UNIT-I (B)

AR3321 NON STRUCTURAL BUILDING ELEMENTS AND FINISHES
TIMBERDOORS, WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS

Outline of timber as a material for doors, windows and ventilators (including industrial timber such as
plywood, block board, particle board, etc.,). Basic components for timber door/ window/ ventilator of different
types- outer frame, shutter frame, shutter material, hardware, fixtures, etc. Their joining and fixing procedures,
insect screens. Finishing materials and procedures. Drawings/models of the principles.
Understanding of detailed drawings/ published work. Site visits with documentation in the form of sketches/
drawings/ photos.
Introduction
Wood is a hard and fibrous substance which forms a major part of the trunk and branches of a tree. It can also be
defined as a natural polymeric material which practically does not age. Wood as a building material falls in two major
classes—natural and man-made. With the Advances in science and technology, wood in its natural form as timber,
lumber, etc. is being rapidly replaced by composite wood materials in which natural wood is just a basic ingrained of
a matrix or a laminate. The latter are found to be more useful and adaptable as they may be treated chemically,
thermally or otherwise as per requirements. Some examples are plywood, fibreboards, chipboards, compressed
wood, impregnated wood etc. Wood has many advantages due to which it is preferred over many other building
materials.
It is easily available (this won’t be true after some years) and easy to transport and handle, has more thermal
insulation, sound absorption and electrical resistance as compared to steel and concrete. It is the ideal material to be
used in sea water. Wood is a good absorber of shocks and so is suitable for construction work in hilly areas which are
more prone to earthquakes. Finally, since wood can be easily worked, repairs and alterations to wood work can also
be done easily.
Owing to the above mentioned advantages, wood is very widely used in buildings as doors, windows, frames,
temporary partition walls, etc. and in roof trusses and ceilings apart from formwork.
INDUSTIRAL TIMBER:
Many wood based products have been developed to economize on the use of timber. These wood products are
manufactured under controlled conditions in factories. As such, these have desired shape and dimensions,
appearance, strength and durability. As soon as possible after felling the tree should be converted into usable timber.
The conversion of timber is a phrase usually used in reference to turning a log into a pile of boards/planks. There
are two main methods of converting timber:
 Ordinary sawing which produces tangential boards

 Quarter Sawn which produces radial boards
R.Rajalakshmi Page 1
Market Form of Timber

Timber is converted into suitable commercial sizes. Boards or
Battens are 25 to 50mm thick and 125 to 175mm wide
pieces.
Veneers (Is: 14315)

The primary process in the manufacture of wood based
products is veneering which produces thin sheets of wood known as veneers. The thickness of veneers varies
from 0.4 to 0.6 mm. In no case it should exceed 1 mm. The most suitable wood for this purpose is walnut.
However other species like teak, sissoo, rose wood, etc. are also used. The logs to be used for this purpose are
kept in wet storage to avoid end splitting and are softened by heating with hot water or steam and the bark is
removed. The log is then cut to veneers. Depending on the cutting process, the veneers are classified as rotary
veneers (Fig. 4.23) and sliced veneers (Fig. 4.24). These are used in the manufacture of plywood and other
laminated boards.
Classification
Veneers are classified into two types or surfaces namely, Type A and Type B. The quality requirements in the
terms of permissible defects for the two types of surfaces are given in Table 4.4. The maximum numbers of
categories of defects permitted are restricted and are given in Table 4.5.
Plywood
A wood panel glued under pressure from an odd number (usually 3 to
13) of layers / piles of veneers is known as plywood (Fig. 4.25). The
outer most veneer sheets in a plywood panel are called / faces. The
interior ply / plies which have their grain directions parallel to that of
the faces are termed as core/centre. Other piles which have grain
directions perpendicular to that in the face are termed as cross bands.
Plywood may be classified upon direction of grains in the plies and on the type of
adhesive used. Normally the alternate plies are oriented at 30° or 60° in star plywood. The faces are
arranged with the grain at 45° to that of the centres in diagonal plywood. When the plies are bonded
together with water-soluble glues such as casein glue, interior grade plywood is obtained and when bonded
with phenol formaldehyde adhesive it is identified as exterior grade plywood which is completely water
proof.
Classification
Based on Grades: Plywood for general purposes should be of the following two grades, depending upon the
bond strength developed by the adhesive used for bonding the veneers:
(a) Boiling water resistant or BWR Grade, and
(b) Moisture resistant or MR Grade.
Based on Appearance: Plywood for general purposes should be classified into three types, namely, AA, AB
and BB based on the quality of the two surfaces, namely, A and B in terms of general permissible defects. The
type of plywood should, therefore, be designated by the kind of surfaces of the panels. The better quality
surface should be called 'face', and the opposite side should be called 'back'. If the face and the back are of the
same quality, they are not distinguished.
The type of plywood would denote first the quality of face followed by the quality of back. For example, Type
AA should have both surfaces of quality A, Type AB should have face of quality A and the back of quality B
and Type BB should have both the surfaces of quality B.The thickness of plywood boards for general and
structural purposes should be as given in Table 4.6.
Fibre Boards (IS: 1658)

