1.

End poverty in all its forms

everywhere
The 2030 Agenda acknowledges that eradicating poverty in all its forms and
dimensions, including extreme poverty, is the greatest global challenge and an
indispensable requirement for sustainable development.

The first Sustainable Development Goal aims to “End poverty in all its forms
everywhere”. Its seven associated targets aims, among others, to eradicate extreme
poverty for all people everywhere, reduce at least by half the proportion of men,
women and children of all ages living in poverty, and implement nationally
appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by
2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable

2. End hunger, achieve food

security and improved nutrition and
promote sustainable agriculture
As the world population continues to grow, much more effort and innovation will
be urgently needed in order to sustainably increase agricultural production,
improve the global supply chain, decrease food losses and waste, and ensure that
all who are suffering from hunger and malnutrition have access to nutritious food.
Many in the international community believe that it is possible to eradicate hunger
within the next generation, and are working together to achieve this goal.

 Zero stunted children under the age of two

 100% access to adequate food all year round
 All food systems are sustainable
 100% increase in smallholder productivity and income
 Zero loss or waste of food

3. Ensure healthy lives and promote

well-being for all at all ages
Sustainable Development Goal 3 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
is to “ensure healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages”. TThe
associated targets aim to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio; end
preventable deaths of newborns and children; end the epidemics of AIDS,
tuberculosis, malaria and other communicable diseases; reduce mortality from non-
communicable diseases; strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance
abuse; halve the number of deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents; ensure
universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services; achieve universal
health coverage; and reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous
chemicals and pollution.

4. quality education
There is growing international recognition of Education for Sustainable
Development (ESD) as an integral element of quality education and a key
enabler for sustainable development. Both the Muscat Agreement adopted at
the Global Education For All Meeting (GEM) in 2014 and the proposal
for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) developed by the Open Working
Group of the UN General Assembly on SDGs (OWG) include ESD in the
proposed targets for the post- 2015 agenda. The proposed Sustainable
Development Goal 4 reads "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education
and promote life-long learning opportunities for all" and includes a set of
associated targets

5. Achieve gender equality and empower

all women and girls

Based on data collected in 2022 in 119 countries, 55% of the countries lacked
laws that prohibit direct and indirect discrimination against women; half of the
countries continued to lack quotas for women in the national parliament; 60% of
the countries failed to have laws defining rape based on the principle of consent;
45% of countries did not mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value;
over a third of countries failed to provide maternity leave in accordance with
ILO standards; almost a quarter of countries did not grant women equal rights
with men to enter into marriage and initiate divorce; and close to three-quarters
of countries failed to stipulate 18 years as the minimum age of marriage for
women and men, with no exceptions.
Target 5.3: One in five young women worldwide (19%) were married in
childhood in 2022. Globally, the prevalence of child marriage has declined from
21% in 2016. However, the profound effects of COVID-19 are threatening this
progress, with up to 10 million additional girls at risk of child marriage over the
course of a decade from the onset of the pandemic.

6. Ensure availability and sustainable

management of water and sanitation for all

Despite progress, 2.2 billion people still lacked safely managed drinking water
services, 3.4 billion lacked safely managed sanitation services, and 1.9 billion
lacked basic hygiene services in 2022. While the majority live in rural areas, the
unserved population is decreasing in rural areas and stagnating or increasing in
urban areas. Achieving universal coverage by 2030 will require an increase of 5 to
8 times the current rate.

Target 6.3: An estimated 58% of wastewater generated by households was safely

treated in 2022, based on data from 140 countries and territories. Trends for
domestic wastewater suggest that little, if any, progress is being made towards the
target of halving the proportion of unsafe discharges by 2030.

Target 6.4: Water use efficiency rose from $17.4/m3 in 2015 to $18.9/m3
worldwide in 2020, which represents a 9% efficiency increase. Around 57% of
countries presented a water use efficiency equivalent to $20/m3 or less in 2020,
compared to 58% in 2015.

7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable,

sustainable and modern energy for al

The global population with access to electricity has increased from 87% in 2015 to
91% in 2021. The pace of electrification has rebounded between 2019 and 2021.
However, the annual access growth of 0.6 percentage points in the recent period is
lower than the 0.8 percentage points in 2015–19. As a result, 675 million people,
majorly located in LDCs and sub-Saharan Africa, still lacked access in 2021.
• Target 7.1: In 2021, 71% of the global population had access to clean cooking
fuels and technologies, up from 64% in 2015. In seven (all located in sub-Saharan
Africa) of the 20 countries with the largest deficits, fewer than 10% of the
population had access to clean fuels and technologies. The growing access deficit
in sub-Saharan Africa, if not reversed, could dampen or undermine increasing
trends in global access.
• Target 7.2: The share of renewable sources in total final energy consumption
amounted to 19.1% globally in 2020, or 2.4 percentage points higher than in 2015.
Part of this progression is due to lower final energy demand in 2020, as the
pandemic disrupted social and economic activities worldwide. The electricity
sector shows the largest share of renewables in total final energy consumption
(28.2% in 2020) and has driven most of the growth in renewable energy use, while
the heat and transport sectors have seen limited progress over the past decade.

