Algebra 2 Even Answers

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Topic 1
Lesson 1-1 4. y
4
f
2. The zeros of a function are the input
2 g
values that result in a function output x
value of 0. 4. (−4, 4] 6. x = −3, x = −1, −4 −2 O 2 4
x = 4 8. (−4, −3) and (−1, 4) 10. (–2, 2) −2
12. There is a zero at x = 4 because the
−4
function is changing from negative to
positive at x = 4.
6. 4
y
14. y f
4 2
x
2
−4 −2 O 2 4
x g
−2
−4 −2 O 2 4
−2 −4
16. A relative maximum occurs when 8. 4

y
a function changes from increasing f g
2
to decreasing. A relative minimum
x
occurs when a function changes from −4 −2 O 2 4
decreasing to increasing. 18. domain: −2
(−∞, ∞); range: [−9, ∞) 20. negative:
(−4, 2); positive: (−∞, −4) and (2, ∞) −4
22. 1 24. x-intercepts: −5, 3;
y-intercept: 1.5 26. increasing: (−5, −1); 10. 4
y
decreasing: (−1, 5) 28. domain: [0, 80]; g
2 f
range: [0, 100]; increasing: [0, 80];
decreasing: none; x-intercept: 0; x
−4 −2 O 2 4
y-intercept: 0; positive: (0, 80];
−2
negative: none 30. a. f(x) = 100 − 0.5x
b. domain: [0, 200]; range: [0, 100] −4
c. 3 hours 20 minutes 32. A
12. Vertical and horizontal translations
Lesson 1-2 and reflections do not change the shape
2. g(x) = f(x) + k is a vertical translation of a graph. Stretches and compressions
k units, so the output of the function is change the shape of a graph.
affected. g(x) = f (x − h) is a horizontal
translation h units, so the input of the
function is affected.
enVision™ Algebra 2 | 1 | Selected Answers

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Topic 1
14. The student reflected the graph 24. y

4
of f(x) across the x-axis instead of f
reflecting the graph across the y-axis. 2 g
x
y
4 −4 −2 O 2 4
f g −2
2
x −4
−4 −2 O 2 4
−2 26. y
4 g
−4 f
2
x
16. g(x) = f (−x) = (−x)  2 = (x)  2; The −4 −2 O 2 4
graph of g(x) is the same as the graph −2
of f (x).
−4
18. y
4
f
28. y g
2 4
x 2
−4 −2 O 2 4 x
−2 g −4 −2 O 2 4
−2
−4 f
−4
The domain values of f and g are the
same, but the range values of g are 30. translation right 3 units and then
5 units less than the range values of f. translation up 5 units 32. translation
20. y
right 7 units, translation down 9 units,
4 and then vertical stretch by a factor
f 2 of 4 34. a. f(x) = ∣x∣ b. g(x) = 2.5∣x∣
g
x c. y
−4 −2 O 2 4
8
Blocks From Library
−2
6
−4
4
The range values of f and g are the
same, but the domain values of g are 2
3 units greater than the domain values x
of f at corresponding range values. −4 −2 O 2 4
Minutes Before Minutes After
22. f(x) = −x  2 − 1 Passing Library Passing Library

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Topic 1
36. A. y = ∣x∣ − 1 D. y = ∣x + 1∣ − 1 16. y

4
B. y = –∣x + 1∣ E. y = 2∣x∣ − 1 2
C. y = –∣x + 1∣ − 1 F. y = ∣x + 1∣ x
−2 O 2 4 6
38. Part A g(x) = −1.22∣x − 17.7∣ + 21.6 −2
Part B domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ 35.4; range:
−4
0 ≤ y ≤ 21.6; The domain represents the
width of the pyramid, which is 35.4 m domain: −2 < x ≤ 7; range: −4 ≤ y < −1
wide. The range represents the height and y = 2 and 2.5 < y ≤ 3; increasing:
of the pyramid, which is 21.6 m high. between −2 and 0; constant: between 0
and 4; decreasing: between 4 and 7
⎧ 3x + 1, if x ≥ − __
Lesson 1-3
1 
18. f(x) = ⎨
⎪
2. Piecewise functions are two or more 3
 
      
1 
⎩
⎪ __
functions over different intervals, −3x − 1, if x < − 
3
while step functions are two or more
constant values for different intervals. 20. y
8
4. Divide the graph into the sections
4
defined by the domain. Graph the
x
function given in each section. Note
−8 −4 O 4 8
whether the symbols of the domain
−4
require an open or closed circle at the
edges of each function graph. −8
{15h − 200, when h > 40

6. y 10h, when 0 < h ≤ 40
22. P(h) =   
;
8
4 $475 24. domain: {x ∣ 0 < x ≤ 80}

x range: {y ∣ 12.25, 16.75, 19.50, 23.50,
−8 −4 O 4 8 25.25} 26. A
−4
Lesson 1-4
−8
2. An arithmetic sequence is a set of
8. decreasing: –2 10. The graph has numbers with a common difference
open circles at x = 3, so the domain is between consecutive terms. An
all real numbers except 3. arithmetic series is the sum of the
12. −2 < x ≤ 3and 4 ≤ x < 9 numbers in an arithmetic sequence.
14. step function 4. Evaluate 2n + 1 for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
and then add all five of those answers
together for the final sum. 6. −5; −19,
−24, −29 8. −1; −8, −9, −10

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Topic 1
10. 8; 23, 31, 39 12. Answers may vary. 8. For x = 1.1426, x = 1.1427, and
Sample: 17, 11, 5,–1, … x = 1.1428, f(x) < g(x). For x = 1.1429
Explicit formula: a  n = 17 – 6(n – 1) and x = 1.1430, g(x) < f(x). So, the
{a  n−1 −6, if n > 1

         17, if n = 1 solution of f(x) = g(x) is between
Recursive formula: a  n =   
 
x = 1.1428 and x = 1.1429. 10. x = 0
14. at least 9 sales 16. 440 and x = 16 12. x = 4 14. x = −3
18. yes; 10; 50 20. no 16. x > 3 18. −4 ≤ x ≤ 2 20. x > 4
22. a  n = 22. x ≈ 0.228and x ≈ 8.772 24. x ≈
{a  n−1 + 2, if n > 1; a  n = 2 + 2(n – 1)

            2, if n = 1 − 0.869and x ≈ 1.535 26. x ≈ − 8.4and
  
x ≈ 1.5 28. x ≈ − 6.2and x ≈ 7.2
30. a. 7.75x > 5.5x + 2.45 b. Zhang will
24. a  n = be ahead of Jack after about 1.09 h.
            0, if n = 1
{a  n−1 +  __
  
32. a. 0 < (−2x  2 + 18x − 2) −
1
8
 , if n > 1; a  n =  __18 (n – 1)  (−0.25x + 6), or 0 < −2x  2 + 18.25x − 8
26. a. a  n = 1 + 2(n − 1) b. 15 members b. between 462 and 8,663 items 34. E
28. 1,095 30. −69 32. 105 tiles Lesson 1-6
34. a. No; there will be a total of only
450 laptops. b. Cons: Ones purchased 2. No; Savannah switched the x- and
in the first year may break before all y-values. The solution is (2, −1).
students have one. Pros: Spread out the 4. Knowing how to solve a system of
cost. 36. in the sequence: 60, 39, 81; two equations helps you understand
not in the sequence: 68, 75 the process of eliminating a variable
38. Part A a  n = 175 + 28(n − 1) and solving for another variable. This
Part B 724.5 g Part C 31 wk helps in solving a system of three
equations. 6. (3, 2)
Lesson 1-5
{−4x + 3y = −5
x − 2y = 2
2. Solving an equation graphically 8.   

by finding points of intersection can
be helpful when the equations are 10. Each row represents an equation
complicated or impossible to solve in the system when written in standard
algebraically. Also it can be useful form. 12. When the determinant is
when estimating solutions. 4. x = 3; equal to zero, the two equations have
The x-coordinate of the intersection the same slope, so they represent
point is 3. 6. Victor incorrectly said the either parallel lines or the same line.
Therefore, there is either no solution or
solution is the y-value of one of the
an infinite number of solutions.
points of intersection instead of the
x-value. One solution is x ≈ 1.47. ⎧x ≥ −4
⎪x ≤ 4
14. ⎨  
16. (3, 4) 18. (4, 1)
⎪y ≥ −4
⎩y ≤ 4

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Topic 1
20. 100 y ⎧3x + 4y + 4z = 2,319

Part A ⎨4x
⎪
80   + 4y + 3z = 2,290
⎩5x + 6y + 7z = 3,785
⎪
60
1 0 0 185
[0 0 1 214]
40
20
  1  0  227
Part B   
0
x
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Part C Check students’ work.
22. infinite solutions 24. [  
1 −2 17]
1 1 2
  Lesson 1-7
{ x + 2y = 11
2. True; two equations are needed to
26. [     ] 28.   
10 −5 3 2x − 2y = 4
2 1 0 solve a system that has two variables.
Three equations are needed to solve
{x + y = 8
0.10x + 0.25y = 1.25 a system that has three variables.
30.     ;
4. Write each row of the system in
standard form. Then write a matrix to
[   
8]
0.10 0.25 1.25
    represent the system. Enter the matrix
1 1
in MATRIX[A] in a graphing calculator.
32. 8 free throws, 6 two-point baskets,
Use the rref function to show the
and 2 three-point baskets
matrix in reduced row echelon form.
⎧           y ≥ 2x
The values in the last column are the
34. a. ⎨  
⎪
          
  
y ≤ 125
  solution. 6. (10, 15, 25)
⎩2x + 2y ≤ 300
⎪
1  0  0  −5
[0  0  1  −1]
b. y 0  1  0    5
8. 10. The row echelon
100
matrix that results from a series of
50 row operations can be unique, but is
x not always unique. There could be a
−100 −50 O 50 100
different set of row operations that will
−50
produce the same row echelon matrix.
−100 The reduced row echelon matrix is
unique because each matrix has only
one reduced row echelon matrix.
c. Keisha can design a rectangular
12. Dylan did not write each row of the
giraffe enclosure with length x and
system in standard form before writing
width y shown by the solution region
the matrix to represent the system.
in the graph. 36. a. No b. Yes c. Yes
14. A row will have zeros on the
d. Yes e. No 38. Assume that at each
coefficient side of the matrix.
game there are the same number of
16. Answers may vary.
sophomores, juniors, and seniors.
{−x + 2y = −8
2x + 3y = −5
Sample:   


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Topic 1
18. (4, 2) 20. ( ) [0  1  2]

5 , 2, 10 22. 1
− __
0 0
16. y
2 6
1 0 1 0
[0 0 0 1]
  1  0  0 26. no solution
24. 0 4 g
2 f
28. 6 game downloads and 7 song x
downloads 30. The craft store ordered −4 −2 O 2 4
twice as many markers as acrylic paints. −2
32. B
Topic Review 18. y
4
2. step function 4. transformation
2
6. piecewise-defined function
x
8. domain: (−5, ∞); range: [−4, 1]; zero:
−4 −2 O 2 4
x = 2; positive: (2, 5]; negative: (−5, 2)
−2
10. domain: [0, 100]; range: [0, 50];
increasing: none; decreasing: [0, 100]; −4
x-intercept: 100; y-intercept: 50;
positive: [0, 100]; negative: none ⎧−  __ 3
  x − ___   15 , if x < −3
⎪ 2 2
12. y 20. f (x) = ⎨
  
  
  1  x + __
__   5 , if −3 ≤ x ≤ 2
8
12 g ⎪5
8
f ⎩         3, if    2 < x ≤ 5
22. C(n) =
{90n + 1,200, when n > 10; $1,920

4
120n, when 0 < n ≤ 10
x    

−8 −4 O 4 8
−4 24. d = −6; −5
26. a  n =
{a  n − 1 − 7, if n > 1; a  n = 25 − 7(n − 1)

25, if n = 1
14. y
4
2 28. 582 30. 93 32. x = −2 and x = 1

x 34. (−∞, −3) and (1, ∞) 36. No;
−4 −2 O 2 4 Noninteger answers are not easily
g −2 f obtained from a graph. Sometimes you
can only approximate the answer.
−4
38. x = −1, y = 3 40. Answers may vary.
Sample: 2x − y = 3 and 4x − 2y = 6
42. [   ]; [
−2 −6 32 0 1 −19]
  4  8 12 1 0    41

44. This maintains the relationship
between the variables and the solutions
while you perform row operations.
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Topic 2
Lesson 2-1 20. The graph of y

x
the function is a
2. Martin should rewrite the function −4 −2 O 2 4
reflection in the
as g(x) = (x − (−3))  2. Then he could −2
x-axis, translated
see that h is really −3 and the graph
1 unit left and −4
should be translated 3 units left from
1 unit up with a
the parent function. 4. The graph of −6
vertical stretch of
the function g is a reflection across
the graph of
the x-axis and a translation 2 units to
f(x) = x  2.
the left and 4 units down of the graph
of f. 6. The graph of the function h is 22. Vertex: (2, 5); axis of symmetry:
a translation 2 units to the left and 7 x = 2; minimum: y = 5; domain: (−∞, ∞);
units down. 8. y = 2(x − 1)  2 + 3 range: [5, ∞) 24. Vertex: (−4, 0); axis
10. y = 3(x − 7)  2 + 4 12. No, the correct of symmetry: x = −4; maximum: y = 0;
vertex is (−2, −4). The classmate should domain: (−∞, ∞); range: (−∞, 0]
rewrite the function as 26. y = −7(x − 1)  2 + 2 28. y = −7x  2 + 5
g(x) = (x − (−2))  2 − 4 to see the signs 30. g(x) = (x + 4)  2 + 1 32. The
for the values of the vertex (h, k). maximum height for Max Jumps is 9 in.
14. Since a = −1and −1 < 0, the The maximum height for Jumpsters is
parabola opens downward. 7 in. There is a 2-inch difference in the
maximum heights. 34. 105 m
16. The graph of y
the function is 8 36. no; yes; no; no; no; yes
translated 1 unit
6 38. Part A The y
right and 3 units up
domain is {x | x > 0}. 8
from the graph of 4
The value of x
f(x) = x  2. 6
2 cannot be negative
x since it represents 4
−4 −2 O 2 4 the price of a
2
18. The function g y
cookie.
x
is a vertical stretch 8 −2 O 2 4
of the graph of Part B f(0.40) = $398.75; f(0.75) = $355
6
f(x) = x  2. Part C The bakery should charge $0.45
4 per cookie to make the maximum
2 profit. Part D The maximum profit the
x bakery can make is $400.
−4 −2 O 2 4

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Topic 2
Lesson 2-2 28. a. Equation of the parabola:

y = −x  2 + 24x; Vertex form:
2. The y-intercept may or may not
y = −(x − 12)  2 + 144; Intercept form:
represent the maximum value.
y = −x(x − 24)
The y-intercept is the same as the
b. maximum area: 144 sq. in.; length: 12;
y-coordinate of the vertex if the
width: 12 30. E
parabola opens downward and the
vertex is on the y-axis. 4. Since the Lesson 2-3
standard form of the equation has 3
2. Amir is not correct. There are no real
coefficients: a, b, and c, three ordered
solutions to the equation y = x  2 + 16.
pairs are needed to determine the
4. The zeros of a function are the only
values of each coefficient. Solve the
points where a function can change
system of 3 equations to find the
from positive to negative or negative
equation in standard form and then
to positive, so you can separate a
graph it. 6. vertex: (2, 11); y-intercept:
function into intervals separated by
(0, 7) 8. Minimum: –51
the zeros and any point within an
10. 8
y interval will have the same sign.
6. (5x − 2)(x + 1) 8. x = 2, x = − __34 
4 10. Yes; if b and c are the zeros, the
x equation is y = a(x − b)(x − c). To find
−8 −4 O 4 8 the value of a, substitute 0 for x and
−4 the value for the y-intercept for y,
−8 and solve for a. Then multiply the
factors. 12. y = (x + 1)(x + 6) 14. The
12. No; This is a fairly accurate model student is not correct; the zeros of a
of the data, but it is not the exact quadratic function in factored form
model found when substituting the are not simply the constants in the
3 points into the standard equation expression, but are found using the
and solving for a, b, and c. 14. First Zero Product Property, so x − 2 = 0
find the vertex. Since the vertex is on or x = 2, and x + 7 = 0 or x = −7.
the x-axis, the top of the bowl can be 16. When you factor an expression,
represented by a horizontal line with the solution of each factor, when
y equal to the bowl’s depth. You can set equal to zero, yields the
calculate the diameter by setting y x-intercepts. 18. (3x + 4)(x − 3)
equal to the depth and solving for x, 20. (2x – 3)(x + 5) 22. (4x + 1)(x − 3)
then finding the difference between 24. −2, 7 26. −4, 5 28. − __74 , 1
the two solutions. 16. (3, 39) 30. 4 seconds 32. x < −4, x > 2
18. vertex: (3, 1); y-intercept: (0, −8) 34. −2 < x < 6 36. x < −1, x > __   85 
20. vertex: (−3, −17); y-intercept: (0, 38. y = −x  2 + x or y = −x(x − 1)
10) 22. 540 ft 24. y = 2x  2 + 4x + 2
26. y = −3.5x  2 + 3.35x + 0.7

