the emitted electrons if the intensity of light with same wavelength is
doubled ?
(iii) If the same light falls on another surface of work function 6.5 eV, what will be the energy of emitted electrons ?
[Ans. (i) (a) = 4.2 X 1.6 X 1.6 X (6.2 4.2) J 2.0 eV
(b) K.E. of slowest electron = 0 eV

(ii) No change in the energy of emitted electrons as it does not depend on intensity
(iii) no emission as E( 6.2 eV) W (6.5 eV) ]
6. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 2271 A0 from a 100W mercury source irradiated a photocell made of Molybdenum
metal. If the stopping potential is 1.3 V, estimate the work function of the metal. How would the photocell respond
when the source is replaced by another source of high intensity (105 W/m2) red light of wavelength 6328 A0. Justify
your answer. CBSE (AI)-2015,(F)-2013,(D)-2005
[ Ans. e
⇨ e – 1.3 X 1.6 X 1.6 X (5.5 1.3) J 4.2 eV
Also, ⇨ 2.977 X 2977
As 6328 ) 2977 )
Hence, photocell will not respond to source of high intensity (105 W/m2) red light of wavelength 6328 A0
Unit-VIII (Atoms and Nuclei)
100. 1. Define the distance of closest approach. CBSE (D)-2017

[Ans. Distance of closest approach : The minimum distance up to which an -particle can approach the nucleus just
before retracing its path, is known as distance of closest approach
= 2.5 X 10-14 m
2. The K. E. of particle incident on gold foil is doubled. How does the distance of closest approach change?
[Ans. ⇨ CBSE (D)-2017,(AI)-2015,2012
hence, distance of closest approach will be halved when K.E. is doubled
3. In the Rutherford’s scattering experiment the distance of closest approach for an particle is . If particle is
replaced by a proton, how much kinetic energy in comparison to particle will it require to have the same distance
of closest approach ? CBSE (F)-2009
[Ans. = & = ⇨ =
4. Determine the distance of closest approach when an alpha particle of kinetic energy strikes a nucleus of
stops and reverses its direction. CBSE (AI)-2015, 2012, (AIC)-2015
[Ans. = X = 5.12 x m
5. (i) What is Impact parameter ? CBSE (AIC)-2015

(ii) What is the significance of impact parameter ?
[Ans. (i) Impact parameter (b) :
It is the perpendicular distance of the initial velocity
vector of the -particle from the
(ii) Significance : It gives an estimate of size of nucleus
6. The trajectories, traced by different particles, in Geiger-Marsden experiment were observed as shown in figure.
(a) What names are given to the symbols and shown here ? CBSE (DC)-2008
(b) What can we say about values of for (i) =00 (ii) = radians ?
[Ans. (a) symbol ‘b’ represents impact parameter
& represents scattering angle
(b) b=
(i) when =00, b is maximum & represent the atomic size

(ii) When = radians, b is minimum & represent nuclear size
7. State Bohr’s quantization condition for defining stationary orbits. CBSE (D)-2016,(D)-2012,(F)-2010
[Ans. Bohr’s quantization condition : electrons can revolve only in those orbits in which their angular momentum is an
integral multiple of
i, e, where
These orbits are called stationary orbits and electrons do not radiate energy while revolving in these orbits
8. State Bohr postulate of hydrogen atom that gives the relationship for the frequency of emitted photon in a transition.
OR CBSE (F)-2016
State Bohr’s postulate of hydrogen atom which successfully explains emission lines in the spectrum of hydrogen atom.
[Ans. Bohr’s postulate of transition : CBSE (AI)-2015, (D)-2013
When an electron makes a transition from higher to lower energy level ,
a photon is emitted which have the energy equal to the energy difference of two levels.
i, e, =
This equation is called Bohr’s frequency condition
101.1. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential energies of electron in
this state ? CBSE (AI)-2014, 2011,(AIC)-2002
[Ans. &
2. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of hydrogen atom is . What is the kinetic and
potential energy of the electron in this state ? CBSE (DC)-2010,(D)-2001
[Ans.
3. Given the value of the ground state energy of hydrogen atom as 13.6 eV. Find out its kinetic and potential energy
in the ground and second excited states. CBSE (AI)-2015,2008
[Ans.
For ground state , ⇨ ⇨ &

For II excited state , ⇨ ⇨ &
4. The value of ground state energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. CBSE (AI)-2008, 2001, (F)-2009
(i) what does the negative sign signify ?
(ii) How much energy is required to take an electron in this atom from the ground state to the first excited state ?
[Ans. (i) Negative sign shows that electron is bound with the nucleus by electrostatic force
(ii) & For ground state n =1 and for first excited state n =2
⇨ 3.4 13.6 10.2

5. In the ground state of hydrogen atom, its Bohr radius is given as 5.3 X . The atom is excited such that the
radius becomes 21.2X . Find - CBSE (AI)-2016
(i) the value of principal quantum number and
(ii) the total energy of the atom in this excited state.
[Ans. (i) ⇨ ⇨ 4 ⇨ 2
(ii) ⇨ 3.4
6. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of the electron orbiting in the state of hydrogen atom.
[Ans. 3.4 eV 3.4 X J CBSE (AI)-2016
de-Broglie wavelength, = = = 0.6 X

