1) The document describes an exercise submitted by Anil Kumar Yadav to Professor Kamal Darlami at Tribhuvan University Institute of Engineering Pulchowk Campus on July 30, 2023.
2) It includes answers to 4 questions related to fluid dynamics simulations and calculations for flow over flat plates and inside pipes.
3) The questions require calculating parameters like Reynolds number, boundary layer thickness, shear stress, mesh element sizes, and plotting velocity profiles.
1) The document describes an exercise submitted by Anil Kumar Yadav to Professor Kamal Darlami at Tribhuvan University Institute of Engineering Pulchowk Campus on July 30, 2023.
2) It includes answers to 4 questions related to fluid dynamics simulations and calculations for flow over flat plates and inside pipes.
3) The questions require calculating parameters like Reynolds number, boundary layer thickness, shear stress, mesh element sizes, and plotting velocity profiles.
1) The document describes an exercise submitted by Anil Kumar Yadav to Professor Kamal Darlami at Tribhuvan University Institute of Engineering Pulchowk Campus on July 30, 2023.
2) It includes answers to 4 questions related to fluid dynamics simulations and calculations for flow over flat plates and inside pipes.
3) The questions require calculating parameters like Reynolds number, boundary layer thickness, shear stress, mesh element sizes, and plotting velocity profiles.
1) The document describes an exercise submitted by Anil Kumar Yadav to Professor Kamal Darlami at Tribhuvan University Institute of Engineering Pulchowk Campus on July 30, 2023.
2) It includes answers to 4 questions related to fluid dynamics simulations and calculations for flow over flat plates and inside pipes.
3) The questions require calculating parameters like Reynolds number, boundary layer thickness, shear stress, mesh element sizes, and plotting velocity profiles.
Submitted To Prof. Kamal Darlami Pulchowk Campus, Lalitpur
Submitted On July 30, 2023 ANSYS-Exercise 3
Q1. Download the third ANSYS Fluent tutorial from the course web site and study it carefully. If there are any unclear parts, steps that you cannot follow, steps in which ANSYS does not behave in the way described in the tutorial or if you notice any mistakes or typos, take notes about them and submit them as an answer to this question. They will help me to correct and improve the tutorial for the coming semesters. Otherwise answer this question by writing “Everything was clear and I did not notice any mistakes”.
Ans: Everything was clear and I did not notice any mistakes.
Q2. You are driving your car at 𝑈 = 100 km/h while carrying a sheet of glass on its roof. The sheet is parallel to the ground. Flow over the sheet is similar to the flow over a flat plate. Air is at 20 C and 1 atm pressure. At a section 2 m from the leading edge of the sheet, the flow inside the boundary layer is turbulent with the following
power law profile
where 𝑦 is the vertical distance from the sheet and 𝛿 is the boundary layer thickness. Considering that the flow becomes turbulent right from the leading edge in this uncontrolled flow, growth of the boundary layer thickness is governedby the following formula
where 𝑥 is the horizontal distance from the leading edge and 𝑅𝑒𝑥 is the local Reynolds number there. Variation of the shear stress on the sheet can be approximated by
At 𝑥 = 2 m, calculate:
a) the Reynolds number 𝐑𝐞𝐱
Ans: Given, Working fluid= air U = 100 km/hr = 27.78 m/s x = 2m Since the air is at 20 ◦C and 1 atm pressure Kinematic viscosity (ν) = 1.516 × 10−5 𝑚2/s We have, 𝑈𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 = ν 27.778∗2 or, 𝑅𝑒𝑥= 1.5187 ∗10−5
𝑅𝑒𝑥= 3.658*106
b) the boundary layer thickness,
Given, Working fluid= Air x = 2m Reynolds Number (Re) = 3.658 * 106 We have, 0.37𝑥 δ= 𝑅𝑒1/5 0.37∗2 or, δ= (3.658∗106)1/5
δ = 0.036 m
c) the shear stress,
Ans: Given, Density of air at NTP (ρ) = 1.204 kg/𝑚3 U = 27.78 m/s ν = 1.516 × 105 𝑚2/s δ = 0.036m We have,
