CLASS 10 NOTES

GEOGRAPHY
Mineral and
Energy
Resources
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Mineral and Energy Resources

Introduction:
Mineral - It is defined as a “homogeneous naturally occurring
substance with a definable internal structure.”
Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from
the hardest diamond to the softest talc.

Rocks - Rocks are combinations of homogeneous substances

called minerals.

Classification of Minerals:
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ga
Minerals
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X Non metallic
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Metallic Energy minerals

e.g. mica, salt, potash, Coal, Petroleum,

sulphur, granite, Natural gas
limestone, marble,
sandstone, etc.

Ferrous (containing Non-Ferrous Precious

iron) e.g. iron ore, e.g. copper, lead, e.g. gold, silver,
Manganese, nickel, tin, bauxite, etc. platinum, etc.
cobalt, etc.
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Mode of Occurance of Minerals

Minerals are usually found in “ores”.
The term ‘ore’ is used to describe an accumulation of any
mineral mixed with other elements.

Minerals generally occur in the following forms:

(i ) Veins and Lodes - In igneous and metamorphic rocks,

minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or
joints e.g. Copper, Zinc, etc.

(ii) Beds and Layers - In sedimentary rocks, a number of

minerals occur in beds or layers. Ex - Gypsum, potash, etc.

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(iii) Residual mass of weathered material - The decomposition
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of surface rocks and the removal of soluble constituents
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also form the minerals. Ex - Bauxite.
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(iv) Alluvial deposits - Minerals also occur as alluvial deposits in
EXfloors and the base of hills. Ex - Gold,
the sands of valley
tin, platinum, etc.

(v) Ocean water - The ocean waters contain vast quantities of

minerals. Ex - Common Salt, magnesium and bromine, etc.

Types of Mining

Open pit Mining Quarrying Underground

Mining with shaft
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Some facts :
Minerals are nationalised.
Mining by tribal group [Rat hole]
E.M.A
Distribution of Minerals
Peninsular Plateau : Peninsular rocks contain most of the
reserves of coal, metallic, minerals, mica, non-ferrous
mineral and non-metallic minerals.
Gujarat and Assam : Sedimentary rocks on the Western
and Eastern flanks of the Peninsula which are found in
Gujarat and Assam have most of the petroleum deposits.
Rajasthan : Rajasthan with the rock systems of the
peninsula has many reserves of non-ferrous minerals.
Northern Plains : There are very little or no minerals of
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economic value in vast alluvial pains of the North India.
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Turning a mineral ‘deposit’ or ‘reserve’ into a mine.
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Ferrous Minerals
Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the
total value of the production of metallic minerals.

Iron Ore
It is the backbone of the industrial development.
Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content
of iron, up to 70%. It has excellent magnetic qualities.
Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore.
It contains 50 to 60% iron.

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Manganese
It is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and
ferro-manganese alloys.
Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture
1 tonne of steel.
It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder,
insecticides and paints.
Orissa is the largest producer of manganese.
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Major Iron-Ore Belts

Odisha-Jharkhand Belt
Hematite are found in Badampahar, Gua and Noamundi
Port - Paradwip port

Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt
Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra
Hematite ore found in Bailadila range of Bastar district
Port - Vishakhapatnam [Japan and South Korea]

Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru Belt
Kudermukh Mines is 100% export unit
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Port - Mangaluru [Through pipe line]
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Maharashtra - Goa Belt 9 &
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Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra
Port - Marmagao P H
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E.M.A
Non-Ferrous Minerals

Minerals that do not contain iron content.

Not sufficient.
Non-ferrous minerals include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc
and gold.
These minerals play a vital role in a number of
metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries.

Copper
India is critically deficient in copper production.
A malleable, ductile and good conductor of heat and
electricity.
Mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical
industries.
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The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, the Khetri mines
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in Rajasthan and the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand
are leading producers of copper.
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Bauxite EX
Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a
wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.
Aluminium is obtained from bauxite. Aluminium has good
conductivity and great malleability.
Deposits are mainly found in
the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal
hills and the plateau region of
Bilaspur-Katni.
Orissa - largest Bauxite
producing state.
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Non-Metallic Minerals
Mica
Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves.
It can be clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown.
Mica is the most indispensable mineral used in the
electric and electronic industries.
It has excellent di-electric strength, low power loss
factor, insulating properties and resistance to high
voltage.
Mica deposits are found on the northern edge of the
Chota Nagpur plateau, Gaya-Hazaribagh, Ajmer,
Rajasthan and Nellore Mica belt of Andhra Pradesh.

