CH 54 - Community Ecology

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Com

unity Ecology
Community :
a group of populations of different species living in close
proximity
lnterspecificlnteractions relationships between life of:
an organism da its

interactions wi other species in the community



Competition C- ,
-
I •
Predation ( t .
-
I a
Herbivory ( t
.
-
I
• Parish ISM ( t
.
-
I •
Mutualism ( t ,
t ) • Commensalism ( t / O)

Ecolog.la/NlChe- :
specific set of biotic da abiotic
P q
resources an
organism uses in envlr .

living non
living
( competition)

Piesoorcepartltlonlng : differentiation of niches allows similar species to coexist


↳ essential b/c 2 species w/ same niche cannot coexist permanently

Fundamental : potentially occupy • Realized Niche :
atually occupied

Experiment demonstrated that Balances decreases area that chthamalus occupies


↳ Interspecific competition makes chthamalos realized niche much '
smaller than
its fundamental niche .

← Resource Partitioning
7 species of lizards can coexist w/ same
niche by occupying different areas

-
another example is if one species only
eats at night & other during the day

( competition)

Characterllsplacement tendency : for -0


>
eat same size
seeds in
characteristics to diverge more in sympatric diff islands
than in allopatric populations of two species .

← diff beak
SIZES in
same island
txpotatonlt ,
-1 :
pre dotation ,
herbivory parasitism
,


Parasitism -
if live with hosts body :
endoparasites ( tapeworms )

if feed on external surface :


ectoparasites ( ticks , lice)

Speciespllchness : # of different species in community


Pe#ebundan :
proportion each species represents

species richness
is same but relative
abundance is
different

a-
greater diversity
b/c both

Trophlcstructore : feeding relationships between organisms

toodweb group : of food chains linked together

Position in food chain =


Trophy level

Energeticttypothesls :
length of food chain
is by the inefficiency
limited of energy
transfer along the chain .

Dominants :
species that are the most abundant or that collectively have
the highest biomass .
( chestnut blight) minimal impact

keystones : not the most abundant but have large impact if removed b/c
of their ecological role ( wolves)
Ecosystemtngineers :
species that dramatically alter environment ( beavers)

* do not influence through trophic interactions like dominant de Keystone


-

impact on other species could be t or -

Bottom-up :
V - o H ,
unidirectional influence from lower to higher
trophic levels ex . add nutrients to plants ,
it will benefit from bottom → up

top-down removing top :


carnivores will increase abundance of next carnivore
in chain then decreasing herbivores ,
increasing phytoplankton etc
.

effects :
alternating + I -

effects

← BIOmanipulation of a lake using


top down control
removing fish that ate zooplankton that
ate alge improves water quality ble
less algae

Disturbance :
an event such as a storm ,
fire ,
flood , drought or human activity
that changes a community by removing organisms or altering resource availability
Nonedel constantly changing .
communities after a disturbance

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis moderate levels of -


disturbance foster greater
species diversity than do high 110W levels of disturbance

Ecologies :
when a disturbed area is colonized by a species that is

replaced by another species multiple times


Primary :
when it begins in a lifeless area where soil has not formed

1st life forms prokaryotes & protists lichens & soil grasses & trees
are - o mosses → →

pioneer species Intermediate


- a → Climax community

Secondary :
area where disturbance left soil intact ( less time to recover)

pioneer species Intermediate


- o → Climax
community

Zoonoticpathgens :
diseases that are transferred to humans by animals by
direct contact or intermediate species called a vector ( lice , mosquitos)

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