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Summary
2
RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LAW
PUNJAB

PRACTICE OF UNTOUCHABILITY IN MODERN

INDIA

HISTORY PROJECT WORK

2
Submitted To: Submitted By:
Dr. Rachna Sharma Dilpreet Kaur
Asst. Professor of History Roll number: 21245
RGNUL, Punjab Semester- Second

1
Page | 1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

After the completion of my research work over topic the practice of

untouchability in modern India. I would like to express gratitude
from the bottom of my heart to my teacher in charge Dr. Rachna
Sharma for giving me this opportunity to enhance my knowledge
bank by doing such project work. I wanted to thank for the guidance
and supportive criticism she provided for my project work.

I wanted to thank the library authorities of the University for

providing us a huge stock of books which were taken under
consideration for completing my research work.

Page | 2
 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. Cover page...............................................................................................1
B. Acknowledgement....................................................................................2
C. Table of Contents.....................................................................................3
1. Chapter One:
1.1 Introduction........................................................................................4
1.2 Dalits or Untouchables....................................................................4-5
2. Chapter Two
2.1 Causes led to Untouchability................................................................6-7
2.2 Conditions of untouchability in contemporary India........................7-8
3. chapter three
3.1 Movements for untouchables..............................................................8-10
3.2 Rights provided to untouchables under constitution provisions...10-11
3.3 Reservation policy for schedule caste and schedule tribe..............11-12
4. chapter four
4.1 A Harijan elite- the lives of some untouchable politicians............12-13
4.2 Promises left unfulfilled...................................................................13-14
4.3 Suggestions to Eradicate Untouchability........................................14-15
5. Conclusion................................................................................................16

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION

India is considered is at second place among whole world in terms of population criteria.
One of the defining feature of the Indian history is division of the people into different
groups known as caste or ‘jatis ’according to Hindu Vedic literature. Jati defines particular
groups which has common and specific characteristic or features among the people of that
particular group. Caste is a very wide and complex system and every person in India is born
under name sake of particular jati. These castes are related to specific occupations while
agriculture from past time is neutral profession. This caste system follows hierarchical order
and one is bound to follow the rules and orders of particular group. From past time on the
basis of religious theories and concepts of Vedas our society is divided into four types of
varnas. Brahmins or priests were considered to be the top most priority class. After them
position is assigned to warrior or Kshatriyas. Next class is of farmers and merchants, also
known as vaishyas. Most deprive and neglected class was of shudras which includes
workmen or craftsmen.

Brahmins often enjoy all kinds of rights whether social or economic and this rights lasts up
to third class. Second class assigned by the work of protection being warrior and third class
do business work. But shudras do not allow to enjoy any right, they were kept aside from
making use of resources, they do not have right to get educated, not allowed to do their own
business and also cannot own their land. Shudras often expected to work for the other
classes as their laborers and has to obey their orders. If they don’t act according to upper
class people they were given strict and harsh punishments. Untouchability is not a new thing
in this modern era, it is practice which is still continuing from past or ancient times till now.
Untouchability is practice under which group of individuals is considered or called as
untouchables and under this they are separated and treated differently from the people
belongs to higher caste group.

1.2 Dalits or Untouchables

In simple words untouchability is embarrassing a particular group known as untouchables
and continuing from generation to generation. Other classes’ people says that untouchables
are impure and their touch can cause impurity to pure people and the things become
contaminated with their touch. Various great activist, nationalist like Mahatma Gandhi give
name of harijan which means child of the god to untouchables because they were the one
5
who make themselves dirty to keep their surroundings clean for others. Also Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar known as father of Indian Constitution who drafted constitution with the purpose
of abolishing such harsh practice which separates this group from other classes and left
them deprive from using the resources and enjoy rights which they are entitled to like other
classes.