8. Promote sustained, inclusive and

sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work
for all

Following a sharp decline of 4.1% in 2020, global real GDP per capita increased
by 5.0% in 2021. However, growth in global real GDP per capita is forecast to
slow down to 2.1% in 2022 and further to 1.0% in 2023, before recovering
somewhat to a growth rate of 1.8% in 2024. The growth in real GDP of LDCs
slowed down from 5% in 2019 to just 0.2% in 2020 before recovering to 2.6% in
2021. It is expected that the growth in real GDP of LDCs would strengthen to 4.3%
in 2022 and to 4.4% and 5.4% in 2023 and 2024, respectively.
• Target 8.2: After a sharp decline in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, labour
productivity rebounded in 2021 by 2.4%. Productivity growth slowed in 2022,
increasing by only 0.5%. However, even before the onset of the COVID-19
pandemic, productivity growth had been slowing around the world. The latest
estimates extend the downward growth trend, from an average annual rate of 1.8%
between 2000-14 to 1.4% between 2015-22.
• Target 8.3: Globally, 58.0% of those employed were in informal employment in
2022, amounting to around 2 billion workers in precarious jobs, most lacking any
form of social protection. Prior to the onset of the pandemic, the incidence of
informal employment had been slowly declining and stood at 57.8% in 2019. The
pandemic resulted in a disproportionate job loss for informal workers, particularly
for women, in 2020

9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote

inclusive and sustainable industrialization
and foster innovation

Global manufacturing value added (MVA) per capita increased from $1,646
(constant 2015 prices) in 2015 to $1,875 in 2022. While Europe and Northern
America reached an all-time high of $5,052 in 2022, MVA per capita in LDCs
reached only $159, far from the target of doubling their value of $126 in 2015.
Although the share of manufacturing in LDCs increased from 12.1% in 2015 to
14.0% in 2022, this pace is not sufficient to achieve the target of doubling the share
by 2030. While LDCs in Asia have made considerable progress and are on track,
African LDCs will need to significantly accelerate progress for the goal to remain
attainable by 2030.
• Target 9.2: After a plunge in 2020, global manufacturing employment returned
to the pre-pandemic level in 2021. However, the share of manufacturing
employment in total employment continued to decline, falling from 14.3% in 2015
to 13.6% in 2021 worldwide.

10. Reduce inequality within and among

countries

Across 119 countries with data available prior to the pandemic, more than half of
them have achieved income growth of the bottom 40% of the population at a rate
higher than the national average. Sparse data from the pandemic suggest that two-
thirds of 50 countries have experienced shared prosperity post-2019, driven by
Northern America and Europe where in many countries, transfers mitigated the
economic impacts of the pandemic on the bottom of distributions.
Target 10.2: For the 53 countries with information in 2015 and 2020, on average,
the share of people living below half the median has declined by 1 percentage
point, from 13.4% to 12.5%. This trend continued during COVID-19, in large part
because of generous social assistance programs implemented in several countries.
Yet the share living below half the median remains worryingly high in many
countries: In 17 countries, more than 20% of the population lives below half the
national median
11. Make cities and human settlements
inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

As of 2022, nearly 1.1 billion people lived in slums or slum-like conditions in

urban areas, with an additional 2 billion expected to live in slums or slum-like
conditions over the next 30 years. The growing number of slum population is a
manifestation of the housing crisis, a situation in many instances that has now been
exacerbated by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Target 11.2: According to 2022 data from 1507 cities in 126 countries, only
51.6% of the world’s urban population has convenient access to public transport,
with considerable variations across regions.
Target 11.3: According to data compiled from 815 cities for the period 1990 -
2020, the physical expansion of cities globally was faster than the rates of
population growth. For the 2000-2010 period, the average annual land
consumption rate was 2.0%, while the population growth rate averaged 1.4%.
These rates declined to 1.5% and 0.6% respectively for the period 2010-2020.
12. Ensure sustainable consumption and
production patterns