These boards built up of felting from wood or vegetable (wood wastes, waste paper, agricultural wastes, etc.)
are classified by the process of their moulding. If the boards are moulded by wet process, the main bond is by
the felting of woody fibres and not by added glue. For the boards moulded by dry process, the bond between
the predried fibres is improved by adding 4–8% of synthetic resin. For better performance wood
preservatives and other admixtures are often added to the pulp. Insulating boards are not compressed during
manufacture.
Fibre boards are manufactured in various

densities like soft, medium and hard. The soft
boards are used for walls and ceilings. Medium
boards find their application in panelling, partition
walls, doors and windows. Hard boards have one
surface smooth and the other one textured. These
have higher densities, better mechanical
properties, and improved moisture and termite
resistances. The strength and weather properties
of hard boards can be improved by oil
tempertering and such boards are known as tempered hard boards. Some of the trade names of hard boards
are Masonite. Celotex. Essex boards, etc.
Classification Hard boards are classified as medium, standard or normal and tempered hard boards
depending upon the density. The requirements of hard boards are given in Tables 4.7, 4.8 and 4.9.
Particle Boards or Chip Boards (Is: 3129, 124o6, 3478)

They are manufactured from particles of wood or other lingo cellulose materials which are agglomerated,
formed and pressed together by the use of an organic binder together in the presence of heat, pressure or
moisture. They are manufactured from small timber pieces and wood wastes.
The wood waste is first converted into small chips. The moisture content of chips is reduced to a certain
percentage and then some gluing material, usually phenol formaldehyde, is sprayed. The chips are then
spread to form a mat and then pressed in a hydraulic press in presence of heat and moisture.
Particle boards avoid wastage of timber as in its making the entire volume of the fallen tree can be utilized.
The trees used for making particle boards are eucolyptus, subabool, and rubber wood, and waste of saw
mill. These boards provide dimensional stability, smooth uniform surface, and no difficulty in nailing.
Classification
Depending on density these are classified as given in Table 4.10.
Uses: These are widely used in buildings, partitions, ceilings, floor slabs, doors, furniture, etc.
Block Boards (Is: 1659)

The core of black boards is made up of strips of wood each not exceeding 25 mm in width, forming a slab, glued
between at least two surface veneers (Fig. 4.26). Veneers used for
cross bands and faces are either rotary cut or sliced and should be
reasonably smooth. Cross band thickness varies between 1–3 mm
and face veneers between 0.5 to 1.5 mm in Thicknesses. These are
available in thicknesses of 12, 15, 19, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 50 mm. The
directions of the grains of the core blocks run at right angles to that
of the adjacent outer veneers.
Block Boards are available in sizes 2400 × 1200, 2100 × 1200, 1200 ×
900, 1800 × 1200, and 1800 × 900 mm. Following tolerances are permitted
The grades and types of block boards are represented as:
These are further subgrade as Grade I and Grade 2. Grade I is exterior grade used for bus bodies, railways
coaches, prefabricated houses, etc. and Grade 2 is interior grade used for furniture, partition, panelling, ceiling,
etc.
USES: These are extensively used for construction of railways carriages, bodies of buses, marine and river crafts,
partitions, furniture, etc.
Batten Boards and Lamin Boards: Batten boards have core made up of 80 mm wide wood pieces as
shown in Fig. 4.27, forming a slab glued between at least two surface veneers.
Whereas, Lamin boards have a core of strips, each not exceeding 7 mm in thickness as shown in Fig. 4.28,
glued together to form a slab which in turn is glued between two or more outer veneers. The directions of
the grains of the core block run at right angles to that of the adjacent outer veneers.
Medium Density Fibre board
 made by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibres, often in a deliberator,
combining it with wax and a resin binder, and forming
panels by applying
 high temperature and pressure MDF is generally denser
than plywood
 It is made up of separated fibres
 stronger and much denser than particle board
Applications of Wood and Wood-Products

