Cambodia Agricultural Value

Chain Program (CAVAC)

SCHEME
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
MANUAL

Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme

Takeo Province

January 2020
Cambodia Agricultural Value Chain Program (CAVAC II)

CONTENTS
List of tables .......................................................................................................................................... ii

List of figures........................................................................................................................................ iii

Abbreviations....................................................................................................................................... iv

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Objective ............................................................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Scope of Manual ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.4 FWUC Organization ........................................................................................................................... 1

2. OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM ........................................................................................................... 4

2.1 Scheme Layout – Canals and Structures............................................................................................ 5
2.1.1 Scheme layout with all elements ............................................................................................... 5
2.1.2 Role of canals and structures..................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Design Blocks and Canal Capacity.................................................................................................... 10
2.3 Pump Capacity and Irrigation Area.................................................................................................. 12
2.3.1 Lifting head vs. Discharge ........................................................................................................ 13
2.3.2 Irrigation area and possible extension area ............................................................................ 15
2.4 River Discharge and Water Level ..................................................................................................... 17

3. SCHEME OPERATION ................................................................................................................... 18

3.1 Command Water Level .................................................................................................................... 18
3.2 Distribution of Sliding Gate ............................................................................................................. 19
3.3 Distribution at Farm Level ............................................................................................................... 20
3.4 Pump Operation .............................................................................................................................. 21
3.5 Scheme Operation Procedure ......................................................................................................... 21
3.5.1 How to irrigate paddy field ...................................................................................................... 22
3.5.1 Drainage system ...................................................................................................................... 23

4. OPERATIONAL PLAN .................................................................................................................... 24

4.1 Crop water requirement.................................................................................................................. 24
4.2 Cropping Pattern ............................................................................................................................. 24
4.3 Water Irrigation Request Procedure ............................................................................................... 24
4.4 Data Records.................................................................................................................................... 26

5. MAINTENANCE ............................................................................................................................ 26
5.1 Type of Maintenance ....................................................................................................................... 27
5.2 Maintenance Plan ............................................................................................................................ 28
5.3 Maintenance Budget ....................................................................................................................... 30

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5.4 Investment on Improvement........................................................................................................... 30
5.5 Maintenance Record ....................................................................................................................... 30

ANNEX A: Inventory list of Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme.......................................................................... 32

ANNEX b: Typical canal cross-section ................................................................................................... 34

ANNEX C: Pump characteristics ............................................................................................................ 35

ANNEX D: Water level record form ...................................................................................................... 36

ANNEX E: Electricity power consumption record form .......................................................................... 37

ANNEX F: Rainfall data record form...................................................................................................... 38

ANNEX G: Condition survey checklist ................................................................................................... 39

TECHNICAL REFERENCE: ....................................................................................................................... 40

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Key Canal Alignments ............................................................................................................ 7

Table 2: Key Structures along Main Canal MC .................................................................................... 7
Table 3: Key Structures along Secondary Canal SC1 ........................................................................... 7
Table 4: Key Structures along Secondary Canal SC2 ........................................................................... 7
Table 5: Key Structures along Secondary Canal SC3 ........................................................................... 8
Table 6: Key Structures along Secondary Canal SC4 ........................................................................... 8
Table 7: Pictures of Main Structures in Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme................................................... 9
Table 8: Hydraulic data of canals ...................................................................................................... 11
Table 9: PVC pipe outlet along MC.................................................................................................... 12
Table 10: Pump’s discharge and power consumption with different head ...................................... 17
Table 11: Command water level along MC ....................................................................................... 18
Table 12: Top gate elevation at close................................................................................................ 19
Table 13: Rating flow by gate opening for pipe of 0.6m diameter ................................................... 20
Table 14: Rating flow by gate opening for sluice gate ...................................................................... 20
Table 15: Flow through a short PVC pipe outlet ............................................................................... 21
Table 16: Current practice cropping pattern .................................................................................... 24
Table 17: Maintenance priorities ...................................................................................................... 28

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: FWUC Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme Organization.................................................................. 2

Figure 2: Blocks of landholding map based on villages....................................................................... 3
Figure 3: Location of Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme ............................................................................... 4
Figure 4: Layout map of Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme .......................................................................... 6
Figure 5: Design blocks for field channel and secondary canal ........................................................ 11
Figure 6: Submersible pump used for Canal 90 Scheme ................................................................... 13
Figure 7: Water gauge at pump bay ................................................................................................. 13
Figure 8: Section view of pump house .............................................................................................. 14
Figure 9: Pump Performance Curve for pump installed in Canal 90 Scheme ................................... 15
Figure 10: Water management map in Canal 90 .............................................................................. 16
Figure 11: Gauge on check structure ................................................................................................ 19
Figure 12: Typical gate on MC’s wall to control flow into each SC ................................................... 19
Figure 13: Typical sluice gate, from MC into SC ................................................................................ 19
Figure 14. Flow through PVC outlet .................................................................................................. 21
Figure 15. Flow through siphon pipe into rice plot ........................................................................... 21
Figure 16: Example of water distribution to SC3L............................................................................. 22
Figure 17: Drainage system in Canal 90 Scheme .............................................................................. 23

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ABBREVIATIONS

CAVAC : Cambodian Agricultural Value Chain

FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization
FWUC : Farmer Water User Committee
ISF : Irrigation Service Fee
JICA : Japanese International Cooperation Agency
MC : Main Canal
MD : Main Drain
MoWRAM : Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology
MRC : The Mekong River Commission
MSL : Mean Sea Level
PDoWRAM : Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology
PRASAC : Programme de Réhabilitation et d'Appui au Secteur Agricole du Cambodge
SC : Secondary Canal
TC : Tertiary Canal

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme (Chomrom Pumping Station) is among several irrigation schemes
identified possible development under Cambodia Agricultural Value Chain program (CAVAC II) with
a strong support from Takeo PDoWRAM and local authorities to increase productivity and income
for smallholder farmers in Cambodia.
Following preliminary and feasibility study, the project was selected for conducting detailed design
in 2015 during CAVAC Phase I. The construction of the scheme started in early 2016 and completed
in the same year.
The scheme will benefit around 473 households and irrigate more than 711 hectares of rice paddy
with double crop per year. The third crop could be possible in some years whenever the flood is
lower than normal level. To make sure a proper management, one Farmer Water User Committee
(FWUC) is established to operate and maintain the whole system.

1.2 Objective
The objective of operation and maintenance manual is to set out the principles of how the Canal 90
Irrigation Scheme will be operated and maintained under management of FWUC. The good
operation will assure the adequate supply of irrigation at the right time, effectively and efficiently.
This will also avoid the leakage or waste of excess water which leads to a reduction in pumping cost,
and also the conflict which may happen among farmers within the system.
To assure the long-life of the scheme, a regular maintenance must be implemented based on a good
budget planned that is saved from Irrigation Service Fee (ISF) collected. The fee which is paid by
beneficiary farmers with trust in return a good service of irrigating water.
This manual will include:
• Role of each structure element in the scheme and its characteristics
• Procedure to irrigate from start to end (i.e., from pump station to field level)
• Drainage management, and
• Maintenance plan.