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Topic 2
40. 39 ft by 27 ft; x(x + 12) = 1053; 12. Complex Numbers 5 − 3i

x  2 + 12x = 1053; x  2 + 12x − 1053 = 0;
(x + 39)(x − 27) = 0; x + 39 = 0 or
Rational Numbers
x − 27 = 0; x = −39 or x = 27; 5 − 31
A dimension cannot be negative, Imaginary
Integers Numbers
so x = 27 ft is the width, and −4 8i
x + 12 = 39 ft is the length of each
apartment. 42. a. (2x + 9)(2x + 14) = Real
Numbers
9 × 14 + 140 or 4x  2 + 46x + 126 = 266 √6
b. 2.5 meters; 4x  2 + 46x + 126 = 266; __ __
14. ±i √ 5  16. ±3i √ 2  18. 12 − 3i 20. 11
4x  2 + 46x − 140 = 0;
2(2x − 5)(x + 14) = 0; 2x − 5 = 0 or   1 − 7i
22. _____   24. −33 26. 29 28. −2 + i
12
x + 14 = 0; x = 2.5 or x = −14;
The walkway must have a positive 30. 6 + 6i 32. 4 − 2i 34. (2x + 7i )(2x − 7i )
width, so it is 2.5 meters wide. 44. D 36. 4(5a − 3i )(5a + 3i )
Lesson 2-4 38. (   1 b − 5i)(__

__   1 b + 5i) 40. 9i, −9i
2 2
3  i
7   −  __
42. 4i, −4i 44. i, −i 46. a.  ___
2. The complex conjugate of a + bi is 10 5
a − bi. Their product is a  2 + b  2, 4 + 2i + 1
b.  ___________ − i 5
     =  _____  = _____ + i
  5 + i
 (_____
  6 + 2i )
a real number. 4. The function will (4 + 2i)(1 − i) 6 − 2i 6 − 2i 6 + 2i
28 + 16i ___
never cross the x-axis. The function’s   =   7   +  __
=  _______ 2 i c. If you choose
intersections with the x-axis represent 40 10 5
solutions to the equation, because R  2to be the complex conjugate of
R  1, the total resistance will be a real
y = 0 anywhere along the x-axis. Since R  + R  4 + 2i + 4 − 2i ___
this equation has no real solutions number: _______
  1  2 =  _____________
     =   8  
2  R
  R

1 2   (4 + 2i)(4 − 2i) 20
(3i and −3iare both imaginary), the =  __
5
function will not cross the x-axis.
6. −6 + 12i 8. 5i, −5i 10. Tamara is not 48. Number R, I, C
correct. Raising the number i to even 2+i C
integer powers will always result in 1 5 − 0i R
or −1. i  2 = −1, i  4 = (i  2)  2 = ( −1)  2 = 1,
2i I
i  6 = −1, i  8 = 1, and so on. But raising i
to odd integer powers gives a different (3 − i)2 C
___
pattern: i = −1 , i  3 = (i  2)(i) = −i, i  5 = i,
√ i2 +1 R
i  7 = −i, i  9 = i, and so on. 3i I
(3 − i)(3 + i) R
(3 + i) − (2 + i) R
√−14 I
i(4 + i) − 3i C

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Topic 2
Lesson 2-5 54. Part A x  2 + 24x + 140 = 280;

Let x represent the number of feet
2. No, if the leading coefficient is
to add to the length and width. The
a number other than one, you can
new dimensions and the new area
factor it out and then continue
can be represented as (14 + x)(10 + x)
with completing the square. 4. Use
= 2(10)(14). Expand to determine the
completing the square to write the
function. Part B 18.85 ft by 14.85 ft
quadratic in vertex form,
y = a(x − h)  2 + k, in order to ___determine Lesson 2-6
√
___ (h, k). 6. −2 + 13 ,
the vertex
2. The discriminant, b  2 − 4ac, tells the
−2 − 13  8. y = (x + 3)  2 − 15;
√
number and type of solutions of a
minimum (−3, −15) 10. 40 units
quadratic equation in standard form,
12. The student did not add the value
ax  2 + bx + c = 0. 4. Methods include
for completing the square, 64, to
factoring, completing the square,
both sides of the equation.
factor by grouping, and the Quadratic
14. No; you cannot geometrically
Formula. Calculators can help with
depict negative values or subtracted
graphs and ___estimating square roots.
values. 16. There is no x-term in
√
6. −3 ± 19  8. x = 4; another way is to
this expression, so it would be
recognize and factor the perfect square
difficult to use completing the
trinomial. 10. The student used b, not
square. Besides, this expression is easily
−b, in the numerator of the Quadratic
factored, as it is the difference of two___
Formula; the correct answer
squares. 18. 2, −4 20. −9, 1 22. −2 ± √ 7  √
__
 
5
2 is  __52  ±  ___ . 12. I first look to see if the
24. (x − = 17 26. (x + __
9)  2   3 )  = 9 2
2 ___ quadratic expression has a special form
2
28. (x −    )  =     30. −4 ± 2i√ 11 
3
__ 149
____ like a perfect square or difference of
4 16 ___ ___ squares. I next check to see if it is easily
√___3
32. −6.5, 2.5 34. 1 ± i ___   10   36. −3 ± 2√ 17 
factored. If the coefficient of x is even,
___
6  40. −4 ± √
38. 1 ± √   29   42. 50.2 ft
___ I consider completing the square. If
3 I am not able to factor quickly, I will
and 20.5 ft 44. y = (x − 7)  + 22; 2
use the Quadratic Formula. 14. The
minimum: (7, 22)
discriminant is b  2 − 4ac = −19, so
46. y = −3(x − 6)  2 + 15; maximum:
there are no real solutions. There is
(6, 15) 48. y = 0.5(x + 0.5)  2 + 2;
no real number x such that f(x) = 0,
minimum: (−0.5, 2) 50. a. 160
so the graph will not cross the x-axis.
months b. 11,440 owls c. 329.1
The domain of the function is all real
months 52. −1.24, 5.24, (2, 21)
numbers, so must include x = 0; the
graph intersects the y-axis at (0, 5).

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Topic 2
  4  ±  __
16. x = 5 18. x = __ 2  i 20. x = 7 or Topic Review
5 5
1  22. 1 real solution 24. 2 real
x = − __
3 2. Zero Product Property
solutions 26. After 1 second 28. x = 1 4. discriminant 6. standard form
or x = − ___ 3 
11  30. x = 1 or x = − __ 8. The graph is to be translated 2 units
4 2 left and 4 units down. It will open
9
32. k = ± 10 34. k < ___
  16   36. a. 2 upward.
seconds b. after about 0.2 seconds and
y
again at about 3.8 seconds c. about 4.2 4
seconds d. about 1.72 seconds 38. B
2 f(x)
Lesson 2-7 x
−6 −4 −2 O 2
2. Dyani forgot to distribute the −2
−1 when substituting for y. 4. two
g(x)
solutions 6. no solutions 8. He did −4
not check values for b that were
less than 1. 10. No; this can be seen 10. vertex (−3, 2), axis of symmetry
graphically, and by the fact that the x = −3, maximum y = 2, domain
system reduces to one quadratic (−∞, ∞), range (−∞, 2) 12. f(x) = __   3 
4
equation, which never has more than (x − 2)  2 + 1 14. g(x) = (x − 2)  2 − 4
two solutions. 12. no solutions 16. vertex (3, 6), y-intercept (0, 15)
14. Answers may vary. Sample: m = 0, y
b = −3 16. (6, 5) and (2,5) 18. about
16
7.23 ft
12
20. 4
y
8
2
4
x
x
−4 −2 O 2 4
−8 −4 O 4 8
−2
−4
22. x = 2 24. The boulder will be

500 meters above the ground when
it strikes the hillside, having traveled
1,500 meters horizontally. 26. Yes; If
you knew how far away the player was
standing, you could be sure. 28. D

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Topic 2
___
___ √71 
18. y = x  2
− 3x + 7 20. Answers may   9 ±  
44. x = 8 ± 2√ 10  46. x = _______
2
vary. Sample: Calculate the vertex to 48. 2 real solutions 50. k = ± 8
find the maximum height of the ball. 52. below 25 kilometers per hour
You can use the vertex to find the and above 79 kilometers per hour
horizontal distance from the starting 54. 0
point and multiply by 2 to find the
y
total distance. 22. x = −3 or x = 9
24. x = −1.5 or x = 0.5 26. x < −5 or 8
  3  − __

x > 6 28. x ≠ −6 30. 13 − i 32. __ 1  i 6
2 2
34. They did not change i  2to
−1; 4
)  2 = 28
(2 − 3i)(4 + i ) = 11 − 10i 36. (x − 8___
____ √ 2
  41 
226  40. x = 2 ± ____
38. x = 12 ± √   x
2
42. 5.04 seconds; The other root is −2 −1 O 1 2
negative, which is not an appropriate
value for this situation. 56. (−1, 6), (0, 7)

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Topic 3
Lesson 3-1 16. Check students’ graphs. Sample:

2. Allie did not write the polynomial y
4
function in standard form; instead,
2
she said the exponent of the first term
x
was the degree of the polynomial.
−4 −2 O 2 4
The degree is 6. 4. For a polynomial
−2
function with an even degree, as
x → −∞ and x → +∞, y-values −4
either both approach +∞ or both
approach −∞. If the leading 2
y
coefficient is positive, both ends
approach +∞. If negative, both 1
ends approach −∞. A polynomial x
−4 O 2 4
function with an odd degree has end
behavior for positive and negative x −1
in opposite directions. If the leading −2
coefficient is positive, as x → −∞,
y → –∞, and as x → +∞, y → +∞. If the y
leading coefficient is negative, the end 4
behavior is in the opposite direction.
2
6. 4 8. As x → −∞, y → +∞. As x → +∞,
x
y → +∞. 10. x = −4, x = −2, x = 1, x = 3
−4 −2 O 2 4
12. approximately (−0.5, 28)
−2
14. f(x) = −2x  5 + 2x  4 − 2x  3 + x  2 − x + 1;
The polynomial function must have a −4
negative leading coefficient and an odd
degree because of the end behavior.
The function must have a degree of at 18. f(x) = 2x  5 + x  4 + 5x  3 − 3x  2 + x − 6;
least 5 because there are 6 terms. The 5; 6; 2 20. f(x) = –x  4 − x  3 + 5x  2 +
last term of the function is 1 because 9x + 12; 4; 5; –1 22. The leading
the y-intercept is (0, 1). coefficient, 7, is positive, so the graph
opens upward. The degree is 4, which
y
4 is even, so the end behaviors are the
same. As x becomes infinitely positive
or negative, the y-values approach +∞.
x
−4 −2 O 2 4
−2
−4

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Topic 3
24. zeros: x = −3, x = −1, x = 2; turning 30. 3, 7, −3, −3, 6 32. Part A The
points between −3 and −1, between −1 y-intercept for both functions is 8,000,
and 2 which represents the population of the
y city in 2000. Part B For both functions,
8 as x → ∞, y → ∞. The end behavior
4 for x → −∞ is not relevant because
x the graphs of both functions begin at
−4 −2 O 4 the y-intercept, (0, 8,000). Part C P’s
average rate of change, about 1,600, is
greater than f’s average rate of change,
−8
which is about 1,200.
26. y Lesson 3-2

2. Chen did not distribute the factor
10
of −1 over the terms −mp and 1.
x
−4 O 4
4. No, for example, 4 − 6 is not a whole
−10
number. 6. 2x  2y  2 − 5x  3 − x
8. x  3y  3 − 3x  2y  2 − 46xy + 48 10. Use the
−20 algorithm for squaring a binomial or
the FOIL method. 12. (a + b)  3 = a  3 + 3
28. a. f(x) = 4x  3 − 38x  2 + 88x
a  2b + 3ab  2 + b  3 14. On the third line,
b. reasonable domain: 0 < x < 4
the −2y term should be positive, and
y the constant should be 14. The answer
60
should be 3y  3 − 7y  2 − 5y + 14.
40 16. The exponent of 3x  −1is not a
20 whole number. 18. 8x  3 + 2x  2 − 5x + 4
x 20. −5p  2q  2 + 2p  2q − 5pq  2 + 4pq
−2 O 2 4 6 22. 6c  3 − 23c  2 + 41c − 28 24. No; x
−20 and 3 are both monomials, but x + 3
is not. 26. The maximum value of f is
90; the maximum value of g is 32; end
behavior of f: when x →−∞, y →−∞,
and when x →∞, y →−∞; end behavior
c. x-intercepts: 0, 4, and 5.5; 0 and 4 of g: when x →−∞, y →∞, and when
represent the side lengths of the cut x →∞, y →−∞ 28. a. length = 20 − x;
squares that will result in a box with width = 14 − x; height =  __12 x
0 volume. The intercept at 5.5 is not b. v(x) = (14 − x) (20 − x)(__
  1 x) =
meaningful, because it is not possible 2
1 x  3 − 17x  2 + 140x c. D(x) = __
 __   7 x  3 −
to cut two 5.5-inch corners from an 2 2
8-inch side. d. About 1.5 in. will create 51x  2 + 140x 30. a. closed b. closed
a box with a volume of about 60 in. 3.
c. closed d. open
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Topic 3
32. Part A T(x) = −x  4 − 2x  3 + 4x  2 + 8x 6. Sample: Dakota did not multiply by
the coefficient of the third term, which
Part B
is 6. The third term of (2g + 3h)  4 is 216
x P(x) R(x) T(x) g  2h  2. 8. x  2 + 6xy  3 + 9y  6
−3 5 −3 −15
10. (2x  2 − y)(4x  4 +
2x  2y + y  2) 12. 5xy  4
−2 0 0 0
14. x  5 + 5x  4 + 10x  3 + 10x  2 + 5x + 1
−1 −3 1 −3
16. d  4 − 4d  3 + 6d  2 − 4d + 1
0 −4 0 0
18. 27x  3 + 108x  2y + 144xy  2 + 64y  3
1 −3 −3 9
20. Use the Binomial Theorem to write
2 0 −8 0 the expansion when n = 4: C  0a  4 + C  1a  3
3 5 −15 −75 b + C  2a  2b  2 + C  3ab  3 + C  4b  4. Use Pascal’s
Triangle to write the coefficients: a  4 + 4
Part C a  3b + 6a  2b  2 + 4ab  4 + b  4. Identify a and
y
4 b: a = x and b = i. Substitute x for a and
i for b: (x)  4 + 4(x 3 2 2
___)  (i) + 6(x)  (i)  + 4(x)
2 (i)  3 + (i)  4. i = √ −1 , so i  2 = −1, i  3 = −i,
x and i  = 1. So, (x − i)  4 = x  4 + 4x  3i − 6
4
−4 O 4 x  2 − 4xi + 1. 22. The coefficients in
−2 Pascal’s Triangle when n = 7 are 1, 7,
−4 21, 35, 35, 21, 7, and 1. There are 8
coefficients, so there will be 8 terms in
Part D The zeros of T include all the the expansion of the expression
zeros of both P and R. Part E Because (−4y + z)  7. 24. A = 5y  2, B = 5y  2, C = 25
T is the product of R and S, T is positive y  4 26. Use the Difference of Squares
when R and S are both positive or both Identity.= (x  3)  2 − (y  3)  228. x  2 − 81
negative. 30. 9x  2 − 42x + 49 32. 16x  4 − 36y  4
34. 64 − x  4 36. 396 38. 256
Lesson 3-3 40. (x  4 + 3)(x  4 − 3) 42. (2x + y  3)
2. (x + 5)  2is the same as (x + 5)(x + 5). (4x  2 − 2xy  3 + y  6) 44. (2x + y  3)
When expanding the polynomial, two (2x − y  3) 46. (4x − 5y  2)(16x  2 + 20xy  2 +
of the terms are 5x and 5x. The sum of 25y  4) 48. 945 50. 973 52. x  3 + 9x  2 +
these terms is 10x. 4. 8x____   6 and 27y  3 are 27x + 27 54. b  4 − 2b  3 + __   3  b  2 − __
  1  b +  ___
1  
2 2 16
√ 6 2
_____ cubes because 8x    = 2x  and
perfect 3
56. 8x  3
+   2  x +  ___
+ __
x  2
4 1  
3 27
√27y  3  = 3y. Use the difference of cubes
3 58. d  4 − 12d  3 + 54d  2 − 108d + 81 60.
to factor the polynomial. Substitute n  5 + 25n  4 + 250n  3 + 1,250n  2 + 3,125n
2x  3 for a and 3y for b: (2x  2 − 3y) + 3125 62. 256g  4 + 512g  3h + 384g  2h  2
+ 128gh  3 + 16h  4 64. a. (s + 3)  3 b. s  3 +
((2x  2)  2 + (2x  2)(3y) + (3y)  2) = (2x  2 − 3y)
9s  2 + 27s + 27 c. (s − 2)  3 d. s  3 − 6s  2 +
(4x  4 + 6x  2y + 9y  2).
12s − 8 66. 9, 40, 41 68. E

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Topic 3
Lesson 3-4 6. You can use a graphing calculator

to check the sketch. 8. Graph them
2. No; Substitute −5 for x in the
simultaneously on the graphing
expression: (−5)  3 + 2(−5)  2 − 4(−5) + 6 =
calculator to see if they coincide.
− 49. So, the remainder is −49, not 149.
10. two real zeros at 2 and −2
  29x2 − 26
4. x  2 − 4x + 4 + ________   6. f(−2) =
x  + 8 12. y
2(−2)  4 (−2)  2
+ − 10(−2) − 1 = 55 40
8. x  3 − 6x  2 + 12x − 5 divided by x − 1; 20
I multiplied x  2 − 5x + 7 by x − 1, and x
then added the remainder, 2. To check, −4 −2 O 2
use long division or synthetic division. −20
10. Alicia subtracted −6x  2 − 6x from
−40
−6x  2 + 6x and got a difference of 0.
The difference is 12x. So, the remainder
14. 0, 4; The graph crosses the x-axis at
  12x2 + 10 . 12. (n, 0)
should be _______ 0, and it touches the x-axis at 4.
x  + x
14. 4x  2 − 6x + 9; Multiply the answer 16. ± __32 , ±4; The graph crosses the
by the divisor 2x + 3 to check that x-axis at each zero. 18. When P(x) is
the product is equal to 8x  3 + 27; positive, the company earns a profit.
(4x  2 − 6x + 9)(2x + 3) = 8x  3 + 12x  2 − P(x) > 0 for 4 < x < 12, so the company
12x  2 − 18x + 18x + 27 = 8x  3 + 27 should make between 4,000 and 12,000
16. x  2 + 4x + 3 18. x  3 + 3x  2 + 6x + 18 + paddleboards. 20. x = –4, x = –3, x = 3
22. –3 < x < 0 or x > 3 24. x > –16
  111   20. x  2 + x − 2
_____
26. Answers may vary. Sample: The
2x − 6
  99  
22. −x  3 + 4x  2 + 13x + 37 + _____ baseball hits the ground a little past
x−3
2 seconds after being thrown. However,
24. 78 26. −36 28. The remainder is
it is not being thrown from ground
not 0, so x − 3 is not a factor of P(x) = 8
level, but from a height of 6.5 feet.
x  3 − 10x  2 + 28x − 16.
28. x − axis; (x − 4)
30. The remainder is not 0, so x − 2 is
not a factor of P(x) = −x  5 + 12x  3 + 30. Part A
6x  2 − 23x + 1. 32. a. x  2 + 5x + 4 square y
units b. x  2 − 3 boxes c. −5x − 2 square 16000
units 34. 3x  2 + 2x + 11 mi/h 36. A
12000
Lesson 3-5
8000
2. The student incorrectly applied the
Zero Product Property. The zeros are 0, 4000
5, and −2. 4. The graph touches, but x
O 6 12 18 24
does not cross, the x-axis at x = 2,
the exponent is an even number
(multiple of 2).

