MSN-1

 Nursing Process: The nursing process can be defined as an orderly, systematic way of identifying the
patient's problems, making plans to solve them, initiating the plans or assigning others to implement it
and evaluating the extent to which the plan was effective in resolving the problems identified
 MRI
Powerful magnetic field used to provide images of body parts which are difficulty to uses through CT
scan.
 Endoscopy:
It is direct visualization of the body system by inserting a light emitting Flexible tube
 Angiography:
It is the X-ray Study of blood vessels. Usually contacest dye is injected to uses blood vessels & the flow
of blood through them
 Biopsy:
It involves taking specimen from living body tissue for laboratory examination
 Stress:
Stress is a state of strain whether physical or psychology
 Immunity
Immunity refers to resistance of a host to infectious agents and their toxic products.
Immunity is the ability of body to fight against infections.
Immunity is the ability of a person to resist the infection or to overcome it.
 Hypersensivity:
It is defined as altered stage induced by an antigen in which pathological reaction can be subsequently
elicited by that antigen or by structurally similar substances.
 Osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of a solvent (water) through a membrane, from an area of lower concentration
of solute to an area of higher concentration solution under an equilibrium is reached on both sides of the
membrane.
 Hypovolemia:
Too much fluid is lost from the body dehydration Occurs.
 Hypervolemia:
The Expansiom of ECF volume. It develops when exess sodium & water retained in the body.
 Hyponatremia:
A low sodium level in the blood is known as hyponatremia.
 Hypernatremia
Preesence of sodium more than normal values in blood is known as hypernatremia.
 Hypokalemia: (Normal value 3.5-5.2 meq/l)
Low level of of the potassiom in body is known as hypokalemia.
 Hyperkalemia:
It is a condition where serem pottasium level exceeds the Normal limits.
 Hypocalcemia: (8.5 to 10.5) meq/L
A low level of calcium in the human body is known as hypocalcemia.
 Hypercalcemia:
 It is electrolyte imbalance in which Serum celcium level of calcium in the blood, more than 10.5 mg/dL
 Magnesemia (1.5-2.5 mg/dL).
 Metabolic Acidosis:
Metabolic acidosis is a Condition that occurs when the body produces too much acid when the kidneys
are not removing enough ecid from the body
 Operation theatre
Is that unit of hospital where the client undergoes Surgical poocedure
 Surgical Asepsis:
It refers to to all the procedures used to keep objects or areas Sterile or completely from all micro-
organisms
 Suture
A Stich Or raw of Stiches holding to gather the edges Of wound & incision
 Anesthesia:
It is an artificially indured. State of practical Or total Loss Of Sensation. Occuring with or without loss
of consciousness.

 Respiratory System:
 Rhinitis
Rhinitis is inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane of the nose, characterized by a runny nose
and stuffiness and usually caused by the common cold or allergy.
 Incentive Spirometry;
An incentive spirometer is a device used to keep lungs healthy they are healing.
 DEVIATED NASAL SEPTUM
The septum, which is normally thin and straight, may be deviated from the midline and protrude more to
one side of the nasal passage than to the other.
 Adenoiditis
It is known as abnormal lymphoid growth in the nasopharynx.
 CANCER-THROAT OR LARYNX
Cancer of the throat is cancer of the vocal cords, voice box (larynx) or other areas of the throat.
 Epistaxis
Epistaxis or nose bleeding may be caused by local irritation of the mucous membranes.
 PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS (T.B.)
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that primarily effect the lungs parenchyma, caused by mycobacte
rium tuberculi.
 LUNG ABSCESS
Lung abscess is a localized necrotic lesion of the lungs parenchyma. It contains purulent material that
collapse and forms a cavity.
 EMPYEMA
An empyema is a collection of pus containing liquid in the pleural cavity. It occurs as a complication of
bacterial pneumonia and lung abscess.
 BRONCHIECTASIS
It is a chronic irreversible dilation of bronchi or bron chioles, characterized by dyspnea, cough and pulmo
nary infections.