1.3 Scope of Manual

The scope of the manual will cover the topic as follows:
• Brief about FWUC’s roles
• Description of the whole scheme as well as design concept
• Method to distribute and drain water in the scheme
• Operational plan
• Maintenance

1.4 FWUC Organization

The organization structure of FWUC Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme is established jointly by CAVAC and
PDoWRAM. A group of people consists of 8 farmers who are FWUC committees will do their job on
scheme operation and maintenance. The management board consists of one chief and one vice-
chief with help of one treasurer. There are two pump operators and three block leaders. Each
committee member has their own role and responsibility as follows:

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Figure 1: FWUC Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme Organization

a. FWUC board
- To oversee the overall management of the scheme
- Facilitate the monthly meeting of the FWUC and organize general assembly within the community
- Solve any conflicts occur within FWUC and community
- Deal with (local authority, PDoWRAM, other NGOs, counterparts)
- Manage the financial report (income and expense)
- Deposit and withdraw the money to the bank account

b. Treasurer
- Keep pumping invoice for each block after pump operating to irrigate those blocks
- Issue invoices to each block leader to request for payment for water fee at the harvest season
- Receive and keep money for water fee payment
- Record of any daily income and expense
- Produce monthly financial report for FWUC
- Take part in depositing and withdrawal of the money from bank account

c. Pump operator
- Get the request for water from block leaders
- Switch on/off the pump
- Together with block leader who requests for water, check the counter when start and stop the
pumps to see how many kWh the pumps consume for each pumping
- Look after/maintain (where possible) the pumps and pump house
- Record water level

d. Block leader
- Get the request from farmers for water
- Inform the FWUC board and pump operators about water request
- Inform farmers about when having water
- Train farmers how to operate the Secondary Canal (SC) and Turnout at the head of SC especially
when to open and close the PVC pipe outlet to ensure that all farmers along the SC can get water
at the same time and water can be used in a saving-manner
- Work on the summing up the total area for irrigated area
- Collect water service fee from farmers and pay to treasurer
- Solve any issues within block

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Figure 2: Blocks of landholding map based on villages

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Figure 2 shows the blocks to be managed by the three block leaders. Each block is the group of rice
plots located in the same village. Block 1 is for farmers from Chomrom village. Block 2 is for
Samroang and Prey Melorng village. Block 3 is for farmers from Thourl Kandal village. This
landholding map contain the tenure and size of each rice plots. The map will be beneficial for
management of command area to be irrigated, water distribution arrangement and ISF collection.

2. OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM

The Canal 90 irrigation scheme is located on the western part of the Main Line 99-98 Canal of
PRASAC System (Programme de Réhabilitation et d'Appui au Secteur Agricole du Cambodge) which
is a distributary of the Steung Takeo river, as can be seen in Figure 3. From Main Line 99-98 Canal,
water is conveyed through an Intake Canal of 4,100 meters length to the Pump Station.
During the Mekong flood season, floodwater is forced to spread over most part of command area
for several months yearly starting from August to November. This allows recession cropping (first
crop) on large tracts of land when water recedes in November. This is the time that the operation
of the scheme begins its services. The second crop would in April during which farmers struggle a
lot to get water for their rice paddy.
The downstream of Canal Line 99-98 is connected to Vinh-Te Canal. Both connections of Canal Line
99-98, Steung Takeo and Vinh-Te, are influenced by tide. This could also happen in this region. The
different between low and high tide is remarkable during the dry season.
Because this area is flooded area, navigation is also the core transportation for most famers and
traders. This will make the canal erosion due to the water wave. Siltation is a big concern for the
Intake Canal maintenance.

Figure 3: Location of Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme

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2.1 Scheme Layout – Canals and Structures
2.1.1 Scheme layout with all elements
The scheme is designed by using pump to lift water to a supply level and then irrigate the whole
system by gravity flow. The scheme consists of one intake canal, one pumping station sitting at the
tail of intake canal, one Main Canal (MC), 4 Secondary Canals (SC) equipped with controlled gates
at the head of canal, earthen field channel and other infrastructures which are part of the system
functionality.

Main structure components:

- 1 Intake Canal 4,100 m length

- 1 Pump station with four pumps
- 1 Main Canal 2,612 m length
- 4 Lines of Secondary Canal 6,572 m length in total
- 4 Off-take structures to SCs
- 13 Check structures (both on MC and SCs)
- 2 Aqueducts
- 1 Inverted siphon
- 1 Tail escape on MC (water-controlled gate)

How does this irrigation scheme work?

Intake Canal is the convey canal that diverts water from the source, Steung Takeo mainly, through
the PRASAC Canal Line 99-98.
At the tail of Intake Canal, the pumping station plays very essential role in lifting and supplying water
to the whole scheme. The station consists of four pumps which are driven by electricity power.
Water will then transfer to the Main Canal. The parabolic pre-cast concrete Main Canal is connected
from the stilling basin of the pumping station and runs along an existing road toward the existing
embankment on the West, and on this Main Canal there are 4 tributaries (Secondary Canal) to the
South and several field channels to the North (PVC Pipes outlet). With help of Check Structure, the
water level and flow to downstream of MC or SC can be regulated.
At the head of each Secondary Canal, the off-take structure is equipped with gate to control the
water flowing from the Main Canal. PVC pipes outlet are installed on the MC or SC canal wall right
at field channel to deliver water directly into rice fields. The PVC pipes diameter vary depending on
the size of irrigated area.
There are several earthen canals, both existing and newly built, which serve as drainage canal. There
drain forms as a network to make sure the field could be dry up from Mekong flood during recession
period, excess water from rainfall or irrigation, and remaining water before harvesting.

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Figure 4: Layout map of Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme

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Table 1: Key Canal Alignments

No. Canal Name Shape Material Length (m)

1 Intake Canal Trapezoidal Earth 4,100.00

2 Main canal (MC) Parabolic Concrete 2,612.00
3 Secondary Canal 1 (SC1L) Parabolic Concrete 1,392.61
4 Secondary Canal 1 SC2L Parabolic Concrete 1,599.71
5 Secondary Canal 1 SC3L Parabolic Concrete 1,633.95
6 Secondary Canal 1 SC4L Parabolic Concrete 1,945.92
7 Main Drain along MC (South of MC) - Earth -
8 Drain along SC1 (West of SC1) - Earth -
9 Drain along SC2 (East of SC2) - Earth -
10 Drain along SC3 (West of SC3) - Earth -
11 Existing Drain along SC4 (West of SC4) - Earth -
12 Existing Drain (West – East Direction, South - Earth -
of MC and located around 400m from MC)
(See details dimensions of canals in Annex B)

Table 2: Key Structures along Main Canal MC

Main Canal Type of Structure Gate and Culvert Size
MC-0+000 Off-take structure (LHS) to SC1L Pipe 0.4m
MC-0+009 Crossing Structure
MC-0+402 Crossing Structure
MC-0+405 Off-take structure (LHS) to SC2L Pipe 0.3m
MC-0+415 Check Structure 1st
MC-0+625 Crossing Structure
MC-0+949 Off-take structure (LHS) to SC3L Pipe 0.6m
MC-0+961 Check Structure 2nd
MC-1+450 Check Structure 3rd
MC-2+008 Off-take structure (LHS) to SC4L Pipe 0.6m
MC-2+021 Check Structure 4th
MC-2+386 Crossing Structure
MC-2+600 Siphon
MC-2+612 Tail Escape (Water Gate)