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Topic 3
Part B Venetta did not make a profit are (x + 3i) and (x − 3i). Use the FOIL
during the first two years. Part C The method to get x  2 + 9. In order for
predicted amount of profit for 2020 is the equation to be a fifth-degree
$828,000. polynomial, multiply each term by x  3 to
11 , ± __
get x   5 + 9x  3. 20. ± __ 31 , ± __
21 , ± __ 41 ,
Lesson 3-6
± __16 , ± __
12
1
11 , ± __
  22. ± __ 12 , ± __
14 , ± __
21 , ± __
22 , ± __
24 ,
2. By the Conjugate Root Theorems,
__
± __41 , ± __
42 , ± __ 81 , ± __
44 , ± __ 82 , ± __
84 , ± __
16 16
 , ± __ 16
 , ± __  
−1 − 2i and 3 − √ 5 are also roots. There __ __ 1 2 4
are 4__known roots: __ −1 + 2i, −1 − 2i, 24. 8 feet 26. {−9, √7 7 } 28. {−1, 1,
 , −√ 
√
3 + 5 , and 3 − 5 . There could √ 2
3i, −3i, 2, −2} 30. P(x) = x  − 2x + 37
be other roots. So the polynomial 32. P(x) = x  3 − 3x__  2 + 40x + 400
function has a degree of 4 or 34. length: 7__ + √5 , or about 9.24 ft;
greater. 4. No; if the coefficients of width: 7 − √5 , or about 4.76 ft;
the polynomial function are not real height: 4 ft 36. B, E 38. Part A 7 real
numbers, then 4 − 2i need not also and 0 complex, 5 real and 2 complex,
be a root. 6. possible roots: 3 real and 4 complex, 1 real and 6
± __11 , ± __ 31 , ± __
21 , ± __ 41 , ± __ 61 , ± __
12
1
 ; rational roots: complex Part B A polynomial equation
−2, −1, 2, 3 8. possible roots: ± __11 , ± __ 13 , with an odd degree has an odd number
of real roots.
19 , ± __
± __ 12 , ± __
23 , ± __
29 , ± __ 41 , ± __
43 , ± __ 81 , ± __
49 , ± __ 83 ,
± __89 , ± __
16 16
 , ± __ 16
 , ± __ ; rational roots: −2, Lesson 3-7
1 3 9
−  __23 , __
  23 , 2 10. 5 − 12i and −9 + 7i 2. An even function has the y-axis as
___
12. 5 + 15i and 17 − √ 23  a line of symmetry and is defined for
14. Q(x) = x  4 + x  3 + 4x  2 + 4x all x, such that f(x) = f(−x). An odd
16. Answers may vary. Sample: function has the origin as its point of
2x  3 + 7x  2 + x − 10; Assume that the symmetry and is defined for all x, such
coefficients of the polynomial have no that f(−x) = −f(x). 4. neither
common integer factors other than 6. V(x + 2) = x  3 + 4x  2 + 4x 8. The
1 and −1. The denominators of the graph should be reflected across the
possible roots are 1 and 2. A number x-axis before being translated, because
that has factors of 1 and 2 is 2. So, the   1 , is negative.
the coefficient, − __
2
leading coefficient must be 2 or −2. 10. The parent function is even because
The numerators of the possible roots it is given that it is quartic. Since the
are 1, 2, 5, and 10. A number that end behavior is opposite of the parent
has factors of 1, 2, 5, and 10 is 10. So quartic function, it is a reflection over
the constant term must be 10 or −10. the x-axis. The point (2, 6) shows that
The leading term must have degree the graph has shifted 2 units right and
3 since the equation is a third-degree 6 units upward. 12. Sample: f(x) = 2
polynomial. 18. 2; Answers may vary. x  4 + x  3 − 2has even degree but is not
Sample: P(x) = x  5 + 9x  3; Because 3i is even. f(x) = 2(−x)  4 + (−x)  3 − 2 =
a root, −3i is also a root. The factors 2x  4 − x  3 − 2,which is not equal to f(x).
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Topic 3
14. neither 16. even 18. parent 14. 7y  4 + 2y  3 + 4y  2 − 5y + 5
function: y = x  4; The leading coefficient 16. 25x  2 + 80x + 64
of −1 reflects the graph across the 18. (x  2 − 4)(x  4 + 4x  2 + 16), or
x-axis; subtracting 8 shifts the graph (x + 2)(x − 2)(x  2 + 2x + 4)
down 8 units. (x  2 − 2x + 4) 20. x  4 − 8x  3 + 24x  2 −
20. f(x) = (x − 5)  4 + 10 22. a. g(x) = f(x) 32x + 16 22. Polynomial coefficients
+ 1,245 = 0.8x  3 + 6x  2 + 2,245 b. a shift are real numbers, multiplied by
1,245 units upward c. an increase of variables raised to whole-number
1,245 weekly visitors exponents. After subtracting two
24. a. V(x) = 55x  3 + 6x  2 − x polynomials, the coefficients of the
b. Z(x) = 220x  3 + 24x − 4x 26. C difference are also real numbers. The
exponents are still whole numbers. The
Topic Review
difference is still a polynomial, and the
2. degree of the polynomial 4. end set of polynomials is closed under
behavior 6. multiplicity of a zero subtraction. 24.x  3 − 8x + 13 − ____   25  
x+2
8. synthetic division 10. zeros: x = −4, 26. Find f(2). f(2) = (2)  3 + 8(2)  2 − 9(2) −
x = −2, x = 2, x = 3; turning points 3 = 19, so the remainder is correct.
between −4 and −2, between −2 and 2,
between 2 and 3 28.
y
y
40
40 x
−4 −2 O 2 4
20
−40
x
−4 −2 O 2 4 −80
−20
−120
−40
30. The graphs intersect at

12. After 7 hours, Sadie’s elevation is 18 approximately x = −2.7, so the
meters below sea level. The x-intercepts solution is approximately −2.7.
are 1, 4, and 6. This means that after 1 32. { −1, 5, 3i, −3i} 34. When the
hour, after 4 hours, and again after 6 multiplicity of a zero is odd, the
hours, Sadie’s elevation is 0 meters, or function crosses the x-axis. When the
at sea level. The y-intercept is 24. After multiplicity of a zero is even, the graph
0 hours, when Sadie starts climbing, her touches the x-axis, but turns back
elevation is 24 meters above sea level. All and does not cross. 36. even 38. The
of these values make sense. Sadie starts graph of f(x) = 0.5x  4 + 1 is a vertical
at an elevation that is 24 meters above compression, not a vertical stretch,
sea level, then she descends below sea because the leading coefficient is less
level, then ascends above sea level, and than 1.
finally descends again below sea level.
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Topic 4
Lesson 4-1 Lesson 4-2

2. As the time spent grilling increases, 2. They are expressed as fractions, or
the amount of propane in the tank ratios. 4. A rational function will have
decreases. 4. The product of x and y no vertical asymptotes when no value
is not constant. (It is 32 in one column of x makes the denominator equal to 0;
4x
and 24 in the others.) 6. vertical f(x) =  _____
2
 
x  + 1
asymptote: x = 5; horizontal asymptote: y
y = 3; domain: the set of real numbers 6. vertical 4
asymptote: x = −   ; 1
__
with x ≠ 5; range: the set of real 2 2
numbers with y ≠ 3 8. When k > 0, horizontal
x
the graph lies in Quadrants I and III;   1 
asymptote: y = __ −4 −2 O 2 4
2
when k < 0, the graph lies in Quadrants   a ; The
8. y = __ −2
II and IV. 10. Division by zero is d
rational function −4
undefined. 12. It is an inverse variation has a numerator
because as the number of persons and denominator of the same degree,
sharing the rental fee increases, the cost so the horizontal asymptote is the ratio
per person decreases; c = __   1500
  pk  = ____ p . of the leading terms. 10. At x = −a,
14. No; as the x-values increase, the there is a hole in the graph. When
y-values also increase. (This is a direct simplifying the function, the common
variation, where k = 18.) 16. When factors cancel each other out and
x = –1, y = –2. 18. vertical asymptote: appear not to be part of the graph.
x = 0; horizontal asymptote: y = 0; But when substituting −a for x in the
domain: the set of real numbers with original function, the denominator
x ≠ 0; range: the set of real numbers is equal to 0. Because dividing by 0
with y ≠ 0 is undefined, there is a hole in the
graph at x = −a. 12. Substitute very
4
large positive and negative values
2 for x into the function. The y-values
x are approaching __   14 , so the horizontal
−4 −2 O 2 4
 1 . As x approaches
asymptote is y = __
4
−2
positive or negative infinity, the
−4 highest degree term greatly affects
the end behavior of the graph and the
4,800
20. t = _____   2880
  p ; 24 min 22. a. V = _____ other terms do not greatly affect the
R
end behavior of the graph. Therefore,
b. When the resistance is 144 ohms, the
the ratio of the leading terms can be
voltage is 20 V. 24. D
used to find the horizontal asymptote.

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Topic 4
10
14. f(x) = 5 +  ____
x−2
 ; 8
y 26. y
8
vertical asymptote:
x = 2; horizontal 4 4
x x=7
asymptote: y = 5 y=0 x
−8 −4 O 4 8 −8 −4 O 4 8
−4 −4
x = − 12
−8 −8
 1  + ______
16. f(x) = __
2
  21  ; y 28. y
2x  − 2 4 8
vertical asymptote: 4
2
x = −1, x = 1; x x
horizontal −4 −2 O 2 4 −8 −4 O 4 8
  12 
asymptote: y = __ −2 −4
−4 −8
18. vertical asymptote: x = 3 and x = 6; 30. a. vertical asymptote: x = −25;

horizontal asymptote: y = 0 20. vertical horizontal asymptote: y = 1
asymptote: x = −1 and x = 1; horizontal b. y
4
asymptote: y =  __52 
2
22. y
4 x
−30 −20 −10 O
2
−2
x
−2 O 2 4 −4
−2
−4 32. a. 0.1‾
33 b. 2.85 hours c. 34. B
Lesson 4-3
24. y
4 2. A rational expression is the ratio of
2 two polynomials that has a domain
x of all real numbers except those for
−4 −2 O 2 4 which the denominator equals zero;
2
−2
  3x  + 
Sample: ________ 6x
4. When the
9x
−4
denominator equals 0, fractions are
y+2
undefined. 6.  _____  for all y except
y−3
−3, −2, and 3

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Topic 4
8. Sample: Any rational expression with 4. The simplified sum or difference

the same numerator and denominator may not include some values of the
is equal to 1. domain that were eliminated during
  a 
__   a 
__ d
__
    bc   ad 
___ the simplification process.
  a  ÷ __
10. Sample: __   c   = __
 __bc   = __
 __bc   × __
  dc   =  ___  14   8. 15x  3y  2
b d         __
  c  cd
__
    6.  _____
  ad 
___   ad 
___ d d dc x+1
3y − 4
= ___
  bc   = ___  ad  =  __
  bc  = ___ a  ×  __
d 
10.  ____________
    12. The same basic
cd
__
    1 bc b c (y − 2)(y − 1)
cd
12. A rational number is the ratio procedures are followed for both.
of two integers, while a rational First, find a common denominator,
expression is a ratio of two then rewrite the expressions using the
polynomials. 14. A rational expression common denominator, perform the
is in simplest form when the numerator addition and/or subtraction, and
and denominator have no common then simplify. 14. 1 16. The student
factors other than 1. 16. −5, 0, 2 did not factor either polynomial
expression. The correct LCM is
18.  ____
3x
  for all x except 2 and −5 12y + 5
x−2
3(3x + 1)(x + 2). 18.  _______ 
20. _______
b(b + 3) 2 y  + 4y
   for all real numbers except
12(b + 4) 20. 2y(y + 6)(y + 4)(y – 4)
a = 0, b = −4 and 3 5y − 1 2y − 14 2(y − 7)
22.  ________  24.  _________ or ________
   
y(2y − 1) 15(y + 5) 15(y + 5)
(x + 10)(x −1)
22. ____________
     , x ≠ − 1, 0, 10
     1   28.  _____
26. _____ 1  
(x − 10)(x + 1) x−1 a−b
3(x − y)
24. ______
  x + y  for all real numbers except 9x + 7
30. a.  ____________
     b. 5 h
(x + 3)(x − 1)
x = y or x = −y 26.  ________
2x(3x + 1)
x−1
  for all x 180x + 720 180(x + 4)
32. a.  __________   or _________
   
(x − y)  3 x(x + 8) x(x + 8)
except −1, 1, and 5 28.  ______  for all x
3(x + y) b. ≈ 2.7 h 34. C
x(x + 6)
except x = −y 30. _______     x ≠ −6, −3, 0, Lesson 4-5
(x +3)
  2   − _____
2. Sample: __ −2  
  1   =  ______
5, 6 32. a. __   3r  c. cylinder B; __
  r   b. __  3 r > __
  1 r x+1 2 x−1
3 8 8 3 x  − 1
34. The probability is _______   x  . 36. B 4. Once the original equation has
6(x + 1) been multiplied by the LCD, the
Lesson 4-4 solution might yield values that are not
solutions to the original equation.
2. A compound fraction is a
6. x = 3 8. The time it takes working
fraction that has one or more
combined should be less than any of
fractions in the numerator and/or
1 
__ the individual times.
  2  
___
2x
denominator.  _____
x + y 

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Topic 4
10. In the third step of her work, she 20. y

incorrectly uses x + 4 rather than x − 4 6
on the right-hand side of the equation.
This throws off every step thereafter; 4
therefore; the solution is incorrect. 2
12. Oftentimes the steps involved in x
solving a rational equation transform it −4 −2 O 2 4
into a linear or quadratic equation.
14. Sample: The equation reduces to vertical asymptote: x = −1;
an identity; the solution is the set of all horizontal asymptote: y = 2
real numbers except −2. 16. x = 2
18. x = −2 20. 32 hours 22. day 3 24. x  2 + 5x; x ≠ –8, 0, 3
22. x = −20 24. x = −2 26. 1 __15  h 2x  2 + x + 18
  3  ; x ≠ −3, __
26. _____   1 , 7 28.   
___________
      
x−7 2 (x + 6)(x − 1)
28. n = 2 friends 30. h = 8 hits 32. D
  x + 1  32. It is necessary to consider
30. ____
Topic Review x−1
restrictions on variables when adding
2. reciprocal function 4. inverse
and subtracting rational expressions to
variation 6. asymptote
avoid dividing by 0. 34. x = −1
8. extraneous solution 10. __  1  3   38. x = −16 or x = 8
4 36. x =  ___
12. The parent reciprocal function 14
is an inverse variation in which the (extraneous) 40. Solve the rational
constant of variation, k, is 1. equation. Then substitute the solution
14. vertical asymptotes: x = −7, into the original equation to see if the
x = −2; horizontal asymptote: y = 0 solution makes the equation true. If
16. vertical asymptote: none; the equation is not true, the solution
horizontal asymptote: y = __  1  is extraneous.
2
18. y
4
2
x
−4 −2 O 2 4
−2
−4
vertical asymptote: x = 1, x = −1;

horizontal asymptote: y = 0

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Topic 5
Lesson 5-1 16. Without simplifying first, you

must estimate three separate square
2. Kaitlyn made the exponent equal
roots and then add those estimates.
to the index. The index should be the
If they are simplified first, __ then they
denominator of the exponent, so the √
_1 3 can be combined as 14 3 . Then only
exponent should be __ 1 . 4. ( 75    5 )   can be one square root would need to
3
simplified using the Power of a Power be estimated. 18. Quotient of Powers
Property. Multiplying the exponents Property; Simplify; Power of a Power
_3
gives 75    5 . 6. Yes, a rational exponent Property; Write in radical form. ___
__ ___
may be an improper fraction; 273 is
_4 7
4c9 24. 4vw3 4√v3
20. 18b√b √c 22. ____
3 2
evaluated by finding the cube root 9d_____

___
__ 3√
of 27, which is 3, and raising it ___ to the 26. 2x2y2√
2 28. ______5f √
3
6n
f2g2 30. ____
__ ______ 2
fourth power, which is 81. 8. 72 √
3
√ √ 3
3x y2
2 √
4 3
3a3 34. _______
32. ____ 250x
36. _______
10. p4 12. two 14. x ≈ 5.95 16. −2xy6
_7
__ 3y ___ 5x
18. Yes, Justice is correct; √ √
38. 10y 5 40. 17 2h
__
(3x3y)5= 35(x3)5y5= 243x15y5; 42. 16m2+ 8m√3 + 3 __
20. (x4)3 is correct, but the
_1 __ √
60 − 20 2
44. 15 − 4√3 46. _________
3
denominator of the fraction, 3, is the __ 7 ___