Between 2019 and 2022, 484 policy instruments supporting the shift to sustainable
consumption and production were reported by 62 countries and the European
Union, with increasing linkages with global environmental commitments on
climate, biodiversity, pollution and waste, as well as a particular attention to high-
impact sectors. Yet, reporting has been decreasing by 30% on average every year
since 2019 and continues to reflect great regional imbalances with more than 50%
of policy instruments reported from Europe and Central Asia.
Target 12.2: In 2019, the total material footprint was 95.9 billion tonnes, close to
the world’s domestic material consumption of 95.1 billion tonnes. In Northern
America and Europe, the material footprint was about 14% higher than domestic
material consumption, while in Latin America and the Caribbean and sub-Saharan
Africa, the material footprint was lower than domestic material consumption by
17% and 32%, respectively.
Target 12.3: The percentage of food lost globally after harvest on farm, transport,
storage, wholesale, and processing levels, usually attributed to structural
inadequacies in the countries, is estimated at 13.2% in 2021, unchanged from 2016
and far from the target of halving post-harvest food losses by 2030.
13. Take urgent action to combat climate
change and its impacts

 The number of deaths and missing persons due to disasters per 100,000
population has steadily decreased from 1.64 during 2005-2015 to 0.86
during 2012-2021. The average disaster mortality stood at 47,337 in
absolute terms in 2015-2021. However, the number of persons affected by
disasters per 100,000 people rose from 1,198 during 2005-2015 to 2,113
during 2012-2021. The number of countries with national strategies for
disaster risk reduction has increased from 55 in 2015 to 126 by the end of
2021. Based on this, a total of 118 countries have reported having some
level of policy coherence with other global frameworks, such as the 2030
Agenda and the Paris Agreement.
 Target 13.2: Global temperatures have already hit 1.1°C, rising due to
increasing global greenhouse gas emissions, which reached record highs in
2021. Real-time data from 2022 show emissions continuing an upward
trajectory. Instead of decreasing emissions as required by the target to limit
warming, carbon dioxide levels increased from 2020 to 2021 at a rate higher
than the average annual growth rate of the last decade and is already 149%
higher than pre-industrial levels
14. Conserve and sustainably use the
oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development

 The global trend of elevated coastal eutrophication continued in 2022 above

the 2000-2004 baseline conditions, though different in magnitude from
recent years. The highest rates are in the Arabian Sea.
 Target 14.3: Ocean acidification is increasing and will continue to do so if
CO2 emissions do not stop rising, threatening marine ecosystems and the
services they provide. Today, the ocean's average pH is 8.1. This means that
the ocean today is about 30% more acidic than in pre-industrial times.
 Target 14.4: Fishery resources continue to be threatened by overfishing,
pollution, poor management and other factors, including illegal fishing.
More than a third (35.4%) of global stocks were overfished in 2019, an
increase of 1.2% since 2017. Despite ongoing deterioration, the rate of
 decline has decelerated in recent years. However, the trend continues to
deteriorate from the 2020 target to restore fish stocks to biologically
sustainable levels.
 Target 14.6: By the end of 2022, the Agreement on Port State Measures,
targeting illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, reached 74
Parties, (including the European Union) or effectively 100 States. In the
2018-2022 period, there has been some progress at the global level in
implementing instruments to combat IUU fishing. The new WTO
Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies, adopted in June 2022, marks a major step
forward towards ocean sustainability.
15. LIFE ON LAND
16.Target 15.2: The world’s forest area continues to decline, from 31.9% in
2000 to 31.2% in 2020, representing a net loss of 100 million hectares.
Agricultural expansion is the direct driver for almost 90% of global
deforestation. However, globally, there has been progress in sustainable
forest management with both certified forest area and the proportion of
forests under management plans and within protected areas increasing.
17.Targets 14.5, 15.1, and 15.4: Globally, coverage over recent years of
marine, terrestrial, freshwater, and mountain KBAs has continued to
increase to nearly half of each site covered in 2022, on average, but growth
in coverage has slowed and coverage is uneven regionally, threatening
progress towards the restoration and conservation of these ecosystems.
18.Target 15.3: Between 2015 and 2019, the world lost at least 100 million
hectares of healthy and productive land every year, affecting food and water
security globally. Human activities, intensified by climate change, are the
main drivers of land degradation, directly affecting 1.3 billion people. If
land degradation continues at a similar rate, this would result in an
additional 1.5 billion hectares of degraded land by 2030. To reach the target
of ensuring a land degradation neutral world by 2030, avoiding new land
degradation and restoring at least one billion degraded hectares of land are
needed.
16. PEACE , JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS
Ongoing and new violent conflicts around the world are derailing a global path to
peace and achievement of SDG 16. Onequarter of humanity lives in conflict-
affected areas and as of May 2022, a record 100 million people had been forcibly
displaced worldwide--more than double the number a decade ago. Citizens also
face challenges accessing justice, basic services/legal guarantees and are generally
underrepresented due to ineffective institutions. Moreover, structural injustices,
inequalities and emerging human rights challenges are putting peaceful and
inclusive societies further out of reach. To meet SDG16 by 2030, action is needed
to restore trust and to strengthen the capacity of institutions to secure justice for all
and facilitate transitions to drive sustainable development.