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E.M.A
Rock Minerals
Limestone
Limestone is found in rocks composed of calcium
carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates.
It is the basic raw material for the cement industry and
essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.
Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat,
Tamil Nadu and many more.
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Hazards of Mining
Impact on Miners Impact on Environment

(i)Risk of collapsing mine (i)Water source get

roofs. contaminated.
(ii)Inundation and fire in coal (ii) Dumping of waste
mines. and slurry leads to
(iii)Health issues degradation of land, soil
and increase in stream
dust and noxious fumes are and river pollution.
inhaled.

Make them vulnerable to

pulmonary diseases. 10
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Conservation ofHUMinerals B
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Why to conserve minerals?
Mineral deposits are present in very less quantity in the
world i.e. one percent of the earth’s crust.
Continued extraction of ores leads to the depletion of
minerals and increase in costs.
The geological processes of mineral formation are so
slow while the consumption rate is very fast therefore,
mineral resources are finite and non-renewable.

How to conserve minerals?

Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to
allow use of low grade ores at low costs.
Recycling of metals, using scrap metals & other
substitutes.
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Energy Resources:
Energy is needed to cook, to provide light and heat, to
propel vehicles and to drive machinery in industries.
It can be generated from fuel minerals like coal,
petroleum, natural gas and electricity.

Energy resources can be classified as

Conventional Sources: It includes firewood, cattle dung
cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity.

Non-Conventional Sources: It includes solar, wind, tidal,

geothermal, biogas and atomic energy.

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Conventional Sources 9 & of Energy
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Coal H
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It is the most E
abundantly available fossil fuel.
It is used for power generation, to supply energy to the
industry as well as for domestic needs.
Coal is formed due to the compression of plant material
over millions of years.
There are various types of coals on the degree of
compression, depth and the time of burial.

On the basis of quality:

(i) Peat: Low carbon and high moisture contents and low
heating capacity.
(ii) Lignite: Low grade brown coal, which is soft with high
moisture content.
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(iii) Bituminous: Buried deep and subjected to increased

temperatures. Most popular coal in commercial use.
(iv) Anthracite: Highest quality hard coal.

On the basis of age:

(i) Gondwana Coal (ii) Tertiary Coal

200 million years ago 55 million years ago
Damodar valley, Jharia North eastern states
Raniganj, Bokaro

E.M.A
Petroleum
It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for
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machinery and raw materials for a number of
manufacturing industries.
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Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for
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synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical
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industries.
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Mumbai High, Gujarat and Assam are major petroleum
production areas in India.

Natural Gas
It is used as a source of energy as well as an industrial
raw material in the petrochemical industry.
It is considered an environment-friendly fuel because
of low carbon emissions.
Natural gas has been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari
basin, Mumbai High and allied fields, Gulf of Cambay,
Andaman and Nicobar islands.
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E.M.A
Electricity
It has a wide range of applications in today’s world.
Per Capita Consumption is considered as index of
development.

(i) Hydro electricity (ii) Thermal electricity

Generated by running water Generated by burning coal,
Use renewable resources petroleum and natural gas.
Multi-purpose projects like Use non-renewable fossil
the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar fuels to generate electricity.
Valley corporation, the Kopili
Hydel Project, etc.

Non-Conventional Sources
10 of Energy
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Nuclear or Atomic Energy U B A

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Nuclear Energy isXobtained by altering the structure of
atoms. E
Uranium and Thorium are used for generating atomic or
nuclear power.
Found in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of
Rajasthan.
The Monazite sands of Kerela are also rich in Thorium.

Solar Energy

India is a tropical country, therefore it has enormous

possibilities of tapping solar energy.
Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into
electricity.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and

remote areas which helps in minimising the dependence
of rural households on firewood and dung cakes that will
contribute to environmental conservation and adequate
supply of manure in agriculture.

Wind Energy
India has great potential of wind power.
The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu
from Nagercoil to Madurai.
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerela,
Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind
farms.

Biogas 10
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Biogas is a type of biofuel that is naturally produced
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from the decomposition of organic waste.
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Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to
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produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas.
Biogas plants using cattle dung are known as ‘ Gobar gas
plants’ in rural India.
Biogas provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form
of energy and improved quality of manure with that it
also prevents the loss of trees.

Tidal Energy
Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity.
In India, the Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kuchchh in
Gujarat on the western coast and the Gangetic Delta in
the Sunderban regions of West Bengal provide ideal
conditions for utilising tidal energy.
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E.M.A
Geo-thermal Energy
The heat and electricity produced by using the heat
from the interior of the Earth is called Geo-thermal
Energy.
Groundwater in high temperatures area absorbs heat
from the rocks and becomes hot.
It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it
turns into steam.
This steam is used to drive turbines and generate
electricity.
Two experimental projects to utilize geothermal energy:
Parvati Valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh
Puga Valley, Ladakh

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Conservation of Energy 9 & Resources
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Uto develop a sustainable path
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There is an urgent need
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for energy development.