Prajapati Vikram mo.8000914008 Page 2

  PULMONARY EDEMA
It is defined as an abnormal accumulation or collec tion of fluid in lung, lung tissue or alveolar space. It is
a severe and life threatening condition
 PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
Pulmonary hypertension is a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right
side of heart.
 LUNG CANCER (BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA)
Lung cancer is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of lung.
 PNEUMOTHORAX
It is the accumulation of air in pleural cavity.
 POSTURAL DRAINAGE
Postural drainage is the drainage of secretions by gravity from various lung segments by application of
specific positions.
 Sinusitis
Sinusitis is a condition consisting of an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, which may or may not be
result of infection from bacterial, fungal, viral, allergi or autoimmune issues.
 Pharyngitis
It is known as an inflammation of the pharynx. Acute pharyngitis is a most common throat inflammation.
It may be caused by hemolytic streptococci, staphylo cocci or other bacteria or filtrable viruses.
 Tonsilitis
It is an inflammation of the palatine tonsils. It may to occur when the patient's resistance is low and is
common in children. The onset is almost always sudden. It is usually caused by the streptococcus
organism. ver or
 Laryngitis
It is an inflammation of the larynx. It can cause hoarseness or loss of voice due to acute infection on
irritation by gases. It is of two types:
 Peritonsillar abscess
Peritonsillar abscess (PTA), also called a quinsy or abbreviated as PTA is a recognized complication of
tonsillitis and consists of a collection of pus beside the tonsil which is referred to as peritonsilar space.
 Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that primarily effect the lungs parenchyma, caused by mycobacte
rium tuberculi. It can be transmitted to other part of the body including bones, kidney, stomach,
meninges. The agent is "mycobacterium tuberculi" which is acid fast bacilli organism and is sensitive to
U.V. light. It is a communicable disease. Person usually acquire it when his own immune system is
weakened or com promised. infectious disease that primarily effect the lungs parenchyma, caused by
mycobacte rium tuberculi. It can be transmitted to other part of the body including bones, kidney,
stomach, meninges. The agent is "mycobacterium tuberculi" which is acid fast bacilli organism and is
sensitive to U.V. light. It is a communicable disease. Person usually acquire it when his own immune
system is weakened or com promised.
 COPD
It is a respiratory disease in which airflow is obstructed by emphysema, chronic bronchitis or both. The
air flow obstruction is usually progressive and irreversible and also associated with airway hyperac tivity.
Asthma is also considered within this disease group but asthma is reversible.
 Asthma

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 Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of respira tory tract of airway resulting in airway hyper
responsiveness, mucus edema and mucus production. The inflammation leads to recurrent episode of
asthma. Symptoms such as cough, chest tightness, wheezing and dyspnea differ from COPD because it is
reversible process.
 Bronchitis
Bronchitis is the inflammation of bronchii or bronchi oles. It is condition where as productive cough lasts
for three months in each of two consecutive years. In such patients, other cause for cough have been
excluded. It is a long term illness and may be result of environmental factors or extended illness.
 Pulmonary Embolism
It refers to the obstruction of the pulmonary artery by thrombus that originate in the venous system or in
the right side of the heart. Most thrombus originates in the deep veins of legs during pregnancy or in old
age.Pulmonary artery occlusion interfere with blood circulation and causes symptoms.
 ARDS
ARDS is a clinical syndrome characterized by sudden and progressive pulmonary edema, (increase in
bilat eral infiltrate on chest X-ray), hypoxemia due to reduced oxygen and reduced lung capacity. It is a
life threatening medical condition.
 ARF, CRF
ARF is defined as fall in arterial oxygen pressure (PaCO2) less than 50 mmHg and rise in arterial CO₂
pressure to more than 50 mmHg. It exists when exchange of O2 and CO2 in the lungs cannot keep up
with the rate of O2 consumption and CO2 production by cells of the body. It is a life threatening
condition require immediate ventilatory Support
 Phemonia
It is an inflammation of lungs parenchyma, i.e. caused by pneumococci, e.g. bacterial agent, fungi and
virus. Pneumonitis is term that describe an inflammatory process in the lung tissue that may predispose a
patient at risk for microbial invasion.
 Etiology:
o Infection
o Environment
o Healthchange
o Animales
o Health Probie
o Weak immune
o Food
o Allergic
o Poor hygine
o Family History
o Air pollution
o Smoking
 Sign & Symptoms
o Dryness
o Fever
o Headache
o Sneezing
o Restlessness
o Sore throat
o Tenderness
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 o Redness
o Discomfort
o Difficulty swallowing
o Cough
o Weakness
o Weight Loss
 Diagnostic Test:
o History Taking
o Physical Examination
o X-ray
o Ct scan
o Culture test
o MRI
o Sputum Test
o ABG
 Gestro intestinal System
 Gingivitis
Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums (gingiva Gingivitis is a non-destructive periodontal disease an
acterial biofilms (also called plaque) adherent both surfaces termed as plaque-induced gingivitis.
 Periodonitis
Periodontitis or pyorrhea is a set of inflammatory diseases affecting the periodontium, i.e. the tissues
 Glossitis
Glossitis is an inflammation of the tongue. It causes the tongue to swell and change color. Finger-like
projections on the surface of the tongue (papillae) may be lost, causing the tongue to appear smooth that
surround and support the teeth. Periodontitis involves progressive loss of the alveolar bone around the
teeth and if left untreated, can lead to the loosen ing and subsequent loss of teeth. Periodontitis is caused
by micro-organisms that adhere to and grow on the tooth's surfaces, along with an overly aggres sive
immune response against these micro-organisms.
 Cheilitis
Cheilitis is a medical condition involving inflammtion of the lip.
 Stomatitis
Stomatitis, a non-specific term for an inflammed and sore mouth, can disrupt a person's ability to eat, talk,
and sleep. Stomatitis can occur anywhere within the mouth, including inside of the cheeks, gums, tongue,
lips and palate.
 Halitosis
It is also called bad breath, is a symptom in which a unpleasant odor is present in the exhaled breath. It
occurs due to dental decay, poor dental care and gum disease. The odor is caused by bacteria which is
pres ent below the gum line and on the back of the tongue.
 Esophagitis
Esophagitis is an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus caused by infection or irritation of inner
mucosa of the tube.
 Parotitis
Parotitis is the inflammation and infection of the salivary glands known as the parotid glands.
Inflammation results in swelling of the tissues that surround the salivary glands, redness, and soreness.
Salivary glands are responsible for producing saliva in the mouth, which has the important function of