Table 3: Key Structures along Secondary Canal SC1

SC1 Type of Structure Gate and Culvert Size
SC1-0+492 Check Structure
SC1-0+696 Car-Passing
SC1-1+431 Tail Escape

Table 4: Key Structures along Secondary Canal SC2

SC2 Type of Structure Gate and Culvert Size
SC2-0+365 Check Structure
SC2-0+827 Check Structure
SC2-1+219 Steel Flap Gate (Check)
SC2-1+321 Car-Passing
SC2-1+606 Tail Escape

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Table 5: Key Structures along Secondary Canal SC3

SC3 Type of Structure Gate and Culvert Size
SC3-0+395 Check Structure
SC3-0+965 Check Structure
SC3-1+025 Car-Passing
SC3-1+030 Steel Flap Gate (Check)
SC3-1+644 Tail Escape

Table 6: Key Structures along Secondary Canal SC4

SC4 Type of Structure Gate and Culvert Size
SC4-0+465 Check Structure
SC4-1+217 Aqueduct
SC4-1+440 Check Structure
SC4-1+717 Aqueduct
SC4-1+718 Car-Passing
SC4-1+944 Tail Escape

2.1.2 Role of canals and structures

Intake Canal: Plays as canal feeder which convey water from mainstream Steung Takeo through
PRASAC Canal Line 99-98.
Main Canal (MC): It is the important canal or main distributor of the scheme which supply the whole
scheme from pump house to a Secondary Canals.
Secondary Canal: The sub-level canal taking water from MC through off-take structure to Tertiary
Canal or field channel.
Field Channel: It is the lowest level taking water from Secondary Canal or Tertiary Canal to irrigate
straight to rice paddy field.
Drain: The canal aims to drain excess water (rainfall or irrigated water) from rice paddy field. The
water can be re-use or throw away depending on geography.
Pump House: A building to store pumps, control panel and other accessories. The installed pumps
for Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme use electricity power for operation.
Transformer and Electric Component: These are electricity components including electricity line,
transformer, capacitor bank, electricity meter and so on.
Off-take structure: This structure allows water to flow from an upper level to lower level of canal
and it is equipped with a controlled gate (mostly sliding gate). It is commonly used to divert water
from MC to SC.
Check structure: It is a gate mostly combined with Crossing Structure. It is located across the canal
(MC or SC) to raise upstream water to certain level (it is the design level) and control the flow by its
openings.
PVC pipe outlet: it is to supply water to field channel and finally to rice paddy field.
Crossing structure: Any passing structure over canals or drains including pipe culvert, box culvert,
bridge and so on.
Aqueduct: It is used to carry irrigation water across drains, gullies or other natural depressions.

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Tail escape: It is provided at the tail end of each canal alignment. It plays similar role as check
structure in maintaining the required FSL in the tail reaches of the canal and it is also used to drain
away excess water.

Table 7: Pictures of core structures in Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme

View of Intake Canal from Pump Station Pump Station

Transformer (160kVA) on electricity poles Pump control panel

Check structure across Main Canal Crossing Structure

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Off-take to Secondary Canal Check structure across Secondary Canal

Steel flap gate on Secondary Canal Aqueduct on SC4L

PVC Pipe outlet to field channel PVC Pipe outlet to field channel over the drain

2.2 Design Blocks and Canal Capacity

The design hydraulic blocks may be different from the landholding blocks used for Irrigation Service
Fee mentioned in the previous section. The scheme is divided into small areas where it could
directly receive water from a field channel. The field channel gets water from Secondary Canal or
Main Canal through a control structures, called PVC pipe outlets. Summing up the size of those small

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areas, the dimension of SC and MC can be designed. Simply speaking, the size of canal is
proportional to the size of command area.
The Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme’s command area can be divided into two main parts, the North and
the South of Main Canal (see Figure 5). In the Northern part, the land is sloping down to North, a
natural depression area at the end. There are many existing field channels with an irrigated size of
20ha on average for each. Therefore, the installation of PVC pipe outlet from Main Canal is enough
to deliver the right amount of water to the field. The total net irrigation area of Northern MC is
204.1ha.
In the Southern part, on the other hand, the size is as of 438.77ha. There are 4 Secondary canals
and also several PVC pipe outlets from Main Canal. From each SC, PVC pipes are installed at the
field channel to make sure that the water can be delivered to paddy field. The original design
command area is as of 642.86ha. Table 8 shows the dimensions and hydraulic data for all canals
with Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme.

Table 8: Hydraulic data of canals

No. Name Shape Bed Width (m) Water Design Velocity
or Coef. k for parabolic Depth (m) Discharge (m/s)
(m3/s)
1 Intake Canal Trapezoidal 4.50 2.26 7.84 0.44
2 Main Canal Parabolic* 1.0586 1.30 1.295 0.67
3 SC1L Parabolic* 2.9240 0.85 0.274 0.45
4 SC2L Parabolic* 3.6704 0.45 0.076 0.33
5 SC3L Parabolic* 2.9240 0.85 0.274 0.45
6 SC4L Parabolic* 2.9240 0.85 0.274 0.45
*Parabolic equation h=kx2
Note: This is the size of canal only, it must consider the pump capacity and off-take.

Figure 5: Design blocks for field channel and secondary canal

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Table 9: PVC pipe outlet along MC

Station Name of PVC Pipe Design PVC
No. along MC Outlet Discharge (m3/s) Diameter (m)
PVC Pipe Outlet to the North
1 0+021 MC-OFF-1R 0.0211 100
2 0+303 MC-OFF-2R 0.0475 150
3 0+427 MC-OFF-3R 0.0475 150
5 0+632 MC-OFF-4R 0.0475 150
6 0+812 MC-OFF-5R 0.0211 100
7 0+948 MC-OFF-6R 0.0475 150
9 1+106 MC-OFF-7R 0.0475 150
10 1+258 MC-OFF-8R 0.0844 200
11 1+450 MC-OFF-9R 0.0475 150
12 1+657 MC-OFF-10R 0.0475 150
13 1+757 MC-OFF-11R 0.0475 150
14 2+012 MC-OFF-12R 0.0475 150
15 2+171 MC-OFF-13R 0.0475 150
16 2+339 MC-OFF-14R 0.0211 100
17 2+444 MC-OFF-15R 0.0211 100
PVC Pipe Outlet to the South
1 0+629 MC-OFF-1L 0.0211 100
2 1+097 MC-OFF-2L 0.0475 150
3 1+273 MC-OFF-3L 0.0475 150
4 1+438 MC-OFF-4L 0.0844 200
5 1+584 MC-OFF-5L 0.0475 150
6 1+780 MC-OFF-6L 0.0475 150
7 1+888 MC-OFF-7L 0.0475 150
8 2+147 MC-OFF-8L 0.0475 150
9 2+270 MC-OFF-9L 0.0475 150
10 2+420 MC-OFF-10L 0.0475 150

All PVC pipe outlet from all Secondary Canals are limited to diameter of only 100mm or even less.
This is due to size of command area as explained earlier. It is noted that the number of installed PVC
pipe will affect the operation of water level in the canal. Any changes such as removal, addition or
other modifications of pipes should be consulted with Engineer.