___ −6x + 2x √
x
index of the radical: √x . 22. 1; only
3 4 48. ___________ 50. 8.6% 52. 20√22  ft  2
9−x
one real number −8 times itself 54. D
3 times__ equals −512.
1 Lesson 5-3
  26. 7 28. ±5 30. 7296
__
24. 4√5 _____
1 2. The graph of g(x) = −√x + 2 − 1 is a
32. (ab)4 34. –3,125 36. ±q3z
__
translation 2 units left and 1 unit down
38. ±vg5 40. ±6 42. ±2 44. 1 m from the parent function f(x) = √
__
x , after
46. 0.025 or 2.5% 48. yes; yes; no; no; no
a reflection over the x-axis. Parker didn’t
50. Part A 36π ft  2 Part B 3 containers
notice the negative symbol.
Lesson 5-2 4. y
4
2. Check for perfect squares, cubes, etc.,
2
under the radical symbol, and make
x
sure all radicals are removed from the
O 2 4 6
denominator. 4. The square root of a
−2
negative is an imaginary number, _____ not a
__ 3√
12m 
8. ______
real number. 6. ab  6 4 √__ a  ___     −4
__ ___ √7 − √35
3m

_________
3
10. 6√5 + √
10 12. 14. k must domain: x ≥ 2; range: y ≥ 0
4
be the product of a perfect square
times 2.

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Selected Answers
Topic 5
6. y 12. a. Answers
______ may vary:
4 3√
g(x) = x + 3 −1 b. Check students’
2 graphs. ______
14. Factor the radicand:
x g(x) = √8(x + 8 )−3. Use the Product
3
−2 O 2 4 6 Property______ of______
Radicals:
−2 3√
√
g(x) = 8______
8(x + 8 )−3. Simplify:
3
−4
h(x) = 23√x + 8 )− 3. The graph of
g(x) is the vertical stretch of the
domain: x ≥ −1; range: y ≥ −2 parent function by a factor of 2 and a
translation of 8 units to the left and 3
8. 10 y
units down. 16. The domain changes
8 with a horizontal translation of a
6
radical function, unlike an absolute
value function which continues to
4 have all real numbers as the domain.
2
The range can change with vertical
x
translations of both functions.
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 18. y
2
domain: x ≥ 5; range: y ≥ 0
x
10. V −4 −2 O 2 4
4
V(s) −2
2
−4
s(V) s
−4 −2 O 2 4 −6
−2
domain: all real numbers; range: all real
−4 numbers; The function is increasing.
__
. s(V) = 3√V  b. The graph of s(V) is a
a 20. y
4
reflection across the line V = s of V(s).
This means the functions are inverses. 2
x
−6 −4 −2 O
−2
−4
domain: x ≥ −6; range: y ≥ 0; The

function is increasing.

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Topic 5
__
22. f(x) = 4√x; vertical
__ stretch by a factor 18. x = 17, y = 7 20. The process of
√
of 4 24. f(x) = 3 x − 5; vertical stretch solving an equation with two radicals
by a factor of 3 and __ translation 5 units is like solving an equation with one
right 26. f(x) = √ x − 1 + 1 radical. Simplify the equation and
28. 12 square both sides to eliminate the
y
radical; because there are two radicals,
10
you have to square both sides a second
8 time; Rewrite the equation in standard
form, and then factor the equation
6
using the Zero-Product Property
4 to solve for the variable. There are
additional steps needed to eliminate
2
the second radical. 22. 30.25 24. 81
x
0 5
26. y = 338x2 28. y = 81x4 30. x = __
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 4
and x = 3 32. x = 7 34. x = −5 and
he minimum hull speed of the
T 3
1 38. x = −__
x = 17 36. x = 8 ___
sailboat Chair wants to purchase is 2 16 4
6.7 knots and the maximum hull speed s 42. 13 ft
40. d = _______
252.81f
is 10.72 knots. 44. y x z
30. a. 10
d 0 462 804
8 −3 145 439
−10 1.25 5.5
6
3 1,679.5 16
4 2
v r
46. Part A M = ____
2 2G
Part B M ≈ 5.99 × 1024
h
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 Lesson 5-5
b. 14.25 ft 32. D
2. A composite function is a method
Lesson 5-4 of combining functions such that the
_______ output of one function is the domain
2. Graph y = 3√84x + 8  and y = 8. The of the other function. Example: Given
graphs will intersect at x = 6. 4. Neil f(x) = 2x and g(x) = x + 1, the composite
didn’t check for extraneous solutions. function f ° g = f(g(x)) = 2(x + 1) =
The real solution is 6; −3 is extraneous. 2x + 2. 4. The operations of subtraction
6. x = 27 8. x = −1 10. x = 6y2+ __ 48 and division are not commutative.
12. x = 10 14. x = −1 16. P __ √
= 4 A ;
2
6. 3x2+ 3x + 2 8. x3– 2x2– 7x – 4
√
Sample: If A =__s , then s = A .
2 x − 4 or ______
10. _________ x − 4 2 for all real
Substituting √ A for s in the perimeter x + 2x + 1 (x + 1)
formula results in the given answer. numbers x, when x ≠ −1

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Topic 5
12. In general f ° g and g ° f are usually 12. y ≠ 3, 4, or 6 because after the

not equal. Sample: If x- and y-coordinates are switched,
f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = 4x, then if the value of y is 3, 4, or 6, each
(f ° g)(x) = 4x + 1 and (g ° f)(x) = 4x + 4. independent value would not be paired
14. When 2x + 1 was substituted into with only one dependent value.
3x2− x + 2 for x and when −x was 14. The relation is not a function
replaced with 2x + 1, the negative sign because each independent value is not
was not distributed. 16. (f ∘ g)(x) = {(5, 1), paired with only one dependent value.
(3, 7), (1, 2), (2, 8)} 18. If f(x) = __ 12 x and The inverse of the relation is a function
g(x) = 2x, then f(g(x)) = x. because each independent value is
20. f + g = 2x2+ 8x + 1 paired with only one dependent value.
22. a. r(x) = 600x − 4x2b. $17,600 16. x 9 3 −4 8 −6 3
24. −89 26. −21 28. 4x2– 38x + 90
y −2 −1 0 1 2 3
30. It is better for Kayden if the 10%
discount is applied before the $50 instant The inverse is not a function.
rebate because he will save $5 more.
32. a. $72.25 b. $71.50 c. Since $71.50 < 18. f−1(x) = x − 3; The inverse of f is a
$72.25, it is a better deal for the consumer function.
if the 15% discount is applied prior to the y
4
$5 off discount. 34 A, B, E
y=x
36. Part A K = __   59  (F − 32) + 273 f(x) 2
Part B 270 K x
−4 −2 O 2 4
Lesson 5-6 −2
f −1(x)
2. No; the inverse is f –1(x) x −3 1 .
= ____ −4
4. f –1(x) = −2x + 10 _____
20. f−1(x) = ±√
x − 1 ; The inverse of f is
6. 10 y not a function.
8 y
4
6
f(x)
2
4 x
2 −4 −2 O 2 4
x y=x −2
0 f −1(x)
0 2 4 6 8 10 −4
8. Yes; each independent value is
paired with only one dependent value.
10. The student took the square root
of both sides before adding 4_____ to both
− 1 √
sides. The inverse is f (x) = x + 4 .

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Topic 5
22. f(x) = x  2 + 4x + 4 = (x + 2)  2, so the Topic Review
graph of the parabola has its vertex
2. index 4. like radicands 6. nth
at (−2, 0). Restrict the domain of f to
__ root 8. reduced radical form 10. 4
x ≥ −2. Then f  −1(x) = √ x  − 2, x ≥ 0.
12. 3x414. y = 5 16. The numerator
24. f(x) = x2− 2 , so the graph of the
of a rational exponent is the power of
parabola has vertex (0, −2). Restrict the
the radicand. The denominator of a
domain of f to x ≥ 0. Then
_____ rational exponent is the index of the
f−1(x) = √
x + 2 ,_____
x ≥ −2. radical. The nth root of a number x is
√ 1 __
5 ; domain is x ≥ −5 expressed as xn = n√___
__
26. f−1(x) = ± x + __ x . 18. x7y5
2
28. f−1
x − 10 for all real values of x.
(x) = ______ 20. 5x3 22.__n + 2√7n − __21 24. 39
3 2+√ 6
26. −6 + 6√2 28. −______ 30. The
30. f(g(x)) = 2(__12 x + 9) − 9 = 3
expressions were incorrectly ___ subtracted
___
x + 18 − 9 = x + 9; as like √ √
5 18 − 27 =
__ expressions;
__
12 (2x − 9) + 9 =
g(f(x)) = __ √ √
15 2 − 3 3 .
92 + 9 = x + __
x − __ 92 , so f and g are not 32. y
4
inverses. ___
√ 𝜋h
3V ; r is about 7.6 cm
32. r(V) = ___
C − 100
2
x
34. a. C = 75n + 100 b. n = _______ 75
; −4 −2 O 2 4
The inverse represents the number of −2
hours the DJ is hired in terms of the
cost. c. 6 h 36. a. yes b. no c. yes d. yes −4
__
e. no 38. Part A k−1(x) = ±4√x ; m−1(x) =
__ __ The domain of the function is x ≥ 0.
x ; n−1(x) = ±6√x Part B k−1(x) is not a
5√
function; m−1(x) is a function; n−1(x) The range of the function is y ≥ −1.

is not a function. Part C Answers may The function is increasing over the
vary. Sample: Functions that have an odd entire domain.
power have inverses that are functions. 34. y
4
Functions that have an even power have
inverses that are not functions. 2
x
−2 O 2 4 6
−2
−4
The domain of the function is x ≥ −1.

The range of the function is y ≥ 0.
The function is increasing over the
entire domain.

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Topic 5
36. y 40. x = 729 42. x = −9

2
44. x = 0 (extraneous),
_____ x=7
x
46. Sample: √x − 5 = −2; Square
−4 −2 O 2 4
both sides: x − 5 = 4. Add 5 to both
−2
sides: x = 9. Substitute 9_____ for x in
−4 the original equation: √ 9 − 5 = −2.
−6
Simplify: 2 ≠ −2. So, there are no real
solutions. 48. 4x + 6 50. 20
The domain of the function is all real 52. all real numbers; ______ x ≠ 0; x ≠ 6
numbers. The range of the function − 1
√
54. f (x) = ± −x4+ 3 56. f −1(x) = ____
______ x – 5
9
is all real numbers. The function is 58. No; Jamie added 9 to both sides
increasing over the entire domain. and then squared both sides instead
of squaring both sides and then
38. Factor the expression
________ under the adding 9 to both sides. The inverse is
radical: g(x) = √
3
8(x − 3) + 1. Use the f –1(x) = x2+ 9.
Product__Property _______ of Radicals:
3√ 3√
g(x) = 8 _____
∙ x − 3 + 1. Simplify:
3√
g(x) = 2 x − 3 + 1. g(x) has a vertical
stretch by a factor of 2, a horizontal
shift to the right 3 units, and a vertical
shift up 1 unit of f(x).

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Topic 6
Lesson 6-1 d. y
2. In exponential functions, constants 60

are raised to powers that are variables. 45
In polynomial and rational functions,
30
variables are raised to powers that
are constants. 4. Sample: Growth and 15
decay functions have the same domain, x
range, and asymptotes but different O 2 4 6 8
end behaviors. 6. decreasing;
domain: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7};
1 − 0.6 8. The truck modeled by
range: {1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64}; the
f(x) will be worth more after 5 years;
function only makes sense for 7 rounds.
f(5) = 15.53 and g(5) = 10.92
After the seventh round, there is only
10. f(x) = 8,000(1.015)  x; $8,878.76
one team remaining.
12. 346,904; This is the population for
the first known year of data. The year 28. a. yes b. no c. no d. yes e. no f. no
2000 acts as 0. 14. domain: all real   t  
____
numbers; range: { y | y > 0};   0 (  2 ) 

30. Part A A = A 1 21.5
__
y-intercept: 5; asymptote: x-axis; end Part B about 143 hours

behavior: Lesson 6-2
As x → –∞, y → 0. As x → ∞, y → ∞.
16. domain: all real numbers; range: 2. Yori confused the annual interest
{y | y > 0}; y-intercept: 4; asymptote: rate and the monthly rate.
x-axis; end behavior: As x → –∞, 4. a represents the initial value,
y → ∞. As x → ∞, y → 0. 18. growth; b represents the decay factor,
1 + 1.5; 1.5; 150% 20. decay; x represents the amount of time that
has passed, and y represents the value
7  ; ___
1 −  ___   7  ; 70% 22. 10.8; 17.8
10 10 at a given time. 6. 0.45%; 1.3%
24. f(x) = 4,007(0.9964)  x; 3,728 8. $1,641.26 10. y = 0.071(2.08)  x
26. a. decay; The base is less than 1. 12. The student compounded the
b. the initial number of teams in interest monthly instead of quarterly.
the tournament c. 50%; the rate of A = $7,935.16.
decay is  __12 

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Topic 6
14. y = 2,954(1.08)  x; Lesson 6-4

y = 3,001(1.078)  x; To find the
2. This is the range of the function. The
exponential model using data points,
domain is {x | x > 0}.
find the growth rate between two
consecutive data points and that 4. y
4
growth rate and one of the points
to find the initial value. To find the 2
model using a calculator, enter the data x
and find the exponential regression. −2 O 2 4 6
$9,259 16. 1,367.31 18. 4,469.79 −2
20. 1,150.27 22. y = 0.757(1.786)  x
−4
24. y = 0.510(1.558)  x 26. after about
28 minutes 28. y = 80,000(1.056)  t; domain: {x | x > 0}; range: all real
0.0149%; Multiply the exponent numbers; intercept: x-intercept 1;
365
by ___
  365  so that the model compounds asymptote: y-axis; end behavior:
1
___ As x → 0, y → −∞. As x → ∞, y → ∞.
daily, then calculate (1.056)   365  to find
y
the daily rate. 30. y = 20.361(0.743)  x; __
6. x = e  5  − 1; This function gives x, the
1.221 × 10  −22g 32. C number of minutes after the release
of a song, in terms of the number of
Lesson 6-3
downloads in hundreds, y. 8. g(x) is
2. Amir possibly brought the negative shifted 7 units to the right.
sign outside the expression, which is 10. w = log  1.6 (m − 2); the number of
not an equivalent step. 4. You can weeks after opening when the number
convert the equation to logarithmic of members reaches m
form, t = log 656, which also solves
12. y
the equation. 6. ln 54.6 ≈ 4
8. e  3.22 ≈ 25 10. −2 12. In (   74 ), or
__ 2
0.5596 14. The student did not convert 1
to logarithmic form correctly. The x
solution should be t = ln 6.125. O 10 20
16. {x | 0 < x <1} 18. For the natural
logarithm the base is e not 10. domain: {x | x > 0}; range: all real
20. log y = x 22. log  a y = x numbers; x-intercept: 1; asymptote:
24. ln 0.0498 ≈ −3 26. log  7 343 = 3 y-axis; end behavior:
  1   32. undefined
28. 8  2 = 64 30. 2  −5 = ___ As x → 0, y → −∞. As x → ∞, y → ∞.
32
34. 5 36. −2 38. a 40. −0.6198
42. 3.7257 44. 1.0986 46. 2.6417
48. 0.6990 50. 3.1 52. Peter’s account
54. a. 183°F b. 19 minutes 56. C

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Topic 6
14. y 14. log  5 2 − log  5 3 16. ln 2 + 5 ln x

x
(y )
9
O 20 40 60 80   x6  20. log (8100x4)
18. ln __
−1
22. log3 (256c5d7) 24. 1.585 26. 1.099
28. 1.131 30. (
log 3 )
−2 log 4
____
    ; 1.262
32. (  ); 1.107 34. (  ); 2.367
−3 log 10 log 100
_____
  ______
 
log 8 log 7
domain: {x | x > 0}; range: all real 36. a. 80 dB b. 10  −8 /m  2 c.
W
1,000
numbers; x-intercept: 1; asymptote: times 38. B, C, A, D 40. Part A 2.3
y-axis; end behavior: Part B 10  0.9, or about 7.94, times
As x → 0, y → ∞. As x → ∞, y → −∞. greater Part C 150 times
16. vertical shrink of __  12 ; asymptote: Lesson 6-6
y-axis (same as parent function);
x-intercept: 1 (same as parent 2. Jordan is incorrect. The equation
function) 18. Reflection of f(x) contains a variable in the base but
shifted 0.5 units to the left. not in the exponent. 4. 2 6. −4
x (extraneous); 11 8. −3.82 10. common
  2   
20. f  −1(x) = log _1  x + 1 22. f  −1(x) = ___
2 8 log; You could use either, but it is easier
(x − 2)
_____
24. f  −1(x) = 2  4 + 3 26. 0.07; 0.05
    to use the common log because of
28. a. magnitude 9.2 b. The size of the 10 on the left side. 12. addition,
the arc can add between 2.2 and 3.7 to product property of logarithms,
the surface wave magnitude, meaning property of equality for logarithmic
the arc size can affect the surface wave equations, expansion, subtraction,
magnitude by up to 1.5. factoring; Both solutions are correct,
but −1 is extraneous. 14. This property
Lesson 6-5 allows you to rewrite the exponents
2. This makes it easier to find the value as products, enabling you to solve the
of the expression on the calculator. equation. 16. 1 18. −1.5; 3 20. 6
4. 2log  67 − log  65 6. 10  −8.9 or 22. 1.4406 24. −0.5638 26. 4.0643
28. 0.09 30. −0.1111 (extraneous); 2
1.259 × 10  −9 8. To expand, separate
32. 0.25 (extraneous)
the factors inside the logarithm into
34. 0; −1 (extraneous) 36. 1.077
separate sums of logarithms. To write a
38. x ≈ 0.604 and x ≈ 7.012
single logarithmic expression, combine
40. x ≈ 0.602 42. 0.068 44. A, D
sums of logarithms into a single
46. Part A f(t) = 94.62 − 15 log (t + 1.1)
logarithm of the product.
Part B about 8 years
10. Emma can check if 62.387 = 72.
12. The student applied the change of
base property incorrectly.

