Ll.m. Syllabus - Environmental Law and Legal Order

SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW
LL.M CBCS PATTERN
REVISED CURRICULUM
FROM ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND LEGAL ORDER
Environmental Law is an important subject both for the individuals and for the society.
The growing public awareness about the importance of environment and ecofriendly procedures
has brought in the necessity to bring in environmental law as a specific discipline. This has led to
the need for more lawyers, academicians and environmental aspirants owing to the stringent rules
and procedures regulating the environment. It was this aim that the Tamil Nadu Dr Ambedkar
Law University introduced the Department of Environmental Law and Legal Order in the year
2006 offering environmental law in the post graduate level.
The Department of Environmental Law has conducted programs propagating the idea of
environmental protection to the academicians, students and the general public including National
and International Conferences. Various training programs have been conducted by the department
collaborating with the Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service and also with the National Bio
Diversity Authority. The most notable is the Regional Conference on Environment conducted by
the National Green Tribunal in association with the United Nations Environment Program and
the Pollution Control Boards of the State of Tamil Nadu at TNDALU premises in the year 2016.
Environmental Lawyers can practice for individuals, firms, corporates and the state.
Hence the LLM Environmental law CBCS pattern is introduced from the academic year 2020 –
2021 designing the subjects are in such a way to give a deep understanding on the basic aspects
of environmental governance and also the international conventions and treaties that provides the
framework for the protection of the environment. As there are various authorities implementing
environmental law in the country a specific paper is introduced to the students to have practical
knowledge which will help them in their practice. Science technology and environment and food
and agriculture laws are the elective subjects offered by this department to all branches of PG
students to make them understand the importance of environmental law in relation to technology
and agriculture. This branch of LLM in Environmental Law gives ample opportunity to the
students to equip themselves to engage as environmental lawyers, academicians and also judges.
THE TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY
BRANCH – V
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND LEGAL ORDER
LL.M. SYLLABUS
SPECIALIZED CORE PAPERS – 06

1. Environmental Law: Policy and Governance
2. International Environmental Laws – Principles and Governance
3. Legal Regulation of Pollution Control
4. Environment Energy and Mining Laws
5. Research methods in Environmental Law
6. Law and Local Environmental Governance in India
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE PAPERS – 03

7. Climate Change Laws: Policy and Management
8. Biodiversity, Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property Laws
9. Coastal and Marine Management: Law and Policy
GENERIC ELECTIVE PAPERS – 02

10. Science, Technology and Environment: Law and Governance
11. Food and Agriculture: Policy, Governance and Legal Framework
SUBJECTS IN SEMESTERS
1. Judicial Process (Common Paper – I)
2. Legal Education and Research Methodology (Common Paper – II)
3. Environmental Law: Policy and Governance

First (Specialized Core Paper – I)
Semester
4. International Environmental Laws – Principles and Governance
(Specialized Core Paper – II)
5. Science, Technology and Environment: Law and Governance

(Generic Elective Paper – I)
1. Constitutional Law: The New Challenges (Common Paper – III)
2. Law and Social Transformation in India (Common Paper – IV)
3. Legal Regulation of Pollution Control

Second
(Specialized Core Paper – III)
Semester
4. Climate Change Laws: Policy and Management
(Discipline Specific Elective Paper – I)
5. Applied Research Methodology
1. Environment Energy and Mining Laws

(Specialized Core Paper – IV)
2. Research methods in Environmental Law

Third (Specialized Core Paper – V)
Semester 3. Biodiversity, Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property Laws
(Discipline Specific Elective Paper – II)
4. Food and Agriculture: Policy, Governance and Legal Framework

(Generic Elective Paper – II)
1. Law and Local Environmental Governance in India

(Specialized Core Paper – VI)
Fourth 2. Coastal and Marine Management: Law and Policy

Semester (Discipline Specific Elective Paper – III)
3. Skill Enhancement Course
4. Dissertation
PAPER – I
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
(Specialized Core Paper)
OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:

Humans depend on a healthy environment. Stable economy also depends on natural
resources and thriving ecosystems. Environmental laws help ensure the environment and the
economy are equally protected and promoted, not just because we need both but because each
needs the other. Environmental law is a comparatively newer field of law in India and yet it has
significantly shaped the country ‘s natural and developmental landscape. This course tries to
introduce some basic concepts of environment, policies and the legal remedies available for
protection of environment in India.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:

• Read and understand the basic legal concepts of the environment and its components and
study the International and National History of the development of Environmentalism.
• To study and analyse the various colonial laws, the post – independence policies and
people movements that contributed to protect, conserve and improve the Environment.
• To study the various powers and remedies available under Constitution of India, Torts
and Civil & Criminal Laws of India to protect the environment. And to understand the
Activism of the Judiciary towards the same cause.
• Understand the various dimensions of forests, the interrelationship with tribal
communities and the legal machinery which exists to protect the forests and to understand
the pivotal role of flora and the fauna in conserving the environment and the various laws,
missions and policies which exists to protect the wildlife form extinction, protection of
waterbodies in India and agricultural lands.
COURSE OUTLINE
MODULE – I: Introduction
a) Meaning, definition and concept of Environment – Environment and its components,
Ecology, Biosphere, Ecosystem and its functions, types of Ecosystem.
b) The International history of Environmentalism – International concerns for Environmental
Protection – Historical developments of International Environmental law – Early
Conservation Groups.
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c) Concept and History of Environmentalism in Ancient Indian Tradition and Culture –
Protection of Environment during Medieval Period – British Period – Post independence
period – Pitambar Pant Committee – Tiwari Committee – NCEP – Department of
Environment – MoEF.
MODULE – II: Environmental policy and politics

