Sear

Sustainable
Development Goal
14

Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Goal 14 or SDG 14) is about "Life below water" and is one of
the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The official
wording is to "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development".[1] The Goal has ten targets to be achieved by 2030. Progress towards
each target is being measured with one indicator each.
 Sustainable Development Goal 14

Mission statement "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas

and marine resources for sustainable
development"

Commercial? No

Type of project Non-Profit

Location Global

Owner Supported by United Nation & owned by

community

Founder United Nations

Established 2015
 Website sdgs.un.org (https://sdgs.un.org/)

The first seven targets are "outcome targets": Reduce marine pollution; protect and restore
ecosystems; reduce ocean acidification; sustainable fishing; conserve coastal and marine areas;
end subsidies contributing to overfishing; increase the economic benefits from sustainable use
of marine resources. The last three targets are "means of achieving" targets: To increase
scientific knowledge, research and technology for ocean health; support small scale fishers;
implement and enforce international sea law.[1]

Oceans and fisheries support the global population's economic, social and environmental
needs.[2] Oceans are the source of life of the planet and the global climate system regulator.
They are the world's largest ecosystem, home to nearly a million known species.[2] Oceans cover
more than two-thirds of the earth's surface and contain 97% of the planet's water.[3] They are
essential for making the planet livable. Rainwater, drinking water and climate are all regulated by
ocean temperatures and currents. Over 3 billion people depend on marine life for their livelihood.
However, there has been a 26 percent increase in acidification since the industrial revolution.
Effective strategies to mitigate adverse effects of increased ocean acidification are needed to
advance the sustainable use of oceans.

According to the 2020 report on progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals, the
current efforts to protect oceans, marine environments and small-scale fishers are not meeting
the need to protect the resources.[4]

Background

The Sustainable Development Goals are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United
Nations. The broad goals are interrelated though each has its own targets to achieve. The SDGs
cover a broad range of social and economic development issues. These include poverty, hunger,
health, education, climate change, gender equality, water supply, sanitation, energy, urbanization,
environment and social justice.[5]

The outcome document of the UN Summit on the 2030 Agenda: "Transforming our world: the
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", includes an emphasis "to protect the planet from
degradation, including sustainable consumption and production, sustainably managing its
natural resources and taking urgent action on climate change, so that it can support the needs
of the present and future generations."[6]
A full 30 percent of marine habitats have been destroyed, and 30 percent of the world's fish
stocks are over-exploited.[7] Marine pollution has reached shocking levels; each minute, 15 tons
of plastic are released into the oceans.[8] 20 percent of all coral reefs have been destroyed
irreversibly, and another 24 percent are in immediate risk of collapse.[9] Approximately 1 million
sea birds, 100,000 marine mammals, and an unknown number of fish are harmed or die annually
due to marine pollution caused by humans. It has been found that 95 percent of fulmars in
Norway have plastic parts in their guts.[8] Microplastics are another form of marine pollution.

The deterioration of coastal waters has become a global occurrence, due to pollution and
coastal eutrophication (overflow of nutrients in water), where similar contributing factors to
climate change can affect oceans and negatively impact marine biodiversity. "Without concerted
efforts, coastal eutrophication is expected to increase in 20 per cent of large marine ecosystems
by 2050."[10]

Characterized by extinctions, invasions, hybridizations and reductions in the abundance of

species, marine biodiversity is currently in global decline.[11] "Over the past decades, there has
been an exponential increase in human activates in and near oceans, resulting in negative
consequences to our marine environment."[12] Made evident by the degradation of habitats and
changes in ecosystem processes,[11] the declining health of the oceans has a negative effect on
people, their livelihoods and entire economies, with local communities which rely on ocean
resources being the most affected.[12] Poor decisions in resource management can compromise
conservation, local livelihood, and resource sustainability goals.[13] "The sustainable
management of our oceans relies on the ability to influence and guide human use of the marine
environment."[14]

Oceans alleviate the impact of climate change and absorb around 23% of the annual emissions
of various forms of carbons, the most concerning being carbon dioxide.[4] Because of the
absorbed carbons, seawater becomes more acidic and its pH levels drops significantly.[2] Ocean
acidification puts coral reefs and other species in danger which impacts the marine food chain
and ecosystem services including fisheries, transportation and even tourism.

Targets, indicators and progress

The UN has defined 10 targets and 10 indicators for SDG 14 that include preventing and
reducing marine pollution and ocean acidification, protecting marine and coastal ecosystems,
and regulating fishing. The targets also call for an increase in scientific knowledge of the
oceans.[7][9] Some targets have a target year of 2020, some have a target year of 2025 and some
have no end year.

The ten targets include reducing marine pollution (14.1), protecting and restoring ecosystems
(14.2), reducing ocean acidification (14.3), sustainable fishing (14.4), conserving coastal and
marine areas (14.5), ending subsidies contributing to overfishing (14.6), increase the economic
benefits from sustainable use of marine resources (14.7), increase scientific knowledge (14.a),
supporting small scale fishers (14.b) and implementing and enforcing international sea law
(14.c).

Most SDG 14 targets are not measurable in quantitative terms because the data is not available
yet; only target 14.5 is quantifiable.[15]

Target 14.1: Reduce marine pollution E…

The full title of Target 14.1 is: "By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all
kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution."[1]

It has one indicator: Indicator 14.1. is the "Index of coastal eutrophication and floating plastic
debris density"[16]

The "Index of Coastal Eutrophication (ICEP), refers to the inputs of nutrients (nitrogen,
phosphorus and silica, in different forms) from rivers, and corresponding nutrient-ratio sub-
indicator."[17] The methodology for ICEP will be developed and ready by 2020. No data is
available for this indicator yet.[18]

The "Floating Plastic Debris Density" refers to the modelled macro and micro plastics
distribution in the ocean. If the quantities of floating micro is below 4.75mm, it is labeled as
micro and if it is over 4.75 cm, it is labeled as macro. The amount of plastics in large marine
ecosystems are measured based on "a model of surface water circulation and the use of proxy
inputs". The final Floating Plastics Debris Density indicators will be ready by 2020.[17]

Despite pervasive global pollution from plastics, there is only one indicator (14.1.1b) under Goal
14, specifically related to reducing impacts from plastics.[19] For all other sustainable
development goals, there is no specific target in decreasing microplastics due to limitations of
data.[20] Furthermore, there are no targets in reference to reducing microplastics, thus presenting
a large challenge for governments to report and monitor microplastics in the environment.[20]