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Selected Answers
Topic 6
Lesson 6-7 36. 7 38. No, she will only have

$1,928.91 saved in the account.
2. Denzel thought the common ratio
40. $9,211.88 42. D
was 7, but 0(7) does not equal 7, so
the sequence is not geometric. Topic Review
4. The terms increase; the terms
2. natural logarithm 4. decay factor
  1 ; −__
decrease. 6. __   1 , −___
  1  , −  ___
1  
4 4 16 64 6. common logarithm 8. domain: all
8. −5; 1,250, −6,250, 31,250 real numbers; range: y > 0; y-intercept:
10. 160 points; 310 points 400; asymptote: y = 0; end behavior:
12. He added terms 5 and 6 together. As x → –∞, y → ∞. As x → ∞, y → 0.
The actual answer is 432. 14. 33 feet 10. $1,558.17 12. domain: all real
numbers; range: y > 0; y-intercept 0.5;
{−3a  n−1, if n > 1

1, if n = 1 asymptote: y = 0 14. $6,057.19
16. yes; a  n =
16. f(x) = 35.12(1.18)x 18. $16,559.53
18. no 20. no 20. log 100 = 2 22. ex = 20 24. 4
1,024, if n = 1 26. –0.598 28. 49 30. domain: x > 0;
{   a  n−1, if n > 1

22. a  n = __
  
1 range: all real numbers; x-intercept:
2 7.389; asymptote: x = 0; as x → 0,
y → −∞; as x → ∞, y → ∞
{2a  n−1, n > 1
35, n = 1
24. a  n =     y x
O 2 6 8
n−1
26. a  n = (   2 ) 
__ −2
3
28. 252 30. −4,372 −4
8
)  n−1; 2,040
32.   ∑ 8(2 −6
n=1
−8
5 n−1 31
34. ( ) 1  __
  ∑  __   1    ; _____
   
n=1 5 2 80
32. f –1(x) = log5 8x + 2
log 486
34. ln 4 36. 2.183 38. ______
   ; 3.179
log 7
40. 0 42. 8.220 44. –4; 8 46. 0.069
{5a  n−1, if n > 1

−2, if n = 1
48. yes 50. a  n =   

40  54. 17,190 years
52. 121 ___
81

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Selected Answers
Topic 7
Lesson 7-1 38.

1
adjacent I. sin 𝜃 A.  ____
2. cos θ = __________
   ; It is the reciprocal cos 𝜃
hypotenuse 1
hypotenuse II. sec 𝜃 B.  ____
of __________
   , which is sec θ. Cosine and sin 𝜃
adjacent 1
____
III. tan 𝜃 C.   cot 𝜃

sine are related through cofunction
1
identities, not reciprocal identities. IV. cos 𝜃 D.  ____
sec 𝜃

4. All right triangles have one 90° 1
V. csc 𝜃 E.  ____
angle, so the other two angles are tan 𝜃
1
always complementary. One angle’s VI. cot 𝜃 F.  ____
csc 𝜃

adjacent side is the other angle’s
opposite side, so the cosine of one 40. Part A about 12 ft Part B about
angle must equal the sine of the other 32 ft
(90° − θ). 6. Both ratios have the length
Lesson 7-2
of the hypotenuse as their numerator.
Since this length has to be greater than 2. 𝜃 and its reference angle can be
either of the lengths of the opposite or supplementary, but they do not have
adjacent sides, the ratio will be greater to be. If 𝜃 is in Quadrant I, for example,
5
than 1 or less than −1. 8. sin 𝜃 = __
  13   the reference angle is equal to 𝜃.
  3 , cos θ =  __
10. sin θ = __ 5 ,
4 , csc θ =  __ 4. Since the circumference of a unit
5 5 3 circle is 2π, each quadrant covers __  14  or  __2π .
  5 , cot θ =  __
sec θ = __ 4  12. sec 𝜃 =  _____
1  
4 3 cos 𝜃 You can compare the angle measures in
14. sec 𝜃 = csc(90° − 𝜃) 16. 7.3 feet radians to 0, __  2π , π, and __
  3π
2
  to determine
18. Sine is opposite over hypotenuse. The
in which quadrant the angle falls.
hypotenuse will always be longer than
6. 65° 8. Quadrant I 10. −90° 12. 60°
the other sides, and none of the sides
  11π  16. Quadrant II
π  or ____
opp
can be negative, so sine is  _________ , which is 14. − ___
hyp 6 6
always between 0 and 1. 18. The student used the formula to
1
1 = __________
  adjacent hypotenuse
___________ solve for radians, not degrees:
20. sec θ =  _____ ___________ =    
cos θ   hypotenuse
   adjacent
  2π × ___
__   180 180π
____ ___180
π =   2π =   2  = 90°.
__
20. (__  ) 22. 240°, −120°, 600°
8 6
22. 4 ft 24. sin θ = __
  10  , cos θ =  __  , √3
10    
  1 , ___
2 2
  86 , csc θ =  __
tan θ = __ 10
  10
 , sec θ = __   68 
 , cot θ = __
8 6 24. 285° 26. 56°
16 12 16
26. sin θ =  __  , cos θ =  __  , tan θ =  __  ,
20 20 12 28. y
20 20 48
csc θ = __
  16 , sec θ =  __ 12
  28. sin θ =  __ 52
 ,
cos θ = __   20
52
48
 , tan θ =  __
20 __
 , csc θ =  __ 52
48
 , __
√
2  √
2  x
cot θ = __   20   30. sin θ =   ___  , cos θ =   ___  
48 2 2
32. sec 𝜃 = csc(90° − 𝜃) 34. 24.5 ft
36. 41.4 in.

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Selected Answers
Topic 7
30. y 10. tan (−45°)= −1 12. No, the tangent

of 270° is undefined because cos 270°=0.
14. The student found the cosine of
x 135° rather than its reciprocal__function,
secant. The secant of 135° is √ 2 .
16. No, a reference angle must be an
acute angle, which by definition must
measure between 0° and 90°.
5 𝜋 radians
18.  __
3 __
32. √
y
  5π = __
20. sin ___ 1 ; cos = ___   3
  5π = −___
6 2 6 2
22. sin 270° = −1; cos 270° = 0;
x coordinates of terminal point are __
(0, −1). 24. sin θ = ___ 7𝜋  = √ 
  15  26. tan  ___ 3
__ 17 3 __
28. sec −315° = √2 ; csc −315° = __√
2 ;
2 3
  √
cot −315° = 1 30. sec 750° =  ____  ;
__ 3
csc 750° = 2; cot
__ 750°
√
__ = 3  32. Sample:
34. y
The point (4√2 , 4√2 ) represents a
position that is about 5.7 km east and
about 5.7 km north of the valley.
x 34. 96 ft 36. a. (8, −13.9)
b. about 16 ft 38. A
Lesson 7-4
𝜋 , not  __
2𝜋 , or  __
2. The period is  ___ 𝜋 .
4 2 4
4. −1 ≤ y ≤ 1; The range is from
  𝜋  38. 150° 40. about
36. 0.35 or __ minimum to maximum; the amplitude
9
3.38 km 42. ≈ 0.31 radians 44. B is half that distance. 6. period: 4𝜋;
1 
amplitude:  __
2
Lesson 7-3  12 : y = __
8. period __   12  cos (4πx);
2. Hugo may have thought that an period 2: y =  __12  cos (πx);
angle in standard position, with
5𝜋 period 4: y =  __12  cos ( __2π x)
measure  __
2
 , is in Quadrant III or IV,
y
where the sine is negative. 4. They 1
y = 1 cos 4πx y = 1 cos πx
have the same reference angle and are 2 2
0.5
both in quadrants (I and IV respectively)
x
where cosine is __ positive. O
−π π
√
3  1 
6. sin 120° =  ___ ; cos 120° = − __ −0.5
__2 2 y = 1 cos π x
√3
  2 2
8. c os 𝜃 = − ___  −1
2
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Selected Answers
Topic 7
10. The student used the value of a 10. The function for y = tan x is
instead of the value of b in the formula undefined at all the odd integer
for the period of a function. The period multiples of __   2π  or 90°. 12. all the odd
is 3π. 12. The graph of y = csc x is multiples (positive and negative) of  __2π 
undefined where y = 0 on the graph of 14. Cosine and secant are even; all the
y = sin x. 14. amplitude: __   1 ; period: 16π others are odd. 16. domain:
2
16. frequency: __   1π ; average rate of {x : x ≠  __𝜋2  + n𝜋, where n is an integer};
−3 3
change: varies between  ___ __
π and   π , the range: (−∞, ∞); period: 𝜋;
average rate of change over the whole zeros: {x : x = n𝜋, where n is an integer}
𝜋  x
interval [0, π] is 0. 18. y = 2 sin  __
4 asymptotes: any multiple of  __𝜋2 
20. a. 12 h 25 min b. 3 ft
18.
c. D(t) = 3cos (____  t) + 5 22. A
24π y
  149
4
Lesson 7-5
2
2. The period of the tangent function x
is π. 4. The coefficient compresses the O π π 3π
 12 .
graph vertically by a factor of __ −2
2 2
y
4
There is a vertical stretch that makes the
2
graph look more straight than the parent
O x
function y = cot x. The horizontal stretch
π π 3π
2 2 changes the period of the function from
−2
π (for y = cot x) to 2π.
−4
20. y
4
6. The range of sine and cosine is all
2
real numbers from −1 to 1, inclusive;
x
the range of cosecant and secant is all −π −π O π π
real numbers greater than or equal to 2 2
−2
1 or less than or equal to −1. The values
they all share are ± 1. 8. The graph has −4
been shifted up one unit. This is the The domain of y = csc x is
correct graph for y = sec x: {x: x ≠ nπ where n is an integer}.
y The graph has a vertical asymptote
4
wherever x = nπ, for some integer n,
2 which is where the graph of sin x = 0.
x The range of sin x is {x: 0 ≤ x ≤ 0},
−π −π O π π
2 2 whereas the graph of y = csc x
−2 approaches +∞ on one side of the
−4 asymptote and −∞ on the other side.

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Selected Answers
Topic 7
22. a. h = 8 tan θ 14. The zeros of y = sin(x + __   3π ) are

b.   3π units of the zeros of
shifted left __
y = sin x.
8
6
16. y
1
4
x
2 −π O π
−1
0
0 20 40
24. B 18. y
x
Lesson 7-6 −π O π
2. A phase shift is a horizontal −1

translation of a periodic function. −2
  1  sin [__
4. y = __   3  (x − 2𝜋)] + 5
6 4
6. amplitude:  __13 ; period: π; phase shift:
left  __π2 units; vertical shift: down 1 unit 20. amplitude: __   23 ; period: 2π; phase
shift: left  __3π units; vertical shift: up
8. y
2 3 units; maximum: 3 __23 ; minimum: 2 __31 
1   1  sin (x − ___
22. y = __   3𝜋 ) + 1
x 2 2
−π O π   π )
24. a. V(t) = 40 cos(188t + __
2
−1
b. V(t) = 40 cos [188 ( t + ____  π  )]
376
−2 𝜋
___ π
____
c. 40 d.     e. shift left     units
94 376
10. The student did not first factor out f. y
a 3. The phase shift is left __  6π  units. 40
12. The graph of 20

y =  __41  cos[3(x − __ 3 )]
  2π + 2is compressed x
1
by a factor of  __4 , shifted right  __ 2π
units, −π O π
3 48 48
−20
and shifted up 2 units from the graph
of y = cos x. The horizontal shift does −40
not affect the domain and range
of the function. The compression 26. a. yes b. no c. no d. yes
factor divides the range interval by
one-fourth and the vertical shift up
2 units adds 2 units to the compressed
range interval.
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Selected Answers
Topic 7
__ __
28. Part A Sample: y = sin (x + 2π) 32. sec −135° = −√2 ; csc −135° = −√2 ;
Part B Sample: y = sin (x − 2π) cot −135° = 1 34. sin 𝜃 = − __4 
Part C The period of the sine function 5
π ;
  1 ; period:  __
36. amplitude: __
is 2π. Part D infinitely many; The sine 4 2
function has a period of 2π, so the   2π 38. amplitude: 4;
frequency: __
graph repeats on every interval of period: π; frequency:  __ 1 40. y = 3 cos  __
1 x
π 2
2π. There are an infinite number of 42. The graph is compressed vertically,
intervals of 2π, so there are an infinite which makes the graph look more
number of equations that will map the straight than the parent function
sine function onto itself. y = cot x. The horizontal compression
changes the period of the function
Topic Review
  3π .
from π to __
2. initial side 4. amplitude
y
6. phase shift
  6  ; cos 𝜃 =  ___
8. sin 𝜃 = ___ 8  ; tan 𝜃 =  __
6 ;
10 10 8 x
−π −π O π π
csc 𝜃 = ___   10 ; sec 𝜃 =  ___
10 ; cot 𝜃 =  __
8 
2 2
6 8 6 −1
10. sin 𝜃 = ___   5  ; cos 𝜃 =  ___ 12 ; tan 𝜃 =  ___ 5  ;
13 13 12
44. h = 10 tan 𝜃; .
csc 𝜃 = ___   13 ; sec 𝜃 =  ___13 ; cot 𝜃 =  ___
12 
5 12 5 h
  34π 
10
12. cosecant 14. 67° 16. 155° 18. ____
45
4π
___ __π
20.     22.    in Quadrant III
9 4
24. For angle measures in radians, 5
the arc length subtended by the
angle in the unit circle is equal to
the angle measure.
__ θ
√
26. sin ___   3
  4π  = −___   4π  = −__
 ; cos  ___   1  0
0 π
3 2 3 __
2 2
√
5π  = __
28. sin  ___   1 ; cos  ___   3
5π  = −___  
  46. amplitude: 4; period: 2π; phase shift:
6 2 6 2
__ 4π units to the left; vertical shift: 8 units
√ 
30. tan 120° = −___   3  down 48. y = 2 cos(x + __  π ) + 1
2 4

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Topic 8
Lesson 8-1 4. The Law of Sines is used to solve

for a side or angle measure when you
2. The inverse of y = cos(x) does not
have a side and angle pair (a and A, for
pass the vertical line test. In order to
example), and one more side or angle.
talk about the inverse as a function,
The Law of Cosines is used to find an
the domain has to be restricted.
angle when you have all three sides or
4. The student gave the measures of
to find a side when you have the other
the angles for which the sine is 0. The
two sides and the included angle.
angles whose sine is 1 are __  π  + 2πn.
2 6. about 64.7° 8. about 4.3 10. about
𝜋  8. 56.1° + (360°)k,
6. 60° or  __ 6.9 12. No, Lourdes is not correct.
3
To use the Law of Sines, you need a
123.9° + (360°)k, where k is an integer corresponding side and angle, plus one
10. 𝜃 = 124° and 304° 12. The inverse other side or angle. If you have sides
relations would not be functions a and b, and angle C, for example, it
because there would be multiple would not work. 14. Since cos 140°
y-values for the same x-value. is negative, the student should have
14. Cosine θ is never greater than 1.
𝜋 b. −3.6 c. − __
𝜋 18. Answers added 193.03 to 277 to get a  2 = 470.03.
16. a.  __ __ Then a = 21.68.
8 2
may vary. Sample: 2 sin 𝜃 + √ 3  = 0
𝜋  22. 135° or  __
3𝜋
16. c  2 = a  2 + b  2 − 2ab(cos 90)
20. 30° or  __   and c  2 = a  2 + b  2 − 2ab(0)
6 4
−45° or −  __𝜋4  24. 39.8° + (360°)k, c  2 = a  2 + b  2 − 0
140.2° + (360°)k, where k is an integer c  2 = a  2 + b  2
26. −23.0° + (360°)k, −157.0° + (360°)k, This is the Pythagorean Theorem.
5𝜋 ,  ____
11𝜋 18. Draw the altitude from G, label its
where k is an integer 28.  ___  
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 6 6 length x.
__ ___ ___
30.    ,    ,    ,
4 4 4
7𝜋  32. about 1.03 minutes
 ___   x  and sin F = __
sin E = __   ex 
4 f
34. a. 120 mi b. about 2.13 s f sin E = x and e sin F = x
36. 1:46 a.m. 38. B
f sin E = e sin F
Lesson 8-2
  sine 
_____ E =  ____
sin 
F
f
2. The Law of Sines can give zero, one,
20. about 23.5° 22. one: m∠Y ≈ 16.1°
or two solutions. When solving for an
24. zero 26. about 33.6°
unknown angle, if the solution is an
28. about 73.1° 30. about 79.9°
acute angle, then you will need to use
32. about 43.2 yd 34. about 40.1°
that answer to find a second angle. If
36. B
there is no solution, the Law of Sines
gives no valid solutions.