In modern building practice, wood is extensively used for walls and floors of buildings, carpentry and
graded plank items, as well as prefabricated standard wooden cottages. A great quantity of wood is
consumed in building and installation work for making piles, poles, various load-bearing components
formworks, scaffolds, etc.
Wood materials and items used in building practice include round timber (log); sawn timber and planks;
Floor materials—flooring boards, end-grain blocks and fibre board; carpentry items— doors, windows,
partitions, panels and gates; roof materials—shavings, tiles and shingles, members of roof trusses; wooden
structures—beams, columns, slabs, and items of prefabricated houses.
Glued wood components—e.g., beams, trusses, arches, frames and roofs of buildings and installations— are
very effective in chemically aggressive media because their service life is 1.5 times greater than that of steel
or reinforced concrete.
However, the use of wood should be economically justified and the possibility of replacing it with
prefabricated concrete, asbestos- cement, gypsum, plastics and other items should be carefully considered.
The use of fibre board, ply-boards in building practice provides a substantial saving both in capital
investments and running costs. The economy is provided, in the first place, by a more complete utilization
of raw materials for the manufacture of building materials and items.
The use of boards made of pressed wood shavings in dwelling house construction has a great economical effect.
Currently, wood waste is utilized to manufactures polymer and cement based fibre board and wood shavings
board. This also allows manufacturing materials of better physical, mechanical and decorative properties than
wood.
Basic components for timber door/ window/ ventilator
Timber, being a natural product available in abundance in India, is used for the construction of doors, windows,
roofs, partitions, beams, posts, etc. Different pieces of timber have to be connected together in order to develop
a framework which may be used in the construction of a building. A joint is made when two or more
Components are assembled. To increase the structural stability, to enhance the architectural beauty, to
economies timber and to facilitate construction, joints form a very important part of carpentry. Joints play the
important role in timber construction. Coz they provide
 Structural Stability
 Aesthetic Appearance
 Facilitate the construction
However, joints are weakest parts of a timber structure. Hence the following principles should be followed in
the construction of joints:
 All cutting must be performed in such a manner as to weaken the timbers as little as possible.
 Where possible, abutting surfaces should be perpendicular to the pressures brought upon them.
 The area of each part of the joint and its fastenings must be proportioned to resist the Maximum
stresses brought upon them.
 The joints and fastenings must be so proportioned and fitted as to cause the stresses to be spread as
uniformly as possible over their sections.
 The joints must be formed so as to be affected as little as possible by shrinkage or expansion of the
wood.
It is well known that the joint is the weakest part of any structural member; hence it is desirable that utmost
attention be paid to the construction and finishing of joints. The forces acting on wooden members can be of the
following nature:
(i) Tensile: This force will move the two parts of a joint apart.
(ii) Compressive: A force of this nature will try to crush the fibres of the component parts.
(iii) Shear: This will try to tear off the wooden fibres at right angles to their line of growth.
(iv) Torsion: Any force trying to twist a member will tear it off crosswise.
Keeping in view these forces, the following points about the joint should be noted:
 The joints should be as simple as possible to save labour in construction. Further complicated joints
present numerous surfaces or angles which can lodge verms and cause timber to decay. The joint
should be cut in such a way so as to weaken the connecting members as little as possible.
 Each face abutting with the other should be cut in such a way that the face is perpendicular to the
line of pressure acting on it.
 Each part should be safe to withstand compressive forces acting on it. This means that the area of
members being connected should be in proportion to the forces acting on them.
 The fastenings should be proportioned in such a way that they equal in strength to the members
which they connect.
 The fastenings should be placed in such a manner that there is sufficient resistance to the failure of a
joint by the fastenings getting sheared or crushed through the timber.
 Chamfer: Arris (edge) of timber plained off flat to form an angle usually 45".
 Bevel: If the angle of chamfer is not 45', it is called bevel.
 Stopped chamfer: When the chamfer is not continued to the end of the wooden piece but ends in
another chamfer or slope, it is called stopped chamfer.
 Moulding: Process of shaping various units of construction by hand or machine to produce a
moulded section.
 Bead: Moulding consisting of a semi-circle and a quirk or bead returned; there quarters of a circle
with quirk at each end.
 Bead jointed: Term applied to two units of timber fitted at their sides, with a bead worked on one
unit to cover the joint.
 Groove: Recess formed in board or a piece of wood. The shape may be hollow, V-shape, semi-
circular, etc.
 Rebating: Cutting rectangular portion from a plank to receive another plank similarly cut. Mitring:
Joining two boards at an angle.
Joints may be classified as under:
 Lengthening joint: These connect member$ lengthwise in order to make use of small members.
 Bearing joint: These are the transverse joints.
 Oblique shouldered Joints
 Side or widening joints.
 Angle joints,
Lengthening Joints
Joints to Lengthen Ties and Struts. These are also known as spliced of longitudinal joints.
Types of Lengthening Joints
 Lapped Joints,
 Fished Joints,
 Scarted Or Spliced Joints
 Tabled Joints
Lapped Joints:
 This joint is of a very clumsy appearance, and is only used in work of a temporary nature or in small
timber framings hidden from view.
 It is formed by overlapping the ends of two pieces of timber, and fixing them by means of nails or
bolts or by straps.
 Nails are used when the timbers are small.
It has been found also in practice that a bolted joint is more suitable for resisting a tensile stress than a strapped
joint, the latter being a more satisfactory joint when the timbers are in a state of compression.
Fished Joints:
This type of joint is more effective for transmitting only tension.