Marine pollution from plastics

 E…

plastic pollution washed up on shoreline

Marine pollution caused by plastic substances is recognized as an issue of the highest

magnitude, from a pollution perspective.[21] A lot of the plastic that are used in people's day to
day lives are never recycled, up to 90% and over 8 million metric tons of plastic waste is thrown
into the ocean every year. If this continues, then by the year 2050 there will be more plastic than
fish in the world by weight. [22] In just the first decade of the century, more plastic has been
created than all the plastic in history up until the year of 2000 and a majority of that plastic is not
recycled. There is an estimated 15 to 51 trillion pieces of plastic amongst all of the world's
oceans stretching from the top of ocean to the seafloor. [23] Oceans are Earth's deepest and
most extensive basins with average depths of the abyssal plains being about 4 km beneath sea
level. Gravity will naturally move and transfer materials from land to the ocean, with the ocean
becoming the end-repository.[24] One estimate of the historic production of plastic gives a figure
of 8300 million metric tonnes (Mt) for global plastic production up to 2015, of which 79% have
been accumulated in landfills or the natural environment.[25] Some 8 million tons of plastic waste
enters the oceans every year.[26] According to the ICUN, this number has grown to 14 million tons
of plastic. [26]Oceanic plastic pollution is remarkable for the sheer ubiquity of its presence, from
ocean trenches, within deep sea sediment, on the ocean floor and ocean ridges to the ocean
surface and coastal margins of oceans. Even remote island atolls can have beaches loaded with
plastic from a faraway source. At the ocean surface, plastic debris is concentrated within
circular structures of large areal extent, called ocean gyres. Ocean gyres form within all oceans,
due to the interaction of global-scale ocean currents. Ocean currents concentrate plastic waste
within the gyres.

Plastics have been increasingly manufactured because of their flexible, molding and durable
qualities, which provides plastic with a myriad of useful applications. Plastics are remarkably
resistant to natural weathering processes that break down many other materials at the Earth's
surface. Ocean processes, including storms, wave action, ocean currents, hydration, and surface
exposure to the atmospheric weathering processes (e.g. oxidation) and ultraviolet radiation, tend
to break plastic particles into ever-decreasing sizes (resulting in microplastics), rather than
organically digest or chemically alter plastic substances. Estimates of the total number and
weight of plastic across five ocean gyre plastic concentration zones are of the order of 5.25
trillion particles weighing almost 300,000 tons.[27] The reduction in size of plastic particles to the
millimeter and micro-scales allow plastic to settle within deep sea sediments, with perhaps four
times as much plastic ending up within sediments compared to surface ocean waters.[28]
Plastics are now a part of complex biogeochemical cycles with living organisms, such as
cetaceans, seabirds, mammals, and bacteria, ingesting plastic.[29]

Target 14.2: Protect and restore ecosystems E…

The full title of Target 14.2 is: "By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal
ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and
take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans".[1]

This target has one indicator: Indicator 14.2.1 is "the proportion of national exclusive economic
zones managed using ecosystem-based approaches".[16] This indicator aims at protecting and
managing sustainably the marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid adverse impacts. An
exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is a sea zone prescribed by the 1982 United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea over which a sovereign state has special rights regarding the exploration
and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind.

No data is available for this indicator yet.[18]

Target 14.3: Reduce ocean acidification E…

Ocean acidification: mean seawater pH. Mean seawater pH is shown based on in-situ measurements of pH from the
Aloha station.[30]

The full title of Target 14.3 is: "Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification,
including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels".[1]

This target has one indicator: Indicator 14.3.1 is the "Average marine acidity (pH) measured at
agreed suite of representative sampling stations".[16]

No data is available for this indicator yet.[18]

Ocean acidification is directly addressed by the target SDG 14.3. Ocean acidification is
impacting on the ecosystems of marine environments that provide food, livelihoods, and other
ecosystem services for a large proportion of the human population. Some 1 billion people are
wholly or partially dependent on the ecosystem services provided by coral reefs in terms of
fishing, tourism, and coastal management.[31] SDG 14 is fully intertwined with the impacts of
ocean acidification, as its focus includes the protection and restoration of ecosystems,
sustainable fishing, protection of coastal and marine areas and protecting the economic
benefits derived from marine resources.

Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH value of the Earth's oceans, caused by the
uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere.[32][33] The main cause of ocean
acidification is human burning of fossil fuels. As the amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere increases, the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the ocean also increases.
This leads to a series of chemical reactions in the seawater which has a negative spillover on
the ocean and species living below water.[34] When carbon dioxide dissolves into seawater, it
forms carbonic acid (H2CO3). Some of the carbonic acid molecules dissociate into a
bicarbonate ion and a hydrogen ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration).
Between 1751 and 1996, the pH value of the ocean surface is estimated to have decreased from
approximately 8.25 to 8.14,[35] representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in
the world's oceans (the pH scale is logarithmic, so a change of one in pH unit is equivalent to a
tenfold change in H+ ion concentration).[36][37]

Target 14.4: Sustainable fishing E…

World map for indicator 14.5.1 - Share of marine territorial waters that are protected in 2017.[30]

The full title of Target 14.4 is: "By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing,
illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement
science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at
least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological
characteristics".[1]

This target has one indicator: Indicator 14.4.1 is "the proportion of fish stocks within biologically
sustainable levels".[18] This indicator aims to measure the proportion of global fish stocks which
are overexploited, fully exploited and not fully exploited. A levels of fish stocks is sustainable if it
is underexploited or fully exploited. Overexploited fish stocks are unsustainable. Sustainable
fisheries means leaving enough fish in the ocean while also respecting habitats and ensuring
people who depend on fishing can maintain their livelihoods. According to the World Wide Fund
for Nature (WWF), more than 3 billion people rely on fish from marine and inland fisheries as a
main source of protein.[38] According to the FAO, Fisheries sustain millions of jobs and often
pass down traditions and knowledge from generation to generation.

A report at the High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development in 2021 stated that:
"Sustainable fisheries accounted for approximately 0.1 per cent of global GDP in 2017".[39]: 22

Target 14.5: Conserve coastal and marine areas E…

The full title of Target 14.5 is: "By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine
areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific
information".[1]
This target has one indicator: Indicator 14.5.1 is the "coverage of protected areas in relation to
marine areas".

The term "Marine Protected Areas" include marine reserves, fully protected marine areas, no-
take zones, marine sanctuaries, ocean sanctuaries, marine parks, locally managed marine areas
and other. Each area has a specific level of protection and a specific allowed range of
activities.[40]

This indicator was met by the Swedish government in 2017.[41] Conserving coastal and marine
areas has many benefits including maintaining the biodiversity and endangered species,
providing areas where fish are able to reproduce, swan and grow to their adult size, maintaining
local cultures, economies and livelihoods that are linked to the marine environment.[40]

It was reported in 2021 that "mean protected area coverage of marine key biodiversity areas
increased globally from 28 per cent in 2000 to 44 per cent in 2020".[39]: 21

There are a number of global examples of large marine conservation areas. The
Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, is situated in the central Pacific Ocean,
around Hawaii, occupying an area of 1.5 million square kilometers.[42] Other large marine
conservation areas include those around the Cook Islands, Antarctica, New Caledonia,
Greenland, Alaska, Ascension island, and Brazil. As areas of protected marine biodiversity
expand, there has been an increase in ocean science funding, essential for preserving marine
resources.[43] In 2020, only around 7.5 to 8% of the global ocean area falls under a conservation
designation.[44]