Page | 4
Under the name of this practice if any untouchable tries to raise their voice against the
discrimination happening against them and exploitation done to them then such person was
brutally attacked with stones and given cruel punishments. They were even not allowed to
interact socially either with a person and not allowed to visit worship places like temples.
Even there was separation of water resources between untouchables and high caste people.
Untouchables had do several actions to show due respect to their higher ones like bowing
their head when their master come as untouchables were always assigned with work of
labor, had to move barefoot and not allowed to fulfill their desire of wearing clean and
beautiful clothes. Exploitation is done as by not paying reasonable pay for their work and
not given any land to untouchables.

In present era the untouchables are known as schedule castes and according to article 342
mentioned in constitution of India enjoys several rights and get benefit of reservation or
quota seats with regard to schooling, other educational institution even though the entrance
examination and several competition papers like upsc. They get reservation in government
jobs also. People due to their religious belongings like Hinduism, Sikhism, Christianity or
Buddhism are not entitled to get reservation whether they even are poor. Reservation for
SC and ST are also done in national as well as state legislative assemblies and village
panchayat system. After all this wrongdoing is still happening because the people actual
needed such facilities or help are unable to get it. Reservation is also going hierarchical by
nature as one who after having proper wealth, status overusing the right only because he or
she is SC or ST. one who did not get benefit still involves in works like garbage collection,
public toilet cleaning and manual scavenger.

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 CHAPTER TWO
2.1 CAUSES LED TO UNTOUCHABILITY

There are basically three major causes which led to practice of untouchability in India are
as follows:
1. Racial Elements
Racial factors plays very major role in deep rooting the practice of untouchability. This
is the difference which create on the basis of racism among people which divide them
into two different groups of untouchables from the touchable ones. In almost every
aspect or condition the one who gains victors considers the one who loses lesser to him
and wanted higher status than the other one. Conquest of India by the Aryans gives this
social fruit of untouchability to the people. During this conquest a large proportion of
the native people population was included into the fold of Aryans.
The population which was included, its most backward and deprived section was known
to be untouchables and this was hierarchical in nature. For example in state of Assam
there is section Ao section which is a Nagaland tribe and they were not allowed to wear
any jewel or ornaments on their arms which were constructed of raw material ivory.
This prohibition was due to the racial difference prevailing among the nagas and the
section Ao.
Other example is of Garhwali region where harijan caste people and also the one were
artisan were prohibited from making use of palanquin by the bride’s family for her and
also the grooms were not allowed to ride over horse for the marriage. The reason for
this also the racial differences among the people. Some also argue that such restrictions
are not born along untouchables by birth but lies in the boundaries of the racial as well
as cultural aspects and their differences.

2. Religious Elements
Religious conventions and beliefs also contributed in the birth and cause of
untouchability. Hinduism always from past mainly focuses on the two attributes that are
purity and divine concept. This idea of purity related which lies in the religious basis
had huge role to play in the increase of untouchability practice.
People who do jobs like shoemaking, sweeping etc. are considered as impure so they
are kept under the category of untouchables. Impurity concept is major reason to create
differences among the people. Various social restrictions also led to untouchability for
example inter-caste marriages were totally banned and one do so get very strict
punishment not at court but by the people themselves with cruelty. Untouchables were
not allowed to enter temples or other worship places by the people of other higher
classes.
It was said that if untouchables will enter the worship places then god will get unhappy
and the worship place would become impure as the impure people enter and going to

Page | 6
 touch things surrounding. Higher classes also addresses that allowing untouchables to
enter at worship place will a disrespectful act to god.

3. Social Elements
The social conventions had a great influence over the people among one of the reason
causing untouchability. The untouchables were even deprive of enjoying basic social
right like not allowed to enter city without getting permission of superior ones, not
allowed to eat while sitting with people classes during any kind of village gatherings,
they were prohibited from using common path for passing by to any place with other
class people.
Untouchables were not allowed to get water from the resources where top class people
take. The practice of untouchability was practiced to such extent that in some areas even
untouchables were not allowed to wear clean and colorful clothes during day time, not
wear sandals when in front of masters also bowing their head to show due respect to
them.