7. What is the longest wavelength of photon that can ionize a hydrogen atom in its ground state ? Specify the type of
radiation. CBSE (D)-2007
[Ans. ⇨ , Ultraviolet region
8. Write the expression for Bohr’s radius in hydrogen atom. CBSE (D)-2010
[ Ans. =
9. In hydrogen atom, if the electron is replaced by a particle which is 200 times heavier but have the same charge, how
would its radius change ? CBSE (F)-2008
[Ans. radius will be 1/200 times, Reason : = ⇨
10. What is the ratio of radii of the orbits corresponding to first excited state and ground state in a hydrogen atom ?
[Ans. 4:1 as CBSE (D)-2010
11. The radius of innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3 X 10-11 m. What is the radius of orbit in the second
excited state ? CBSE (D)-2010
[Ans. For II excited state
X 5.3 X 47.7 X
12. Find out the wavelength of the electron orbiting in the ground state of hydrogen atom. CBSE (D)-2017
[Ans. & For ground state
By the de-Broglie relation,
⇨ ⇨
102. 1. Use Bohr model of hydrogen atom to calculate the speed of the electron in the first excited state.
[Ans. For first excited state, n = 2 CBSE (AI)-2016
= ⇨ X 1.09 X m/s
2. Use Rydberg formula to determine the wavelength of line. (Given : Rydberg’s constant =1.03 X 107 m-1 )
[Ans. For line, =2 and =3 CBSE (AI)-2015, (D)-2012
⇨ = = = ⇨ = = = 6990
3. When line in the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom obtained ? Calculate the frequency of photon emitted
during this transition. CBSE (AI)-2016
[Ans. for line/first line in Balmer series transition is from to
⇨ 4.7 X Hz
4. Calculate the shortest wavelength of the spectral lines emitted in Balmer series. (Rydberg constant, = )
[Ans. ⇨ m 4000 A 0
CBSE (AI)-2016
5. Calculate the wavelength of radiation emitted when electron in a hydrogen atom jumps from to .
[Ans. = = = CBSE (AI)-2016
⇨ = 912
6. (i) Write the relation between mass number and radius of a nucleus. CBSE (F)-2012,(AI)-2011
(ii) Show that nuclear density in a given nucleus is independent of mass number . CBSE (D)-2015,2013,2012
[Ans. (i) where is constant
(ii) nuclear density = = = =
7. Compare the radii of two nuclei with mass numbers 1 and 27 respectively. CBSE (AI)-2012,2010,(D)-2011
[Ans. ⇨ = = =
125 27
8. What is the nuclear radius of , if that of is 3.6 Fermi ? CBSE (AI)-2008
[Ans. ⇨ = = =
⇨ 3.6 X 6 Fermi
9. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1:2. What is the ratio of their nuclear densities ? CBSE (D)-2009
[Ans. 1:1 as nuclear density does not depend on mass number
10. What are nuclear forces ? State any two characteristic properties of nuclear forces.
CBSE (AIC)-2017,(AI)-2015,2012,2011,2008,2007
[Ans. Nuclear Forces ; Very short range strongest attractive forces, which firmly hold the nucleons together inside a
nucleus, are called nuclear forces.
Properties: (i) very short range, strongest attractive forces.
(ii) charge independent.
(iii) non-central forces (iv) do not obey inverse square law
11. Define the term mass defect. CBSE (AIC)-2014,2001
[Ans. Mass defect : The difference in mass of a nucleus and its constituents, is called the mass defect.
=[Z (A – Z) ]–
103. 1. Define binding energy of a nucleus. CBSE (AIC)-2002
[Ans. Binding Energy : It is defined as the minimum energy required to separate its nucleons and place them at rest
at infinite distance apart
It is the equivalent energy of mass defect, i,e, =
2. What is meant by the term binding energy per nucleon CBSE (DC)-2010
[Ans. Binding Energy per nucleon ( : It is the average energy per nucleon needed to separate a nucleus in to its
individual nucleons
3. The binding energies of deuteron ( and are 1.25 and 7.2 / nucleon respectively. Which
nucleus is more stable ? CBSE (AIC)-2001
[Ans. is more stable as BE per nucleon of is more than that of
4. Which out of two nuclei & is more stable ? CBSE (AI)-2004
[Ans. Nucleus is more stable because n/p ratio for is more than that for
Reason : A nucleus is more stable if, it has -(a) high value of B.E./A (b) greater n/p ratio, or (c) even-even nucleus.
5. Why is mass of a nucleus is always less than the sum of the masses of its constituent, neutrons & protons ? CBSE (AI)-2004
[Ans. When nucleons approach each other to form a nucleus, they strongly attract each other. Hence their potential
energy decreases and becomes negative. This decrease in P.E. results in the decrease in the mass of the nucleons
6. If the nucleons of a nucleus are separated far apart from each other, the sum of the masses of all these nucleons is
larger than the mass of the nucleus. Why ? CBSE (AIC)-2003
[Ans. For the separation of nucleons to a distance far apart from each other, an energy equal to B.E. of the nucleus is
given to these nucleons. From E = c2, thus mass difference comes
7. If the total number of neutrons & protons in a nuclear reaction is conserved, how is then the energy is absorbed or
evolved in the reaction ? CBSE (AI)-2015
OR
In a nuclear reaction,
, 12.86 MeV CBSE (D)-2013
though the number of nucleons is conserved on both sides of the reaction, yet the energy is released. How ? Explain.
[Ans. Since certain mass disappears in the formation of a nucleus (mass defect), it appears in the form of energy E = c2.
Thus the difference of B.E. of the two sides appear as energy released or absorbed in a nuclear reaction
8. A nucleus with mass number = 240 and 7.6 MeV breaks in to two fragments each of = 120 with
8.5 MeV. Calculate the energy released. CBSE (D)-2016
[ Ans. Energy released = of two fragments of nucleus
= 2 X 120 X 8.5 – 240 X 7.6 = 240 (8.5 – 7.6 ) = 240 X 0.9 = 216 MeV
9. Calculate the energy released in the fusion reaction : CBSE (D)-2016
, where of and of
[ Ans. Energy released of of MeV
10. The energy levels of a hypothetical atom are shown below. Which of the shown transitions will result in the emission
of photon of wavelength ? [Ans. B] CBSE (F)-2013,(D)-2011,2009
[Ans. 275 nm 275 X
4.5
For transition B 0 4.5
11. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of nucleus. CBSE (AI)-2007,2004,2002,(D)-2002
(Given, Mass of = 39.962589 u, Mass of proton= 1.007825 u, Mass of neutron =1.008665 u & 1u= 931 MeV/c2)
[ Ans. mass defect, =[Z (A – Z) ] = [ 20(1.007825) 20(1.008665)] 39.962589 =0.367211
⇨ B.E. = 0.367211 X 931 = 341.87 MeV ⇨ B.E. per nucleon = = 8.547 MeV
104. 1. Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the total energy of the electron in the stationary states of the
hydrogen atom. Hence, derive the expression for the orbital velocity and orbital period of the electron moving in the orbit of
hydrogen atom. CBSE (F)-2017,2014,2012,2011,(AI)-2015,2014,2013,(D)-2013
[Ans. Bohr’s theory of H-atom :
As the electrostatic force of attraction between electron and nucleus
provides the necessary centripetal force
i,e,
⇨ ------------(1)
According to Bohr’s quantum condition
-----------(2)
on squaring eqn (2) and dividing by eqn (1) we get
⇨ = ⇨
For -atom & for innermost orbit ,
⇨ = = 0.53 . This is called Bohr’s orbit