2.3 Pump Capacity and Irrigation Area

At the bottom of sum pump, four submersible pumps are installed which are drive by electricity
power. The control panel in pump house is programmed to let all 4 pumps run alternatively to have
equal running hours of the 4 pumps. The pump can be both run on automatic mode (normally 3
pumps at a time and one spare) or manual mode. In peak demand period, four pumps could be
used on manual mode with caution.

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Figure 6: Submersible pump used for Canal 90 Scheme Figure 7: Water gauge at pump bay

The pumps were selected based on the design command area and lifting head. Lifting head is the
height from water surface to pump outlet. The higher water level, the lower head and vice versa.
With a specific water level, a certain amount of flow could be provided at a time.
The water level sensor is installed to prevent the pumps running (dry pump condition) during the
critical water level. This means that the pump will automatically stop if the water level in pump bay
is too low. The minimum water level or stopping level is as of +1.2m MSL. Pump Operator can read,
observe and record the water level by reading the gauge that is attached to wall of pump bay. The
water gauge installed at pump bay is starting from +1.0m MSL to +5.0m MSL. The water record form
can be found in Annex D. The sensor gives the signal to control panel for this operation. The
technical information of pump is attached in Annex C.

2.3.1 Lifting head vs. Discharge

There is a relationship between flow capacity and lifting head which is called Pump Performance
Curve. The graphic of pump curve is provided by pump manufacture, Grundfos is used in this case.
To estimate the flow corresponding to a specific water level by mathematics, the equation of pump
curve can be generating by using the polynomial regression to get the discharge with function of
lifting head (see Figure 9). Limitation of equation: Equation regression is valid from 3.2m to 10.0m
head. Otherwise the result will be bias.
The relationship between head and flow is that: The lower head, the higher flow rate and vice versa.
Another speaking is that the higher water level, the higher flow rate and vice versa.
It is wise to use pumps with a high efficiency while the water level is high. The pump will consume
more electricity and provide less flow while the water level is low. As known that the water level in
the region receives the influence of tide. Hence, to get more flow and save the energy, it is good to
pump during the high tide as long as possible.

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Figure 8: Section view of pump house

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Pump Performance Curve

450

400

350

300
Discharge (l/s)

250

200

150

y = -0.0012x5 - 0.0592x4 + 1.8594x3 - 18.98x2 + 45.758x + 408.82

100

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Head (m)

Figure 9: Pump Performance Curve for pump installed in Canal 90 Scheme

How to read the curve?

The pipe outlet of pump is at elevation of +6.3m MSL. Doing subtraction of the water level from
+6.3m MSL, the lifting head can be defined. On Pump Performance Curve, the reading of flow
provided by pump can be estimated. The regression equation can be used in an alternative
approach. Example: The head is 4m (water level of +2.3m MSL), the flow provided by pump is as of
390l/s or 0.39m3/s.

2.3.2 Irrigation area and possible extension area

The operational head of the installed pumps in Canal 90 Scheme ranges from 3.2m (Water level of
+3.1m MSL) to 5.1m (Water stopping level +1.2m MSL). Pump will not operate when the water level
goes below this safety level. It is noted that the bottom level of pump bay is -0.6m MSL.
Based on the Pump Performance Curve, one pump could provide a maximum rate of 350.98l/s for
operating head of 5.1m. Therefore, running 3 pumps at a time could deliver up to 1.052m3/s. The
estimated crop water requirement is 1.5l/s/ha 1 for this design. With this value, the irrigated
command area is at least 701.96ha. This is the lowest figure during the short critical period whereas
it shall go higher (more command area) once the water level raises up.
During the period of the need of water, it is observed that the water level in the pump bay usually
varies from 3.3m head (Water level of +3.0m MSL) to 4.7m head (Water level of +1.6m MSL).
The average of minimum water level is around +1.8m MSL (4.5m head). The total of discharge of 3
pumps would be 1.12m3/s with ability to irrigate 746.66ha.

1
It is the average crop water requirement for paddy rice used in Cambodia.

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Figure 10: Water management map in Canal 90

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Table 10: Pump’s discharge and power consumption with different head
Water level Head Discharge of Discharge of 3 Power Consumption Possible Irrigated
(m) one pump (l/s) pump (m3/s) of one pump (kWh)* area of 3 pumps (ha)
(m MSL)

+3.1m MSL 3.2m 415.21 1.245 26.27 830.42

+1.8m MSL 4.5m 373.33 1.119 27.53 746.66
+1.2m MSL 5.1m 350.98 1.052 27.61 701.96

Base on landholding survey data, the net total command area of original design is as of 642.86ha
(this figure does not include villages, roads, canals, paddy bund and so on). This area is mainly
divided into two parts: The Northern part of Main Canal with the area of 204.1ha and the Southern
part of Main Canal with the area of 438.77ha. During practice, the additional area added to
Southern part of 68.79ha are also fully irrigated (see Figure 10). The grand total command area is
now 711.66ha that is irrigated for 2 crops with guarantee. It is noted that the block of water
management in the scheme does not mean the same way of blocks stated in landholding survey
(see Section 1.4). The average minimum water level shows that the command area could reach the
maximum of 746.66ha.
With some rooms available of pump capacity, the pumps could irrigate occasionally more than
command area stated above. This depends completely on water level. The area of 72.17 ha is
possible for double pumping. This area needs the water during the second crops only. The farmers
do the second pumping by individual pump from the existing at the tail of SCs. Total area would be
783.83ha. This could be possible based on several factor such as rainfall, temperature, soil wetness,
re-use of drained water and water management at field level.
The average power consumption for one pump is around 27.5kWh.

2.4 River Discharge and Water Level

This PRASAC Canal Line 99-98 is linked to two directions, to the North connects to Stung Takeo River
and to the South connects to Vinh-Te Canal in Vietnam. Also, both directions of linkage are
influenced by the tide. Hence, the availability of water is not a big concern for whole year round as
long as the canal is deep enough to allow the water flow in without restriction of siltation on canal
bed. A regular maintenance is a must to keep well-functioning the Intake Canal (see Section 5 for
maintenance guideline).
The significant different between low and high tide occurs between January and June. The
difference in height could vary from 0.4m to 0.5m. As mentioned earlier, it is recommended to take
advantage of this phenomenon by pumping during the high tide as much as possible.
Based on Pump Performance Curve, the flow provided by pump is around 5% less for lower of half
meter in water level, and this value may decrease to around 10% for lower of one meter in water
level with a slightly higher power consumption of 2%.
This means that, in case of low water level, to get the same amount of water, the pump needs to
run a longer time. Simply speaking, the lower water level, the less discharge, the higher power
consumption. Therefore, pumping during the period of high tide is more benefit.
There is no gauge closed to the area of Canal 90 Scheme. To track water level variation, pump
operators should take note as much as possible. FWUC could shift the pumping time based on this
record. The water record form can be found in Annex D.