τw = 1.305 N/m2 d) the thickness of the viscous sublayer (which extends to 𝑦 + = 𝑦 𝛍𝛕 /𝜈 = 5, where 𝛍𝛕 = √𝛕𝐰 ), 𝛒 Ans: We have, τw 1.305 𝜇τ = √ =√ = 1.401 m/s 𝜌 1.204
Now, y+∗ν 𝑦= 𝜇τ where y+ = 5
𝑦 = 7.29 * 10-5 m
e) the thickness of the mesh element that needs to be created such that its centroid has a 𝑦 + value of 1, Ans: We have, + y ∗ν 𝑦= 𝜇τ
For y+ = 1, We get
𝑦 = 1.4589 * 10-5 m
f) the number of layers that needs to be used in the inflation layer mesh created over the sheet such that the inflation layer covers the whole boundary layer. Use the size of the first element as the value calculated in the previous part and use a growth rate of 1.2, which is the default value used by Fluent (meaning that each element in the inflation layer has a thickness of 1.2 times of the thickness of the previous element). Ans:
Since the growth rate is 1.2 for each layer, hence it follows the geometric sequence pattern, so We have, 𝑛− 1) Sum of geometric series (Sn) = 𝑎 ( 𝑟 𝑟−1 Given, a= 0.01459 mm Sn = 36 mm r = 1.2 We get, 0.01459 ( 1.2𝑛− 1) 36 = 1.2−1
n = 34
g) Plot the velocity profile and show each sub-layer of the boundary layeron it. Do not plot by hand, use computer.
Fig 1: Velocity Profile
Q3. Water (𝜌 = 1000 kg/m3 , 𝜈 = 10−6 m2 / s) flows inside a pipe of 10 cm diameter
with a flow rate of 𝑄 = 0.05 m3 /s and a pressure gradient of 𝑑𝑝/𝑑𝑥 = 2.6 kPa/m. For a fully developed flow, the balance of shear forces and pressure forces acting on the fluid gives the following relation for the wall shear stress The fully developed turbulent velocity can be modeled as
Where 𝐔𝐜 is the centerline speed and 𝑅 is the pipe radius. Calculate:
a) the Reynolds number of the flow based on average speed and pipe diameter, Ans: Given, Density of water (ρ) = 1000 kg/m3 Diameter of the pipe = 10 cm = 0.1 m (R= 0.05m) Kinematic Viscosity of water (ν) = 10-6 m2/s Volumetric flow rate (Q) = 0.05 m3/s Pressure gradient (dp/dx) = 2.6 kpa/m = 2.6 * 103 pa/m Here, A = πR2 = π* 0.052 = 7.854 *10-3 m2
Now, Average flow velocity (𝑈𝑎𝑣𝑔) = Q/A 𝑈𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 6.36 m/s Now,
e) the thickness of the viscous sublayer, which extends to 𝑦 + = 𝑦 𝛍𝛕 /𝜈 = 5,
where 𝛍𝛕 = √𝛕𝐰 (Note that in studying wall bounded flows 𝑦 is always used 𝛒 for the direction perpendicular to the wall, which in this problem is actually 𝑟 ), Ans:
Now, y+∗ν 𝑦= 𝜇τ where y+ = 5
For 𝜇τ = 0.255 and ν = 10-6 m2/s
y = 1.96 * 10-5 m
f) the vertical size of the mesh element that is adjacent to the pipe wallsuchthat its centroid has a 𝑦 + value of 1, Ans:
We have, + y ∗ν 𝑦= 𝜇τ
For y+ = 1, We get
y = 3.92 * 10-6 m
g) the number of layers that needs to be used in the inflation layer mesh created inside the pipe such that the inflation layer covers the whole boundary layer thickness inside the pipe. Use the size of the first element as the value calculated in the previous part and use a growth rate of 1.2, which is the default value used by Fluent (meaning that each element in the inflation layer has a thickness of 1.2 times of the thickness of the previous element). Ans:
Since the growth rate is 1.2 for each layer, hence it follows the geometric sequence pattern, so We have: 𝑛− 1) Sum of geometric series (Sn) = 𝑎 ( 𝑟 𝑟−1 Given, a= 0.00392 mm Sn = 0.0455 mm r = 1.2 We get, 0.00392 ( 1.2𝑛− 1) 0.0455 = 1.2−1
n= 6.58 ≈ 7 h) Plot the velocity profile and show each sub-layer of the boundary layer onit. Do not plot by hand, use computer. Ans:
Fig 2: Velocity Profile
Q4. Discuss the appropriateness of using constant pressure outlet boundary condition in the third tutorial. If you want, you can do extra visualizations or perform extra solutions to support your answer. Ans: The pressure outlet boundary condition specifies an outflow condition depending on the flow pressure (P) at the exit. This is often employed when there is a flow rate (or velocity) or a greater pressure assigned at the input.