2.2 Condition of Untouchables in Contemporary India

Despite of many legislations has been passed to safeguard the rights of untouchables still
the practice is continuing in various regions mostly in rural areas. They are still deprive of
using common water resources, visiting worship places, their house place is being
segregated from the upper class houses and children of Dalit who goes to school are ill-
treated and are not allowed to sit with the upper class students. In comparison with the past
condition has been improved but still majority of people live under extreme poverty line
and much are not benefitted with the reservation in schooling as well as institutions. Many
did not able to get good jobs and remain as working as manual scavengers or street
sweepers. Many schedule caste and schedule tribe people don’t have even house or shelter
and even not land for working.

Dalit students are motivated by teachers only to become a domestic helper and discouraged
for dreaming of opting high professions like doctors, engineers, lawyers etc. the girl
students even stop going to school as they are being molested and assaulted by the male
teachers of their school and because of the fear that no one going to listen them because
they are untouchables. This had very bad impact over the parents mind because they
generate a perception that if they even send their child to school for getting education does
their child get any chance or is there a possibility that he or she can make use of that
educational tool? People thinks even today that the vicious cycle of sweeper son is expected
to become sweeper is continuing. The mentality of upper class people not all but still
believes that untouchables are impure and they should remain parted from their place unless
they going to contaminate their surroundings.

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 CHAPTER THREE
2.3 MOVEMENTS FOR UNTOUCHABLES
In present times there were several movements which aims at fighting for basic human
rights with regard to equality, justice, freedom etc. still today untouchables face
discrimination in daily life and various places such as schools, offices, temples etc. The
process of appointing a commissioner for looking and caring for the welfare of people
included in list of Schedule caste and Schedule tribes was considered as landmark in the
history of the India. There is an act passed in 1955 which still needed to go far to reach its
aim of removing all kinds of social disabilities and these disabilities are punishable under
this legislation. This act is known as the untouchability offence act. Despite of all steps
taken for eradicating the practice of untouchability and it is considered to be abolished under
the constitution of India yet it it still prevails among the people rural areas as well as urban
to some extent. In present era still untouchables live under the extreme line of poverty.

 Reformative Movement
There were few great figures who rejected the concept of caste and they were Gautama
Buddha and lord Mahavira. Their lessons are today known as Buddhism as well as Jainism
which emerge independently in form of religion. Within Hinduism the very first
reformation takes place when it was seen that the participation of untouchables actively
during medieval times in Bhakti movement was huge in number. Ramanuja was the one
who taken his Dalit followers along with him to temple.

There was a Sikh reformist movement too under the leadership of guru Ghasidas and he
was also born in family of Dalit. There is a remarkable guru named as Guru Ravidas, he is
also a Dalit by birth. During the time period of ninety-thirties both Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and
Gandhi ji did not agree over the fact to have a joint or separate electorates for the Dalit
people. As Ambedkar did not agree to have joint electorates then Mahatma Gandhi started
harijan yatra to persuade large number of people to help untouchables. A Dalit politician
also joined Hindu mahasabha in independence struggle.

On the basis of aspects like betterment of Dalit condition the reformative movement was
divided into two portions by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar firstly the social reformative movement
which includes the factor of improvement of untouchables, prohibition of drugs and
alcoholism and also the non-vegetarian food supplements etc. this movement also indulge
the fact of forcefully imposing rituals and other several religious practices without their
consent. Secondly the other part of the movement is known as alternative movement whose
purpose is give dalits the advices who converted themselves as the disciple of boudh
religion.

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 Dalit Buddhist Movement
In states like Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh and many more dalits were attracted and
impact of the movement named neo-Buddhist started by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and during
that time period he turned his focus towards Buddhism and for that he also visited Sri
Lanka in order to be there for convention monks as well as various scholars of
Buddhism. He even was writing a book over Buddhism. For other conventions he
visited Myanmar at least two times to be at the world fellowship which was third
conference with regard to Buddhist sin Rangoon. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is also founder of
Bhartiya Boudh Mahasabha. Buddha and his Dhamma is also included under his
remarkable work.