Target 14.6: End subsidies contributing to overfishing E…

The full title of Target 14.6 is: "By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which
contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal,
unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies,
recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and
least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries
subsidies negotiation".[1]

This target has one indicator: Indicator 14.6.1 is the "progress by countries in the degree of
implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and
unregulated fishing".
In December 2016, the US government officially established the Seafood Import Monitoring
Program to address illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing products entering the
market.[45] One of the key drivers of global overfishing is illegal fishing. It threatens marine
ecosystems, puts food security and regional stability at risk, and is linked to major human rights
violations and even organized crime.[45]

The WWF estimates that the global losses of illegal fishing cost up to $36.4 billion each year.[45]

Negotiations for Target 14.6 were in their final stages to ending harmful fisheries in 2020.[46] The
deadline was set for June 2020, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic this was delayed, which has
caused concerns in regards to the ability to support the fishing sector.[46]

Target 14.7: Increase the economic benefits from sustainable use of marine
resources E…

The full title of Target 14.7 is: "By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island
developing states and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources,
including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism".[1]

This target has one indicator: Indicator 14.7.1 is the "sustainable fisheries as a proportion of
GDP".

No data is available for this indicator yet.[18]

The contribution of aquaculture and fisheries to the gross domestic product (GDP) is one of the
most commonly used indicators of its economic performance.[47] According to the FAO, "around
57 million people worked in the primary sector of capture fisheries, the vast majority in small-
scale fisheries."[48]

Fisheries and aquaculture can contribute to alleviating poverty, hunger, malnutrition and
economic growth. The contribution of sustainable fisheries to the global GDP was around 0.1%
per year.[49]

Non-living resources of the ocean (seabed mining)

E…
One resource issue that should be taken account of to a higher degree than present within the
SDGs are non-living resources.[50]: 355 Mining will always be a controversial though necessary
activity. The balance between mining and marine environment will be one that can be assisted
by a greater focus from SDG 14. Marine minerals include sea-dredged and seabed minerals. Sea-
dredged minerals are normally extracted by dredging operations within coastal zones, to
maximum sea depths of about 200 m. Minerals normally extracted from these depths include
sand, silt and mud for construction purposes, mineral rich sands such as ilmenite and
diamonds.[51] A potential mining industry of the future is seabed mining or the extraction of
seabed minerals.[52] Seabed minerals are mostly located between 1 and 6 km beneath the ocean
surface and comprise three main types: Polymetallic or seabed massive sulfide deposits,
polymetallic or manganese nodules, cobalt-rich crusts.

At the present time (2021) there is no commercial mining of seabed minerals. Mining of the
seabed is a controversial issue, as it will inevitably have some deleterious environmental and
biospheric impacts.[50]: 356 Some argue that there should be a total ban on seabed mining.[53]
Individual countries with significant deposits of seabed minerals within their large EEZ's are
making their own decisions with respect to seabed mining, exploring ways of undertaking
seabed mining without causing too much damage to the deep ocean environment,[54] or
deciding not to develop seabed mines.[55]

Target 14.a: Increase scientific knowledge, research and technology for

ocean health E…

The full title of Target 14.a is: "Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and
transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve
ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of
developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed
countries".[1]

This target has one indicator: Indicator 14.a.1. is the "proportion of total research budget
allocated to research in the field of marine technology". This indicators aims to improve ocean
health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing
countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries.

Target 14.b: Support small scale fishers E…

a group of men puling in a fishing net on a beach in the Philippines

The full title of Target 14.b is: "Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine
resources and markets".[1]

This target has one indicator: Indicator 14.b.1. is the "progress by countries in the degree of
application of a legal/regulatory/policy/institutional framework which recognizes and protects
access rights for small-scale fisheries".

No data is available for this indicator yet.[18]

Small-scale fisheries contribute to the nutrition, food security, sustainable livelihoods and
poverty alleviation – especially in developing countries, according to the FAO.[56] Its mission is to
also to recognize the small-scale fisheries sector dependents should be empowered to
participate in decision-making with dignity and respect through integrated management of the
social, economic and ecological systems.

Target 14.c: Implement and enforce international sea law E…

The full title of Target 14.c is: "Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and
their resources by implementing international law as reflected in the United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable
use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of "The future we want".[1]

This target has one indicator: Indicator 14.c.1. is the "number of countries making progress in
ratifying, accepting and implementing through legal, policy and institutional frameworks, ocean-
related instruments that implement international law, as reflected in the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea".
A report in 2021 stated that: "Many States have ratified or acceded to the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (168 parties) and its implementing agreements (150 parties
for the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea and 91 parties for the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement)."[39]: 22

Custodian agencies E…

Custodian agencies are in charge of measuring the progress of the indicators:[57]

For Indicators under Targets 14.1 and 14.2: UN Environment (United Nations Environment
Programme/UNEP)

For Indicator 14.3.1: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO

For all Indicators under Targets 14.4, 14.6, 14.7 and 14.b: Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations (FAO)

For Indicator 14.5.1: UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC),

BirdLife International (BLI) and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

For Indicator 14.a.1: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO

For Indicator 14.c.1: Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Office of Legal Affairs,
United Nations Secretariat

Monitoring and progress

UNEP has published a step-by-step guide on measuring the following indicators of SDG: 14.1.1
(Index of coastal eutrophication; and plastic debris density), 14.2.1 (number of countries using
ecosystem-based approaches to managing marine areas) and 14.5.1 (coverage of protected
areas in relation to marine areas).[58] The guide stresses that marine ecosystems and
biodiversity are much less poorly understood compared to terrestrial systems. This is because
most marine ecosystems are remote, vast in size and difficult to access. Therefore, marine
research is expensive.[58]: 1 The environmental dimension of the SDG indicators is new compared
to the Millennium Development Goals. For this reason, systems to capture nationally derived
environmental data for the SDGs are not well developed yet.[58]: 10

An annual report is prepared by the Secretary-General of the United Nations evaluating the
progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.[4]
The Preparatory Meeting to the UN Ocean Conference convened in New York, US, in February
2017, to discuss the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14. International law, as
reflected in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), stressed the need to include
governance instruments to consider "anthropogenic activities taking place outside of the
ocean".[59] Concerns regarding ocean health in destructive fishing practices and marine pollution
were discussed, in looking at the role of local communities of small island developing States
(SIDS) and least developed countries (LDCs) to not forget that oceans are a large part of their
economies.[59]

Although many participating United Nations legislative bodies comes together to discuss the
issues around marine environments and SDG 14, such as at the United Nations Ocean
Conference, it is important to consider how SDG 14 is implemented across different Multilateral
Environmental Agreements, respectively. As climate, biodiversity and land degradation are major
parts of the issues surrounding the deterioration of marine environments and oceans, it is
important to know how each Rio Convention implements this SDG.