The timbers are cut and iron plates are bolted to them. These
plates are called 'fish'plates. (Figs 11.3 to 11.6). The strength of
the joint depends upon the bolts and the fish plates.
 When it is desirable to join two timbers without reducing

their section to the extent.
 It is formed by butting the ends of the timbers and
bolting wooden fish-plates on to two parallel sides.
 Sometimes the fish-plates are tabled, i.e. they have
projecting portions formed on them which fit into
corresponding indents in the timbers joined.
Tabled joint: The members of wood are cut with the

shapes shown in Figures 11.7 to 11.9 and joined suitably.
The joint is not very efficient as lot of material is cut. This
joint is used in joinery work only. It is similar to spliced
joint, but is formed by cutting special shape in both the
pieces and securing them with fish plates, bolts, keys etc.
Scarf joint or spliced joints:
In this method of uniting timbers corresponding

portions are cut away from the ends of each, and
the remaining portions are overlapped and
fitted together.
This joint is used when appearance is the main

object, for which reason great care should be
taken in its designing and cutting, so that it may
be as imperceptible as possible. These are used
where strength as well as the shape of the joint
is equally important. Different types of scarf
joints are shown in Figs 11.10 to 11.11.
The simplest scarfjoint depends entirely upon the

strength ofbolts and plates. Bending ofthe plates into the
timber may also be helpful. Using notched splays and
hard wood keys strengthen the joint but are difficult to
construct. These are very strong types ofjoints.
Bearing Joints
When two members have to be joined at right angles to each other, it is essential that they should have sufficient
strength at the connection. Various types of joints are used depending on the nature of members to be
connected and the forces acting on them. Some of them are described below.
 Notching: One member may be cut as shown in Fig. ll.l2 'A' and the other fitted with it. The shoulders
thus created help in the prevention of any displacement of the joint. If both the members are cut, double
notching is formed (See Fig. ll.l3).
 Cogging: When the entire depth of the timber is to be utilized, the members are to be connected as
shown in Fig. I1.14.
 Halving: Timber that cross each other and are required to be flush on one or two faces are cut to meet
as shown in Fig. 11.15.
 Dove-tailing: Wedge shaped pieces are cut from members and the timbers are fitted into the
projections of each other. (See Fig. I l.16).
 Housing: When the entire end or thickness of a member fits into the notch of another, a housed joint is
formed (See Figs. ll.t7 to 11.19).
 Mortice and tenon: In the ordinary type of this joint, the end of one timber is cut so as to form a
projection which is called Tenon. The other member is morticed to correspond to the dimensions of the
tenon and the latter fitted into the former this joint is commonly used. The two members may further be
prevented from displacement by driving wedges or pins into the joint. (Fig. 11.20)
 Chase morticing: This is used when subsidiary members are connected to the main members which
have been fixed earlier (Fig. 11.2l).
 Joggle tenon: This is used for members which rest on each other and displacement between the two is
undesirable, e.g., a wooden post resting on a sill. (Fig. 11.22).
 House and dovetail tenon: When the ordinary tenon is insufficient to develop the necessary bearing
strength, the entire End of one member is fitted or housed into the recess made in the other and further
a tenon and morticed joint is built. If the tenon is made of the shape of a dovetail and the Mortice is cut
in a similar fashion to suit the tenon, a dovetailed joint is formed.
 Task tenon: When members of equal depth meet each other at right angles, this type of joint is used.
Pins may be driven to prevent the lateral movement of the joint.
 Fox-tail wedging: This joint is used when the back side of the morticed member is not accessible. In
this case the Mortice is cut to a lesser depth than the member and is also slightly dovetailed. The tenon
is cut and two sockets are made in the tenon in which wedges are inserted. The entire assembly is
forced into the Mortice. (See Fig 11.24).
 Bridle: In this, the members are slotted and tenoned as shown in Fig. 11.23. These joints are used in
wooden trusses at the junction of struts and ties.
Side or Widening Joints