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Topic 8
Lesson 8-3 24. −cos x

sin(α − β)
2. Because sin(−x) = −sin x, the sine 26. tan(α − β) = _________
   
cos(α − β)
function is odd; however since
cos(−x) = cos x, the cosine function is sin α cos β − sin β cos α
= ____________________
  
 
an even function. 4. The cofunction cos α cos β + sin α sin β
identities were derived using the unit sin α cos β − sin β cos α
____________________
  
    
circle, which defines the trigonometric cos α cos β
__________________
=  
    
ratios for every real-number angle cos α cos β + sin α sin β
____________________
  
    
measure. cos α cos β
6. sin θ ∙ sec θ ∙ cot θ ≟ 1 sin α cos β _________ sin β cos α
_________
  −  
  cos θ ≟ 1
cos α cos β cos α cos β
  1 ∙ ____
sin θ ∙ ____ ____________________
=   
     
cos θ sin θ cos α cos β _________
_________ sin α sin β
  +  
cos α cos β cos α cos β
sin θ ∙  ____ cos θ  ≟ 1
1   ∙  ____
sin β
sin α − _____
cos θ sin θ _____
  cos  
α cos β
1=1 ✓ = ____________
        
sin α sin β
__ __ 1 + __________

√
6  − √
2  cos α cos β
8. sec θ 10.  _______
  12. Select one side
4 tan α − tan β
of the equation and transform it until = _____________
  
    
it is the same as the other side of the 1 + tan α tan β
__ __ __ __
equation. √ √ √ 2+√
  − 6 − ;
28. _______ 2    6
−0.966 30.  _______ 
 ; 0.966
4 4
sin(−x) 32. y = 2 sin(1,320πx)
14. tan(−x) =  _______ 
cos(−x)
sin x 34. F = Mg sin θ sec θ
= − _____
cos x 
36. a. cos  2 x b. sin  2 x + 2cos2x
= −tan x
  xr 
__ 38. Part A 𝜃 = 13.3°
  cos 𝜃
16. cot 𝜃 = ____ __
=   y   =  __xr  ∙ __
  yr   =  __xy  2
sin 𝜃 __
  r  v cos 𝜃
Part B sin 𝜃 =  _______
_________ gR
18. sin θ = ± √
1 − cos  2 θ Lesson 8-4
  1   =  _____

20. csc(−𝜃) = ______ 1 = −csc 𝜃; 2. To find a complex conjugate, reflect
sin(−𝜃) −sin 𝜃 over the real x-axis. Reflecting over the
therefore cosecant is an odd function. real x-axis affects only the y-coordinate,
or the imaginary part of the complex
  1   =  _____
22. cot(−𝜃) = ______ 1 = −cot 𝜃;
tan(−𝜃) −tan 𝜃 number. Casey took the opposite of
therefore cotangent is an odd function. both parts of the complex number. The
complex conjugate of 7 + 3i is 7 − 3i.

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Topic 8
4. Opposite sides of a parallelogram 18. i

4i
are congruent. The side formed by
−3 + 2i
the two points and the side that is the 2i
modulus of the difference are opposite R
sides when graphed as a parallelogram, −6 −4 −2 O 2
so they must be ___ the same length. −2i
−3 − 2i
6. (–6, 2) 8. √ 41  10. –4.5 – 0.5i
−4i
12. No, LaTanya is not correct. The
slope of ¯   −9
  is ___
RP  . This reduces to −3, ____
3 20. (2, –2) 22. √
340  ≈ 18.44
but she needed to count down 9 and
right 3 from point S, not down 3 and 24. i
8i 11 + 6i
right 1. The point T should be at (8, 2).
14. Using the Distance Formula: 4i 18 + 2i
_____________________
R
d=√
x  2 − x  1)  2 + (y  2 − y  1)  2 
(
    O 4 8 12 16
___________________
d=√
x  2− 0) 2 + (y  2− 0) 2 
(
   −4i
7 − 4i
____________
d=√ x  2)  2 + (y  2)  2  Using the
(
   modulus −8i
formula gives:
______________
26. i
modulus = √
(a
   + bi)(a − bi)  4i
____________________
modulus = √   
a  2 + abi − abi −(bi)  2  2i 15 + i
_________
R
modulus = √ a  2 − b  2i  2  O
___________ 5 10 15 20
modulus = √ a
    2 − b  2(−1)  −2i
_______ 23 − 2i
modulus = √ a  2 + b  2  −4i 8 − 3i
Since x  2 = a and y  2 = b, ____ ____

____________ _______ 28. √ 265  ≈ 16.28 30. √
157  ≈ 12.53
√
x  2)  2 + (y  2)  2 
(
   = √ a  2 + b  2  32. 9.2 + 0.8i ohms 34. I. 0.5 – 8.5i
16. Using a parallelogram with the II. 4 + 14i III. –11 + 8i 36. Part A 4 + i
given complex numbers models Part B –2 + 3.5i and 2 + 3.5i ___ Part C The___
addition only. In order to model segments have lengths 41  units, √
√ 41 
subtraction, you have to write the units, and 4 units.
subtraction problem as adding a
negative, or the opposite, instead.

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Topic 8
Lesson 8-5  𝜋 ; z  = 4 cis ___

36. z  1 = 2 cis __  5𝜋 ; z  1z  2 = 8
__ 6 2 3
___11𝜋 √
2. Lucas subtracted __   7𝜋 3𝜋
  and  __   instead cis   6 ; 4 3  − 4i
4 4
of adding them. The correct answer is 38. 2,025 cis −4.43; −567 + 1,944i
  5𝜋
6 cis __  . 4. Answers may vary. Sample: 5π  = −√ 3  + i amps
__
2
The argument of a complex number tells 40. 2 cis  ___
__
6 __
you its direction from the __
origin in the 42. [2√ 2
  ] [−][2√ 2
  ]
complex plane. 6. 10√ 2  cis ___   3π 
__ 4 44. Part A
8. −3 + 3√ 3  i 10. 21 cis __   3π   5π
  12. 21 cis __   _____________________________
d = √ (   
4 3
14. −8i 16. Use the formula r  1)  2 + (r  2)  2 − 2r  1r  2cos(𝜃  2 − 𝜃  1) 
z  n= r  n cis n𝜃. 18. Draw a segment Part B Yes, you get the same formula:
3 units long from the origin at an angle _____________________________
of  __ 5𝜋
 with the real axis. 20. Both points d = √ (   
r  1)   2 + ( r  2)   2 − 2r  1r  2cos(𝜃  2 − 𝜃  1)  
6
are 4 units from the origin and since − __𝜋6  Part C 7.74
and ___   11𝜋
6
 differ by a multiple of 2π, the
points are at the same location. Topic Review
22. y
2. trigonometric identity 4. real axis
4 6. modulus of a complex number
𝜋  10. −45° or  ___
8. 60° or  __ −𝜋  12.  __
𝜋 ,  ___
7𝜋 
(−√3, 1) 2 3 4 6 6
x 14. The domain of inverse sine must be
−4 −2 O 2 4 equal to the range of the sine function,
−2 or [−1, 1]. 16. 23.4° 18. 43.5° 20. Use
Law of Sines when you know the
−4
measures of two angles of a triangle
and a side opposite one of the angles
24. y
4 or you know the measures of two sides
and an angle opposite one of the sides.
(− 12 , √32 ( 2 x
When you know the measures of two
sides and their included angle, use Law
−4 −2 O 2 4 of Cosines.
−2 __ __
√   − √
22. s ec  2     1
x 24. _____________   6
  26. _______  
 2
−4 __ cos  2 x − sin  2 x 4
__ __ __
28. −2 − √ 3  30. sin 2𝜃 = 2sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 ,
√ 3
  1  −  ___
26. __   √ 3√ 2
  32 2  +  ___
 i 28. ___  
 i cos 2𝜃 = cos  2 𝜃 − sin  2 𝜃
2 2 2 ____ __
30. 3.61 cis 5.30 32. 4.24 cis __   5π
  32. (−2, −5i ) 34. √ 233  36. 3√ 5 
4
34. 24 cis π; −24

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Topic 8
__
√  
38. They are equal. The modulus of   3 3
40. ____   3 i
  + __
2 2 __
the complex number z is equal to the
  𝜋 ;
 +i 46. 2 cis __
42. 5.83 cis 1.03 44. 2√ 2
square root of_ the product of z and 4
Answers may vary. Sample: You take
its conjugate z.
Since the complex
the square root of the modulus and
conjugate of the complex_ conjugate of
half the argument to take the square
z is z, the modulus of z is equal to the
root of a complex number in polar
same expression.
form.

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Topic 9
Lesson 9-1 20. (x − 2)  2 + (y − 4)  2 = 9;

2. A conic section is the curved shape y
that results from taking a cross-section
of a double right cone. 4. The parabola 6
opens downward and the vertex is
1  , the focus is
(0, 0). Since a = −4, c = − ___ 4
16
( 16 )
1   and the directrix is y = ___
0, − ___   1  .
1
16 2
__ 2
6. y =     x  8. a. (0, 0) b. y = ax  c. 3 2
8 x
d. y =  __ 1   x  2 10. y = __
  1   x  2 12. The
12 16 −2 O 2 4 6
student wrote a correct equation, but
interpreted incorrectly. The vertex is
(0, 4), not (4, 0), and since the parabola 22. (x + 5)  2 + (y + 3)  2 = 16;
opens left and c = − __12 , the directrix is
y
x = __  12 , not x = −2. 14. The y-intercept is x
−8 −6 −4 −2 O
(0,  __ )
1  . 16. y = − __
1  x  2 18. a. (0, 0)
−2
3 8
b. x = y  2
a c. focal length = 5 −4
1   y  2 20. (0, 40) 22. a. x = −2
d. x = − __
20 −6
b. 10 units 24. a. Answers may vary.
  1   x  2 b. 3 feet 26. C
Sample: y = ___
48   9 ;
24. (x + 4)  2 + (y − 1)  2 = __
4
Lesson 9-2 y
4
2. Given the center (h, k) and the radius
2
r, substitute values into the standard
x
form of the equation of a circle, O
−6 −4 −2 2
(x − h)  2 + (y − k)  2 = r  2. 4. Use the
−2
Midpoint Formula to find the midpoint
of the diameter. This point is the center ___
−4
of the circle. 6. (−3, −7); 7 8. (9, 4); √ 11 
10. (x + 3)  2 + (y − 9)  2 = 16 12. 17π 26. The equation of this circle in
14. (x + 4)  2 + (y − 5)  2 = 12 standard form is (x + 3)  2 + (y + 2)  2 = 4.
16. (x − 4)  2 + (y − 4)  2 = 16 The circle has center (−3, −2) and
18. x  2 + y  2 = 2.2  2 radius 2. 28. The equation of this circle
in standard form is
(x − 6)  2 + (y + 4)  2 = 49. The circle has
center (6, −4) and radius 7.
30. (2, 2) and (−2, −2)
32. (3, −4) and (−4, −3)
34. (x − 5)2 + ( y + 3)2 = 25
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Topic 9
36. a. (32, 20) 16. y

4
b. (x − 32)  2 + (y − 20)  2 = 1,600
2
c. y
60 x
−4 O 4
40
−2
Cell Tower
20
−4
Talisha’s House x
O 20 40 60 18. y
−20
2
d. Yes; the graph of the circle, which
x
represents the range of the cell −4 −2 O 2 4
phone tower, includes Talisha’s −2
house.
38. D
2 y   2 2 y   2
  x    +  ___  = 1 22.  ___
20. ___ x    +  ___  = 1;
Lesson 9-3 36 121 900 275
about 33 inches 24. a. The ellipse is
2. The co-vertices are the endpoints horizontal. The major axis is 60 feet
of the minor axis. 4. The greatest long, so 2a = 60. Therefore,
measure is a, the distance from the a = 30 feet. b. The ellipse is horizontal.
center to one vertex on the major axis. The minor axis is 30 feet long, so
The distance b is from the center to 2b = 30.
one of the co-vertices, which is on the Therefore, b = 15 feet.
shorter minor axis, and c is the distance 2 y 2
x + ___
c. ___ = 1
from the center to one of the foci, 900 225
which is along the major axis but in the 26. about 41.5 m 28. B
interior of the ellipse, so it is shorter
Lesson 9-4
than a. 6. vertices: (−3, −5) and (5, −5);
co-vertices:__(1, −3) and (1, −7)__ 2. While one side of a hyperbola appears
8. (−5 + 2√ 3 , 9) and (−5 − 2√ 3 , 9), or to have the same shape as a parabola,
approximately (−1.5, 9) and (−8.5, 9) the relationships that define the points
_______ _______
√ √ on a hyperbola are different from those
  36 − x and Y2 = − ________
  36 − x
2 2
10. Y1 = ________ that define the points on a parabola.
3 3
12. a. vertical b. (–5, 0) and (5, 0) 4. The asymptotes are lines that intersect.
c. (0, –7) and (0, 7) 14. No; the The graph of a hyperbola approaches,
vertices of an ellipse are the points but never intersects, the asymptotes. By
farther away from the center, and drawing the asymptotes on a graph, you
the co-vertices are the points closer can use them as guidelines to sketch the
to the center. hyperbola between them, making sure
the hyperbola approaches, but never
intersects, the asymptotes.
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Topic 9
y 2 2
6. (0, 12) and (0, –12) 28. hyperbola 30. circle 32 ___   x    = 1
   − ____
4 2.25
8. (10, 0) and (–10, 0) y  2 x  2
10 x 12. A focus at (0, 1) 34.  ___  − ___
    = 1 36. Part A For x-values
10. y = ±___ 1 3
of 0, 1, 2, and 3, the expression x  2 − 16
3
means the value of c is 1, so c2= 1. A is negative. The square root of a
vertex at (0, 0.5) means the value of a is negative number results in entries that
0.5, so a2= 0.25. Use the equation a2+ show ERROR. Part B The table shows
b2= c2to find the value of b: _____ that (4, 0) is a vertex of the equation
0.25 + b2= 1, so b2= 0.75 and b = √ 0.75 . y  2 − x  2 + 16 = 0. This means (−4, 0) is
2
y  x  2
14. ___
    −  ___   = 1 also a vertex.
16 9 x  2 __
2 y 
y Part C  __
16
  −   16
  = 1; The value of a  2 is
8
16, so a = 4. This means the vertices are
4 at (−4, 0) and (4, 0).
x
−8 −4 O 4 8
Topic Review
−4 2. transverse axis 4. ellipse 6. parabola
1  y  2 10. A parabola opens
8. x = − ___
−8 16
2 y  2 toward the focus. 12. (x − 2)  2 +
  x    −  ___  = 1
16. ___ (y + 4)  2 = 9
20 58
x  2  − y  2 y
18.  ___  ___  = 1 x
16 9
−2 O 2 4 6
20. 4
y
−2
2 −4
x
−4 −2 O 2 4 −6
−2
___ 2 y   2
−4   x    +  ___  = 1
14. 2√ 23  16. ___
73 9
18. Write the second-degree equation
22. y
4 in general form Ax  2 + Cy  2 + Dx +
2
Ey + F = 0. If A or C (but not both) is
x
zero, then the equation represents a
−4 −2 O 2 4 parabola. If the A and C are equal, then
−2 the equation represents a circle. If A
and C are both positive, but different,
−4 then the equation represents an ellipse.
y   2 2
x    = 1 26. __ y  2
x  2 If A and C have opposite signs, then the
24. ___
  −  ___   25  −  __   = 1; equation represents a hyperbola.
36 81 144
The focus is 8 units behind the mirror.

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Topic 10
Lesson 10-1 36. Part A after 2 seconds:

2. Her answer should be [    ] , [   
50 150   50] [200 200 200]
0 0 100  150  200 +   
  0  0  0 =
−8 0
since −4 − 4 = −8 and not 0. 4. Equal
[   
250 350 250]
100
  150  200
matrices have the same dimensions,
and their corresponding elements are after 5 seconds:
equal. Sample: [    ] = [    ] 6. −6
1 2 1 2
[   
100
]
  150  200 +   
[500 500 500]
  0 
3 4 3 4 0  0 =
50 150   50
8. [ 
−11 11]
10. [   
11 −11]
−3 9 3 −9
 
[   550 650 550]
100
  150  200
12. You would set up equations for
corresponding elements and then Part B after 3 seconds:
[    ] [ 0]
solve for the variable; a = 4, b = 0, c = 6, 100   150  200 + 150      150  150 =
d = −1 14. In the translation matrix, 50 150   50 0 0
[   
50 150   50]
Row 2 should be all 1s since the points 250  300  350
are being translated up 1 unit. The
answer matrix should be [   
−2 2 −1]
−2 −1 −6 after 8 seconds:
    .
[   
100
] [
  150  200 + 400
0]
  400  400 =
16. Matrices A and B have the same   
corresponding elements when they 50 150   50 0 0
[   
50 150   50]
are simplified. 18. The area of the 500  550  600
new square is 9 times the area of the
original square. 20. [   
1.75 2.45 3.85]
2.10 2.80 3.50 Part C
   
[   
100
] [ 0 0 0]
  150  200 + n 50
  50  50
22. [     ] 24. [  
3 −1 0]
−7 1 6 7 −1 −6 50 150   50
 
−3 1 0 for n = 1 to 16
−2 0 −9 1
[ 4 −11] [−3 7]
26. −6  
5 28. −4   −10 Lesson 10-2
2. Because the number of columns in
30. U(20, −4); V(24, 44)
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 0.05⎤
the first matrix, 5, is not equal to the
number of rows in the second matrix, 4
0.11 1  B 34. C
32. a.   b.  ___ 4. The student is not correct. There is
0 60
only one element. 6. [  
1 −2]
⎣ 6.07⎦ 4 7

8. [   ]
[     ] = [  
−3 −1 1]
1 0 −2 1 2 −2 1 2
 
0 −1 3 1 −1
10. If the matrices were not written in
the given order, the number of columns
in the first matrix would not equal the
number of rows in the second matrix.