Predictions E…

Target 14.1 is supposed to be met in 2025, but in 2020 this is considered to be "uncertain"
according to the Convention on Biological Diversity.[60] It was estimated in 2020 that only 2
percent of countries will meet Target 14 by 2030.[60]

Challenges

Large-Scale Marine Protected Areas (LSMPAs) E…

Assigning Large-Scale Marine Protected Areas (LSMPAs) (at least 100,000 square km in area)
aims to reduce the consequences of resource exploitation (e.g. overfishing) and to protect
ocean ecosystems by reducing human disturbance in designated areas. However, there are
related concerns surrounding LSMPAs that need attention in order to help ensure that the
targets for SDG 14 can be met. These concerns cover three dimensions: resource management,
conflicts between rival countries, and tradeoffs between people's needs and the environment.[61]
The resource management challenge relates to inadequate monitoring and enforcement of the
conservation and protection measures. Rivalries between neighboring countries relates to
border disputes surrounding assignment of the LSMPAs. Usually LSMPAs involve multiple
countries making up disparate adjoined geographic areas. Some countries might use LSMPAs
as diplomatic leverage to pursue other advantages.[62] Tradeoffs between people's needs and
the environment relates to addressing people's livelihoods in an equitable fashion. The setting of
protective areas can have negative effects on local fisheries and people's incomes.

Capacity-enhancing fishery subsidies E…

Capacity-enhancing subsidies have been provided to developing countries in order to make them
more competitive with large fishing nations. But if these subsidies result in overfishing,
undermining the ecological resilience of the resource, there will be no long-term benefits to the
communities. Capacity-enhancing subsidies can only solve immediate poverty conditions for the
moment. Monitoring of the impact of the subsidies is necessary to ensure that overfishing is not
occurring. Also, strict agreements between countries are required since marine ecosystems
cross national boundaries. The World Trade Organization is dedicated to implementing Target 6
of SDG 14 ("End subsidies contributing to overfishing") and discontinue fishery subsidies. The
basis for this is that over 93 percent of the global fisheries stocks are already fully exploited.[63]

Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic E…

The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 had a positive impact on oceans since the human activity was
lower and presented an opportunity for a sustainable recovery path.[2]

Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the usage of single use plastics such as
masks, sanitizer containers, gloves, and much more, in many places world-wide, specifically
within Africa.[64] It is estimated that 12 billion single-used face masks are being thrown out
monthly which poses a large threat to human health and the surrounding environment, due to
informal waste management in many African countries.[64]

Links with other SDGs

Climate action (SDG 13) is used as a way of protecting the world's oceans. The increase in levels
of greenhouse gases leading to changes in climate negatively affects the world's oceans and
marine coastal communities. The resulting impacts of rising sea levels by 20 centimeters since
the start of the 20th century and the increase of ocean acidity by 30% since the Industrial
Revolution has contributed to the melting of ice sheets through the thermal expansion of sea
water.[65]
Climate impacts on marine ecosystem services related to primary industries that provide food,
income and livelihood to people have direct implications for a range of SDGs. These SDGs
include 'no poverty' (SDG 1), 'zero hunger' (SDG 2), 'Good Health and Well-being' (SDG 3), 'decent
work and economic growth' (SDG 8), 'reduced inequalities' (SDG 10) and 'responsible
consumption and production' (SGD 12).[66] Specifically, achieving SDG 14 would help to achieve
the following targets of other SDGs: 1.5, 2.1, 2.3, 8, 13.1.[50]: 341 To achieve "zero hunger", there is
a need to regulate the fishing policy and control overfishing.[67]

There is an increase of evidence of microplastics within bottled water and seafood, This
connects Goal 14 with Goal 6, "clean water and sanitation for all" due to the release of micro
plastics into water sources and agricultural soils.[20]

Links between food security and SDG 14 are documented, especially as it is important to SGD 1
and 2.[68] This can be seen through Target 1.2 which attempts to reduce poverty in half by 2030.
Women, who are often the primary providers, rely on fish for income and for food. In many cases,
fisheries are important for economic stability.[68]

Sustainable Development Goal 14 has been incorporated into the Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD),[69] the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),[70]
and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD).[71]

There are some tradeoff or controversy between the SDG14 and social justice. It's crucial for
people to understand the importance of find balance in economic benefits and ecological
sustainability.[72] This is seen in Target 14.5 through Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): although
they have proven to have a positive impact on food security, MPAs are often managed and
designed in such a way that excludes women.[60] This can negatively affect the work done in
SDG 5 which aims at gender equality and economic empowerment.[60]

A major concern in achieving the 2030 agenda for sustainable development, is the lack of
representation for ecosystem health. The effects of a healthy ecosystem, particularly in the
context of an ocean, can trickle down and fulfill several initiatives within various SDG targets.[73]
A healthy, diverse ecosystem, particularly in coastal areas can serve to provide a variety of
essential goods and services that are beneficial for human wellbeing. For example, bioactive
compounds existing within marine flora and fauna, as well as the derivation of pharmaceutical
and nutraceuticals, are all important for human health.[74] In order to properly conserve and use
the ocean's resources sustainably, it may require rebuilding marine life support systems. Based
on past conservation efforts, the possibility of recovery for the abundance, structure, and
function of marine life is not out of reach, assuming the effects of climate change are
controlled.[75] It is suggested that putting ocean ecosystem health at the forefront of our
concerns can help us achieve other goals across several SDGs. It is important to note, however,
that the achievement of short-term objectives does not necessarily imply long-term
sustainability. As an example, short-term objectives such as easing hunger within developing
nations can be undermined by large-scale concerns such as poor ocean health.[76] By ensuring
that the resources provided by the oceans are responsibly maintained, it could help contribute
towards Sustainable Development Goals 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and more, especially for nations that are
highly dependant on the ocean's resources. It is also important that international environmental
laws are adjusted to accommodate for marine environmental protection targets in order to
foster interconnections between various ecosystems such as oceans, climates, and terrestrial
environments.[77]

Organizations

In the US there are over five thousand tax-exempt organizations working on issues related to UN
SDG 14, according to data filed with the Internal Revenue Service –IRS and aggregated by
X4Impact.[78] X4Impact, with the support of the Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation,[79]
Hewlett Foundation,[80] and Giving Tech Labs, created a free online interactive tool The Oceans
and Marine Life in the US.[81] This online tool enables users to see related indicators nationally
and by state, as well as relevant information for over five thousand tax-exempt organizations in
the US working on issues related to UN SDG 14. The nonprofit data in the tool is updated every
15 days while the indicators are updated annually.

Society and culture

Actions E…
As conservation of marine resources is critical to the well-being of local fishing communities
and their livelihoods, related management actions may lead to changes in human behavior to
support conservation programs to achieve their goals.[82] Ultimately, governments and
international agencies act as gatekeepers, interfering with needed stakeholder participation in
decision making.[83] The way to best safeguard life in oceans is to implement effective
management strategies around marine environments.[43]

Individuals can help the oceans by reducing their energy consumption and their use of plastics.
Nations can also take action. In Norway, for instance, citizens, working through a web page
called finn.no, can earn money for picking up plastic on the beach.[84] Several countries,
including Kenya and Tanzania, have banned the use of plastic bags for retail purchases.[85][86]
Improving the oceans contributes to poverty reduction, as it gives low-income families a source
of income and healthy food. Keeping beaches and ocean water clean in less developed
countries can attract tourism, as stated in Goal 8, and reduce poverty by providing more
employment.[87]

See also

Ocean

Effect of climate change on oceans

References

1. United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the
Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313 (h
ttps://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313) )

2. "Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development" (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/goal-14/) . United Nations, Department of
Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division. Retrieved 7 September 2020.