Prajapati Vikram mo.8000914008 Page 5

 cleansing the mouth. Inflammation of the salivary glands reduces their ability to function properly and
may lead to infection within the mouth.
 Achalasia
Achalasia is, absent or ineffective peristalsis of the esophagus accompanying by failure of esphageal sph
incter to relax in response to swallowing. Narrowing of the oesophagus just above the stomach results in
incomplete dilation of esophagus in upper chest.
 GERD (GASTRO-ESPHAGEAL REFLUX DISORDER)
Excessive back flow of gastric or duodenal contents into esophagus because of incompetent gastro
esophageal sphincter/pyloric stenosis/motor disorder of the esophagus is known as gastro-esophageal
reflux.
 Gastritis
Inflammation of gastric or stomach mucosa is known as gastritis.
 Hernia
A hernia is a protusion of an organ or structure from its normal cavity through a congenital or acquired
defect! The abdominal cavity has a muscular wall that provides support for most of the organs of
digestion. The wall may become weakened at some points, permitting part of an organ to protrude
through the weakened area. Protrusion of a loop of intestines most often occurs at the umbilicus or at the
inguinal and femoral areas of the groin where large vessels pass through the peritoneum.
 Appendicitis
It is inflammation of vermiform appendix, character ized by acute pain. Appendix is a small structure that
is 4 inches in size attached to cecum, just below the ileocecal valve. The appendix fills with food and
empties into the cecum.

Therefore, it is vulnerable to infection and prone to obstruction. It is located in right lower quadrant of
abdomen. It is common in males.

Appendicitis is a emergency condition. It must be treated immediately, otherwise perforation may occur.
 Peritonitis
It is the inflammation of peritoneum (the serc membrane which lines the abdominal cavity a covers the
viscera).
 Intestinal Obstruction
Bowel obstruction is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines, preventing the normal
transit of the products of digestion.
 Colostomy
Colostomy is named according to place where in the bowel is formed. It may be ascending, transverse,
descending or sigmoid colostomy. The type of effluent is dependent on the location of the bowel used.
 Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are painful, swollen, enlarged, dilated blood vessels in the lower portion of the rectum or
anus. Swelling in the anal or rectal veins causes hem orrhoids.
 Etiology
o Bacterial
o Viral
o Allergic
o Alchohol
o Spicy food