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3. SCHEME OPERATION
The operation of the Canal 90 Irrigation scheme refers to all the works related to the deliver and
distribution of water from the pumps station to the rice fields within the command area of this
irrigation scheme.
The method for rice paddy irrigation in Cambodia is surface irrigation by check basin flooding.
Surface irrigation is the application of water by gravity to the surface of the field.
The supply of water to basins, paddy plots, could be done by two methods: direct method and
cascade method. For the field that is close to field channel could directly get water through siphons
or PVC pipes.
The plots located far away from field channel could get water by making bund breaks and let the
water flows from basin to basin. This method could work fine for the flow from the higher to the
low terrace and from plot to plot. This method requires the corporations between farmers.
The canal design is based on continuous flow. It means that the water flow continuously in the
entire canal system and is proportionally distributed to the irrigated command areas.
In real practices, rotational method is applied based on water management block divided in the
scheme. Here, each block receive water in turn at a pre-set time and at the pre-set rate. On-demand
distribution could be done in special case upon the request from farmers and the arrangement of
FUWC.

3.1 Command Water Level

The scheme is designed to irrigate by gravity from Main Canal to rice paddy field. Therefore, the
water level is very important to make sure that the hydraulic head in Main Canal or Secondary Canal
is sufficient to the design level during the operation. If the water level is lower than the design level,
it is not possible irrigate the paddy field, i.e., only small part of command area could receive the
water while the rest does not.
Water level is proportional to the discharge of canal provided by pump (the case of MC) or off-takes
(the case of SC). The take-out discharge from canal should be equal to the inflow and canal capacity
in order to maintain the water at certain level.
Before starting the operation, all check gates, off-takes and PVC pipes have to be closed. It takes
some time for pumps to fill the canal and water reaches the design level. Once all conditions are
satisfied, it is time to start the operation or to open the gate and PVC pipes.
At each controlled gate and special structure 2, there is gauge installed where water level can be
read. The command water level along Main Canal is provided in Table 11.

Table 11: Command water level along MC

Canal feeder Station Canal receiver Water level
Main Canal 0+000 Off-take to SC1 5.915m MSL
0+405 Off-take to SC2 5.852m MSL
0+950 Off-take to SC3 5.669m MSL
1+450 Check-drop structures 5.494m MSL
2+010 Off-take to SC4 5.308m MSL
2+612 Tail Escape (water-controlled gate) 5.124m MSL

2
Any structure that is used as benchmark to read the water level gauge without difficulty.

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How to read water level on controlled gate?

For Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme, the bottom of gauge
is installed at the top level of closed gate where the
elevation is marked. To get water level, operator does
the subtraction the distance from bottom of gauge
down to water level. The installation of gauge on top
of gate is in purpose of reading the gate opening (see
Figure 11). The Table 12 provides the all elevation of
top steel gate along Main Canal.

Figure 11: Gauge on check structure

Table 12: Top gate elevation at close
Station along MC Type of Structure Top Gate Elevation at Close
MC-0+000 Off-take structure (LHS) to SC1L -
MC-0+405 Off-take structure (LHS) to SC2L -
MC-0+415 Check Structure 5.95m MSL
MC-0+949 Off-take structure (LHS) to SC3L 5.65m MSL
MC-0+961 Check Structure 5.73m MSL
MC-1+450 Check Structure 5.53m MSL
MC-2+008 Off-take structure (LHS) to SC4L 5.21m MSL
MC-2+021 Check Structure 5.22m MSL
MC-2+612 Water Gate with Pipe Culvert -

3.2 Distribution of Sliding Gate

Main Canal (MC) plays a main role of receiving water from pumps which is located at the head of canal and
diverts water into various secondary canal of different irrigation block 3. There are several PVC pipes that
divert water directly form MC. Along the total length of the MC (2,612m), there are four Secondary Canals
(SC) on the left side and several field channel on the both sides. The diversion flow from MC to each SC
through off-take structure which is combination of concrete pipe and controlled rectangular gate. The gate
is attached on the MC’s wall (see Figure 12).

Figure 12: Typical gate on MC’s wall to control Figure 13: Typical sluice gate, from MC into SC
flow into each SC
The flow rate under the gate for off-take structure using pipe culvert is determined by the opening height
and water level in both upstream and downstream of the gate. By assuming that the water level at the
downstream is at the design full level, the flow rate can be obtained from the table below:

3
Water management block could cover one or more secondary canals.

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Table 13: Rating flow by gate opening for pipe of 0.6m diameter
Opening height of gate (m)* Discharge (m3/s)
0.1 0.034
0.2 0.085
0.3 0.143
0.4 0.204
0.5 0.284
0.6 0.296
*This is applied for off-take structure SC3 and SC4.

Check structure is to install right in the middle of the Main Canal or Secondary canal in order to control water
level and flow. For a long canal with capacity limited, check structure can also use as a splitter of canal for
two or more portions. This would be good to prepare the rotational schedule irrigation for each portion of
canal. Best practices at field is to make sure the flow does not spill over the canal bank top. The flow obtained
by opening the check structure across MC is shown as follows:

Table 14: Rating flow by gate opening for sluice gate

Opening height of gate* Discharge (m3/s)
0.1 0.086
0.2 0.180
0.3 0.285
0.4 0.397
0.5 0.522
0.6 0.651
0.7 0.804
0.8 0.949
0.9 1.101
1 1.281
*This is applied for check structure across MC.

3.3 Distribution at Farm Level

Each Secondary Canal gets water from MC through an off-take structure with controlled gate. To
irrigate their rice fields, farmers need to flow water by gravity through PVC either directly into their
plots if they are located adjacent to SC or into the field channel and then paddy field if their plots
are located far away from SC (see pictures in Table 7 and Figure 14).
Where there is no PVC off-take installed, farmers can use the plastic pipe as a siphon and suck water
from the canal and discharge into their fields, see photo below. However, this method can be used
while there is enough head, and for the plots which are located adjacent to canal only (see Figure
15).
The estimated flow through a short PVC pipe outlet (3 to 5 dia.) is shown in Table 15 below. As
explained in Section 2.2 and 3.1, number of PVC along canal will affect the flow out of PVC itself and
the command water level in canal. Therefore, the number of PVC pipes along each line of canal,
Secondary Canal, must be well managed and limited to a certain number for a specific command
area. This is to make sure that the irrigate canal maintains enough head.

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Figure 14. Flow through PVC outlet Figure 15. Flow through siphon pipe into rice plot

Table 15: Flow through a short PVC pipe outlet

Pipe Dia. = 0.10 m Pipe Dia. = 0.15 m Pipe Dia. = 0.20 m
Water depth Free Flow Irrigated Free Flow Irrigated Free Flow Irrigated
over pipe Discharge Area Discharge Area Discharge Area
(m) (l/s) (ha) (l/s) (ha) (l/s) (ha)
0.10 11.05 7.37 26.85 17.90 51.03 34.02
0.15 12.76 8.51 30.45 20.30 57.05 38.04
0.20 14.26 9.51 33.66 22.44 62.50 41.67
0.25 15.62 10.42 36.59 24.39 67.51 45.00
0.30 16.88 11.25 39.31 26.20 72.17 48.11
0.35 18.04 12.03 41.84 27.90 76.55 51.03
0.40 19.14 12.76 44.24 29.49 80.69 53.79
0.45 20.17 13.45 46.51 31.00 84.62 56.42
0.50 21.16 14.10 48.67 32.45 88.39 58.92
0.55 22.10 14.73 50.74 33.83 92.00 61.33
0.60 23.00 15.33 52.73 35.16 95.47 63.65
0.65 23.87 15.91 54.65 36.43 98.82 65.88
0.70 24.70 16.47 56.50 37.67 102.06 68.04
0.75 25.52 17.01 58.30 38.87 105.20 70.13
0.80 26.30 17.53 60.04 40.03 108.25 72.17
For a longer pipe, discharge may reduce by 20%. 1.5l/s/ha is used for the irrigated area estimation.