3. "Oceans & Seas" (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/oceanandseas) . Sustainable

Development Knowledge Platform. Retrieved 2020-09-05.

4. United Nations Economic and Social Council (2020) Progress towards the Sustainable Development
Goals Report of the Secretary-General (https://undocs.org/en/E/2020/57) , High-level political forum
on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council
(E/2020/57), 28 April 2020

5. United Nations (2015) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015,
Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1 (https://www.un.
org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/) )

. "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development .:. Sustainable Development
Knowledge Platform" (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld) .
United Nations.

7. "Goal 14: Life below water" (https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-

goals/goal-14-life-below-water.html) . UNDP. Retrieved 2020-09-05.

. "Oceans | Initiatives | WWF" (https://www.worldwildlife.org/initiatives/oceans) . World Wildlife Fund.

Retrieved 2020-09-05.
 9. "Why It Matters" (https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/14_Why-
It-Matters-2020.pdf) (PDF). UN.

10. United Nations (2018). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018 (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/
files/report/2018/TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport2018-EN.pdf) .

11. Staples, Derek J.; Hermes, Rudolf (July 2012). "Marine biodiversity and resource management – what
is the link?". Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management. 15 (3): 245–252.
doi:10.1080/14634988.2012.709429 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14634988.2012.709429) .
S2CID 85835022 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85835022) .

12. Vierros, Marjo. "Global Marine Governance and Oceans Management for the Achievement of SDG 14"
(https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/global-marine-governance-and-oceans-management-achieve
ment-sdg-14) . UN Chronicle.

13. Metcalfe, Kristian; Collins, Tim; Abernethy, Kirsten E.; Boumba, Richard; Dengui, Jean‐Claude; Miyalou,
Ricky; Parnell, Richard J.; Plummer, Kate E.; Russell, Debbie J.F.; Safou, Gilbert Koumba; Tilley, Dominic;
Turner, Rachel A.; VanLeeuwe, Hilde; Witt, Matthew J.; Godley, Brendan J. (July 2017). "Addressing
Uncertainty in Marine Resource Management; Combining Community Engagement and Tracking
Technology to Characterize Human Behavior" (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fconl.12293) .
Conservation Letters. 10 (4): 460–469. doi:10.1111/conl.12293 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fconl.12
293) .

14. van Putten, Ingrid E.; Plagányi, Éva E.; Booth, Kate; Cvitanovic, Christopher; Kelly, Rachel; Punt, Andre E.;
Richards, Shane A. (2018). "A framework for incorporating sense of place into the management of
marine systems". Ecology and Society. 23 (4): art4. doi:10.5751/ES-10504-230404 (https://doi.org/10.
5751%2FES-10504-230404) .

15. Laura Recuero Virto (2017) Issue Paper: A preliminary assessment of indicators for SDG 14 on
“Oceans” (https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/GGSD_2017_Issue%20Paper_SDG14_Indicators_WE
B.pdf) , 21 & 22 November OECD, Paris 2017 #GGSD Forum Greening the Ocean Economy

1 . "Goal 14: Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform" (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/s

dg14) . sustainabledevelopment.un.org. Retrieved 2020-09-05.

17. "World Environment Situation Room" (https://environmentlive.unep.org/indicator/index/14_1_1#:~:tex

t=1%20Index%20of%20Coastal%20Eutrophication,nutrient-ratio%20sub-indicator.) .
environmentlive.unep.org. Retrieved 2020-09-05.

1 . "Goal 14: Life below Water - SDG Tracker" (https://sdg-tracker.org/oceans) . Our World in Data.
Retrieved 2020-09-05.

19. Walker, Tony R. (August 2021). "(Micro)plastics and the UN Sustainable Development Goals" (https://d
oi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cogsc.2021.100497) . Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. 30:
100497. doi:10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100497 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cogsc.2021.100497) .
ISSN 2452-2236 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2452-2236) .
20. Walker, Tony R. (2021). "(Micro)plastics and the UN Sustainable Development Goals" (https://www.sci
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452223621000535) . Current Opinion in Green and
Sustainable Chemistry. 30: 100497. doi:10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100497 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.c
ogsc.2021.100497) . ISSN 2452-2236 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2452-2236) .
S2CID 234801980 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234801980) .

21. "Plastic Pollution – Facts and Figures" (https://www.sas.org.uk/our-work/plastic-pollution/plastic-poll

ution-facts-figures/) . Surfers Against Sewage. Retrieved 2021-08-27.

22. "We know plastic pollution is bad – but how exactly is it linked to climate change?" (https://europeanst
ing.com/2022/01/19/we-know-plastic-pollution-is-bad-but-how-exactly-is-it-linked-to-climate-change/
#:~:text=We%20know%20plastic%20pollution%20is%20bad%20%E2%80%93%20but,economy%20is%2
0crucial%20to%20better%20management%20of%20plastics.) . We know plastic pollution is bad –
but how exactly is it linked to climate change?. The European String. Retrieved 6 March 2022.

23. "Ocean Plastics Pollution" (https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/ocean_plastics/) . Ocean

Plastics Pollution. Center for Biological Diversity. Retrieved 6 March 2022.

24. Petterson, Michael G.; Kim, Hyeon-Ju; Gill, Joel C. (2021), Gill, Joel C.; Smith, Martin (eds.), "Conserve
and Sustainably Use the Oceans, Seas, and Marine Resources" (https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978
-3-030-38815-7_14) , Geosciences and the Sustainable Development Goals, Cham: Springer
International Publishing, pp. 339–367 [362], doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38815-7_14 (https://doi.org/10.10
07%2F978-3-030-38815-7_14) , ISBN 978-3030388140, retrieved 2021-09-06

25. Geyer, Roland; Jambeck, Jenna R.; Law, Kara Lavender (2017). "Production, use, and fate of all plastics
ever made" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5517107) . Science Advances. 3 (7):
e1700782. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700782 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1700782) . ISSN 2375-
2548 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548) . PMC 5517107 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm
c/articles/PMC5517107) . PMID 28776036 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28776036) .

2 . "Marine Plastic Pollution" (https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-briefs/marine-plastic-pollution) .

International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2021.