These are used for laying planks in floors or in battened doors. The following types are commonly used:
 Butt: The two members are simply joined side to side.
 Rebated: In this, depressions are cut in both the members and are joined lapping mutually.
 Rebated and filleted: A small depression is made in the connecting ends of both the members and
other small piece fitted in.
 Tongued and grooved: A depression (groove) is made in the side of one member and a corresponding
projection (tongue) is cut in the other member, they are fitted tight.
 Rebated tongue and grooved: In addition to forming a longue and groove, a rebate is also given by
cutting an additional width on one side of the tongue and making a similar shape for the other member.
 Splayed, tongued and grooved: This joint is similar to the joint (Tongued and grooved) except that
the longue has got one side cut at an angle.
 Ploughed and tongued: ln this both the members have got similar grooves and a small wooden piece is
fitted tight in between.
 Dowel: This is similar to the above type except that the additional small member may be of any other
material (dowel) and may not fit tight.
 Matched, beaded and vee: This has got a tongue and groove arrangement and in addition has special
moulding on one side and a V-shaped depression on the other.
 Keyed: A dovetailed shaped key is used to fit in the depressions in the connecting members which are
fitted tightly.
Angle Joints
These joints are generally used for connecting members parallel or at right angles to their grains. The following
types are generally used:
 Butt: The members are connected by just joining them together.
 Rebate, butt and bead: A rebate is formed in one of the members and the other member is fitted in it.
To give it a better appearance, a moulding in the form of a bead is used.
 Tongued and butt: ln this, the members are butted against each other and a small piece of wood is
fitted into the corresponding depression of the two members.
 Tongue and groove: The members may be joined by fitting a projection of the two members.
 Mitre: The members are cut at an angle at the joint and fitted.
 Mitre and feather: An additional small wooden member is inserted in the middle of the mitre joint.
 Housed: One member is completely fitted into the depression of the other.
 Shouldered and housed: Part of one member fits into a corresponding depression of the other
member
 Dovetailed housing: One member is fitted into the other by dovetailed joint.
 Mitre and rebate: In addition to mitre, a rebate is used.
 Mite, rebate and feather: A feather is used in addition to the joint described above.
 Tongue, groove and mitre: A tongue and groove joint with a part of the connecting member jointed at
an angle is sometimes use
Oblique Shouldered Joints

These joints are used where member to be joined meet at an acute or obtuse angle, such as in timber truss
construction where the principal rafter, tie beam, struts etc. meet obliquely. Following are the common types of
Oblique joints:
 Bridle Joints
 Mitred Joints
 Dovetailed Halved Joints
 Birds Mouth Joints
 Oblique Tenon joints
Fastenings
Timber joints are secured in position with Following are the types of tools used in carpentry work (Figs. 11.64
to 11.82).
 Marking tools: These are used for setting out and adjusting carpentry work. They are try square, bevel,
scribing knife, marking point, Mortice gauge and marking gauge.
 Cutting tools: These are chisels and saws. The types of chisels commonly used are Mortice chisel,
paring chisel, firmer chisel etc. Crosscut saws, tenon saws, dovetailed saws, compass saws and coping
saws are used for various types of cutting work.
 A Boring tools: For driving holes ratchet and brace may be used to which various types of bits such as
centre, shell, rose-countersunk, auger, screwdriver bits are used to get different shapes of holes. Augers
and gimlets and bradawl are also used for driving holes.
 Planning tools: Various types of planes, e.g., jack plane, rebate plane, trying plane, bead plane, etc. are
used for smoothening the wood face or for creating small mouldings.
 Hammers and screw drivers: Various types of these tools are shown in the figures.
Basic components for timber door/ window/ ventilator
Terms-Parts of a door shutter in detail