3.4 Pump Operation

The pumps run by using electricity power and are fully managed by a control panel setting in the
pump house. To operate the pumps properly, it is recommended to read a separate document
“User Guide: Canal 90 Pump Station”.

3.5 Scheme Operation Procedure

This section will describe the method of how to irrigate the blocks within command area and the
understanding of drainage system.

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3.5.1 How to irrigate paddy field
At the beginning of the operation, block leaders have to collect the necessary information such as
size of block to be irrigated, location and amount water. Pump operator then could arrange the
schedule, number of pumps and pumping hours.
Prior to start the pump, block leaders have to check and make sure that all gates and PVC pipe
outlets are closed. pump operators have to record the electricity counter and water level at pump
bay. Number of running pumps depends on the size of block to be irrigated and the water level in
pump bay.
Once the pump is running, it may take a little while for pumps to fill water in MC to reach the design
level. This could be done by closing the gate of check structure across MC to raise water upstream.
At this stage, the gate of off-take structure can be opened to right opening and make sure that the
water does not spill over the Secondary Canal’s wall at downstream side. The PVC pipe outlet can
then take the water out to field channel or paddy field at the time that the water level reach
command level in SC (normally 0.1m below the canal bank top). The gate of check structure across
MC and SC could be opened or closed carefully in the purpose of maintaining water level upstream
and release flow to downstream.

Flow direction
Closed gate
Opened gate

4 3 2 1

Figure 16: Example of water distribution to SC3L

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Figure 16 illustrates the example of how-to irrigation the Southern MC through Secondary Canal
SC3L. The gate of off-takes to SC1L, SC2L and the all PVC outlets to the North are closed. The gate
of first check structure must be fully opened to let water flow to SC3L.
The gate of Second check structure must be closed to raise water level and divert to SC3L through
and opened off-take gate. PVC pipe outlet opening is the final step to send water to paddy from
pump house. Note that the flow supplied by only one pump is already higher that the SC3L capacity.
This is the case of Inflow is higher than outflow. Hence, in practice, other off-takes or PVCs could be
irrigated at the same to avoid the overspill.
For the rule of thumb, one pump could irrigate the Northern MC without any problem if water level
is high. If the water goes down to low level, two pumps are needed.
In the same procedure, the Southern MC needs two pumps to operate for a higher water level and
three pumps for a lower water level. For low water level, two pumps are running to supply the flow
to SC1L, SC2L, SC3L and some PVCs.

3.5.1 Drainage system

Drainage system for Canal 90 aims to dry up the command area from Mekong flood during recession
period, excess water from rainfall or irrigation, and remaining water before harvesting.

Inverted
Siphon

Figure 17: Drainage system in Canal 90 Scheme

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Drainage system of the Canal 90 scheme is divided into two zones; the North and the South of the
Main Canal. For the Northern part, the ground elevation is sloping gently downward to the natural
lake further North. Therefore, there is no need to worry about this part.
In Southern part of MC, there is an earthen canal running parallel to the Main Canal. This canal acts
as a main drainage canal and receive water from three drains parallel to SC1L, SC2L and SC3L.
To the East, Main Drain (MD) discharges water back into pump bay. To the West, the water flow
until inverted siphon under MC and then continue along existing creek before finally discharging
into natural lake at the North.

4. OPERATIONAL PLAN
4.1 Crop water requirement
Amount of water to be delivered into farmers’ fields (crop water requirement) depends mainly on
three factors—crop chosen to grow by farmers (rice demands most water), weather condition and
cropping calendar, and soil texture. Irrigation requirement is an amount of water required by crop
at the field plus the amount of water lost along the channels distribution before water reaches the
fields.
For paddy rice, 1.5l/s/ha is the average crop water requirement used in Cambodia.

4.2 Cropping Pattern

According to the topography and location of the scheme, with a reliable water supply from the
Canal 90 pumping station, farmers in the command area of this scheme can grow up to two rice
crops per year.
As shown the current cropping pattern table, the first crop is to start right after flood recedes and
to harvest in early February the latest. The second crop will start just before Khmer New Year in
early April and harvest in late July. The rest of the time, most part of command area is flooded.

Table 16: Current practice cropping pattern

Crops Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Recession Rice
Dry Season Rice

Another arrangement is to re-consider the scheduling of crops where the water level is high enough.
There is no full year record of water in the region. Receiving the influence of BASAC River, the
information of water level from MRC at Tan Chau and Chau Doc could derive that the minimum
water level occurs during the month of April. It is recommended to record water level at pump bay
by FWUC. So that FWUC can have a better decision when to start the second crop. The water level
data can also be an asset to decide to shift pumping time to the high tide of the day.

4.3 Water Irrigation Request Procedure

The operational plan describes the process through which farmers and FWUC management
(operational) members have to do in order get water from the station to irrigate the rice fields when
needed.

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Cropping calendar
Famers in each block should have a clear cropping calendar which clearly shows when all of them
start planting crops and tell mainly when they need water for irrigating their fields. The cropping
calendar tells also in which season farmers should grow which crop in order to maximize their net
profit from farming. Famers are strongly advised grow the same crop in the same season and at the
same time. FWUC can also collect the information of all farmers.
Request for irrigation to block leader(s)
Based on cropping calendar, farmers in each block should realize by themselves when they need to
start farming for what type of crop or when they need water to irrigate their fields, and they should
realize as well when will be the next irrigation plan. This should be in irrigation schedule.
To get water pumping from the station and flow into rice plots, a group of farmers in a secondary
block have to go to meet their block leader requesting for irrigation by being clear in mind the
location of plots, size of the plots, and time and duration to be irrigated. Farmers have to make sure
that all the PVC pipe outlets in their secondary block are well closed that can prevent water from
leaking to any plot that does not need water.
Request for pumping
Block leader(s) should go and check the fields for which the farmers owner request for irrigation
whether or not the request is reasonable, or do their crop really need to be irrigation or not. Block
leader(s) should check with farmers who requested whether all the PVC pipes are well closed or not
yet.
If the request is valid, block leader(s) goes to meet pump operator to request formally for pumping
to provide water irrigate crops of farmers in their block. There, pump operator will register the
request in their system, and the requester will be provided a note of reading of the electricity
counter (kWh).
Before the pumps start pumping, the block leader(s) with support from famers who request for
irrigation has to make sure all of the off-take gates (from MC to SC) at the upstream must be
properly closed, the check gate on MC(s) is opened and closest downstream check gate is well
closed. If they are not well closed or opened correctly water will not reach to their block as it should
be, see previous section for knowing how to deliver into a secondary canal block correctly.
Water delivering
Before switching the pumps on, pump operator has to make sure the requester (block leaders) close
and open the gates correctly in order to get water flowing into their secondary block. More
importantly, pump operator and requester have to agree on the reading of the kWh counter before
the pumps start running. Pump operator should also record the water level in pump bay.
After pumps starts pumping, block leaders with their farmers have to monitor closely the water
flowing in the main canal, flow into their block and make sure the PVC pipes are still be closed. when
water level in the secondary canal reach a full supply level (10cm below the canal wall crest level),
farmers who request for irrigation should start open the PVC pipe to let water flow into their plots
or field channel. By doing this, all plots with different elevation, mainly one of the highest elevations
can still be irrigated. However, if farmers at upstream of the SC start delivering water into their plots
before water level in the canal reach its full command level, water will hardly reach downstream
part, or water level in the whole length of the canal will not be able to reach the full supply level.
This results in not being able to command water into the fields of the high elevation.