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Topic 10
___
12. a. a reflection across the x-axis 20. ⟨−1, 10⟩; magnitude = √ 101  ≈ 10.05;
b. a 90° clockwise rotation about the direction ≈ −84.3° or 95.7° 22. ⟨ −8, 19⟩
origin 24. The magnitude of her boat is
14. Yes; they both equal [  
2 −3]
−1 −7 about 15.3 mph in the direction of about
.
236.2°. 26. ⟨−2, 9⟩; magnitude ≈ 9.2;
   1 −3    2
[   9 −7    8]
direction ≈ 102.5° 28. ⟨ −28, −36⟩
16. IQ =   
−4     5   −6
30. ⟨12, −2⟩ 32. horizontal: 17.3 mph;
vertical: 10 mph 34. magnitude 60.8 lb;
18. Snack Bar A 435 ⟨59.8, 10.6⟩ 36. D
[345]
Snack
   Bar B 430
Lesson 10-4
[c  d] , the determinant of A,

Snack Bar C
2. For A = a b
20. a. W = [0.45 0.30 0.25]
b. WG = [93.2 87.25 86.15] 22. D denoted det A, is the value ad – bc.
4. The area of the triangle defined by
Lesson 10-3 vectors ⟨ a, b⟩ and ⟨ c, d⟩ and the matrix
[c  d] is   2  det T . 6. The inverse

T = a
2. She mistakenly added 11 and 2, b __ 1| |
⟶
rather than 11 and −4; AC   = ⟨ 7, 7⟩
⎢ ⎥
4. Since a vector can be represented as does not exist.
⎡ __5  − __ 2  4⎤
a 2 × 1 matrix, its components can be 2 3
transformed by matrix multiplication. 1
8. − 
 
   __    1   −1
__
6. ⟨−3, −7⟩ 8. ⟨ −3, −11⟩; magnitude ≈ 2 3
11.4; direction ≈ 254.7° 10. sum ⟨ 3, 10⟩; ⎣ 1 −  3  2⎦
1
__
difference ⟨9, 10⟩
10. 48 square units 12. No; only square
12. Rather than placing the beginning matrices, with the same number of
⟶ ⟶
of  BC at the terminal point of AB
  , the rows and columns, have an inverse.
student placed it at the origin. Because a 2 × 3 matrix is not a square
matrix, it cannot have an inverse.
y
4 14. Yes; when the product of two
2 matrices equals the identity matrix, the
x
matrices are inverses. Because
  1   __
___ 1 
[ 4  −2] ∙ [

    −  4 ]
   = [   ], the
−4 −2 O 2 4 8 4 16 8 1 0
−2 __1 __ 1 0 1
8
−4 matrices are inverses. 16. Monisha is
not correct because subtraction is not
14. No; even though they have the commutative.
same magnitude, their directions are 3
___ 1  
  ___
[− __14  − __1 ]
opposites. 16. The magnitude of ⇀ v  is 18.      20. P  −1 = [   ]
20 10 4 3
24 kg. 18. ⟨−1, −4⟩;
approximately ___ 1 1
2
√
magnitude = 17  ≈ 4.1; direction ≈ 256°

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Topic 10
22. Q  −1does not exist. 24. MATRICES 18. no solution 20. x = 8, y = 5
ARE FUN 26. 10 square units 22. 2 hr to make one bracelet and 3 hr
⎢ ⎥
28. 16 square units 30. MATHEMATICS to make one necklace
EDITOR 32. 100,000 square feet 34. D ⎡ __1  1 2 ⎤
3
[z] [ ]
x 32
Lesson 10-5 24.   23  
__   __45   1   ∙  y  =  22 
2. The coefficient matrix is 37
⎣ 1 2 2  ⎦
1
__
3   2   0
[ 2    0   6 ]
 0  −1    4  , with an entry for each swimming: 3 mph; biking: 15 mph;
running: 8 mph
26. B 28. Part A { 

variable in each row. 2a = 1
 
4. Express the system as a matrix 2b = 3
  __12 
[ __ 3  ]
Part B [     ][     ] = [    ], [     ] =  
equation. Find the inverse of the 2 0 a 1 a
coefficient matrix. Multiply both sides 0 2 b 3 b
2
of the matrix equation by the inverse Part C N  2 + 3 H  2 → 2NH  3, balanced
matrix. Multiplying the coefficient matrix 2N and 6H on each side.
by its inverse gives the identity matrix. Part D 4Cr + 3O  2 2Cr  2O  3
Multiplying the inverse matrix by the
constant matrix gives the solution matrix. Topic Review
[x] [
  6 −8   2 x −46
[    9    0 −4 ] −35 ]
2. variable matrix 4. scalar multiplication
6. −1
    y
    5    3  ∙     =   29 
6. inverse matrix 8. square matrix
⎢ ⎥
[ 40  10] 12. Matrix P will have
10. −35 5
⎡    __2      __
27 1 ⎤
        __  
7 70 70 the same dimensions as matrix N, 3 × 3.
−2
[ 1]
1 17 11
7. A  −1 − 
   __
 7 − __
  70
 
    __
  −  70
 
  ;
x =   2  Matrix P will have the elements that
are the opposites of the corresponding
⎣ −  7  −  35     −  35  ⎦
2
__ 3
__ 4
__
elements in matrix N.
[−45  9] 16. [−28  3]

−1     2 −3 −1
[ z ] [ −4    12 −6 ]
x   2 14. −13 29 −26 −9
[   2 ]
y
8.        =      2
     −13      9    ∙  −7  
[ 8  −24]

18. 24 −27
10. Sample: Solving a system of
[0  −1] [4  1  0] = [   −4 −1 0]

linear equations using substitution 20. 1 0 1 4 −3   1  4  −3
or elimination usually requires more
[750  550] [20] = [29,750]; $30,000

calculations then solving a system of 30,000
22. 800 500 25
linear equations using matrices.
12. When there are infinitely many at Store X, $29,750 at Store Y 24. ⟨ 4, 4⟩;
solutions, e = f. When there are no
⟨−18, 14⟩ 26. ¯   MN is rotated 180°. 28. 12
solutions e ≠ f. 14. [  y  ] = [    ]
x 4 1  __
__ 1 
[− __2  __1 ]
3
30.   6   6
16. [ 
−12 −2 ] [ y ] [ 6 ]
   8   1 x −1
      ∙     =  
3 3

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Topic 10
det A c d]
[
32. Carla used A  −1 = _____   1   a
  b to The first row in the coefficient matrix
represents the first equation in the
find the inverse instead of
system, so the first equation is 4x + 9y +
  1   [  d  −b] .
A  −1 = _____ z = 3. The second row in the coefficient
det A −c a
matrix represents the second equation
1  − __
__ 1 
[ 2 ]
4 2 in the system, so the second equation
The inverse is     .
−  1
__  −2 is 8x − 2y = 10. The third row in the
coefficient matrix represents the third
34. x = 6, y = −2 equation in the system, so the third
36. The first column in the coefficient equation is
{
matrix represents the coefficients of x. −7x + 3y + 2z = 6.
The second column in the coefficient 4x + 9y + z = 3
matrix represents the coefficients of y.
The system is: 8x − 2y = 10.
The third column in the coefficient
matrix represents the coefficients of z. −7x + 3y + 2z = 6
The values in the matrix on the right 37. $1 for each folder and $5 for each
side of the equation represent the notebook
numbers on the right side of the equal
sign for three equations in the system.

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Topic 11
Lesson 11-1 Part B Sample: What percent of

students in a high school attend home
2. The survey was conducted on a
football games?
qualitative, or categorical, variable,
Part C Joshua may have been surprised
rather than a quantitative variable.
that the median values were so high
4. The population is the 1,560 students
because, in his experience, student
that attend Hana’s high school.
attendance at home high school
6. The statistical variable is the
football games is considerably lower.
number of TV sets owned by families.
It is quantitative because it asks for an Lesson 11-2
amount, rather than a brand or type
of TV set. 2. bias 4. sample survey 6. The
8. Yes; this is a scatter plot that method is biased because the doctor
represents the answers given by is using patients’ medical records to
students of different ages to a question assign them to a group rather than
about the number of hours spent assigning them randomly. 8. Control
studying. group—people with psoriasis given
10. The population should be all the a placebo; Experimental group—
residents of the city of Detroit, since it people with psoriasis given the new
is a city tax, rather than a state tax. medication; Everyone’s medication
12. a. No; it is a question to which there looks and feels the same, so no one
is only one answer. b. Yes; this is a knows whether the cream is a placebo
question to which multiple responses or medication. 10. a. The manager
are anticipated. 14. a. The sample could randomly ask several employees
is the 40 students the biology teacher within each department. b. The
randomly selected to participate in his manager could conduct a survey
survey. b. The population is all of of every 10th employee in the
the students in all 5 of this biology alphabetized employee list. 12. Yes;
teacher’s classes. 16. a. Yes; it is a he sampled plants from only one tray,
statistical question that can be so the sample is not random.
answered by collecting the responses of 14. Randomly assign people age 65 and
many people. b. No; it is a question for older to either the control group or the
which there is only one answer. experimental group. The experimental
18. This is a quantitative statistical group will participate in warm water
question because the responses are therapy and the control group will not.
numerical in nature and can be used Bias may result because the control
in calculations. 20. parameter group could be aware that they are not
22. Part A The population is high receiving any treatment. There is no
schools in the state. The sample is the placebo for warm water therapy.
list of high schools that were surveyed. 16. Control group—use the same growing
This data are quantitative, because the techniques as before; Experimental
percents reported can be compared. group—use the new fertilizer

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Topic 11
18. a. Since it says the proposed site 6. mean: 6.3; standard deviation: ≈ 2.63;
of an “upscale” shopping center, minimum: 2.25; 1st quartile: 3.9;
the developer wants to be sure the median: 6.45; 3rd quartile: 8.8;
people in the surrounding area will maximum: 10.5
have enough money to spend at this 8. The data distribution is skewed right
type of venue. b. The market research (positive) because the long tail of the
company will have to use demographic data values is on the right side of the
data provided by the federal distribution. 10. Maurice is correct
government. that the distribution is skewed right.
Maurice incorrectly concluded that
20.
the mean is less than the median. The
Yes No mean is greater than the median.
A manager surveys every fourth customer 12. mean: 28.4;
about their level of satisfaction with their ❑ ✓
❑ standard deviation: 13.0; minimum:
shopping experience. 9; first quartile: 17; median: 27; third
When a school district wishes to get quartile: 39; and maximum: 50
feedback on the district’s new webpage, ✓ 14. mean: 17.6;
they survey the entire population of
❑ ❑
standard deviation: 8.5; minimum: 5;
randomly selected schools.
first quartile: 10; median: 17;
When Sheila wanted to find out what type
third quartile: 24; and maximum: 33
of music was most popular among the ✓
students in her history class, she asked the
❑ ❑ 16. Skewed right, so median and
two students who sat on either side of her. interquartile range best represent the
The quality control officer of a ladder data set; median: 3.7;
manufacturer walked into the shop, pulled interquartile range: 1.4 18. skewed left
the five closest ladders, and gave them ✓
❑ ❑ 20. skewed right 22. skewed left;
several stress tests checking for potential median = 17.5; interquartile range = 8.5
defects.
24. skewed right; median = 9.1;
22. Part A: The method was systematic interquartile range = 9.45 26. a. mean:
sampling. Yes; it does seem valid. 86.79; standard deviation: 10.74
Part B: Based upon the results of the b. minimum: 60; first quartile: 80;
survey, it can be predicted that about median: 90.5; third quartile: 95; and
75% of the store’s customers would maximum: 98 c. Because there is
favor the expansion. Part C: categorical a long tail of data to the left, the
distribution is skewed left. d. The test
Lesson 11-3 was an easy test because more students
received higher scores, leading to a
2. The graph of a model that is normally distribution that is skewed left.
distributed has a bell-shaped curve that 28. This distribution is skewed right. That
is symmetric about the mean. means that the median price will be less
4. The data distribution is skewed left than the mean, so the real estate agent
because the long tail of data values is should report the mean to encourage her
on the left side of the distribution. client to increase the asking price. 30. D
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Topic 11
Lesson 11-4 18. Holly scoring 25 points represents

z = 2.5, and Juanita scoring 16 points
2. The z-score counts how many
represents z = 3.2; Juanita scored better
standard deviations a data value is
relative to her average. 20. 0.8944, or
from the mean, because it divides the
89.44% 22. 0.6844, or 68.44%
distance from the mean by the distance
24. 0.0119, or 1.19% 26. −2
of a standard deviation. 4. 86.4
28. 0.6 30. a. mean: 739.4; standard
6. –1.5 8. To verify the Empirical Rule 4
deviation: 62.16 b. __
  15  or 26.7% of
for 68%, subtract the percentile for a
the games had at least 808 people
z-score of –1 from the percentile for
a z-score of 1: (84.1345) – (15.8655) =   80862.16
in attendance. c. z-score: z = _________ − 739.4
 
68.269 ≈ 68%. To verify it for 95%, ≈1.104, 13.48% of games would have
subtract the percentile for a z-score had at least 808 people in attendence if
of –2 from the percentile for a z-score the data were normally distributed.
of 2: (97.725) – (2.275) = 95.45 ≈ 95%. 32. Interval Probability (%)
To verify it for 99.7%, subtract the
percentile for a z-score of –3 from the at most 43 93.69%
percentile for a z-score of 3: (99.865) – at least 48 0.66%
(0.135) = 99.73 ≈ 99.7% 10. If the between 32 and 38 43.38%
standard deviation of the scores on at least 41.6 10.35%
the English test were less than half between 30.2 and 42.6 74.75%
the standard deviation of the scores at most 36.25 59.44%
on the French test, her z-score would
be greater on the English test. For 34. Part A mean: 75; standard
example, if the standard deviation of deviation: 7.86; first quartile: 74; third
the English test scores was 2 and the quartile: 80; interquartile range: 6
standard deviation of the French test Part B The product of 1.5 and the
scores was 8, then Skyler’s test score interquartile range is 1.5(6) = 9°F.
of 88 on the English test would be 2 The data value 49°F is more than 9°F
standard deviations above the mean, below the first quartile. So, 49°F is an
and Skyler’s test score on the French outlier. Part C The data value 49°F is
test would be 1 standard deviation more than 3 standard deviations, or
above the mean. 12. a. –2 or 2 3(7.86) = 23.58°F, below the mean.
b. Answers may vary. Sample: If the So, 49°F is an outlier.
mean or standard deviation changes,
Tyler’s cost might have a different Lesson 11-5
z-score. 14. greater than 65,000 2. The teacher used the mean for
miles 16. 2.5% categorical data, not for quantitative
data. The margin of error should have
been 1.

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Topic 11
4. Use the formula 10. Since the variable n represents

Margin of Error =   ___ 2σ__  when given the sample size, the larger the value
√n 
quantitative data. Use the formula of n, the larger the denominator will
Margin of Error =  ___ 1__  when given be. Since the denominator represents
√n  the divisor, the larger the divisor,
categorical data. 6. 4%; ±3%
the smaller the quotient will be, which
8. ±8.4 10. Tripling a sample size
in this case is the margin of error.
means that the margin of error is
1__ , or about 0.58. 12. Null hypothesis: The strength
multiplied by  ___
√3
  training did not improve the runner’s
This means the margin of error is speed in the 100-yd dash, H  0: μ ≥ 18.
about 58% of its original value. Alternative hypothesis: The strength
12. The student should have used the training improved the player’s speed
2σ
formula Margin of Error =   ___
__  because in the 100-yd dash, H  a: μ < 18.
√ n 
the standard deviation is given. The 14. The difference in means in the
range of reasonable means is between original groups is −0.4. Here is a
70.2 and 71.8 inches. 14. 30 min; sample histogram:
30% 16. 95% of the mean number of 20
successes from 50 trials fell between
16 15
75% and 85.9%. 18. a. ±2%
b. 5% to 9% 20. a. mean: 110.04; 12
Frequency
12
standard deviation: 32.72 b. ±13.09 10
c. Isabel’s claim is reasonable. 8

According to the data, the range of 5
4
4
reasonable means is from 96.95 to 2 2
123.13, so if Isabel is an average user, 0
she is not exaggerating. 22. D −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Difference of Means
Lesson 11-6 In this case, it is clear that −0.4 is in
2. What Mercedes describes was the an area with many other differences
alternative hypothesis, rather than generated by the random samples,
the null hypothesis. 4. H  a: μ > 10.8 so you would conclude that you do
6. 76.8% to 79.2%; no 8. Due to the not have enough evidence to support
regular rainfall following the grass the alternative hypothesis and that
planting, Becky would be unable to the strength training does not seem
determine whether or not the claims to improve times for the 100-yd dash.
made by the vendor were true. Since different samples will lead to
different results, accept all reasonable
attempts.