Energy of electron in stationary orbits
K.E. of electron, ( ) [ ]
& P.E.
⇨ total energy of electron ( )
⇨ = ( )
⇨ = ( )x = ( )=
For H- atom
⇨
Where, = 1.097 X 107 m-1 and is called Rydberg’s constant.
Orbital velocity & time period of electron in stationary orbits

dividing by eqn (1) by (2)
⇨ ⇨
where and is called fine structure constant
Orbital period of electron in H-atom :
⇨
105. 1. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separations.
(i) Write two important conclusions that can be drawn from the graph.
(ii) What is the significance of negative potential energy in the graph drawn ?
[Ans. Graph : CBSE (AIC)-2017,(AI)-2015,2012,2010,2007,(D)-2013,2007
(i) Conclusions :
(a) For r r0, P.E. increases rapidly with the decrease in .
This indicates strong repulsion between the nucleons
(b) For r r0, P.E. is negative which falls to zero for a separation more
than a few Fermi. It indicates attractive force between the nucleons
(ii) Significance :
Negative potential energy shows that binding force between the
nucleons is strong.
================================================================================
2. Draw a plot of binding energy per nucleon (B.E/A) as a function of mass number A.
(a) Write salient features of this curve.
(b) Write two important conclusions that can be drawn regarding the nature of nuclear force.
(c) Use this graph to explain the release of energy in both the processes of nuclear fission and fusion.
CBSE (AI)-2016,2013,2011,2009,2004,2001 (AIC)-2006,2004,(F)-2008,2005,(D)-2006,2004
[Ans. Binding energy curve :
(a) Salient features :
(i) BE per nucleon ( ) is practically constant
(independent of ) for the nuclei of middle
mass number (30 A 170).
Maximum is about 8.75 MeV for
thus is most stable.
For A = 238 drops to 7.6 MeV.
(ii) Average B.E. per nucleon is very small for both

light nuclei and heavy nuclei ,
so these nuclei are less stable.
(b) Conclusions/Importance of BE curve :
(i) Nuclear force is attractive and sufficiently strong to produce BE of a few MeV per nucleon
(ii) Constancy of BE curve in the range 30 A 170 is a due to the fact that nuclear force is short – ranged.
(c) Release of energy in fission & fusion :
(i) When a heavy nucleus undergoes nuclear fission, the BE per nucleon of product nuclei is more than that of the
original nucleus. This means that the nucleons get more tightly bound. Hence, there is release of energy.
(ii) When two very light nuclei (A 10) undergoes nuclear fusion, the BE per nucleon of product nucleus becomes
more than that of the original lighter nuclei. This means that the nucleons in the final nucleus get more
tightly bound. Hence, there is release of energy.
===============================================================================
3. What characteristic property of nuclear force explains the consistency of binding energy per nucleon (BE/A) in the
range of mass number ‘A’ lying 30< A< 170 ? CBSE (AI)-2015
[Ans. Nuclear force is short ranged or saturated
4. Give the reason for the decrease of binding energy per nucleon for nuclei with high numbers.
[Ans. This is due to increase in Coulomb repulsive force between protons CBSE (DC)-2006,(D)-2004
5. The figure shows the plot of binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number . Point out, giving
reasons, the two processes (in terms of , , , and ) , one of which can occur due to nuclear fission and the
other due to nuclear fusion. CBSE (AI)-2015
[Ans. (i) Nuclear fission of in to and ,
as there is increase in binding energy per nucleon
(ii) Nuclear fusion of and in to ,
as there is an increase in binding energy per nucleon
106. State the law of radioactive decay.
(i) Derive the mathematical expression for law of radioactive decay for a sample of radioactive nucleus.
(ii) Plot a graph showing the number (N) of undecayed nuclei as a function of time (t) for a given radioactive sample
having half-life T. CBSE (AI) -2016, 2015, 2006, 2004, (D)-2014, 2011,2005, CBSE (F)-2013,2007
[ Ans. Law of radioactive decay : The rate of decay of a given radioactive sample is directly proportional to the total
number of undecayed nuclei present in the sample
i,e,
⇨
⇨ -----------(1)
Where is constant of proportionality & is called decay constant
Let, when , , Integrating (1) on both sides
⇨
⇨ N = N0
===============================================================================
107. Define the terms half-life period & decay constant of a radioactive substance. Write their S.I. units. Establish the
relation between them. CBSE (AI)-2015,2006,2004,(F)-2007,(D)-2005,2001
[Ans. Half-life ( ) : It is defined as the time taken to decay one-half of the initial number of nuclei present in a
radioactive sample
Its S.I. unit is second (s)
Decay constant ( ) : It is defined as the reciprocal of the time in which the number of nuclei left undecayed
reduces to times of its initial value
Its S.I. unit is second ( )
Relation : We have,
But when ,
⇨
⇨ 2
================================================================================
108. Define the term mean life of a radioactive nuclide. How is the mean life of a given radioactive nucleus related to the
decay constant and Half-life ? CBSE (AI) -2016, 2015, (F)-2014
[Ans. Average or Mean life ( ) : mean life of a radioactive substance is defined as the sum of life time of all the nuclei
divided by the number of all nuclei
i,e, Mean life ( ) = =
Relation :
109. 1. Find the relation between the three wavelengths , and from the energy level diagram shown below.
[Ans. ------(1) CBSE (D)-2016
------(2)
------(3)
Adding (1) and (2)
⇨ ⇨
===============================================================================
2 . The figure shows energy level diagram of hydrogen atom. CBSE (AIC)-2015
(i) Find out the transition which results in the emission of a photon of wavelength
(ii) Which transition corresponds to the emission of radiation of maximum wavelength ? Justify your answer.
[Ans. 496 nm 496 X
2.5
For hydrogen atom,
⇨ 13.6, 3.4, 1.51, eV