27. Eriksen, Marcus; Lebreton, Laurent C. M.; Carson, Henry S.; Thiel, Martin; Moore, Charles J.; Borerro,
Jose C.; Galgani, Francois; Ryan, Peter G.; Reisser, Julia (2014). Dam, Hans G. (ed.). "Plastic Pollution
in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea" (h
ttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4262196) . PLOS ONE. 9 (12): e111913.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111913 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0111913) . ISSN 1932-
6203 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203) . PMC 4262196 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm
c/articles/PMC4262196) . PMID 25494041 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25494041) .
2 . Woodall, Lucy C.; Sanchez-Vidal, Anna; Canals, Miquel; Paterson, Gordon L.J.; Coppock, Rachel;
Sleight, Victoria; Calafat, Antonio; Rogers, Alex D.; Narayanaswamy, Bhavani E.; Thompson, Richard C.
(2014). "The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti
cles/PMC4448771) . Royal Society Open Science. 1 (4): 140317. doi:10.1098/rsos.140317 (https://d
oi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.140317) . ISSN 2054-5703 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2054-5703) .
PMC 4448771 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4448771) . PMID 26064573 (https://
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26064573) .

29. Wilcox, Chris; Van Sebille, Erik; Hardesty, Britta Denise (2015). "Threat of plastic pollution to seabirds is
global, pervasive, and increasing" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586823) .
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (38): 11899–11904.
doi:10.1073/pnas.1502108112 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1502108112) . ISSN 0027-8424 (ht
tps://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424) . PMC 4586823 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
s/PMC4586823) . PMID 26324886 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26324886) .

30. Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. "SDG 14 - Measuring progress towards the Sustainable
Development Goals (https://sdg-tracker.org/oceans) ." SDG-Tracker.org, website (2018).

31. Rivera, Hanny E.; Chan, Andrea N.; Luu, Victoria (2020-08-05). "Coral reefs are critical for our food
supply, tourism, and ocean health. We can protect them from climate change" (https://sciencepolicyre
view.org/2020/08/coral-reefs-are-critical-for-our-food-supply-tourism-and-ocean-health-we-can-protec
t-them-from-climate-change/) . MIT Science Policy Review. Retrieved 2021-09-03.

32. Caldeira, K.; Wickett, M. E. (2003). "Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH" (https://zenodo.org/record/1
233227) . Nature. 425 (6956): 365. Bibcode:2001AGUFMOS11C0385C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.ed
u/abs/2001AGUFMOS11C0385C) . doi:10.1038/425365a (https://doi.org/10.1038%2F425365a) .
PMID 14508477 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14508477) . S2CID 4417880 (https://api.semanti
cscholar.org/CorpusID:4417880) .

33. "Ocean Acidification" (https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-chemistry/ocean-

acidification/) . www.whoi.edu/. Retrieved 2021-09-13. "According to the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), economic and population scenarios predict that atmospheric CO2 levels could
reach 500 ppm by 2050 and 800 ppm or more by the end of the century. This will [reduce] the pH an
estimated 0.3 to 0.4 units by 2100, a 150 percent increase in acidity over preindustrial times."

34. "Ocean acidification | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration" (https://www.noaa.gov/educ

ation/resource-collections/ocean-coasts/ocean-acidification) . www.noaa.gov. Retrieved
2020-09-07.

35. Jacobson, M. Z. (2005). "Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for
nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry" (http://www.agu.org/journals/A
BS/2005/2004JD005220.shtml) . Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 110: D07302.
Bibcode:2005JGRD..11007302J (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JGRD..11007302J) .
doi:10.1029/2004JD005220 (https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004JD005220) .
3 . Hall-Spencer, J. M.; Rodolfo-Metalpa, R.; Martin, S.; et al. (July 2008). "Volcanic carbon dioxide vents
show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification". Nature. 454 (7200): 96–9.
Bibcode:2008Natur.454...96H (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.454...96H) .
doi:10.1038/nature07051 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07051) . hdl:10026.1/1345 (https://hdl.
handle.net/10026.1%2F1345) . PMID 18536730 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18536730) .
S2CID 9375062 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9375062) .

37. "Report of the Ocean Acidification and Oxygen Working Group, International Council for Science's
Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Biological Observatories Workshop" (http://www.sco
r-int.org/OBO2009/A&O_Report.pdf) (PDF).

3 . "Sustainable Fisheries" (https://wwf.panda.org/our_work/our_focus/oceans_practice/solutions/sustai

nable_fisheries/) . wwf.panda.org. Retrieved 2020-09-05.

39. United Nations Economic and Social Council (2021) Progress towards the Sustainable Development
Goals Report of the Secretary-General, E/2021/58, High-level political forum on sustainable
development.

40. "Marine Protected Area" (https://wwf.panda.org/our_work/our_focus/oceans_practice/solutions/prote

ction/protected_areas/) . wwf.panda.org. Retrieved 2020-09-05.

41. Sturesson, A., Weitz, N. and Persson, Å. (2018). SDG 14: Life Below Water. A Review of Research
Needs (https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/sdg-14-life-below-water-review-of-research-
needs-1.pdf) . Technical annex to the Formas report Forskning för Agenda 2030: Översikt av
forskningsbehov och vägar framåt. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm.

42. "National monument in Hawaii becomes world's largest marine protected area | National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration" (https://www.noaa.gov/news/national-monument-in-hawaii-becomes-wo
rlds-largest-marine-protected-area) . www.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-06.

43. "Goal 14 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform" (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/

sdg14) . sustainabledevelopment.un.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190412130633/h
ttps://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg14) from the original on 2019-04-12. Retrieved
2019-04-13.

44. "How Much of the Ocean Is Really Protected in 2020?" (https://pew.org/2YucOEf) . pew.org.
Retrieved 2021-09-06.

45. "Illegal Fishing | Threats | WWF" (https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/illegal-fishing) . World

Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2020-09-05.
4 . Cisneros-Montemayor, Andrés M.; Ota, Yoshitaka; Bailey, Megan; Hicks, Christina C.; Khan, Ahmed S.;
Rogers, Anthony; Sumaila, U. Rashid; Virdin, John; He, Kevin K. (2020). "Changing the narrative on
fisheries subsidies reform: Enabling transitions to achieve SDG 14.6 and beyond" (https://www.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7142672) . Marine Policy. 117: 103970.
doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103970 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2020.103970) .
PMC 7142672 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7142672) . PMID 32287946 (https://
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32287946) .

47. Cai, J.N., Huang, H. & Leung, P.S. (2019). Understanding and measuring the contribution of
aquaculture and fisheries to gross domestic product (GDP) (http://www.fao.org/3/CA3200EN/ca3200
en.pdf) . FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 606. Rome, FAO. 80 pp. Licence: CC BY-
NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

4 . "14.7.1 Value added of sustainable fisheries| Sustainable Development Goals| Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations" (http://www.fao.org/sustainable-development-goals/indicators/14
71/en) . www.fao.org. Retrieved 2020-09-05.

49. "The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020" (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/The-Sus

tainable-Development-Goals-Report-2020.pdf) (PDF). Report.

