Socialization and Enculturation Normal - refers to that which conforms to norms.

Normative - refers to what we perceive as normal, or what

Socialization we think we should be normal, regardless whether it actually
It refers to a lifelong social experience by which is.
people develop their human potential and learn culture. Social Sanctions:
Three Goals of Socialization: > Proscriptive - stating what we should not do.
> teaches impulse control and helps individuals develop a > Prescriptive - stating what we should do.
conscience. Status and Roles:
> teaches individuals how to prepare for and perform certain are important concepts in socialization because the
social roles. behavior of young members of society are controlled by
> cultivates shared sources of meaning and value. assigning them certain status which they will enact.
Enculturation A. Status - position in a social system that a person
The process by which people learn the requirements holds.
of their surrounding culture and acquire the values and > Ascribed - social position receives at birth or take
behaviors appropriate and necessary in that culture. on involuntarily in life.
> Achieved - social position takes on voluntarily that
Mead and the Development of the Social Mind (Self) reflects personal identity and effort.
> By George Herbert Mead B. Role - refers to the behavior expected of someone
> “Self” is a Sociological Concept. who holds a particular status.
Feral Child - wild; living in the wild and raised by animals. > Role Strain - conflict among the roles connected
Three Stages of Self Development: to two or more statuses.
1. Imitations - child starts mimicking behaviors and
actions of significant others around them. Role, Impression, Management, and Identity Information:
2. Play - takes different roles that they observe in an Erving Goffman
“adult society”, and plays them out to gain an - He first articulated the idea of impression
understanding of the different social roles. management.
3. Game - child must take the role of everyone else - Individuals may improvise on the performance of
involved in the game. Organizations begin and their role so that they appear “presentable” in the
definite personalities start to emerge. situation.
Role Manipulation - through the impression management
Identity Formation - development of an individual’s distinct has bearing on the formation of a person’s self identity.
personality, which is regarded as a persisting entity in a Impression Management - has the power and influence to
particular stage of life by which a person is recognized or create a favorable public opinion of a particular person. It has
known. the ability to dictate a person’s position in a society.
Self Concept - the sum of a being's knowledge and
understanding of themselves. Components: physical, Conformity and Deviance
psychological, and social attributes.
Cultural Identity - it is one’s feeling of identity or affiliation Conformity
with a group or culture. Behavior in accordance with socially accepted
Ethnic Identity - identification with a certain ethnicity, usually conventions or standards. The desire to go along with the
on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry. norms of a group of people.
National Identity - is an ethical and philosophical concept Deviance
whereby all humans are divided into groups called nations. A concept that describes as non-conformity to social
Religious Identity - is the set of beliefs and practices generally norms, values, and civic expectations “deviance is a social
held by an individual involving adherence to codified beliefs structured phenomenon.
and rituals and the study of ancestral or cultural traditions, Variety of Deviance - “What is deviant to one group
writings, history and mythology, as well as faith and mystic may not be considered deviant to another.”
experience. 1. The study of why people violate laws or norms.
2. The study of how society reacts to this violation.
Norms - is a rule that guides the behavior or members of a
society or group.
Cesare Lombroso B. Labeling Theory
> Italian criminologist and physician > holds that deviance is not inherent to an act, but
> Founder of the Italian school of positivist criminology. instead the result of the externally-imposed label of “deviant”
> takes the view that people become criminals when
> Father of Criminology
labeled as such and when they accept the label as a personal
Theory of Anthropological Criminology identity.
> Biological concept C. Social Control Theory (Travis Hirschi)
> stated that criminality was inherited, and that someone > According to this theory, people care about what others
“born criminal” could be identified by physical (congenital) think of them and conform them to social expectations
defects. Which confirmed a criminal as savage or atavistic. because of their attachment to others and what others expect
Criminals had: of them.
- Less sensibility to pain and touch;
- More acute sight; Social Control and Deviance - school, plaza, church beside
- A lack or moral sense, including an absence of each other.
remorse.
- More vanity Human Dignity, Rights and Common Good
- Impulsiveness
- Vindictiveness and cruelty; and other manifestations, A. Human Dignity - refers to the idea that a person has
such as special criminal argot and the excessive use the innate right to be valued, respected, and treated
of tattooing. well.
B. Human Rights - are legal, social and ethical principles
that consider the human person as deserving of
Theoretical Interpretations of Deviance
liberties and protection by virtue of his or her human
A. Structural Strain Theory (Robert Merton) being.
> offered a side by side formulation of conformity
and deviance.
> he developed the structural strain theory.
> this theory traces the origins of deviance to the
tensions that are caused by the gap between cultural
goals and the means people have available to
achieve those goals.
> strain - refers to the discrepancies between
culturally defined goals and the institutionalized
means available to achieve these goals.
5 General Categories:
1. Conformists - a person who conforms to
accepted behavior or establish practices
2. Ritualist - a person who do not believe in
the established cultural goals of society, but
they do believe in and abide by the means
of for attaining those goals
3. Innovators - are those individuals that
accept the cultural goals of society but
reject the conventional methods of
attaining those goals.
4. Retreatists - who reject both the cultural
goals and the accepted means of attaining
those goals.
5. Rebels - they not only reject both the
established cultural goals and the accepted
means of attaining those goals. they
substitute new goals and new means of
attaining these goals.