2.5 hence transition n= 4 to n=1 will give radiation of
wavelength 496 nm
(ii) ⇨ for transition n= 4 to n=3 is minimum hence will be maximum
===============================================================================
3. A hydrogen atom initially in its ground state absorbs a photon and is in the excited state with energy 12.5 eV.
Calculate the longest wavelength of the radiation emitted and identify the series to which it belongs .
(Rydberg constant, = ) CBSE (AI)-2016
[Ans. = 13.6 12.5 = 1.1 eV
⇨ 1.1 ⇨ n=3
⇨ = =R = ⇨ = = = 6563 A0 It belong s to Balmer series

4 . Using Rydberg’s formula, calculate the longest wavelengths belonging to Lyman and Balmer series. In which region
of hydrogen spectrum do these transmission lie ? (Given, = ) CBSE (F)-2015
[Ans. =
For Lyman series, = = =
⇨ = = = 1210 A0. It lies in Ultraviolet region
For Balmer series = =R =
⇨ = = = 6563 A0. It lies in visible region

5. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. CBSE (AI)-2008
nd
(i) what is the kinetic energy of an electron in the 2 excited state ?
(ii) If the electron jumps to the ground state from 2nd excited state, calculate the wavelength of the spectral line emitted.
[Ans. (i) &
For ground state n =1 and for second excited state n = 3,
1.51 eV & 3.02 eV
(ii) 1.51 13.6 12.09 12.09 X1.6 X J
⇨ ⇨ 1.02 X m
110. 1. Two different radioactive elements with half lives and have and undecayed atoms respectively
present at a given instant. Derive an expression for the ratio of their activities at this instant in terms of &
[Ans. CBSE (DC)-2012
⇨ ⇨ = & =
⇨ X
2. Half life of against – is 4.5 X years. Calculate the activity of 1 g sample of .
(Given Avogadro’s number 6 X atoms/ Kmol ) CBSE (AI) E-2016,(F)-2006, (D)-2005
[ Ans. Half-life T 4.5 X years s = 1.42 X s
Number of atoms present in 1 g sample of , =
Activity, X X = 1.23 X
3. A radioactive sample contains 2.2 mg of pure which has half-life period of 1224 seconds. Calculate :
(i) the number of atoms present initially. CBSE (AI)-2005
(ii) the activity when 5 of the sample will be left.
[Ans. Given 1224 s
(i) Number of atoms present initially in 2.2 mg of
= 1.2 X
(ii) Number of atoms present in 5 of
= 2.74 X
X X 2.74 X = 1.55 X Bq
4. The half life of a certain radioactive material against decay is 100 days. After how much time, will the undecayed
fraction of the material be 6.25 % ? CBSE (AI)-2015
[ Ans. Given : 100 days & 6.25 %
⇨ ⇨ 4 ⇨ 4 X 100 400 days
5. The half life of radioactive substance is 20s. calculate- CBSE (F)-2009

(i) The decay constant, and
(ii) time taken for the sample to decay 7/8 th of the initial value.
[Ans. Given 20 s & 1
(i) 0.0346
(ii) ⇨ ⇨ 3
⇨ 3 X 20 60 s
6. The activity of a radioactive element drops to th of its initial value in 32 Years. Find the mean life of the sample.
[Ans. Given, & 32 years CBSE (AIC)-2010
⇨ ⇨ 4 & 8 years
⇨ = 1.44 T = 1.44 x 8 = 11.52 yrs

111. 1. Calculate the energy release in MeV in the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction
CBSE (D)-2015,2010, (AI)-2009,(DC)-2008,2003
Given ( = 2.014102 , ( = 3.016049 , ( = 4.002603 , = 1.008665 &1 = 931.5 MeV/c2

[ Ans. [ ( ( –{ ( }] [2.014102 3.016049 –{ 4.002603 1.008665 } ]
⇨ 0.018883 ⇨ Q 0.018883 X 931.5 = 17.59 MeV
2. Calculate the energy released if, , emits an -particle. CBSE (AI)-2007
OR
Calculate the energy released in MeV in the following nuclear reaction. CBSE (AI)-2008,(D)-2007
[Ans. 4.25
[ Given, mass of = 238.05079 u, mass of = 234.043630 u, mass of =4.002600 u & 1u = 931.5 MeV/c2 ]
[ Ans. [ ( { ( }] [238.05079 –{234.043630 4.002600}]
⇨ 0.0456 ⇨ Q 0.0456 X 931.5 = 4.25 MeV
3. A neutron is absorbed by a nucleus with the subsequent emission of an alpha particle. Write the corresponding
nuclear reaction. Calculate the energy released in this nuclear reaction. CBSE (AI)-2006,(D)-2005
OR
Calculate the energy released in the following nuclear reaction CBSE (AI)-2006,2002,(D)-2005,2003
[Ans. 4.78 MeV]
[ mass of = 1.008665 u, mass of = 6.015126 u, mass of = 4.002603 u, mass of = 3.016049 u ]
[Ans. [ ( ( –{ ( ( )] [6.015126 1.008665 – {4.002603 3.016049}]
⇨ 0.005138 ⇨ Q 0.005138 X 931 = 4.78 MeV