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 o Obesity
o Stress
o Hot drink
o Infections
o Family History
 Sign & Symptoms
o Swallon
o Bright red gum
o Halitosis
o Redness
o Cough
o Dyphagia
o Chest pain
o Horseness
o Heartborn
o Wight loss
o Anorexia
o Nausea
o Vomiting
o Headache
o Discomfort
o Tenderness
 Diagnostic test
o History taking
o Physical examination
o Mouth examination
o X ray
o Upper endoscopy
o Esophageal manometry
o Barium swallow
o Usg
o Gastroscopy
o Urinalysis
 Hepatic billary disorder
 Ascites
It is an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity that exceeds 25 ml. The medical condition is also known
as peritoneal cavity fluid, peritoneal fluid excess, hydroperitoneum and abdominal dropsy. It is due to
cirrhosis severe liver disease or metastic can cer. Ascites can portend other significant medical problems, such
as Budd chiari syndrome.
 Hepatitis
Hepatitis is the inflammation of liver. Viral hepatitis is a systemic viral infection in which necrosis and
inflammation of liver cells hepatocytes produces a characteristic cluster of clinical, bio-chemical and cellular
changes. Five different types of viral hepatitis have been identified namely::- Hepatitis A, B, C,D,E
 Liver abcence

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 It is an abscess formation in liver. Whenever an infec tion develops anywhere along the billiary or GI tract
infection, organism may reach the liver through the billiary system, portal system, lymphatic system etc.
which destroys the liver cells resulting in necrotic tissue of the liver leads to liver abscess. It is of three types:
1. Amoebic which is commonly caused Entamoeba histolytica
2. Pyogenic liver abscess which is infectious one may be caused by abdominal trauma, cholangitis.
3. Fungal abscess.
 Pancreatitis
It is the inflammation of pancreas. It is a serious disorder that does not respond to any treatment. It is of two
types:
1. Acute pancreatitis
2. Chronic pancreatitis
 Cholangitis
Cholangitis is an inflammation of the common bile duct, the tube that carries bile from the liver to the gall
bladder and intestines. Bile is a liquid made by the liver that helps to digest food.
 Jaundice
Jaundice is yellow coloration of skin, mucous mem brane due to increased bilirubin level. When the bilirubin
concentration in the blood is abnormally elevated, all the body tissues, including the sclera and the skin,
become yellow-tinged or greenish-yellow, a condition called jaundice. Jaundice becomes clinically evident
when the serum bilirubin level exceeds 2.5 mg/dL (43 fmol/L). Increased serum bilirubin levels and jaundice
may result from impairment of hepatic uptake, conjugation of bilirubin, or excretion of biliru bin into the
biliary system. There are several types of jaundice: hemolytic, hepatocellular, obstructive, or jaundice due to
hereditary hyperbilirubinemia. Hepato-cellular and obstructive jaundice are the two types commonly
associated with liver disease.
 Portal Hypertension
It is increased blood pressure with in portal venous system. Obstructed blood flow through the damaged liver
results in increased blood pressure (portal hyper tension) throughout the portal venous system. Although,
portal hypertension is commonly associ ated with hepatic cirrhosis, it can also occur with non cirrhotic liver
disease. The major consequences of portal hypertension are ascites and varices. In ascites, fluid accumulates
in the abdominal cavity. Varices are varicosities that develop from elevated pressures transmitted to all veins
that drain into the portal system.
 Etiology
o Liver disease
o Congenital
o Speenomegally
o Toxic drugs
o Infections
o Heart failure
o Infection blood
o Heridiatry
o Alcohol
 Sign & Symptoms
o Abdominal pain
o Shorness of breath
o Hernia
o Weakness
o Melena
Prajapati Vikram mo.8000914008 Page 8
 o Weight loss
o Jaundice
o Fatigue
o Fever
o Chills
o Anorexia
o Anemia
o Malalise
 Diagnostic Test
o LFT test
o CBC
o CT scan
o Ultrasound
o CT abdomen
o Liver Biopsy
o Blood culture
o Stool examination
o MRI
 Disorder of endocrine system
 Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder of impaired carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the
body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. It is
characterized by classical symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and
polyphagia (increased hunger).
 Diabetes insipidus
It is a disorder of posterior lobe of pituitary due to deficiency of vasopressin or (ADH) anti diuretic hor mone.
It is characterized by polydipsia and polyurea.
 Hypoglycemia
When the blood glucose level falls less than 50-60 mg/dl, condition is termed as hypoglycemia.
 Hypothyroidism
It is endocrine disorder that decreases the levels of thyroid hormone. It affects all body functions. Congenital
hypothyroidism is known as cretinism.
 Hyperthyroidism
It occurs as a result of increased secretion of thyroid hormone and is manifested by increased metabolic rate.
Graves disease is the most common type of hyperthyroidism. It results from an excessive output of thyroid
hormone by abnormal stimulation of thy roid gland by circulating immunoglobulins. Thyrotoxicosis refers to
clinical effects of an unbound thyroid hormone, whether or not the thyroid gland is the primary source.
 Addison’s disease
Addison's Disease is a rare and chronic disease that is characterized by adrenal insufficiency. There is a
decrease in hormones in the adrenal cortex such as glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Usually it effects
30-50 years-old, but can be seen in all age groups.
 Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a long-term condition in which there is too much growth hormone and the body tissues get
larger over time.