Some ways that each one of us can contribute to saving

energy resources:
Using public transport systems instead of individual
vehicles
Switching off electricity when not in use
Using power-saving devices.
Using non-conventional sources of energy
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Map Work:

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Top 7 Questions:
3 markers

1. Which state is the largest producer of manganese in India?

Mention any four uses of manganese.

Ans.Odisha is the largest producer of manganese in India.

Uses of manganese are as follows:
(1) It is used in the manufacturing of ferro-manganese
alloy.
(ii) It is used in the manufacturing of bleaching
powder.
(iii) It is used in insecticides, paint industries and
manufacturing of batteries.
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(iv) It is used in manufacturing of steel. Nearly 10 kg of
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manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of steel.
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P of Bauxite and name the metal
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Explain the formation
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obtained from it.

Ans.Bauxite is formed by the decomposition of a wide variety

of rocks that are rich in aluminium silicates. Intense
weathering of the surface rocks helps in their
decomposition, thus forming bauxite deposits. The metal
obtained from bauxite is aluminium. Alumina occurs in a clay
like formation within the bauxite deposits from which
aluminium is obtained.

3. What is natural gas? What is its advantage? Name one

region of India where its reserves are found.

Ans. Natural gas is an important source of energy. It is an

 PRASHANT KIRAD

important clean energy resource found in association with

or without petroleum. It is also used as an industrial raw
material in the petrochemical industry.

Advantages of natural gas are:

Natural gas is an environment friendly fuel.
It generates low carbon dioxide emission during use.
It is increasingly replacing pollution causing fuels.
Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in
Krishna-Godavari basin.

4. What are the two main ways of generating electricity?

How are they different from each other? Explain.

Ans. The two main ways of generating electricity are by running

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water (hydro electricity) and by burning fuels (thermal
electricity).
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Differences between H
these two are as follows:
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Hydro Electricity Thermal Electricity

It is generated from fast It is generated from

flowing water falling on petroleum, coal and natural
turbines. gas.
Its source is perennial or Its sources are exhaustible or
inexhaustible i.e. water. non renwable sources i.e. coal
It does not cause and petroleum.
pollution. The burning of coal and oil
It is cheaper in the long- cause a lot of pollution.
run. It is expensive in the long-run.
These plants should be The thermal plants to
near the sources of fast generate electricity can be
flowing water. set up anywhere.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
5. Crude oil reserves are limited all over the world. If people
continue to extract it at the present rate, the reserves
would last only 35-40 years more. Explain any three ways
to solve this problem.

Ans. Crude oil reserves are limited all over the world. If people
continue to extract it at the present rate, the reserves
would last only 30-40 years more. For energy conservation
we can take the following steps:

(i) We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious

use of our limited energy resources.
(ii) We can use public transport systems instead of
individual vehicles.
(iii) We can switch off electricity when not in use,
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using power saving devices. We can use non-conventional

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energy like solar energy, wind power, biogas etc. instead of
using petroleum.
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Pmarkers
EX5

1. “There is a pressing need for using renewable energy

sources in India.” Justify the statement.

Ans. There is a growing need for increasing the use of

renewable energy sources due to the following reasons:

(i) The conventional or non-renewable sources of energy

are depleting very fast and we are dependent on imports
of petroleum and natural gas to meet our needs.
(ii) Renewable energy sources do not cause environmental
pollution with their use and so, to preserve our
environment, we must change over to use more of such
sources.
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(iii) Non-conventional or renewable sources of energy are

very economical in use as compared to conventional
sources. Thus, to save expenses, we should use renewable
energy sources.

2. “Consumption of energy in all forms has been rising all

over the country. There is an urgent need to develop a
sustainable path of energy development and energy
saving.” Suggest and explain any three measures to solve
this burning problem.

Ans. It is justified that the consumption of energy in all forms

has been rising all over the country. Energy is a basic
requirement for economic development. The strategy of
economic development that India adopted since
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independence necessarily required increasing amount of
energy consumption. 9 &
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U various measures that need
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To take care of this concern
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to be adopted areX
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(i) We need to increase the use of renewable energy
resources like solar, wind power, biogas, tidal energy and
geothermal energy. This will decrease the dependence on
non-renewable sources.
(ii) We have to adopt a cautious approach for judicious use
of our limited energy resources. For example, as a
concerned citizen, we can use public transport system in
place of individual vehicle.
(iii) Another measure that needs to be adopted is
promotion of energy conservation, e.g. switching off
electrical devices when not in use, using power saving
devices.