4. (i) Write symbolically the nuclear decay process of . Is the decayed product X an isotope or isobar of ?
(ii) Given tha mass value of = 11.011434 and = 11.00935 . Estimate the Q value in this process.
[ Ans. (i) , X is an isobar CBSE (AI)-2015
(ii) [ ] = [11.011434 11.00935 ] = 0.002129
⇨ Q = 0.002129 X 931.5 = 1.98 MeV
5. A nucleus , -decays to give the nucleus of . Write down the -decay equation. Calculate the kinetic
energy of electron emitted. (Rest mass of electron may be ignored.) CBSE (D)-2008,(AI)-2004
(Given, & )
[Ans.
⇨ [ ( { ( ] [ – 0.004696 u
⇨ Energy released or the K.E. of emitted electron Q X 0.004696 X 931.5 = 4.374 MeV
6. When a deuteron of mass and negligible kinetic energy is absorbed by a Lithium nucleus of mass
, the compound nucleus disintegrates spontaneously in to two alpha particles each of mass .
Calculate the energy in Joules carried by each alpha particle. CBSE (AI)-2004
[Ans.
⇨ [ ( ( – ( ] [6.0155 2.0141 – 4.0026 ] = 8.0296 8.0052
⇨ 0.0244 0.0244 X Kg
⇨ Q X 0.0244 X = 3.645 X X
J
Hence energy carried by each alpha particle = 3.645 X /2 = 1.8225 X J
.
Unit-IX (Electronic Devices)
112. 1. Distinguish between a conductor, an insulator and a semiconductor on the basis of energy band diagrams.
CBSE (AI)-2016,2008,2006,(D)-2010,2006,2005,(F)-2003
[Ans. Distinction between Conductors (metals), insulators and semiconductors on the basis of Energy bands
1. Conductors (Metals) :
In conductors either conduction and valence band partly overlap each other or the conduction
band is partially filled. Forbidden energy gap does not exists ( . This makes a large number of free electrons
available for electrical conduction. So the metals have high conductivity.
2. Semiconductors :
In semiconductors, conduction band is empty and valance band is totally filled. is quite small ( 3 eV).
At , electrons are not able to cross this energy gap and semiconductor behaves as an insulator. But at room
temperature, some electrons are able to jump to conduction band and semiconductor acquires small conductivity
3. Insulators
In insulators, conduction band is empty and valance band is totally filled. is very large ( 6 eV). It is
not possible to give such large amount of energy to electrons by any means. Hence conduction band remains total
empty and the crystal remains as insulator
113. What is p-n junction ? Explain briefly, with the help of suitable diagram, how a p-n junction is formed. Define the
term Potential barrier and depletion region.
CBSE (D)-2017,2014,2010,2006,(AI)-2016,2015,2012,2009,2003,(F)-2015,2009,2006
[Ans. p-n junction : When a semiconductor crystal is so prepared that, it’s one half is p-type and other is n-type, then
the contact surface dividing the two halves, is called p-n junction
Formation of p-n junction : potential barrier & depletion region
Diffusion and drift are the two important processes involved during the formation of a p-n junction
Due to different concentration gradient of the
charge carriers on two sides of the junction,
electrons from starts moving towards
and holes start moving from
to . This process is called .
Due to diffusion, positive space charge
region is created on the of the
junction and negative space charge region is
created on the of the junction. Hence
an electric field called Junction field is set up
from to which forces the
minority charge carriers to cross the junction.
This process is called Drift.
The potential difference developed across the p-n junction
due to diffusion of majority charge carriers, which prevents the
further movement of majority charge carriers through it, is called
potential barrier. For Si, VB = 0.7 V and for Ge, VB =0.3 V
The small space charge region on either side of the p-n junction, which becomes depleted from mobile
charge carriers is known as depletion region ( m)
114. Draw the circuit diagram for studying the V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode in (i) forward bias and (ii) reverse bias. Draw
the typical V-I characteristics of a silicon diode. CBSE (AI)-2015,2014,2013,2010,2009,(D)-2014
[ Ans. V-I characteristics : A graph showing the variation of current through a p-n junction with the voltage applied
across it, is called the voltage – current (V-I) characteristics of that p-n junction.
For different values of voltages, the value of the current is noted. A graph between V and I is obtained as in fig.
This V-I graph shows that -
(i) At a certain forward bias voltage, current increases rapidly showing the linear variation. This voltage is known as
knee voltage or threshold voltage or cut-in voltage.
(ii) The ratio of change in forward voltage to the change in forward current is called dynamic resistance (rd)
i,e, rd = Ω
(iii) Under reverse bias, the current is very small (~μA) and remains almost constant. However, when reverse bias
voltage reaches a high value, reverse current suddenly increases. This voltage is called Zener breakdown voltage
115.1. Explain with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of p-n junction diode as half wave rectifier.
[Ans. Half wave rectifier : CBSE (AI)-2014,2006,(D)-2009
During the positive half cycle of ac input signal, the diode is forward biased and it conducts. Hence, there is
current in the load resistance and we get an output voltage.
During the negative half cycle of ac input signal, diode is reverse-biased and it does not conduct. Hence, there is
no current in the load resistance and there is no output.
Thus, we get the output only for half cycle of a.c. input signal.
==========================================================================
2. Draw a labelled circuit diagram of a junction diode as a full wave rectifier. Explain its underlying principle and working.
Depict the input and output wave forms. CBSE (AI)-2017,2015,2011,2006,(D)-2012,2009,(F)-2009,2005
[Ans. Full wave rectifier
During the positive half cycle of a.c. input signal, diode gets forward biased and conducts while being
reverse biased does not conducts. Hence, there is a current in due to diode and we get an output voltage.
During the negative half cycle of ac input signal, diode gets reverse biased and does not conduct while
being forward biased conducts. Hence, now there is a current in due to diode and again we get an output voltage.
Thus, we get output voltage for complete cycle of a.c. input signal in the same direction
116. . What is Zener diode ? How is a Zener diode fabricated ? What causes the setting up of high electric field even for
small reverse bias voltage across the diode ? With the help of a circuit diagram explain the use of a Zener diode as a
voltage stabilizer. CBSE (AI)-2015,2009,2008,2004,(F)-2007,2001
[Ans. Zener Diode: It is a heavily doped p-n junction diode specially designed to operate in the reverse breakdown region
Continuously
Principle : At reverse breakdown voltage, the voltage across Zener diode remains constant for a large change in
reverse current.
Fabrication : Zener diode fabricated by heavily doping both p and n- side of the junction. Heavy doping makes the
depletion region very thin. This makes the electric field of the junction extremely high ( 5 X V/m),
even for a small reverse voltage ( 5V). This in turn helps the Zener diode to act as voltage regulator
Zener diode as a Voltage stabilizer :
Working :
If input voltage increases/ decreases, current through Zener diode will also increase/ decreases. It
increases/ decreases voltage drop across Rs without any change in voltage across as
potential across Zener diode does not change in breakdown region giving the regulated output voltage
117. Draw the circuit diagram to study the characteristic curves of a Zener diode and draw its typical I-V
characteristics.
CBSE (F)-2012,2010
[Ans. Circuit diagram to draw characteristic curves : I-V characteristic curves
118. Explain briefly with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of a n-p-n transistor. CBSE (AI)-2012
[Ans. Action or working of a n-p-n Transistor :
As the emitter-base junction is forward biased, electrons move
from emitter to base and holes from base to emitter. Since the base
is very thin & lightly doped, most of the electrons (about 98%) passes
through it, while a very few of them (about 2%) recombine with the
holes present in the base.
As soon as an electron recombines with a hole, supplies an
electron to the emitter, at the same instant an electron leaves the
base and reaches to . As a result a current flows through
base-emitter junction.
Now, as an electron reaches the , at the same instant an electron leaves the negative terminal of
and enters in the emitter. As a result current flows through collector-emitter circuit.
Obviously, =
119. Draw a circuit diagram to study the input and output characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in its common emitter
configuration. Draw the typical input and output characteristics and explain how these graphs are used to calculate
(i) input resistance (ii) output resistance and (iii) current amplification factor of the transistor.
[Ans. Circuit diagram : CBSE (D)-2016,2012,2009,(AI)-2013,2010,2009,2006,2004,(F)-2013,2012
(1) Input Characteristics