Top rail – The top rail is the horizontal piece that sits
across the very top of the door.
Freeze rail - Similar to the top rail, except it sits
horizontally across the next divide down between the
panels on the door. This is often at eye height and not all
doors have a cross rail. This is sometimes known as cross
rail.
Middle rail – Sits horizontally across the middle of the
door. Not all doors have a middle rail.
Bottom rail – Sits horizontally across the very bottom of
the door.
Stiles – This is the collective name for the vertical
components that sit on the outside edge of a door.
Lock stile – This is the vertical edge of the door which
sits on the opposite side of the door to the hinges, and
contains the lock or latch.
Panel – The panels, which may be timber or glass, are
what fill the frame formed by the stiles and rails of a door.
Top mullion - This is the vertical element of the door
that forms a division between different panels at the very
top of a door. This is sometimes known as first mullion.
Mid mullion - This is the vertical element that forms a division between panels in the area directly below the
top mullion. This is sometimes known as second mullion.
Lower mullion - This is the vertical element that forms a division between panels in the area directly below the
mid mullion. This is sometimes known as third mullion.
Moulding – This is decorative detailing that can be used
around the edge of the door stiles, rails and mullions. It
may be simple or highly decorative, such as crown
moulding.
Frame or lining – The door frame (external) or lining
(internal) is what the door fits within and which covers
the walls.
Parts of a door frame in detail
Head – The head is the part of the door frame that sits
horizontally to form the top of the frame.
Legs/Jambs – These are the terms commonly used to
refer to the vertical components that form the sides of the
door frame.
Stops – The stops are what the door rests against when
closed, and is an integral part of the frame. In the case of
door linings these are thin strips of wood that are
mounted along the length of the jambs and head, to serve
the same purpose.
Architrave - This refers to the decorative moulding on the
outer most edge of the door frame or lining.
Cill or threshold – This is the bottom portion of an
exterior door frame, and is used internally when transitioning from one floor covering to another.
Types of Doors
Battened and ledged door
This is the simplest type of wooden door and is used for narrow openings and where cost is the main
consideration. It consists of vertical battens fixed with horizontal members called ledges.
The size of vertical battens varies from 100 mm to 200 mm and their thickness ranges from 20 mm to 40 mm.
The battens are joined together in various ways. The type of joint to be given depends on the desired
appearance. Some of the commonly used joints between the battens are shown in Figs. 12.15-12.19.
Square joints in battens should be avoided as they open out and give a very unsightly appearance. If they have to
be used, square joints should be grooved to enhance their appearance. Ledges are normally three in number; the
bottom ledge and the middle ledge are wider than the top ledge. The section of ledges may be taken as under:
Top ledge: 100 mm x 25 mm to 100 mm x 40 mm.

Middle and bottom ledges: 150 mm x 25 mm to 200 mm x 40 mm.
These ledges may be bevelled to prevent water standing against them if the door is fitted on the exterior face of
the building.
Battened, ledged and braced doors
The battened and ledged doors have a tendency to droop

at the 'nose'. This is particularly so in the case of wide
doors. To prevent this tendency and also to strengthen
the door, it is customary to insert sloping braces
between the ledges.
These braces must incline upwards from the hanging

edge or else they will not be useful in preventing the
droop. The position of the middle ledge should allow the
braces to have the same inclination.
The width of braces varies from 100 mm to 150 mm and

is usually 25 mm to 40 mm thick.
Battened, ledged and framed door
This is superior in strength and appearance to an ordinary battened and

ledged door. It consists of a framework of two vertical styles, bottom rail,
top rail and one middle rail. The battens are fixed in this framework. The
styles are, generally, 100 mm wide and 40 mm thick.
The top and bottom rails are also of the same size. The middle rail is about
200 mm wide and 40 mm thick as the lock fittings are fixed to it. Battens are
from 100 mm to 125 mm wide and about 15 to 20 mm thick.
The middle and bottom rails are mortised and tenoned into the styles. The
upper and lower ends of the battens are let into the rails and the side
battens are tongued into the styles.
Battened, Ledged, Braced and Framed Door
This door is stronger than the battened, ledged and framed type. In
addition to the members of that door, cross braces inclining upwards from
the hanging side are used. The middle and bottom rails are mortised and
tenoned into the styles and the braces are either housed into the rails at
about 40 mm from the style or taken into the corners and tenoned into the
styles. The size of braces is 15 mm x 120 mm. Generally the thickness of the
top rail or the styles is equal to that of the braces and the battens together.
An improved type of this door is one in which the bottom rail, middle rail
and the braces are equal to thickness to that of the head minus the
thickness of battens. This means that the battens will run over the bottom
rail, middle rail and braces. If such a door is used on exterior side of a
building, the water collecting otherwise on the projection of the bottom rail, is not there and does not rot the
door. This is a strong type of door and at the same time is also cheap
Framed and Panelled Door
Framed and panelled doors consist of a frame in which wooden or glass panels
are fitted. The object of using such a type of door is to obtain skeleton
framework in which the tendency to shrinkage is reduced. Moreover a very
pleasant appearance is obtained by panelling. A panelled door consists of a
frame which is grooved on the inside edges to receive one or more panels.
The styles are continuous from top to bottom. The top, middle, intermediate
and bottom rails are joined to the styles. The mullions are joined to the rails.
The thickness of the shutter frame is dependent on the size of the door, the
situation of the door, the type of lock to be fixed, the thickness of panels and the
size of panel mouldings. They are generally 40 mm to 50 mm thick. They may
be divided into a number of panels depending upon the size of the door and the
nature of appearance desired.
The panels range from one to six or even more in number (Figures 12.23 to t2.28). The size of the individual
panel is one's own choice. However, it must be ensured that the styles are at least 100 mm wide and the bottom
rail and lock rail are 150 mm wide. In order to enhance the beauty of the door the panels are given architectural
mouldings as shown in figures 12.29 to 12.33.
Glazed or sash door