It is simple to see that the forces operating on the pipe flow include inertial, viscous owing to shear, and pressure forces. The fluid is slowing down at the entrance. Balance is established by the use of inertia, pressure, and shear forces. The pressure gradient is not constant in this phase of the flow, but rather diminishes, as indicated in the image. When the flow is completely formed, the pressure gradient and shear forces balance each other, and the flow continues at a constant velocity. Furthermore, when the outlet is totally exposed to the environment, the pressure equals continuous atmospheric pressure. Only when the flow is subsonic is the value of the provided constant static pressure employed. The given pressure will no longer be utilised if the flow becomes locally supersonic; instead, pressure will be extrapolated from the flow in the interior. Because our outlet was exposed to the environment and the flow was totally subsonic, the application of a constant pressure outlet boundary condition is also completely applicable.
This can also be verified from the momentum equation.
For steady, incompressible one-dimensional flow, the above equation reduces to:
Hence, the pressure gradient doesn’t exist in the y-direction and constant pressure can be obtained once the flow becomes fully developed. So, the constant pressure outlet boundary condition is fully appropriate. Q5. How does the density, viscosity and thermal conductivity of water change in the range 5 – 55 °C? Discuss the appropriateness of using constant values for these properties in the third tutorial. If you want, you can perform extra solutions to support your answer. Ans: Density Variation:
Temperature Density 0 0.99987 4 1.00000 4.4 0.99999 10 0.99975 15 0.99907 21 0.99802 32 0.99669 47 0.99510 55 0.98569
Table: Density Variation with Temperature
Water has an estimated density of one gram per cubic centimetre. It is affected by its surroundings, but the relationship is not linear. When liquid water is allowed to cool at ambient temperature, it grows denser, but pure water achieves its maximum density at 4 °C. It expands to become less dense as it cools.
Because solid ice is denser than liquid water, it sinks. If water had a higher density than ice, all of the saltwater at the bottom would have frozen. The density drops to 0.98569 gm/cm3 at 55 °C. Viscosity Variation:
Temperature changes influence water viscosity by influencing its molecular structure.
Water heats up as temperatures rise. As demonstrated in the picture, dynamic viscosity is 0.0018 kg/m.s at 0°C and reduces to 0.0005 kg/ms at 55°C.
Thermal Conductivity Variation:
Because molecular mobility is the foundation of thermal conductance, a material's
temperature has a substantial impact on its thermal conductivity. At greater temperatures, molecules move faster, and hence heat is transported through the substance at a faster pace. This means that the thermal conductivity of the same sample might vary greatly when the temperature rises or falls. Water has a thermal conductivity of 0.556 W/m.K at 0 C and rises to roughly 0.645 W/m.K at 55 C.
Given that the values of these properties do not vary randomly and are within the minimum acceptable range, it is appropriate to use constant values for these properties in Tutorial 3 in addition to adding these variables as temperature-dependent increases the complexity of the flow problem and performing the problem analysis.