The variation of base current with the base-emitter voltage ) at constant collector-emitter
voltage is called the input characteristics.
To draw these characteristics, is noted for different values of keeping constant
Input resistance ( ):
It is defined as the ratio of change in
base-emitter voltage (Δ ) to the change in
base current (Δ ) at constant collector-emitter
voltage
i,e, =
This is dynamic (ac resistance)

(2) Output Characteristics
The variation of collector current with the collector-emitter voltage ) at constant
base current , is called the output characteristics
To draw these characteristics, is noted for different values of keeping constant
Output resistance ( ):
It is defined as the ratio of change in
collector-emitter voltage (Δ ) to the change in
collector current (Δ ) atconstant base current
i,e,
current amplification factor ( )

It is defined as the ratio of the change in collector
current (Δ ) to the change in base current (Δ ) at a constant collector-
emitter voltage ( ) when the transistor is in active state.
i,e ,
1. Draw the transfer characteristic curve of a base biased transistor in configuration. Explain clearly how the active
region of the versus curve in a transistor is used as an amplifier. CBSE (D)-2012
[Ans. Transfer characteristic curve
Slope
As slope is more, i,e,
Also in active region for any small increase in
There is large increase in .
Hence transistor can be used as an amplifier
120. 1. What is an Amplifier ? Under what condition does the transistor acts as an Amplifier ?
[Ans. Amplifier : An amplifier is an electronic device which increases the amplitude of the input a.c. signal.
Condition : Transistor acts as amplifier in its active region
2. Draw a simple circuit diagram of a common emitter amplifier using n-p-n transistor. Briefly explain its working and
draw the input and output waveforms of the signal.
(i) Explain, clearly how the input and output signals differ in phase by .
(ii) Derive an expression for its voltage gain, power gain.
CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2014,2012,2009,2008,2007,2004,2002,(D)-2014,2009,2003,(F)-2007,2006
[Ans. Common Emitter n-p-n Transistor as an Amplifier :
We have
------------(1)
When the a.c. input signal is applied across the base-emitter circuit, it changes and hence and changes.
As a result, varies in accordance with equation (1). This variation in , appears as an amplified output.
Phase difference :
Positive half cycle of a.c. input signal makes input circuit more forward biased. As a result, and hence
increases. But from (1) when increases, decreases which makes the collector less positive or more negative.
Similarly, negative half cycle of a.c. input signal makes input circuit less forward biased. As a result, and
hence decreases. But again from (1) when decreases, increases which makes the collector more positive .
This is why input and output signals are 1800 out of phase.
A.C. Voltage gain ( ) : It is defined as the ratio of the change in output voltage to the change in input voltage
i,e, =
⇨ X X =
Negative sign shows that the input & output voltages have a phase difference of 180 0
A.C. Power gain (P) ( X )x = X
==================================================================================
3. State two reasons why a common emitter amplifier is preferred to common base amplifier ? CBSE (AI)-2007
[Ans. High current gain / High Voltage& Power gain / moderate output to input impedance matching ratio
4. Write any two limitations of a common emitter transistor amplifier. CBSE (AIC)-2007
[Ans. (i) voltage gain is constant for a limited range of frequencies.
(ii) Voltage gain cannot be increased to very large values
5. Draw frequency response curve for common emitter n-p-n amplifier. CBSE (F)-2007,2005,(DC)-2005
[Ans. Frequency response curve
121. 1. Draw logic symbol of gate and write its truth table. CBSE (F)-2017
[Ans.
2. Draw logic symbol of gate and write its truth table. CBSE (AI)-2009
[Ans.
3. Draw logic symbol of gate and write its truth table. CBSE (AI)-2009
[Ans.
4. Draw logic symbol of an and write its truth table. CBSE (AI)-2009
[Ans.
5. Draw logic symbol of an and write its truth table. CBSE (AI)-2009
[Ans.
6. Name the logic gate shown in figure and write its truth table. CBSE (F)-2011
[ Ans.
7. You are given two circuits (a) and (b) as shown in the figures. CBSE (AI)-2015,2013,2011,(D)-2011
(i) Identify the gates equivalent to the two circuits.
(ii) Identify the logic operation carried out by the two.
[Ans. (i) (a)
(b)
(ii) (a)
(b)
8. Write the truth table for circuits given below consisting of NOR gates only. Identify the logic operations
(OR,AND,NOT) performed by the two circuits. CBSE (AI)-2011,(DC)-2009
[Ans. (a)
(b)
(a) (b)
9. In the circuit shown in the figure, identify the equivalent gate of the circuit and make its truth table.
CBSE (AI)-2013,2012,2011,2008,(F)-2014
[Ans.
www.conceptualphysicsindia.com