When light is desired to be admitted inside a room through a door, its upper part may be glazed and the lower
part panelled. These are called partially glazed doors. The latest trend is, however, to provide fully glazed doors.
Usually 5 to 8 mm thick polished plate glass is used. Special kind of glasses, e.g., reinforced with wire mesh or
toughened is being used to avoid shattering. The glasses are fixed in the rebates of sash bar and they are secured
with putty or by wooden beads fixed to the frame. The sash bars do not add to the strength of the door
Flush doors
This type of door provides a clean surface and is extensively used these days. The flush surface, when polished
gives good appearance. They are of two types:
(i) The solid or laminated core type (See Fig. 12.41 and for section see Fig. 12.49): The Laminated are 15 mm
thick and joined together in pieces. On the outside 6 mm plywood are fixed to the laminate. Edging strips are
fitted, as shown, on the sides. This door is quite strong and sound insulating than the one described below
Sometimes instead of wooden laminate light weight material such as cork board, perforated wood resin boards
and strips of compressed straw boards may also be used as a filling. Solid core doors are made from a
combination of block board/ Particle Board/Medium Density Fibre board (MDF) /Laminated Core, cross band,
face veneer, etc.
(ii) Skeleton framed type (See Figs. 12.46 and 12.48): This door consists of very light members. The styles, top
and bottom rails are 40 mm x 25 mm in size, and l0 mm wide vertical and horizontal ribs are fitted into them.
Each side is covered with 6 mm thick plywood. Special hinge blocks 150 mm x 40 mm x 25 mm in size are fixed.
This type of construction is cheaper and saves wood.
(iii) Cellular core type

The cellular core is formed by fixing wooden or plywood battens. These battens are not less than 25 mm in
width and are uniformly distributed with the voids and these voids do not exceed 25 cm2 in area. The door
shutter is formed by gluing, under pressure, plywood sheets or cross bands and face veneers on the both faces of
the core. The thickness of the plywood should not be less than 3mm. This is stronger than hollow core but not as
strong as a solid core
Louvered doors
This type of door allows sufficient amount of air circulation even when closed and
at the same time maintains privacy.
The louvers are fixed in a series so that the upper back edge of any louver is above
the lower front edge of the next higher louver. The louvers may be fixed into the
style or made movable as shown in Figs. 12.50 to 12.52.
Sliding Doors:
Shutter slides on the sides with the help of runners and guide. The
shutters may be of one or several leaves and can slide either on one side
or both the sides. For this purpose runners and guide rails are provided.
Sliding shutters may be one, two or even three. The cavities may be
provided in the wall to receive the door in an open position or it may
simply lie touching the wall.
Folding doors
Folding doors are used singly or as

folding partitions so that two rooms
can be used together as a single
room or separately as per the
requirement. They are more often
used in room opening to garden,
patios and verandah etc.
Revolving doors
This type of door hangs on a central pivot and can rotate. It is useful at places where frequent opening and
closing of a door is to be avoided .Also there are Single and double shutter revolving doors. It consists of a
centrally placed pivot to which four radiating shutters are attached.
The central pivot is supported on ball bearing at the bottom and has a bush bearing at the top. The shutters may
be partly or fully made up of glass. A circular space of entrance is provided within which shutters rotate. As
shutters rotate they give entrance on one side and exit on other side.
These doors are preferred in public buildings like stores, banks, hotels, theatres where continuous use of doors
is necessary. They are very much required in entrance to air conditioned public buildings.
Windows
A window is a transparent or a translucent opening in a wall or door that allows the passage of light and, if not
closed or sealed, air and sound. Windows are held in place by frames, which prevent them from collapsing in.
Windows comprise of two parts, one frame which is fitted in the opening in the wall and the other sashes which
are small shutter frames containing the glass and attached to the frame by hinges or retained by grooves.
1. Head-The main horizontal member forming the top