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Topic 11
16.
_ sample mean without fertilizer: 18. measure of center: median;
x_ = 44.8; sample mean with fertilizer measure of spread: interquartile
x = 45.0; The difference in the sample range 20. When the mean is equal to
means is 44.8 – 45 = −0.2. The average the median, a data distribution is likely
yield of bushels of soybeans with to be normally distributed. 22. 0.9265,
the fertilizer is slightly greater than or 92.65% 24. 0.0174, or 1.74%
the average yield of the bushels of 26. 0.0606, or 6.06% 28. Hana found
soybeans without the fertilizer. Since the percent of all values in a normal
the difference is so small, more testing distribution with z ≤ 1.05. The percent
would definitely be required in order of all values in a normal distribution
to determine whether the fertilizer with z ≥ 1.05 is 14.69%. 30. 17%; ±5%
was responsible for the higher yield. 32. As the sample size increases, the
18. H  o: The circumference of the margin of error decreases. In both
baseball has a mean μ = 232 mm; formulas for determining the margin of
H  a: The circumference of the baseball error, the value __ in the denominator of
has a mean μ ≠ 232 mm, where the fraction is √n , where n is the sample
229 mm ≤ μ ≤ 235 mm. 20. D size. As the denominator of a fraction
increases, the value of the fraction
Topic Review decreases. 34. H  0: p ≤ 0.305;
2. margin of error 4. null hypothesis H  a: p > 0.305 36. SportORiffic’s claim
6. z-score 8. yes 10. quantitative is supported by the study, because the
12. sample survey 14. This is systematic claim is within the range of reasonable
sampling. The rule is that every means: 20.6 to 25.4.
10th person in line was chosen. This is
a random, unbiased sample.
16. mean: 76.3; standard deviation: 7.0;
minimum: 65; first quartile: 68;
median: 77;
third quartile: 82; and maximum: 88

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Topic 12
1 1
Lesson 12-1 8. a. dependent;  __ 90
  b. independent;  ___ 100
 
10. When A and B are independent,
2. The probability is greater if the first
P(B | A) = P(B). Then the formula
marble is not returned to the bag.
P(A and B) = P(A) ∙ P(B | A) simplifies
If the first marble is returned, there
to P(A and B) = P(A) ∙ P(B), which
will be 6 marbles in the bag, of which
is true when events A and B
4 are red. If it is not returned, there
are independent. 12. Without
will only be 5 marbles in the bag, of
replacement: P(yellow second | blue
which 4 are red. __  45  >  __46 . 4. Events are 3
first) = __
  14  , which is greater than
mutually exclusive if they do not share 2
P(yellow second | yellow first) = __   14   =  __17 ;
outcomes. Independent events can
With replacement: P(yellow second |
share outcomes, but the occurrence of
blue first) = P(yellow second | yellow
one cannot affect the probability of the 3
first) = __   15   =  __15 . 14. 0.6 or 60%
other happening. 6. 44% 8. __   1 , 0.25, or
4 16. about 0.53 or 53% 18. Dependent;
25% 10. The events C and M are not
P(Game Design | Sophomore) ≈ 53%
mutually exclusive, so it is not true that
and P(Game Design) = 50%, so P(Game
P(C or M) = P(C) + P(M). So, subtract
Design | Sophomore) ≠ P(Game
the probability that a student is in
Design). 20. 45% 22. No; P(improved
both clubs to find the probability that
| medication) ≈ 45% while P(improved
a random student is in the Chess Club
| placebo) ≈ 57%. Patients taking the
or the Math Club.
medication showed improvement
P(C or M) = P(C) + P(M) – P(C and
less frequently than patients taking
M). 12. yes 14. no 16. 0.5, 50%, or __   12 
the placebo. 24. 0.01 or 1%; Answers
; The area of the triangle is half of
may vary. Sample: P(prize) = 0.05 and
the area of the rectangle because the
P(comic | prize) = 0.2, so P(prize and
rectangle and the triangle have the
comic) = P(prize) ∙ P(comic | prize) =
same base (50 cm) and the same height
(0.05)(0.2) = 0.01
(40 cm). 18. 0.68 or 68% 20. 21%
22. 32% 24. a. 0.64, or 64% b. 0.04, or 26. 0.3 or 30%; P(A | defective)
4% 26. C P(A and defective)
_______________
=          =
P(defective)
Lesson 12-2 P(defective | A) ∙ P(A)
________________ (0.015)(0.2)
         =  _________
  = 0.3
P(defective) (0.01)
2. The sample space for P(B | A) has to
take into account that A is necessary. 28. C
The sample space for P(B) includes all
of B, even the parts that do not include
A. 4. From the formula for conditional
probability, both P(A) ∙ P(B | A) and
P(B) ∙ P(A | B) are equal to P(A and B).
6. No; the coach does not know
whether girls and boys at the camp
are equally likely to play soccer.
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Topic 12
Lesson 12-3 20. 6; any two points form a line and

the order is not important. Because
2. The number of combinations of n
  4C 2 = 6, 6 lines can be determined
items chosen r at a time is found by
by four points, where no set of
dividing the number of permutations,
three points is collinear.
  nP  r, by r! 4.  9C 2 and   9C 7 are
22. combination; 330
9! 9!
equivalent;   9C 2 = ____
  2!7!  and   9C 7 = ____
  7!2! , 24. combination; 126
  n!  
so   9C 2 =   9C 7. In general,   nC r = ______ 26. permutation; 1,320
r!(n − r)!   P  ∙   P 
  n!  , so   nC r =  nC n−r.
and   nC n−r = ______ 28. a. ________   24   =  ___
  = ____
4 3 5 0 1  
(n − r)!r!   9P  3 504 21
6. There are   12C 4 = 495ways to select   P  ∙   P  1 ____
b.________
  4 2 5  =   60   =  ___
5  
a committee of 4 people from a group   9P  3 504 42
9
of 12. Only one of these possible 30. __
  28 ; use combinations
committees contains the 4 people because which $1 bill and which $10 bill
newest to the company. do not matter, and the order in which
P(4 newest) they are pulled out does not
4 of 4 newest ∙ choose 0 of 8     C  ∙   C 
9
  choose
= ____________________________________
          older matter. ________
  3 1  C 3 

1
=  __
28
 
choose 4 of 12 total employees 8 2
1
=  
  4C 4 ∙   8C 0 ____
_________
  =   1   8. permutation 32. a. ______   30,240 ; order matters, so there are
  12C 4 495
15   14.  ___
15 
  10P  5possible codes, only one of which
10. 165 12.  ___ is 30429. So P(30429) = ____     1P    =  ______
1
 .
91 91 30,240
10 5
16. Problem 12 is the same as problem b. _______1
  100,000 ; there are 10  5 possible codes,
15 and problem 13 is the same as
only one of which is 30429.
problem 14. If no prize is awarded 1 1
So P(30429) =  ___   =  _______  .
to an athlete, then both prizes are 5 100,000 10 
awarded to non-athletes. If no prize 34. no; yes; yes; no; no; no; yes; yes
is awarded to a non-athlete, then both 36. Part A
prizes are awarded to athletes. P(V1 and V2) = P(V1) ∙ P(V2 | V1)
18. a. 18,564; the order does not 3  ∙  __
2  =  ___
1  
=  __
matter, so there are 18C 6 = 18,564 9 8 12
  C
groups of 6 erasers. b. 56; there are 8 P(V1 and V2) = ____ 1
  3 2 = ___
9C2 12
aliens, so there are 8C 3 = 56ways to
choose 3 aliens. c. 6,720; there are 10 Part B P(SURF) = __   1 ∙ __
1 ∙ __
2 ∙ __
1 = _____
1
9 8 7 6 1,512
flying saucers, so there are 10C 3 = 120 P ∙ P ∙ P ∙ P
ways to choose 3 flying saucers. Then P(SURF) = _________________
  1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
  
9P4
multiply by the answer to part b. 2 = _____
= _____ 1
3,024 1,512
d. 0.36; the probability is the ratio of
the number of favorable outcomes (the
answer to part c) to the total number
of possible outcomes (the answer to
6,720
part a).  ______  ≈ 0.36
18,564
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Topic 12
Lesson 12-4 26. 52.6% 28. a. 56% b. Answers may

vary. Sample: no; a sample set of 8 people
2. A binomial experiment has specific
is too small to make a decision from. In
rules. It can only have two outcomes,
order to make an informed decision,
the trials must be independent, and the
the pharmaceutical company should
probability for success is the same every
allow more people to test the new
trial.
medication. 30. A, B, C, E
4. 0.5 32. Part A The theoretical probability
0.4
distribution is the function P defined
on the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} such that
Probability
0.3
P(0) = 0.03125, P(1) = 0.15625,
0.2 P(2) = 0.3125, P(3) = 0.3125,
0.1 P(4) = 0.15625, P(5) = 0.03125.
0.0 (Students may express the probabilities
Jack Alani Seth as percents or fractions and they may
Student
round decimals/percents.)
6. 35% 8. 48% 10. 90% Part B Answers may vary. Sample: The
12. The probability distribution is the experimental probability distribution is
function P, defined on the set {4, 5, 6}, the function P defined on the set
such that P(4) = 0.25, P(5) = 0.5, {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} such that P(0) = 0.05,
and P(6) = 0.25. 14. Abby forgot to P(1) = 0.1, P(2) = 0.3, P(3) = 0.35,
P(4) = 0.2, P(5) = 0.
multiply by   7C  5.
Part C The experimental probability
5 2 5 2
  13 )  (__
P(5) =  7C  5(__   23 )  = 21(__
  13 )  (__
  23 )  distribution is somewhat similar to
the theoretical distribution but not
≈ 0.0384.
identical. A theoretical probability
16. Let P be the function defined on
distribution describes the results
the set {Y, R, G, B} such that P(Y) = 0.3,
you would expect if an experiment
P(R) = 0.4, P(G) = 0.2, and P(B) = 0.1.
is repeated many times, and the
18. Let P be the function defined
experiment was only repeated 20 times.
on the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} such that
1 7 3
P(0) = __
  10  , P(1) = __   30  , P(2) = __   10 , Lesson 12-5
  15 , and P(4) =  __16 . 20. Yes; there
P(3) = __ 2. He found the probability of heads,
are 50 trials; each trial has two possible not the expected number of heads.
outcomes, success and not success; the The expected number of heads is
performance of one bulb does not 50% ∙ 10, or 5. 4. The class pays an
affect the performance of another, so average of $1.48 in winnings for every
the trials are independent; and the lottery ticket sold. 6. 3.5 8. 12
probability of success, 0.9, is the same 10. $16.90
for each trial. 22. No; the probability
of making the free throws is not the
same for each trial. 24. 18.8%
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Topic 12
12. Nonrefundable; there is a 20% chance 8. (1) Write each friend’s name on
the man will not fly, so there is an 80% a slip of paper, and draw one slip at
chance he will fly. If he purchases the random from a paper bag to determine
nonrefundable ticket, his cost is $600 who gets the last slice. Each slip has
whether he flies or not. If he purchases   13 chance of being chosen. (2) Assign
a __
the refundable ticket, his expected cost is the numbers 1 and 2 to one friend, 3
(0.8)(900) + 0.2(0) = $720. and 4 to a second friend, and 5 and
Based on expected value, he should 6 to the third friend. Roll a number
purchase the nonrefundable ticket. cube, and give the slice to the friend
14. Sample: A mean is an average of whose number lands on top. Each
known values. Expected value is the person has a __  26 chance of being chosen.
mean of values that are unknown (3) Assign each friend a number from
but that follow a known or estimated 0 to 2. Use a calculator to generate a
probability distribution. random number from 1 to 9. Divide
16. $600 18. Option C; the cost for the number by 3, and give the slice to
the car owner for Option A is $900: for the friend whose number matches the
Option B, $820; for Option C, $750. remainder. Each person has a __  39  chance
20. 27 days 22. Since 3 of the 4 tosses
of being chosen. 10. 0.659, 65.9%
were Heads, the student concludes that
12. No; there are 2 ways to get 1 head
P(heads) is 3 out of 4, or 75%. This is not
since the sample space is {HH, HT, TH, TT}.
good reasoning because the sample
14. Assign numbers 0 through 7 to each
size is so small. Since a fair coin would
of the candidates, and then generate
have a probability of 50% for Heads,
one of the eight integers randomly
the student should draw a much larger
three times in a row. If the same number
sample before concluding that the
(student) is selected during the second
probability is not 50%. 24. $60,268,000
or third trials, ignore the number and
26. C
generate another number. 16. Unfair;
Lesson 12-6 even numbers are far more likely (27 out
of 36 possibilities) than odd numbers.
2. Generate numbers 1 to 6 on a 18. She should keep what she has (and
calculator or using index cards, where not spin) because the game is not fair
each number represents the same and she is more likely to lose money
number on a number cube. 4. A fair than win. 20. a. $19.71 b. $96.00,
game requires that participants have c. Since 12 mo × $5.49/mo = $65.88,
an equal chance to win or an expected the cost of the insurance for a year is
value of 0, meaning no participant $65.88. Since the repair costs could be
has an advantage. 6. If a “win” is as much as $1,200 and the probability
represented by a positive 1 and a of a leak could be 8%, the expected
“loss” is represented by a negative 1 costs of a gas leak without insurance
and there is an equal chance that a could be as high as $96.00. So I would
player will win or lose, the sum of +1 advise her to buy the insurance.
and –1 is 0.
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Topic 12
22. A, B, D 24. Part A Model 1001: 12. 0.30 14. approx. 0.21
$48; Model 1002: $50; Calculate the 16. The student’s conclusion is correct
expected profit after potential lawsuits even though the reasoning is wrong.
for each model like this: Model 1001: To test for independence, the student
$60 − ($1,200,000)(_______
  2  ) = $48 should have compared P(prime | even)
200,000 with P(prime), or P(even | prime)
with P(even). P(prime | even) = 0.5
Model 1002: and P(prime) = 0.6, so the events are
$56 − ($1,200,000)(_______
  1   ) = $50 dependent. 18. permutation; 56
200,000
Part B It is recommended that the 20. The student computed   5P  2 instead
company stop selling Model 1001 and of   5C  2. The student needs to divide by
only sell Model 1002. The company can 2! to complete the calculation.
expect to make more money on Model   5C  2 = 10. 22. 0.35% 24. 22.89%
1002 than on Model 1001. Also, Model 26. Akasi mixed up the variables n and
1002 is a safer tire; fewer people will be r. By putting them in the correct place,
injured or die if they have Model 1002 she can get her solution.
tires than if they have Model 1001 tires. P(3) =   5C  3 ∙ 0.24  3(1 − 0.24)  5−3
≈ 0.0798 ≈7.98%
Topic Review
28. 345
2. permutation 4. dependent
events 6. expected value 8. mutually
exclusive 10. a. 0; The probability he
will roll a number that is both
even and less than 2 is 0 because these
are mutually exclusive events. It is
impossible to roll a number _ that
_
lies in both sets. b. 0.6 or 66.%; 6
Because the events are mutually
exclusive, you can add the probabilities.
_ _
  1  + __
P(<2) + P(even) = __   1  = __
  2  = 0.
6 = 66.%
6
6 2 3

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16. A relative maximum occurs when 8. 4

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 1 | Selected Answers

14. The student reflected the graph 24. y

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 2 | Selected Answers

36. A. y = ∣x∣ − 1 D. y = ∣x + 1∣ − 1 16. y

{15h − 200, when h > 40

4 $475 24. domain: {x ∣ 0 < x ≤ 80}

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 3 | Selected Answers

{​a​ n−1​​ −6, if n > 1

{​a​ n−1​​ + 2, if n > 1; ​a​ n​​ = 2 + 2(n – 1)

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 4 | Selected Answers

20. 100 y ⎧3x + 4y + 4z = 2,319

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 5 | Selected Answers

18. (4, 2) 20. ( ) [​0​ 1​ 2​]​​

{90n + 1,200, when n > 10; $1,920

{​a​ n − 1​​ − 7, if n > 1; ​a​ n​​ = 25 − 7(n − 1)

2 28. 582 30. 93 32. x = −2 and x = 1

Lesson 2-1 20. The graph of y

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 7 | Selected Answers

Lesson 2-2 28. a. Equation of the parabola:

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 8 | Selected Answers

40. 39 ft by 27 ft; x(x + 12) = 1053; 12. Complex Numbers 5 − 3i

Lesson 2-4 38. ( ​ 1 ​b − 5i)​​(__

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 9 | Selected Answers

Lesson 2-5 54. Part A ​​x​​ 2​ + 24x + 140 = 280​;

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 10 | Selected Answers

22. x = 2 24. The boulder will be

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 11 | Selected Answers

​​ 3 ​​ ​−​​​ __

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 12 | Selected Answers

Lesson 3-1 16. Check students’ graphs. Sample:

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 13 | Selected Answers

26. y Lesson 3-2

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 15 | Selected Answers

Lesson 3-4 6. You can use a graphing calculator

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 16 | Selected Answers

30. The graphs intersect at

Lesson 4-1 Lesson 4-2

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 19 | Selected Answers

18. vertical asymptote: x = 3 and x = 6; 30. a. vertical asymptote: x = −25;

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 20 | Selected Answers

8. Sample: Any rational expression with 4. The simplified sum or difference

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 21 | Selected Answers

10. In the third step of her work, she 20. y

vertical asymptote: x = 1, x = −1;

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 22 | Selected Answers

Lesson 5-1 16. Without simplifying first, you

evaluated by finding the cube root 9​d_____

denominator of the fraction, 3, is the __ 7 ___

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 23 | Selected Answers

domain: x ≥ −6; range: y ≥ 0; The

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 24 | Selected Answers

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 25 | Selected Answers

12. In general f ° g and g ° f are usually 12. y ≠ 3, 4, or 6 because after the

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 26 | Selected Answers

function; ​m​−1​(x) is a function; ​n​−1​(x) The range of the function is y ≥ −1.

The domain of the function is x ≥ −1.

enVision™ Algebra 2 | 27 | Selected Answers

36. y 40. x = 729 42. x = −9

{a  n−1 −6, if n > 1

{a  n−1 + 2, if n > 1; a  n = 2 + 2(n – 1)

18. (4, 2) 20. ( ) [0  1  2]

{a  n − 1 − 7, if n > 1; a  n = 25 − 7(n − 1)

Lesson 2-4 38. (   1 b − 5i)(__

Lesson 2-5 54. Part A x  2 + 24x + 140 = 280;

  3  − __

18. vertical asymptote: x = 3 and x = 6; 30. a. vertical asymptote: x = −25;

evaluated by finding the cube root 9d_____

denominator of the fraction, 3, is the 7 _

function; m−1(x) is a function; n−1(x) The range of the function is y ≥ −1.

numbers; range: { y | y > 0};   0 (  2 ) 

14. y = 2,954(1.08)  x; Lesson 6-4

14. y 14. log  5 2 − log  5 3 16. ln 2 + 5 ln x

{−3a  n−1, if n > 1

{   a  n−1, if n > 1

{5a  n−1, if n > 1

30. y 10. tan (−45°)= −1 12. No, the tangent

22. a. h = 8 tan θ 14. The zeros of y = sin(x + __   3π ) are

  1   =  _____

Since x  2 = a and y  2 = b,

Lesson 8-5  𝜋 ; z  = 4 cis ___

Lesson 9-1 20. (x − 2)  2 + (y − 4)  2 = 9;

Lesson 10-1 36. Part A after 2 seconds:

[c  d] , the determinant of A,

[c  d] is   2  det T . 6. The inverse

[ 4  −2] ∙ [

26. B 28. Part A { 

[−45  9] 16. [−28  3]

[ 8  −24]

[0  −1] [4  1  0] = [   −4 −1 0]

[750  550] [20] = [29,750]; $30,000