122. 1. Identify the equivalent gate for the following circuit. Draw logic symbol and write its truth table CBSE (F)-2015,2008
[ Ans.
2. (i) Identify the gates P and Q shown in the figure. Write the truth table for the combination of the gates shown.
(ii) Name the equivalent gate representing this circuit and write its logic symbol. CBSE (AI)-2015,(DC)-2004
[ Ans. (i) ,
(ii)
3. (i) Name the logic gates marked and in the given logic circuit. CBSE (AI)-2016,2010
(ii) Write down the output at X for the inputs A=0, B=0 and A=1, B=1
[Ans. (i)
(ii)
4. Identify the logic gates marked ‘P’ and ‘Q’ in the given circuit. Write the truth table for the combination.
[Ans. CBSE (D)-2014,(AI)-2010
5. Write the truth table for the combination of the gates shown. Name the gates used. CBSE (D)-2014,(F)-2013
[Ans.
6. In the figure below, circuit of a logic gate and input waveform is shown. CBSE (D)-2003
(i) Name the logic gate
(ii) Write its truth table
(iii) give the output waveform
7. In the figure below, circuit of a logic gate and input waveform is shown. CBSE (D)-2003
123.1. In the figure below, circuit of a logic gate and input waveform is shown. CBSE (D)-2003
3. The figure shows the input waveforms A and B for ‘AND’ gate. Draw the output waveform and write the truth table
for this logic gate. CBSE (AI)-2017,(D)-2009
[Ans.
4. Show the output waveforms (Y) for the following inputs A and B of OR gate. CBSE (D)-2012,2008,(AIC)-2014
[Ans.
5. Show the output waveforms (Y) for the following inputs A and B of NAND gate. CBSE (D)-2012,2008,(AIC)-2014
[Ans.
4. Two signals A and B are used as inputs of a NOR gate. Draw the output waveform. CBSE (AI)-2016
[Ans.
5. The following figure shows the input waveforms (A, B) and the output waveform (Y) of a gate. Identify the gate,
write its truth table and draw its logic symbol. CBSE (AI)-2016,(D)-2009,(AIC)-2006
[Ans.
Unit-Communiacation System
124.1. Distinguish between ‘Analog and Digital signals’. CBSE (F) -2015,(D)-2012,(AI)-2003
[Ans.
Analog signal Digital signal
1. In analog signal there is continuous 1. In digital signal there are discrete values of
variation voltage/ current, i,e, 0 or 1
of voltage/ current
2. Write two basic modes of communication. Which basic mode of communication is used for telephonic
communication ?
[ Ans. Basic modes of communication : (i) Point to point mode of communica CBSE (AI)-2015,2014
(ii) Broadcast mode of communication
Point to point mode of communication mode is used for telephonic communication
3. Distinguish between point to point and broadcast modes of communication. Give an example of each.
[ Ans. Point to point Communication mode : CBSE (F)-2017,2016
In this communication mode, communication takes place over a link between a
single transmitter and a single receiver For example- Telephone
Broadcast Communication mode : In this communication mode, communication takes place over a link between a
single transmitter and a large number of receivers For example- Radio & Television
4. Write the functions of the following in the communication systems
(i) Transducer (ii) Repeater CBSE (AI)-2016,2014,2009,(F)-2016,2015,2013,2011,(D)-2012,2010
[ Ans. (i) Transducer : It converts one form of energy in to another form of energy.
(ii) Repeater : It picks up signals from the transmitter, amplifies & then retransmits it to the receiver.
It is used to extend the range of communication system
(i) Transmitter (ii) Receiver CBSE (AI)-2016,2014,2009,(F)-2016,2015,2013,2011,(D)-2012,2010
[ Ans. (i) Transmitter : It processes the incoming message signal so as to make it suitable for transmission through a
channel and subsequent reception
(ii) Receiver : It receives the modulated wave then it demodulates, amplifies and reproduces the original
desired message signal from it
(i) Modulator (ii) Demodulator CBSE (AI)-2016,2014,(F)-2013,(D)-2012
[Ans. (i) Modulator : It superimposes the low frequency audio signal (modulating signal) over the high frequency wave
carrier wave
(ii) Demodulator : It retrieves information from the modulated wave at the receiver
7. Write the function of Band pass Filter in the communication systems. CBSE (AI)-2015,(F) -2015,2011
[Ans. Band pass filter : It rejects low and high frequencies and allows a band of frequencies , and
to pass through
8. Explain the terms (i) Attenuation and (ii) demodulation used in a communication system .CBSE (D)-2016
[Ans. (i) Attenuation : The loss of strength of a signal while propagating through a medium is called attenuation
(ii) Demodulation : The process of retrieval of information from the modulated wave at the receiver is called
demodulation
125. Define the term ‘modulation index’ used in communication system. Why is its value kept less than or
equal to one ?
[ Ans. Modulation Index : CBSE (F)-2017,2015,2011,2009,(AIC)-2017,(AI)-2015
It is the ratio of amplitude of modulating signal to the amplitude of carrier wave
i,e,
It is kept less than one ( 1) to avoid distortion