of the window or door frame.
2. Jamb-The main vertical members forming the sides

of a window or door frame.
3. Frame-The combination of head, jambs and sill to

form a precise opening in which a window sash or
door panel fits.
4. Glazing-The process of applying or installing glass

into a window sash or door panel. Also refers to the
type of glass used in the process.
5. Pane-A framed sheet of glass within a window or

door frame.
6. Sash-A single assembly of stiles and rails made into

a frame for holding glass.
7. Sill-The main horizontal member forming the

bottom of the frame of a window or door.
8. Muntin Bar-Any small bar that divides window or

door glass. Also called a grille or windowpane divider.
Fixed window
Casement windows
Double hung
The components of this type of a window are briefly described below:
(i) Frame: This consists of two vertical members, a head and a sill. The vertical members are made of an inner
lining, pulley style, back lining, and an outer lining. A small wooden section is used between the two weighs to
keep them apart. Small parting bead is provided to separate the two shutters when they are opposite to each
other. The sill is made of solid wood.
(ii) Shutters: These are of ordinary type with two vertical styles, a top rail, a bottom rail and sash bars. The usual
thickness of the shutter shall be about 50 mm.
Sliding windows
These windows are made of shutters which move horizontally or vertically on small roller bearings. The
shutters are of usual size. Suitable openings in the frame are left to accommodate the shutters.
Pivoted windows
Louvered windows.
Bay window
Corner window: These are provided at the corner of the

room. Light and air is admitted from two directions. The
jamb post at the corner is made of heavy section.
Clerestory window: A clerestory window is a large

window or series of small windows along the top of a
structure's wall, usually at or near the roof line.
This type of "fenestration," or glass window placement, is

found in both residential and commercial construction. A
clerestory wall often rises above adjoining roofs.
Dormer window: The windows provided at the dormer

end and gable end of the sloping roof to provide light and
ventilation to the enclosed space below the roof.
Sky light
Ventilator combined with Window
Fixtures and Fastenings

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AR3321 NON STRUCTURAL BUILDING ELEMENTS AND FINISHES

TIMBERDOORS, WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS

 Ordinary sawing which produces tangential boards

Market Form of Timber

Veneers (Is: 14315)

structural purposes should be as given in Table 4.6.

Fibre Boards (IS: 1658)

Fibre boards are manufactured in various

Particle Boards or Chip Boards (Is: 3129, 124o6, 3478)

Block Boards (Is: 1659)

The grades and types of block boards are represented as:

Medium Density Fibre board

Applications of Wood and Wood-Products

Basic components for timber door/ window/ ventilator

Joints may be classified as under:

Types of Lengthening Joints

This type of joint is more effective for transmitting only tension.

 When it is desirable to join two timbers without reducing

Tabled joint: The members of wood are cut with the

Scarf joint or spliced joints:

In this method of uniting timbers corresponding

This joint is used when appearance is the main

The simplest scarfjoint depends entirely upon the

Side or Widening Joints

Oblique Shouldered Joints

Basic components for timber door/ window/ ventilator

Terms-Parts of a door shutter in detail

Battened and ledged door

Top ledge: 100 mm x 25 mm to 100 mm x 40 mm.

Battened, ledged and braced doors

The battened and ledged doors have a tendency to droop

These braces must incline upwards from the hanging

The width of braces varies from 100 mm to 150 mm and

Battened, ledged and framed door

This is superior in strength and appearance to an ordinary battened and

Battened, Ledged, Braced and Framed Door

Framed and Panelled Door

Glazed or sash door

(iii) Cellular core type

Folding doors are used singly or as

1. Head-The main horizontal member forming the top

2. Jamb-The main vertical members forming the sides

3. Frame-The combination of head, jambs and sill to

4. Glazing-The process of applying or installing glass

5. Pane-A framed sheet of glass within a window or

6. Sash-A single assembly of stiles and rails made into

7. Sill-The main horizontal member forming the

8. Muntin Bar-Any small bar that divides window or

Corner window: These are provided at the corner of the

Clerestory window: A clerestory window is a large

This type of "fenestration," or glass window placement, is

Dormer window: The windows provided at the dormer

Ventilator combined with Window

Fixtures and Fastenings

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