At Sri Lanka he met and was influenced by Buddhist monk named Hammalwa and for
him he held a formal ceremony among public. This was the conversion of Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar to Buddhism when accepted three refuges from Buddhist monk along with
five percepts. Now his motive was to make his followers to follow Buddhism ideology.
He and his followers rejected the ideas of Hinduism and its philosophy by taking
twenty-two vows. He visited place of Kathmandu which is in Nepal to be at world’s
fourth conference of worlds Buddhist. His final work of Buddha was a manuscript and
completed in 1956 till December 2.

 Prevention Atrocities Act

The Indian government act of prevention of atrocities is a truth recognized impliedly or
without speaking that system of caste is identified under the name of violence including
systemic and incidental as well. The prevention of atrocities act was passed in 1989 for the
purpose of protecting various schedule caste and schedule tribes people from some
particular crimes happens against them and also punishments were to be given for the
crimes done under this act. These crimes were termed as atrocities under this act. This act
firstly describes what atrocities stand for, including harm along with the incidents of
humiliation while systemic violence is still faced by untouchables mostly in the rural areas
of the country such as imposing forced labour, prohibition of using same water resources
and not have access to visit worship place. Untouchable women also faces lot of hardships
and sexual abuse.

This act initiated the creation of special courts where the trial of cases is done which are
registered under the atrocities act. Thirdly this act also led to the appointment of qualifies
and well-dressed officials to have check over the violent acts happens against Dalit people
6
and aims to maintain law and order in the country. The limitation of this act was that it was
successful in creating special courts for Dalit’s in only two states. This act was not
implemented properly and even the officials appointed were not doing their work honestly
and properly as they were not registering all cases of violence

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2.4 Rights Provided to Untouchables Under Constitution
Provisions.

There are certain provisions provided under the Indian constitution which aims at
safeguarding the rights of untouchables. Firstly they are provided with the right of equality
among every aspect of society. Secondly no one should be discriminated on the basis of
caste, gender or birth, race. On this basis no one should be prohibited to visit any social
places like schools, hotels, shops and other social institutions. Schedule caste and schedule
tribe people have access to use common water resources, public transportation and common
path to travel as like other class people. Thirdly untouchable people given right to have easy
and equal access to the government employment opportunities and shall not left deprive on
the basis of their gender, race, religion or caste differences. The practice of untouchability
has been abolished under the constitution of India and one continues this practice this will
be punished under the name of law. India is a secular country so including the Dalit people
everybody is free to follow, practice and adopt any religion with their choice. Also no such
law is made or prevail that impose Hindu religion laws over the other like Sikhs, Muslims
or Jainism religion.

In order to maintain social order in the society state should work effectively and properly
to protect the rights of people. Next government need to focus more over promoting the
interest of the backward classes over the education as well as economic and state needed to
strive to protect the weaker sections from the exploitation and injustice done at social level.
There should one general electoral for every elections needed to be held in the legislative
parliament and the backward sections should also not deprive of their right to vote either
on any of the basis of discrimination. The basis should be adult suffrage for the elections
either to the people or to the legislative assemblies

2.5 Reservation Policy For Schedule Caste And Schedule

Tribes
The Article 341 of the constitution includes the Dalits in the list of schedule caste people
and enjoys the advantage given to them of seats reserved in the schooling, other educational
institutions as well as various governmental job sectors. All the untouchables whether they
follows Hindu religion or Sikh or Buddhism they all are known as schedule caste people.
But the one in ode to escape from discrimination converted to Christians or Muslims are
deprive of the reservation benefits and they are demanding for so. Their conversions did
not made them come or lift up themselves like other people and had feeling of socially
marginalized and even at economic level too.