126. In the block diagram of a simple modulator for obtaining an AM signal, shown in figure, Identify the
boxes A and B. Write their function. CBSE (AI) -2013
[Ans. A - square law device, it is a non linear device and produces the output = +
B - Band pass filter, it rejects low and high frequencies and allows a band of frequencies to pass through
127. Block diagram of a receiver is shown in figure, Identify X and Y and write their functions.
CBSE (D) -2013,(AI)-2012,(Sample Paper)-2011
[Ans. X - Intermediate frequency range (IF stage), it changes the em wave of high frequency to a lower frequency
for further detection in detector
Y- Amplifier, it increases the power of the signals up to required level
128. Draw the waveforms for the CBSE (AIC)-2013
(i) input AM wave at A (ii) Output B of the rectifier and (iii) output signal C of the envelop detector.
[ Ans. Required waveforms
129. Draw a block diagram of a generalized communication system. Write the functions of each of the
following : (a) Transmitter (b) Channel (c) Receiver CBSE (AI)-2017,2015,(F)-2011
[Ans. Block diagram of a communication System
(a) Transmitter : Transmitter processes the incoming message signal so as to make it suitable for transmission by
converting it in to equivalent electrical variations, amplifying and modulating it,
(b) Communication channel : It carries the message signal from transmitter to receiver through line or space
(c) Receiver : It extracts the desired message signal from received modulated wave by demodulation as output,
130. Briefly explain the three factors which justify the need of modulating low frequency signal into high
frequencies.
[ Ans. (i) Size of antenna : CBSE (D)-2017,(AIC)-2017
For the effective radiation & reception of radio waves, the length of antenna (for audio signal f = 20 KHz) should
be = = = = = = 3750 m Which is practically not possible.
(ii) Effective power radiated by antenna
Power radiated by an antenna, P
Obviously, power radiated is more for shorter wavelengths (or higher frequencies). For covering more area,
power radiated should be more, which is not possible at lower frequencies (audio signal).
(iii) Mixing up of signals
If the audio signals are transmitted directly, the various audio signals from different transmitters get mixed
up and hence it becomes very difficult to distinguish them at the receiving stations
131. Show diagrammatically how an amplitude modulated wave is obtained when a modulating signal is
superimposed on a carrier wave. E (AI)-2017,2015,2014, 2011,2007,(D)-2012,(F)-2009
[ Ans. Amplitude modulation is achieved by superposing a message signal on a high frequency carrier wave by using a
square law device followed by a band pass filter in such a manner that the amplitude of carrier wave is varied
according to the message signal
132. Draw a block diagram of a simple modulator and explain how the AM wave is produced.
CBSE (AI)-2015,(F) -2014,2010,(D)-2009,2008,2003
[ Ans. Block diagram of modulator & Production of an AM wave
to produce an AM wave modulating signal ( = ) is superimposed on carrier wave ( = )

i,e, (t) =
signals thus produced are then passed through a square law device which converts the signal in to non linear form
given by
(t) = (t) (t) Where and are constants.
This signal is then passed through a band pass filter centered at . Such a filter rejects d.c. and the sinusoids of
frequencies , 2 and 2 and retains the frequencies , . Thus output obtained is an AM wave.
133. (i) Name the three different modes of propagation used in communication systems.
CBSE (AI)-2015,2012
(ii) Indicate clearly which one of these is used
(a) to achieve long distance communication by ionospheric reflection and
(b) for line of sight (LoS) as well as satellite communication CBSE (F)-2014,(AI)-2011,(D)-2011
[Ans. (i) Three modes of propagation : Ground waves, sky waves & Space waves
(ii) (a) Sky waves are used in long distance communication by ionospheric reflection
(b) Space waves are used for LoS as well as satellite communication
134. (i) Which mode of propagation is used by shortwave broadcast services having frequency range from
a few MHz up to 30 MHz ? Explain diagrammatically how long distance communication can be
achieved by this mode ?
(ii) Why is there an upper limit to frequency of waves used in this mode ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2012
[ Ans. (i) Sky wave propagation is used
Long distance communication can be achieved by reflection
of radio waves by the ionosphere, back towards the Earth. This
ionosphere layer acts as a reflector only for a certain range of
frequencies (few MHz to 30 MHz). In a single reflection from
the ionosphere, radio waves can cover a distance about 4000 Km
(ii) Electromagnetic waves of frequencies higher than 30 MHz

penetrate the ionosphere and escape
Thanks
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PHYSICS CLASS-XII REVISION

7.(i) Define an equipotential surface ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2002,(D)-2003

[ Ans. B has higher capacitance

Torque :Two equal and opposite forces and forms a couple

= either force X distance = x

On resolving and in horizontal and vertical

direction of is opposite to that of dipole moment

⇨ potential difference between the plates

But, charge inside the spherical shell, i,e, q = 0

Electric field in dielectric slab

⇨ potential difference between the plates

30. Answer the following :

i,e, ⇨ S.I. unit of potential gradient is V/m

Similarly, if be the balancing length for cell of emf then

(ii) Possible causes :

40. State Ampere’s circuital law. CBSE (AI)-2016

For a coil of N turns

i. An ammeter of resistance can measure current up to CBSE (D)-2013

(i) Diamagnetic (ii) Paramagnetic

[ Ans. Q to P through ammeter and D to C through ammeter

2. Give two uses of eddy currents. CBSE (AI)-2009

3. Why eddy currents are considered undesirable ? CBSE (AI)-2011,2009

4. How are eddy currents minimized ? CBSE (AI)-2011,2009

⇨ also increases and current decreases

⇨ also increases and current decreases

⇨ External force required,

(iii) Power dissipated as heat :

⇨ magnetic flux linked with each turn of the coil

⇨ Self inductance of the coil

Factors on which self inductance of a coil depends :

Factors on which mutual inductance of a pair of solenoids depends :

Obviously, effective resistance of the circuit, known as

(i) For a pure inductive or capacitive circuit,

(ii) at resonance when

Back emf induced in Primary

Similarly, emf induced in the secondary

As the primary has negligible resistance, and if secondary is in an

Where, , is called transformation ratio

(c) for larger value of Q (= , resonance will be sharper hence

When is put in series, for LCR circuit power factor

14. Write the expression for the energy density of an

4. Why is the quantity is called displacement current ? CBSE (AIC)-2001

Reason : = = ⇨ = ⇨ [ angle of incidence is same

72. 1. What is total internal reflection of light ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2001

⇨ for large angular magnification,

(ii) Distance between two lenses

[Ans. Objective lens : Lens

and are also similar

⇨ from equation (1) and (2)

[ Ans. By Snell’s law,

For small angles,

In OAC and IAC,

For the refraction at ADC, image will act as an

on adding (1) & (2) we get

But when then

For the refraction by lens , will act as an imaginary object,

On adding equation (1) and (2) we get

Let be the focal length of this lens combination then we have

[ Ans. Refraction through a glass prism :

(ii) For objective lens,