50. Petterson, Michael G.; Kim, Hyeon-Ju; Gill, Joel C. (2021), Gill, Joel C.; Smith, Martin (eds.), "Conserve
and Sustainably Use the Oceans, Seas, and Marine Resources" (https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978
-3-030-38815-7_14) , Geosciences and the Sustainable Development Goals, Cham: Springer
International Publishing, pp. 339–367, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38815-7_14 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2
F978-3-030-38815-7_14) , ISBN 978-3-030-38814-0, S2CID 234955801 (https://api.semanticscholar.o
rg/CorpusID:234955801) , retrieved 2021-09-06

51. John J. Gurney, Alfred A. Levinson, and H. Stuart Smith (1991) Marine mining of diamonds off the
West Coast of Southern Africa, Gems & Gemology, p. 206

52. "SPC-EU Deep Sea Minerals Project - Publications and Reports" (https://dsm.gsd.spc.int/index.php/pu
blications-and-reports) . dsm.gsd.spc.int. Retrieved 2021-09-06.

53. "Google, BMW, Volvo, and Samsung SDI sign up to WWF call for temporary ban on deep-sea mining" (h
ttps://www.reuters.com/article/us-mining-deepsea-idUSKBN2BN0I6) . Reuters. 2021-03-31.
Retrieved 2021-09-06.

54. "SPC-EU Deep Sea Minerals Project - Home" (https://dsm.gsd.spc.int/) . dsm.gsd.spc.int. Retrieved
2021-09-06.

55. "The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) has refused an application by Chatham Rock
Phosphate Limited (CRP)" (https://deepwatergroup.org/epa-refuses-marine-consent-application-by-ch
atham-rock-phosphate-ltd/) . Deepwater group. 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2021.

5 . "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Small-scale fisheries" (http://www.fao.org/fishery/ssf/en) .

www.fao.org. Retrieved 2020-09-05.
57. "United Nations (2018) Economic and Social Council, Conference of European Statisticians, Geneva,"
(PDF). United Nations (SDG 14) Custodian Agencies" (PDF)" UNECE. Retrieved 23 September 2020" (ht
tps://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/2018/CES_39.pdf) (PDF). UNECE.
Retrieved September 25, 2020.

5 . United Nations Environment Programme (2021). Understanding the State of the Ocean: A Global
Manual on Measuring SDG 14.1.1, SDG 14.2.1 and SDG 14.5.1 (https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.50
0.11822/35086) . Nairobi.

59. Covert, Jennifer (2017-06-16). "Planning for the Implementation of SDG-14" (https://www.medra.org/s
ervlet/aliasResolver?alias=iospress&doi=10.3233/EPL-170003) . Environmental Policy and Law. 47
(1): 6–8. doi:10.3233/EPL-170003 (https://doi.org/10.3233%2FEPL-170003) .

0. Nash, Kirsty L.; Blythe, Jessica L.; Cvitanovic, Christopher; Fulton, Elizabeth A.; Halpern, Benjamin S.;
Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Addison, Prue F.E.; Pecl, Gretta T.; Watson, Reg A.; Blanchard, Julia L. (2020). "To
Achieve a Sustainable Blue Future, Progress Assessments Must Include Interdependencies between
the Sustainable Development Goals" (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.01.008) . One Earth. 2
(2): 161–173. Bibcode:2020OEart...2..161N (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020OEart...2..161
N) . doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.01.008 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.oneear.2020.01.008) .
ISSN 2590-3322 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2590-3322) . S2CID 214264352 (https://api.semant
icscholar.org/CorpusID:214264352) .

1. O’Leary, Bethan C; Ban, Natalie C; Fernandez, Miriam; Friedlander, Alan M; García-Borboroglu, Pablo;
Golbuu, Yimnang; Guidetti, Paolo; Harris, Jean M; Hawkins, Julie P; Langlois, Tim; McCauley, Douglas
J; Pikitch, Ellen K; Richmond, Robert H; Roberts, Callum M (2018-05-01). "Addressing Criticisms of
Large-Scale Marine Protected Areas" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5925769) .
BioScience. 68 (5): 359–370. doi:10.1093/biosci/biy021 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbiy0
21) . PMC 5925769 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5925769) . PMID 29731514
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29731514) .

2. Campbell, Lisa M.; Gray, Noella J. (February 2019). "Area expansion versus effective and equitable
management in international marine protected areas goals and targets". Marine Policy. 100: 192–199.
doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.11.030 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2018.11.030) .
S2CID 158508117 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158508117) .

3. Cisneros-Montemayor, Andrés M.; Sumaila, U. Rashid (November 2019). "Busting myths that hinder an
agreement to end harmful fisheries subsidies". Marine Policy. 109: 103699.
doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103699 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2019.103699) .
S2CID 204424415 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204424415) .
 4. Benson, Nsikak U.; Fred-Ahmadu, Omowunmi H.; Bassey, David E.; Atayero, Aderemi A. (2021-06-01).
"COVID-19 pandemic and emerging plastic-based personal protective equipment waste pollution and
management in Africa" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7881289) . Journal of
Environmental Chemical Engineering. 9 (3): 105222. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2021.105222 (https://doi.org/1
0.1016%2Fj.jece.2021.105222) . ISSN 2213-3437 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2213-3437) .
PMC 7881289 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7881289) . PMID 33614408 (https://
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33614408) .

5. "Climate Action is Needed to Protect World's Oceans | UNFCCC" (https://unfccc.int/news/climate-acti

on-is-needed-to-protect-world-s-oceans) . unfccc.int. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201904
10173610/https://unfccc.int/news/climate-action-is-needed-to-protect-world-s-oceans) from the
original on 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2019-04-13.

. Bindoff, N.L., W.W.L. Cheung, J.G. Kairo, J. Arístegui, V.A. Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, M.S.
Karim, L. Levin, S. O’Donoghue, S.R. Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, and P.
Williamson, 2019: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities (https://www.ip
cc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-5/) . In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a
Changing Climate [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska,
K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)].

7. Singh, Gerald G.; Cisneros-Montemayor, Andrés M.; Swartz, Wilf; Cheung, William; Guy, J. Adam; Kenny,
Tiff-Annie; McOwen, Chris J.; Asch, Rebecca; Geffert, Jan Laurens; Wabnitz, Colette C.C.; Sumaila,
Rashid (2018). "A rapid assessment of co-benefits and trade-offs among Sustainable Development
Goals" (https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308597X17302026) . Marine Policy. 93: 223–
231. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.030 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2017.05.030) .
hdl:10342/8392 (https://hdl.handle.net/10342%2F8392) . S2CID 157069925 (https://api.semanticsc
holar.org/CorpusID:157069925) .

. Reid, Andrea J.; Brooks, Jill L.; Dolgova, Lana; Laurich, Bruce; Sullivan, Brittany G.; Szekeres, Petra;
Wood, Sylvia L. R.; Bennett, Joseph R.; Cooke, Steven J. (2017). "Post-2015 Sustainable Development
Goals still neglecting their environmental roots in the Anthropocene" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/
science/article/pii/S1462901116307900) . Environmental Science & Policy. 77: 179–184.
doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2017.07.006 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envsci.2017.07.006) . ISSN 1462-
9011 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1462-9011) .