Prajapati Vikram mo.8000914008 Page 9

  Etiology:
o Obesity
o CAD
o To much insoline
o High blood pressure
o Smoking
o Exposure
o Infection
o Shock
o Stress
o Iodine
o Genetic factors
 Sign & Symptoms
o Fatigue
o Weakness
o Dry skin
o Sores
o Dehydrations
o Decrease blood pressure
o Anorexia
o Irritability
o Metabolic acidosis
o Hypernatremia
 Diagnostic Test
o RBS
o FBS
o Glucose level
o Bun Test
o X-ray CT scan
o Urinalysis
o MRI

 Genitourinary System:
 Urinary Retention
It also known as ischuria, is an inability to completely empty thebladder. It is a common complication of
Benign Prostate Hypertrophy (BPH)
 Urinary Incontinence
It is the involuntary or uncontrolled loss of urine from the bladder. It is common in elderly people especially
in women.
 Dialysis
It is a process used to remove fluid and uremic waste products from the body when kidneys are unable to do
so. It is used in treating patient with intractable oedema, hepatic coma, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia,
hypertension and uremia.
 Hemodialysis

Prajapati Vikram mo.8000914008 Page 10

 It is commonly used method. It is used for patient who are accurately ill and requires short term dialysis. A
dialyzer or artificial kidney serves as a synthetic semi permeable membrane in the place of renal glomeruli
and tubules as the filter for impaired kidneys.
 Peritoneal dialysis
1. The aim of peritoneal dialysis is to remove toxic substances and metabolic waste.
2. To establish normal fluid and electrolyte balance:
a) It is a treatment of choice for renal failure patient who are unable or unwilling to und ergo
hemodialysis and renal transplantation.
b) There are many different methods:
i. Acute peritoneal dialysis.
ii. Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dial ysis (CAPD).
iii. Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis.
 UTI
A urinary tract infections (UTI) also known as acute cystitis or bladder infection. When it affects the lower
urinary tract it is known as a simple cystitis and when it affects the upper urinary tract it is known as pyelo
nephritis. It is more common in women than men.

It is generally classified as infection in the upper urinary tract or infection in lower urinary tract.
 Acute glomeruar nephritis
Acute glomerulonephritis refers to a group of kidney disease in which there is an inflammatory reactions in
the glomeruli.
 Chronic glomeruar nephritis
It may result due to repeated episode of acute glomerulonephritis. Kidneys become reduce in size and final
result is ESRD.
 Nephritic syndrome
It is a primary glomerular disease characterised by following:
1. Marked increased in the protein levels in the urine (Proteinuria).
2. Decreased in albumin level in the blood (albuminemia).
3. Oedema
4. High serum cholestrol and low density lipopro tein levels (i.e. protein uria, hypo-albuminemia, hyper
lipidemia).
 Renal failure
It results when the kidneys are unable to remove the body's metabolic waste. It is a systemic disease which
results in many other kidney and urinary tract dis eases. It results in endocrine and metabolic dysfunc tion,
electrolyte and acid base disturbance.

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

It is sudden reduction in kidney function, usually reversible. There is decreased glomerular filtration rate in
few hours to few days.

CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE OR ESRD

It is a progressive irreversible deterioration in the kidney's ability to maintain metabolic fluid and elec trolyte
balance results in uremia and other nitrogenous waste accumulation in the blood.
 Renal calculus
Urinary calculus is a stone-like body composed of urinary salts bound together by a colloid matrix of organic
materials. It consists of a nucleus around which concentric layers of urinary salts are deposited.
Prajapati Vikram mo.8000914008 Page 11
  Renal abcess
Renal Abscess is a collection of infective fluid in the kidney. It is usually a acute pyelonephritis where
severe vasospasm and inflammation may occasionally result in necrosis and abscess formation. It can affect
all ages.
 Etiology:
o Nerve dysfunction
o Constipation
o Infection
o Medications
o Overflow
o Bacteria
o SLE
o Stone formations
o Uric acid
o Poor hygiene
 Sign & Symptoms:
o Nocturia
o Anuria
o Kidney failure
o Polyuria
o Enorises
o Incontine
o Pelvic pain
o Oliguria
o Fatigue
o Irritable
o Pyuria
o Hemachurixa
o Back pain
 Diagnostic test
o Ultra sound
o Cystoscopy
o MRI
o Urinyasis
o Blood test
o CBC
o Urine culture
o Ultrasonography
o Renal scan
 Disorder Nervous System
 Mennigitis
It is the inflammation of meninges, (membrane sur rounding brain and spinal cord) caused by viral, bacterial
or fungal organisms. It is classified as aseptic, septic or tuberculous: abla 500
1. Aseptic meningitis: It refers to viral meningitis meningial irritation result from brain abscess, encephalitis,
leukemia etc.

Prajapati Vikram mo.8000914008 Page 12

 2. Septic meningitis: It refers to meningitis caused by bacterial organisms such as meningococcus,
staphylococcus or influenza bacillus.
3. Tuberculous meningitis: It is caused by tubercle bacillus.
 Brain abcess (Pus Connection)
It is a collection of infectious material with in the brain tissue.
 Aneurysm
An intra cranial or cerebral aneurysm is a dilation of the wall of cerebral artery that develops as a result of
weakness in the arterial wall.
 Parkinsonism disease
Parkinson's disease is a slowly progressing neurologic movement disorder that leads to disability.
 Epilepsy
Epilepsy is complexity of several disorder of brain function characterized by reoccurring seizures. Epilepsy is
not a disease but a symptom, there may be associated with loss of consciousness, excess move ment or loss of
muscle tone or movement, distur bances of behavior, mood sensation and perceptions. The problem is an
electrical disturbances in the nerve cells in one section of the brain causing them to emit abnormal reoccurring
uncontrolled electrical dis charge. The epileptic seizures represent excessive neuronal discharge.
 Seizures
Seizures are episodes of abnormal, motor, sensory, autonomic or psychic activity resulting from sudden
excessive discharge from cerebral neurons.
 Head injury
It includes any trauma to the scalp, skull or brain tissues. Head injury has a high potential for poor outcome.
Death from head may occur. The majority of deaths after a head injury occur immediately, after the injury
either from the direct head trauma or from massive hemorrhage and shock.
 Brain injury
It is the most considerable head injury. Minor brain injury can cause obstructed blood flow and decreasing
tissue perfusion. Brain cannot store O2, i.e. irreversible brain damage occurs within a few minutes.
 Cerebralvascular Stroke / accident
A stroke is also known as brain attack. It is sudden loss of brain functions resulting from destruction of blood
supply to a part of brain. It is a result of long standing cerebrovascular diseases.

 A definition of stroke by WHO 1971, is a neuro logical deficit due to a local disturbance in blood supply
to the brain. Its onset is usually abrupt but may extend over a few hours or longer.
It can be divided into two categories:
1. Non-haemorrhagic or ischemic stroke
2. Hemorrhagic stroke.
 Neuraligia
Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux) is an intensely painful neurologic condition that effects one or more
branches of the fifth cranial (trigeminal) nerve. The pain is often precipitated by trigger points that "fire"
when the patient talks, eat, touches the face, brushes the teeth or its exposed to cold wind.
 GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME OR POLYRADICULO NEURITIS
It is a rapidly progressing clinical syndrome of unknown cause involving cranial, spinal and periph eral
nerves. In some patients, respiratory or GI infec tions occurs, 1-4 weeks before neurologic defects. In others,
it may occur after vaccination or surgery, viral infection etc.