Globally, about 457,000 people were victims of homicide in 2021— the highest
number of victims in the last 20 years. The noticeable spike in killings in 2021 can
be partly attributed to the economic repercussions of COVID-related restrictions,
as well as an escalation of gang-related and socio-political violence in several
countries. The homicide rate was 5.8 per 100,000 population, marginally lower
than in 2015 (at 5.9 per 100,000). Men and boys represent about 80% of victims
and 90% of suspects.

In 2022, the United Nations recorded 16,988 killings of civilians in armed

conflicts: a 53% increase compared to 2021, and the first increase since the
adoption of the 2030 Agenda. Four out of ten deaths occurred in Ukraine. One in
five was a woman. The proportion of deaths by heavy weapons and explosive
munitions increased significantly, from 13% in 2021 to 39% in 2022, in contrast to
the steady decline over the previous five years.

Based on survey data from 114 countries, on average, approximately 69% of the
population report feeling safe or very safe walking alone around the area in which
they live after dark, a figure that has remained stable over the period 2016-2021.
Women continue to feel significantly less safe than men.

In 75 countries (mostly low- and middle-income) with available data from 2014 to
2022, 8 in 10 children aged 1-14 years were subjected to some form of
psychological aggression and/or physical punishment at home in the previous
month. In 70 of these countries, at least half of children experience violent
discipline on a regular basis.

PARTNERSHIPS For The GOALS

Progress towards achieving SDG17 has been mixed. On the one hand, there have
been some advances in areas such as development aid, remittances flows, and
access to technology. However, funding for development remains a major
challenge, particularly in lowincome countries. Additionally, geopolitical tensions
and the rise of nationalism in some parts of the world have made it more difficult
to achieve international cooperation and coordination. Many developing countries
are battling record inflation, rising interest rates and looming debt burdens,
competing priorities, and limited fiscal space. A major surge in concerted action is
needed to ensure developing countries have access to the financing and
technologies needed to accelerate SDG implementation.

Based on 2021 data from approximately 130 economies, government revenue

accounted for approximately 33% of GDP on average. In addition, the average
overall tax burden or revenue in the form of taxes was 26% of GDP among
advanced economies and 17% of GDP amongst emerging market and developing
economies. The proportion of government expenditure funded by taxes has been
stable within each region and worldwide has tended to converge. The overall
average was about 66% among advanced economies and 60% among emerging
market and developing economies in 2019, but sharply declined to about 52% in
2020 before rebounding to about 58% in 2021 for both groups of economies.

Net ODA flows amounted to $206 billion (current price in 2022, an increase of
15.3% in real terms compared to 2021). This is the highest growth rate in record,
mainly due to domestic spending on refugees and aid for Ukraine. However, total
ODA as a percentage of GNI continues to remain below the 0.7% target, reaching
0.36% in 2022 compared to 0.31% in 2021. Moreover, net bilateral ODA flows to
countries in Africa totalled $34 billion in 2022, representing a drop of 7.4% in real
terms compared to 2021.

The COVID-19 pandemic reshaped development spending, driving significant

increases in financial resources mobilized for developing countries from multiple
sources. Official sustainable development grants passed the $100 billion mark in
2020 and reached $118 billion in 2021. Official concessional loans amounted to
$55 billion and official non-concessional loans to $107 billion in 2021, increases of
37% and 51%, respectively compared with 2019. But this is a long way from what
is needed to enable developing countries to invest in the transitions needed to
achieve the goals, estimated at some USD 3.9 trillion between now and 2030.

Debt levels of advanced and low- and middle-income countries reached record
highs during the pandemic, increasing the likelihood of adverse consequences on
economic growth. Total external debt of low- and middleincome countries
increased by 5.6% in 2021 to $9 trillion, driven primarily by an increase in short-
term debt. As of November 2022, 37 out of 69 of the world’s poorest countries
were either at high risk or already in debt distress, while one in four middle-income
countries, which host the majority of the extreme poor, were at high risk of fiscal
crisis.