9. CBD (2019). Aichi Biodiversity Targets (https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/) . Accessed on 8 September

2020

70. "Ocean Climate Action Making Waves | UNFCCC" (https://unfccc.int/news/ocean-climate-action-maki

ng-waves) . unfccc.int. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190410173737/https://unfccc.int/n
ews/ocean-climate-action-making-waves) from the original on 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2019-04-13.
71. "Land and Sustainable Development Goals | UNCCD" (https://www.unccd.int/issues/land-and-sustaina
ble-development-goals) . www.unccd.int. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190413030620/h
ttps://www.unccd.int/issues/land-and-sustainable-development-goals) from the original on 2019-
04-13. Retrieved 2019-04-13.

72. Voss, Rudi; Quaas, Martin F.; Schmidt, Jörn O.; Stoeven, Max T.; Francis, Tessa B.; Levin, Phillip S.;
Armitage, Derek R.; Cleary, Jaclyn S.; Jones, R. Russ; Lee, Lynn C.; Okamoto, Daniel K.; Silver, Jennifer
J.; Thornton, Thomas F.; Dressel, Sherri C.; MacCall, Alec D.; Punt, André E. (October 2018).
"Quantifying the benefits of spatial fisheries management – An ecological-economic optimization
approach". Ecological Modelling. 385: 165–172. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.07.012 (https://doi.or
g/10.1016%2Fj.ecolmodel.2018.07.012) . S2CID 92652742 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusI
D:92652742) .

73. Reid, Andrea J.; Brooks, Jill L.; Dolgova, Lana; Laurich, Bruce; Sullivan, Brittany G.; Szekeres, Petra;
Wood, Sylvia L. R.; Bennett, Joseph R.; Cooke, Steven J. (2017-11-01). "Post-2015 Sustainable
Development Goals still neglecting their environmental roots in the Anthropocene" (https://www.scien
cedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901116307900) . Environmental Science & Policy. 77: 179–
184. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2017.07.006 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envsci.2017.07.006) .
ISSN 1462-9011 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1462-9011) .

74. Lakshmi, A (2021). "Coastal ecosystem services & human wellbeing" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p
mc/articles/PMC8204820) . Indian Journal of Medical Research. 153 (3): 382–387.
doi:10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_695_21 (https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fijmr.IJMR_695_21) . PMC 8204820 (http
s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8204820) . PMID 33907002 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.n
ih.gov/33907002) .

75. Duarte, M; Agusti, S; Barbier, E; Britten, L; Castilla, C; Gattuso, J; Worm, B (2020). "Rebuilding marine
life" (https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/159093/1/Rebuilding_marine_life_final_accepted_ms.pdf)
(PDF). Nature. 580 (7801): 39–51. Bibcode:2020Natur.580...39D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2
020Natur.580...39D) . doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2146-7 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-214
6-7) . PMID 32238939 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32238939) . S2CID 214736503 (https://ap
i.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214736503) .

7 . Nash, L; Blythe, L; Cvitanovic, C; Fulton, A; Halpern, S; Milner-Gulland, J; Blanchard, L (2020). "To

achieve a sustainable blue future, progress assessments must include interdependencies between the
sustainable development goals". One Earth. 2 (2): 161–173. Bibcode:2020OEart...2..161N (https://ui.a
dsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020OEart...2..161N) . doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.01.008 (https://doi.org/10.
1016%2Fj.oneear.2020.01.008) . S2CID 214264352 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2142
64352) .
77. Zulfiqar, K; Butt, J (2021). "Preserving community's environmental interests in a meta-ocean
governance framework towards sustainable development goal 14: A mechanism of promoting
coordination between institutions responsible for curbing marine pollution" (https://doi.org/10.3390%
2Fsu13179983) . Sustainability. 13 (17): 9983. doi:10.3390/su13179983 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2
Fsu13179983) .

7 . "Press Release: X4Impact, a Market Intelligence Platform for Social Innovation, Announced U.S.
Launch During the 2020 Un General Assembly - NextBillion" (https://nextbillion.net/news/x4impact-a-
market-intelligence-platform-for-social-innovation-announced-u-s-launch-during-the-2020-un-general-a
ssembly/) . nextbillion.net. Retrieved 2021-11-17.

79. X4Impact. "Ford Foundation Fuels Tech for the Public Interest with X4Impact" (https://www.prnewswir
e.com/news-releases/ford-foundation-fuels-tech-for-the-public-interest-with-x4impact-301324241.h
tml) . www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2021-11-17.

0. "Press Release: Hewlett Foundation Becomes X4Impact Founding Partner to Advance Technology for
the Public Interest With Focus on Entrepreneurs Creating Tech for Good Solutions - NextBillion" (http
s://nextbillion.net/news/press-release-hewlett-foundation-becomes-x4impact-founding-partner-to-adv
ance-technology-for-the-public-interest-with-focus-on-entrepreneurs-creating-tech-for-good-solution
s/) . nextbillion.net. Retrieved 2021-11-17.

1. "Ocean Pollution and Marine Life in the US - Report - X4Impact - X4i.org" (https://x4i.org/ocean-polluti
on-marine-life-report) . X4impact. Retrieved 2022-05-23.

2. Hughes, Zachary D.; Fenichel, Eli P.; Gerber, Leah R. (2011-08-24). "The Potential Impact of Labor
Choices on the Efficacy of Marine Conservation Strategies" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
s/PMC3161065) . PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e23722. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...623722H (https://ui.adsabs.harva
rd.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...623722H) . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023722 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2
Fjournal.pone.0023722) . PMC 3161065 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316106
5) . PMID 21887306 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21887306) .

3. Finkl, C.W.; Makowski, C. (December 2010). "Increasing sustainability of coastal management by

merging monitored marine environments with inventoried shelf resources". International Journal of
Environmental Studies. 67 (6): 861–870. doi:10.1080/00207230902916786 (https://doi.org/10.1080%
2F00207230902916786) . S2CID 94007412 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94007412) .

4. Tesdal Galtung, Anders; Rolfsnes, May-Helen (13 July 2017). "Finn.no kjøper sekker med havplast" (htt
ps://www.nrk.no/hordaland/finn.no-kjoper-sekker-med-havplast-1.13599585) . NRK. Retrieved
27 October 2018.

5. "Kenya plastic bag ban comes into force after years of delays" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-afri
ca-41069853) . BBC News. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2018.

. "You will no longer carry plastic bags in Tanzania with effect" (https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/You-
will-no-longer-carry-plastic-bags-in-Tanzania-/1840340-5140254-1hwrvk/index.html) . The Citizen.
Retrieved 2019-11-09.
 7. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/14_Why-It-Matters-
2020.pdf

External links

One Planet One Ocean course by SDG Academy (https://sdgacademy.org/course/one-planet-o

ne-ocean)

UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform – SDG 14 (https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal1

4)

“Global Goals” Campaign - SDG 14 (https://www.globalgoals.org/14-life-below-water)

SDG-Track.org - SDG 14 (https://sdg-tracker.org/oceans)

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_14&oldid=10
89744176"

Last edited 3 days ago by EMsmile