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Block leader(s) have to go around in their block to monitor the water distribution into farmers’ plots
to see whether or not there is waste or leakage along to way, and to see if the plots are enough
irrigated or not yet. When all the plots are enough irrigated block leader(s) have informed
immediately to stop the pumps.
Power consumption checks
When the pumps stop running, pumps operator has to write down in the record system the reading
of the kWh reading, and he has to give the requester (block leader) a receipt in which there is
information as following
• Requester for pumping
• Date and time of request, pumping duration
• kWh start, kWh end, total kWh consumed
• Electricity rate, Total pumping cost
• Signature of requester and pumps operator
• And other necessary information.

4.4 Data Records

As mentioned earlier, the energy consumption depends on several factor such as amount of water,
water level in pump bay, weather conditions, soil type and water on-farm management. That
information is very important to operate the scheme. So, it is recommended to record water level,
pumping hour, energy consumption, number of rain day and so on.

5. MAINTENANCE
To objective of scheme maintenance is to ensure that the irrigation and drainage system operates
as designed, both now and in the future, so that optimal distribution is achieved at all times. This
maintenance service will:
- ensure the scheme in good operating condition so that it will provide uninterrupted
service;
- extend the useful life of the scheme;
- achieve the above at the lowest possible cost

To achieve this, regular inspections and maintenance is required, to prevent deterioration in

- Pumps and control panel;
- Structures (culverts, regulators, off-takes and drains);
- Concrete canal and field channel;
- Road and canal embankments.

Wherever possible, repairs should be carried out as soon as possible after they are noticed, to
prevent small problems from developing into big problems. This will reduce the overall cost of
maintenance.

The consequences of poor maintenance are:

- Erosion and silting up of intake canal, main canal, secondary canals and delivery canals

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- Difficulty of access to parts of the system
- Silted up drains
- Access road and embankment may be damaged

This results in:

- The system is difficult to operate;
- The discharge capacity of the system is reduced;
- Excess water cannot be easily drained away;
- Reduced cropped area and crop yields;
- Inconvenience to water users;
- Reduced availability of funds to rectify the defects in the system.

Which finally leads to accelerated rate of deterioration of the system and ultimate failure of the
system as a whole and the need for expensive rehabilitation. Regular and planned maintenance is
the secret to the long-term sustainability of the project. Therefore, all canals, roads and structures
within Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme have to be included in the inventory list of FWUC that need to be
maintained as schedule. The full inventories are listed in Annex A.

5.1 Type of Maintenance

Maintenance is divided into three categories:
• Routine maintenance
This type of maintenance covers small-scale work that needs to be done on a routine basis
throughout the year.
Examples are: secondary canal desilting, embankment repair, culvert cleaning, gate cleaning, road
repairs, minor earthwork repairs, water gauge cleaning and grass cutting and vegetation removal.
Routine maintenance is undertaken directly by the pump operators, block leaders and by the FWUC
members for in-field works.

• Periodic maintenance
This type of maintenance covers repairs that are too large to be undertaken at any time and must
be planned when the irrigation system is shut down. The periodical length could vary depending on
type and durability of the structures (seasonal, yearly or 2-3 years).
Examples are: annual or seasonal gate maintenance (greasing of lifting devices, metalwork
painting), repair of failed parts of gates and structures and earthworks, pumps and control panel
checking, transformer and electricity line, normalization of field channel profiles, desilting of main
canal or drains, and cleaning of the secondary canals.
Periodic maintenance requirements will be identified through regular maintenance inspections by
the Scheme operators and block leaders, who will then report these requirements to the FWUC
members. The FWUC will then arrange for survey, investigation, design and implementation of the
required works. Implementation can be arranged by mobilizing members of the FWUC or through
contracts on an annual or seasonal basis.

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• Emergency maintenance
This type of maintenance covers urgent or temporary repairs that are required to maintain water
delivery following sudden failure of the system.
Examples are: embankment repair caused by major floods and repairs to gates and structures,
pumps failure, and unexpected canal breakdown.
Emergency maintenance will be implemented according to the technical resources required.

5.2 Maintenance Plan

The steps in developing the annual maintenance work plan and the implementation of the various
types of maintenance (routine, periodic, and emergency) are outlined below.

Table 17: Maintenance priorities

Priority Type Comments
1 Pumps, control panel and Periodic maintenance action should be taken to
electricity system make sure this equipment works well.
2 Intake Canal Silting of the Intake canal could result in the less flow
and water level may goes down. canal could be dry
up during dry season.
The pumps could stop running while the water level
down to stopping level. The silt should be removed
ever 3 or 4 years.
3 Gate of Check Structure or Leakage from non-functioning gates would result in
off-takes water losses and reduction of water control.
4 Main Canal, Secondary Difficulties with the operation of the water to design
Canals and structures level and access road in the field. Damage of canal
may experience water shortages or water surpluses
5 PVC pipe and field channel It is the on-farm level to make sure water reach
paddy field.
6 Water level gauge water level gauges in poor condition would result in
difficulties of monitoring the water levels

Implementation of Routine Maintenance by FWUC

Routine maintenance will be generally implemented directly on daily basis by the FWUC members
responsible for O&M.
• Step 1: Instructions to field staff
The FWUC will agree maintenance requirements with the scheme operators, who then
instruct FWUC members and block leaders directly on a day-to-day basis.
• Step 2: Arranging supplies of consumable materials
Prior to the irrigation season, the FWUC, in co-ordination with the block leaders’ requests
supplies of required materials such as grease, paint, fuel and other consumables which is
handed over to the FWUC for approval. The Treasurer will then purchase upon the list of
Usage of Maintenance Materials. If required, further requests will be made during the
irrigation season.

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• Step 3: Arranging supplementary labour and materials
Where additional labour and material resources are required to complete routine
maintenance work, the FWUC and block leaders estimate the requirements and costs.

Maintenance Inspection and Planning of Periodic Maintenance

• Step 1: Inspection by FWUC
The block leaders inspect the physical condition of the irrigation and drainage system (Intake,
main canal, roads, structures etc.) The block leaders inspect structures, main canal and
secondary canals on a daily basis. They record field data in their Condition Survey Checklist,
and then summaries the results of inspections in the Maintenance Register, which is kept at
the FWUC office.
• Step 2: Surveys and Designs for Periodic Maintenance
In order to prepare accurate volume and cost estimates, it is necessary to undertake field
surveys and prepare outline designs for the proposed works. These activities will be planned
and implemented by the FWUC based on the field inspections undertaken, in consultation
with Engineer or PDoWRAM.
• Step 3: Deciding Periodic Maintenance priorities
At the same time as the survey and design activities are being undertaken, or following these
activities, the FWUC reviews the maintenance requirements listed on the Monthly Inspection
Reports, decide the priority and the most suitable method of implementation for each item
of periodic maintenance work.
• Step 4: Preparation of the Annual Maintenance Plan
The FWUC prepares the Annual Maintenance Plan, based on the Monthly Inspection Reports
and entries in the Maintenance Register.
If necessary, less important works (based on the above prioritizing) should be deferred to the
following year, to keep the cost of maintenance to a reasonable level and within budget limits.
An allowance should be made in each year's budget for emergency maintenance works.