The adivasis are known as schedule tribe people and under the constitution they benefitted
in similar manner like the schedule caste. They also has right to follow either any other
religion or can even practice and follow their own native religion. The reservation policy

Page | 10
also includes the reservation of the seats in the panchayat elections and also the state as well
as national assemblies for the untouchables. Not this but more than fifteen and eight percent
of the seats in the educational sector and governmental job sectors are kept for the schedule
caste and schedule tribe people. While the other backward classes come into the recognition
at present times only who were kept excluded till the time now. They also g benefitted by
the reservation policy as like the SC and ST. various studies and survey shows that this
policy of reservation helped lot of schedule caste and schedule tribe people along with the
OBC to raise at economical level like rest of the society. This also contributed in increasing
of their efficiency. After all this there are still some people who opt for the traditional work
assigned to them in the past times which are still termed or considered as polluting or
impure. However the practice of untouchability has been abolished after the untouchability
act of 1955 passed. In some regions of rural as well as urban people who are indulge in
works like manual scavenging, cleaning of the public and private places still treated
differently and also faces discriminated because of their work even by the people who
belong to the same community. Most of the people who are appointed as manual scavengers
at railway stations are schedule caste and schedule tribe people.

With the passage of time the condition of untouchables has improved in comparison with
the past times and this happen because government had initiated several policies for
safeguarding the rights of both ST and SC people. Also with their access to the education
and job sector contributed to their development. But still there are many people who are not
able to get benefitted by the reservation policies or other programs might because of large
population some left deprive of the resources and also corruption in the country which might
favors only few and left some at their poor condition who in actual needed such policies to
lift them up at economic as well as social level.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 A Harijan Elite – The Lives of Some Untouchable
Politicians

 Case of Narsing Murty ( member of Lok Sabha)

Narsing Murty caste is mang and he is a member of parliament in state of Karnataka.
His belongs to family of agricultural labourers. His father save money and buy cow
with that money. He was the eldest child in the family. With the cow milk and calf
selling money for education of murty was arrange. Healthy cow earning and their
agricultural labor made them able to buy some piece of land. For starting ten years
murty father has not enough money to work over land so he remain as labor for that
time. During that time period there was no provision of agricultural cooperative
banks so they held auction on neighbor’s land of crop field share in return for one
quarter. This was greatness of cow mother because of her only MN was able to buy
land and get education. During his school times he was not able to help out his father
with any income source and this happen till to time when he became member of lok
sabha. He graduated in BSc but his interests lies more in field of politics then
science. He by the time become full time social worker and also spent his time in
village in the harijan colony.

One of his accomplishment during the time period of six years of being a social
worker was the construction of harijan hostel. He in year 1975 was also related to
the Sanjay Gandhi anti-dowry movement. Through the mail in simple manner get
ticket of congress party. According to him he earned ticket as being a reputated
worker. He not see individually as hrijan leader but as a young Indian teacher. He
marries to a orphan girl and she was educated at university level. This story could
be seen as representing the early life of an untouchable politician in the current
period. His life was different from his rest of younger brothers and was able to
manage come out of the life of agricultural labourer status was when his father made
him to get education. His life achievements started when with the selling of cow’s
product he was able to go school and also he was able get reserved seat in he school.
Also along with this he was able to become MP because of the seat reserved for him
as he was a schedule caste.

The most remarkable point in the story of NM was that he was able to get benefitted
from the policies provided for the schedule caste people as most of the people even
being Schedule caste remain deprive of the advantage of such reservation policies
or act passed for safeguarding their rights in the society. Story of Narsing Murty to
some extent seems to be fictions as it is the rarest case or happen to very less
percentage of untouchable people life. It happens very less that with just selling milk
or calf of cow one can reach from a school to the place of member of the parliament

Page | 12
 in the state of New Delhi. He might can even be considered as a fortunate person
they was able to utilize and earn the income derived from their hierarchical work of
being a agricultural labourer.

4.2 Promises Left unfulfilled

 Quality Education: Most of the Dalit students get access or studied from
the government schools. Such schools lacks basic facilities like clean drinking
water, proper classrooms, well qualified teachers and library etc. it is a condition
where government is failing to provide such things to children. This is the reason
why the privatization of education is being highlighted in the modern trends and
which also led to government school deterioration. Yes majority of students are able
to access education in this modern era as compare to past scenario but what about
the quality education which one needed to work adequately and needed to enter and
withstand in this competitive world.