 Myasthenia gravis

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 It is a disorder affecting the neuromuscular transmis sion of the voluntary muscles of the body. It is charac
фолкол terized by excessive weakness and fatigue ability particularly of the voluntary muscles and cranial
nerve function. It is considered as an auto-immune disease.

It is a chronic progressive disease of muscular weakness caused by chemical transmitter acetylcho line
deficiency at the point of myoneural junction. As a result, muscle does not receive the motor impulse properly
and does not contract well. Cause of thenia gravis is unknown:
 Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis or disseminated sclerosis is a chronic, progressive, degenerative disease the affects the
myelin sheath and conduction pathways of the CNS. The illness is characterized by periods of remis sion and
exacerbation of numbness, impairment of speech and of muscular coordination.
 Encephalitis
Encephalitis is an irritation and swelling (inflamma tion) of the brain, most often due to infections.
 Etiology:
o AIDS
o Infection
o Trauma
o Genetic
o Environment
o Head trauma
o Abnormal blood vessels
o Falls
o Hemorrhage
o Hereditary
 Sign & Symptoms
o Headache
o Fever
o Lethargy
o Irritation
o Seizures
o Ataxia
o Tremors
o Sensory dysfunction
o Impairment function
o Weakness
o Drowsyness
o Unconsciousness
o Vomiting
 Diagnostic Test
o CT scan, X-ray
o MRI
o CSF
o Cerebral angiography
o ECG
o Cumber puncture
o Neurologic examine
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 o CBC, Skull xray

 Collagen And Connective Tissue Disorders

 Systemic lupus erythematous
It is a multi-system inflammatory disorder associated with abnormalities of immune system. It is chronic
condition characterized by various degrees of increased disease activity that are generally followed by a less
active, remitting course.
Lupus erythematous also known as "red wolf". It is a chronic inflammatory disease of collagen/suppor
ting tissues of body characterized by excessive pro duction of auto antibodies.
 Polymyositis
It is of a group of disease termed idiopathic inflamma tory myopathies. It is classified as autoimmune because
auto antibodies are present. These antibodies do not damage the muscle cells, indicating only an indirect role
in tissue damage.
 Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is a chronic, non-inflammatory, slowly progressive disorder that causes deterioration of
articular cartilage. It affects weight-bearing joints (hips and knees) as well as joints of the distal
interphalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the fingers.
 Scleroderma
It is the disease of hardness of skin and with internal organs involvement. It occurs as a multi systems
inflammatory disease characterized by skin thicken ing and deposition of excessive quantities of connec tive
tissues which eventually result in severe fibrosis. The skin, blood vessels, skeletal muscles are affected along
with internal organs such as heart, lungs, kid ney gastro-intestinal tract.
 Rheumatic Arthritis
It is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder in which erosive inflammation of the sensorial tissue of joints
occur. It can occur at any time of life but its incidence tends to increase with age. Women are affected 2 to 3
times more often than men.
 Sjogren’s Syndrome
Sjogren's Syndrome is a relatively common chronic, autoimmune process that affects the lacrimal and
salivary glands. It is an inflammatory disorders of unknown cause. The disease can be primary or sec ondary.
Secondary Sjogren's syndrome is seen most commonly in RA but can be seen in SLE and some other
connective tissue disease.
 Gout
Gout is a disorder of purine metabolism characterized by elevated uric acid level and deposition of urate in
joints and other tissues.
 Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a musculoskeletal chronic pain syn drome, characterized by fatigue, diffuse muscle pain and
stiffness, sleep disturbance and tender points on physical examination.
 Etiology
o Genetic
o Drugs
o Bacterial
o Stress
o Aging
o Metabolic abnormality

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 o Alcohol
 Sign & Symptoms
o Joint pain
o Swelling
o Morning stiffness
o Anorexia
o Vomiting
o Abdomen pain
o Headache
o Fatigue
o Weight loss
 Diagnostic Test:
o CBC
o Urinalysis
o Chest x-ray
o RFT
o LFT
o EEG
o ECG
o Muscle Biospy
o ESR

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