Implementation of Periodic Maintenance Work by Contract

More major periodic maintenance work will be generally undertaken by contract. This could be for
major embankment repairs, repairs of gate structures, deep canal silt removal, pumps and
electricity system and so on.
• Step 1: Award of Contract by FWUC
The FWUC, assisted by Provincial Irrigation Engineer of PDoWRAM will prepare contract
packages for the periodic maintenance works, each consisting of:
- Conditions of contract specification
- Bill of quantities and drawings
- List of works
The works will be tendered to pre-qualified or pre-selected contractors. Tenders will be
evaluated, a contractor chosen, and the contract awarded.
• Step 2: Supervision of Contract works

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The FWUC will appoint a field supervisor, who may be the scheme operator, who will
supervise day-to-day site works. Major works will be inspected frequently, and will be
supervised directly, by the FWUC or PDoWRAM Engineer.

Implementation of Emergency Works

By definition, emergency works are unforeseen and the scope of the works required will vary
widely, Therefore a flexible approach to achieving the necessary repairs will be necessary, The
overriding concern will be to maintain water deliveries, or to reinstate water deliveries as soon as
possible, so that agricultural output is not affected by the emergency closure.
• Step 1: Identification of Emergency Works
The need for emergency works should be reported immediately to the FWUC or by the pump
operators or block leaders.
• Step 2: Implementation of Emergency Works
Wherever possible, a start should be made on the emergency or temporary repairs using
resources at hand, which will be with the help of scheme operators or FWUC members.
Emergency equipment and materials should be stored at the FWUC office. This should be
replaced after it has been used.
Where technically extensive or complex works are required to effect permanent repairs all
efforts should be made to implement temporary repairs ill the short term using gate operators
or emergency contract resources, and then the remaining works given high priority in the next
year's annual maintenance plan.

5.3 Maintenance Budget

Coming Soon…

5.4 Investment on Improvement

The routine maintenance and emergency repairs described above are all aimed at keeping or
restoring the technical infrastructure in the condition it was in when it was newly built. There are a
number of reasons, however, not just to maintain the scheme in its original condition, but to
gradually improve it. The main reasons are:
• A newly constructed scheme is hardly ever perfect. Some alterations are usually
necessary to make it fully operational and further development.
• It is sometimes better to construct a scheme at minimum capacity, with low cost
structures. Then, if the scheme proves to be a success, it can be gradually
expanded, and the structures replaced with more permanent ones.
• Conditions change, both inside and outside the scheme. Improvements are
necessary to ensure that the scheme continues to deliver services that correspond
with farmers' needs. Each of these reasons is discussed in more detail below.

5.5 Maintenance Record

The main maintenance records that are required have been outlined above.

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These are:
- Condition Survey Checklist: Various forms to collect information of structures and
canals conditions used by scheme operators (samples are provided in Annex F);
- Maintenance Register: Register for recording and prioritizing all maintenance works
required, identified from field inspections;
- Monthly Inspection Report: Monthly report summarizing all the maintenance work
required;
- Maintenance Implementation Report: Report of completed maintenance work;
- Usage of Maintenance Materials: Form for ordering maintenance materials and spare
parts;
- Annual Maintenance Plan: To show all the planned maintenance on an annual basis, it
should tie in with the Annual Operation Plan

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ANNEX A: INVENTORY LIST OF CANAL 90 IRRIGATION SCHEME

Main Canal
1 MC-0+000 Off-take structure (LHS) to SC1L
2 MC-0+009 Crossing Structure
3 MC-0+402 Crossing Structure
4 MC-0+405 Off-take Structure (LHS) to SC2L
5 MC-0+415 Check Structure
6 MC-0+625 Crossing Structure
7 MC-0+949 Off-take Structure (LHS) to SC3L
8 MC-0+961 Check Structure
9 MC-1+450 Check Structure
10 MC-2+008 Off-take Structure (LHS) to SC4L
11 MC-2+021 Check Structure
12 MC-2+386 Crossing Structure
13 MC-2+600 Siphon
14 MC-2+612 Water Gate with Pipe Culvert

SC1
1 SC1-0.492 Check Structure
2 SC1-0+696 Car-Passing
3 SC1-1+431 Tail Escape

SC2
1 SC2-0+365 Check Structure
2 SC2-0+827 Check Structure
3 SC2-1+219 Steel Flap Gate (Check)
4 SC2-1+321 Car-Passing
5 SC2-1+606 Tail Escape

SC3
1 SC3-0+395 Check Structure
2 SC3-0+965 Check Structure
3 SC3-1+025 Car Passing
4 SC3-1+030 Steel Flap Gate (Check)
5 SC3-1+644 Tail Escape

SC4
1 SC4-0+465 Check Structure
2 SC4-1+217 Aqueduct
3 SC4-1+440 Check Structure
4 SC4-1+717 Aqueduct
5 SC4-1+718 Car Passing

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6 SC4-1+944 Tail Escape

Existing Road
1 PK-1+800 Pipe Culvert
2 On Existing Road Pipe Culvert with Gate
3 On Existing Road Pipe Culvert without Gate

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ANNEX B: TYPICAL CANAL CROSS-SECTION

Table od coordinate of parabolic shape

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ANNEX C: PUMP CHARACTERISTICS

Attachment

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ANNEX D: WATER LEVEL RECORD FORM

Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme

Daily Water Level
For Month: ………………….

Morning Evening Remarks

Date Water Time Water Time
level level

Remark: Record of water level could be time of low tide or high tide beside the morning and evening hours.

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ANNEX E: ELECTRICITY POWER CONSUMPTION RECORD FORM

Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme

Electricity Power Consumption
For season: …………………. Year: …………………

Time Evening nb of Irrigated

Date Area Operator
Start End Total Old New Total pumps blocks

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ANNEX F: RAINFALL DATA RECORD FORM

Canal 90 Irrigation Scheme

Rainfall Record

Month
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Min.
Max.
No. of
Rain day

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ANNEX G: CONDITION SURVEY CHECKLIST

Attachment

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Cambodia Agricultural Value Chain Program (CAVAC II)

TECHNICAL REFERENCE:
• A. Laycock, Irrigation Systems, Design, Planning and Construction, UK, 2007
• FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 25-26, Small Hydraulic Structures, Rome, 1975
• Ernest F., Horace W & James E, Handbook of Hydraulics for the Solution of Hydraulic
Engineering Problems, Seventh Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996
• Larry W. Mays, Water Resources Engineering, fourth edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998
• Republic of the Philippines National Irrigation Administration, Design Manual for Canals
and Canal structures
• United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation, Design of Small Dam,
Third Edition, 1987
• T.K.E. Meijer, Design of Small Holders’ Irrigation Systems, Wageningen Agricultural
University, The Netherlands, 1991

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