 Protection from Crimes: Everybody talks about impurity being an

untouchable but when it comes to sex no one follows this practice and takes this
word caste or untouchables into consideration. If we see the present scenario every
day at least four to five women are being raped and in huge number many get
assaulted daily. Year 2005 shows that approximately 700 Dalit people were
murdered and more than 172 women were being raped and assaulted. Even such
acts are punishable under the name of law but still it happening with the Dalit people
in today times.

 Deprivation of Reservation Right: As government passed legislation

of reserving seats for lifting the schedule caste and schedule tribe people at
economic as well as social level in education and public job sectors. Still many are
living under poverty line. Not even able to get access to basic needs like food,
shelter, clothes and education too. This all is because of the corrupt system of the
country. As the one who actual needed to be benefitted by this policies are left
deprive of them. One even belong to this backward section who already get enough
wealth and resources and their status are lifted up the society are making misuse of
being a schedule caste and not letting others to have use of resources provided by
the government.

4.3 Suggestions to Eradicate Untouchability

There are measures which can be taken to eradicate the problem of untouchability from the
society and are mentioned below:

Page | 13
 Spread of education: education is considered as the best way to eliminate the
problem of untouchability from the society because one is able to get information
or knows about our history, traditions and values through the tool of knowledge
only. Education makes our mind open and helps us to expand our boundaries to
which our thinking ability is limited. Government should take steps for spreading
the education among Dalit students like providing those free textbooks, stationery
and also made availability of e-learning to such students. Scholarships as reward
should be given to students which will encourage them more learning.

 Helping Economically: still there are lot of untouchable people who needed to
be uplifted at economic level so government should arrange camps or tournaments
for giving the unemployed person the lesson of some craft work or other technical
work skills needed adequately at workplace. For those are working in agricultural
sector needed to have easy access to the supplements needed for growing of any
crop for the particular region. Such as irrigational facilities, seeds, fertilizers and
machines etc. are as important as the accessibility to piece of land. This will going
to contribute into increasing of the surplus production and this automatically gong
to improve economic condition of the person.

 Housing Necessity: majority of the untouchables live in the slum areas and the
condition of the houses are bad to that extent that this going to effect the health
status of the people and also their morality. These slum populated areas are
separated from the cities where high class people lives. Here government should
3
take initiative of providing shelter to the one who are homeless and needed to
improve the condition of houses.

 Initiating Inter-Caste Marriages: one of the most influential ways to solve

3
this problem is by encouraging the people for the inter-caste marriages. To eliminate
the past policies or customs made which keep reminding people of untouchability
as impurity government should support the people for doing marriages out of their
caste or religion.

 Proper implementation of laws: there are several acts and legislations hae
been passed for safeguarding the rights of the untouchables but still crimes in huge
numbers happens against them. So government should appoint honest officials who
should keep checks over the proper implantation of the laws and the wrongful action
or offence against ST and SC people done must be punishable.

Page | 14
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
In the present time period it could be seen that despite of various rights and provisions
embodied under the constitution of India the practice of untouchability is still continuing in
rural as well as urban areas. Still the schedule caste and schedule tribe people are target of
the other class people and due this many untouchable people are being murdered, assaulted
and raped daily. Many rules has been made for safeguarding the rights of untouchables but
their implementation is done so effectively to curb this problem. With the contribution of
various great figures like Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Jyotirao Phule and various
organization had made aware the untouchables about their rights and encourage them to
fight against the discrimination which happens against them.

So in present scenario there are many untouchable people who are at good post jobs and
they are even supported by human rights organization to withstand the injustice against
them. Now Dalit people are allowed to visit worship places, get education, get employment,
shares common transportation with others etc. but still the dream of eradiating the practice
of untouchability is far away because its we the people both rural and urban needed to
change the perception of seeing the untouchables as symbol of impurity. This vicious cycle
of treating and seeing untouchables as only the rag pickers, manual scavengers should not
be continued.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 Similarity Report ID: oid:28078:16124527

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