a) Pre – Independent Environment legislations.
b) National Policies related to Environment – Forest Policy – Water Policy – National
Environment Policy – Five Year Plans
c) Environmental Movement – Bishnoi Movement – Save Silent Valley Movement –
CHIPKO Movement – APPIKO Movement – Jungle Bachao Andholan
MODULE – III: Legal Remedies and Judicial Remedies

a) Protection of Environment under the Indian Constitution – Introduction – Indirect
Provisions, International Obligations, 42nd Constitution Amendment Act, 1976 –
Directive Principles of State Policy – Fundamental Duties – Development of Fundamental
Right to Environment – Distribution of powers between Centre and States over Natural
Resources.
b) Judicial Role, Expansion of Locus Standi, PIL, Constitutional Remedy for Protection of
Environment, Dynamic Interpretation of Article 21, 14 & 19 of the Constitution.
c) Environmental Protection and General Civil and Criminal Laws (a) Environmental
Protection and Law of Torts – Tort of Nuisance: Public and Private – Tort of Negligence
– Tort of Trespass – Environmental Torts (b) Provisions under Indian Penal Code & Under
Code of Criminal Procedure.
MODULE – IV: Forest Laws – Part 1

a) Forest laws before 1927 in India.
b) Background of Indian Forest Act 1927 – Conservation under Indian Forest Act 1927 –
Authorities under the Indian Forest Act 1927 – Forest Conservation Act 1980 – CAMPA.
c) Various types of forest – The Forest Survey of India – Judicial Approach for Forest
Conservation.
MODULE – V: Forest Laws – Part 2

a) Role of State Government and Local Governments in forest protection.
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b) Role of Tribal Community in Forest Governance – Symbiotic relationship between forests
and tribal people – Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition
of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 – Protection of Biodiversity
c) National Plans and Missions – National Afforestation Plan – National Green India
Mission – Schemes for Forest Fire Prevention and Management – Agencies (FDA, SFDA,
JFMC).
MODULE – VI: Wildlife Laws

a) The Wildlife Protection Act 1972 – Relevant Provisions: Constitution of India, IPC and
CrPC.
b) Sanctuaries and National Parks, Licensing of Zoos and Parks, State Monopoly in the Sale
of Wild Life and Wild Life Articles.
c) The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 – Offences against Wild Life – Wildlife
conservation and protection projects in India – The Wildlife Institute of India – The
Botanical and Zoological Survey of India – Animal Sacrifices in India – Tamil Nadu
Animal Preservation Act 1958.
MODULE – VII: Protection of Water Bodies

a) Water Bodies in India – Different types of inland waterbodies – Causes for Water Bodies
Destruction in India.
b) Encroachment of Water bodies – Preventive measures against encroachment.
c) Groundwater in India – Major Causes for declining Water Table – Overutilization of
ground water – Rainwater Harvesting and conservation – Other measures taken to
recharge Ground Water levels in India
MODULE – VIII: Protection of Land

a) Protection of Common Land – Legal Machinery on Land resources: Town Planning, slum
sanitation – Conservation, utilization and conversion, Ecofriendly land plans
b) Conversion of Agricultural lands into Non – Agricultural Lands and its Impact – Legal
Mechanism to Convert Agricultural Lands into Non – Agricultural Lands.
c) National/State Measures taken to protect wetlands.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
RECOMMENDED READING:
BOOKS
1. Sand, Peter. “The History and Origin of International Environmental Law: Introduction”;
Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2015.
2. Fisher, Michael H. “An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the
Twenty – First Century”. Cambridge University Press, 2018.
3. Leelakrishnan, P., et.al. (eds.). Law and Environment. Lucknow: Eastern Book Co., 1990.
4. Leelakrishnan, P. The Environmental Law in India. New Delhi: Butterworths – India,
1999.
5. Dr. R. K Bangia. “Law of Torts”. Allahabad Law Agency. Latest Edition.
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Partha Pratim Paul, Doctrine of Public Trust and Its Application by the Judiciary in
Environmental Governance of India: A Critique, 5 INDIAN J.L. & Just. 82 (2014).
2. Michael P. Vandenbergh, Private Environmental Governance, 99 CORNELL L. REV.
129 (2013).
3. Magali Drefus, The Judiciary's Role in Environmental Governance, 43 ENVTL. POL'y &
L. 167 (2013).
4. Peggy Rodgers Kalas, Environmental Justice in India, 1 Asia – PAC. J. oN HUM. Rts. &
L. 97 (2000).
5. Yu Lin, Achieving Good Environmental Governance through Environmental Public
Interest Litigation, 9 ROM. J. COMP. L. 359 (2018).
FURTHER READING:
BOOKS
1. Ian Hill, Dermont Shields. Incentives of Joint Forest Management in India. World Bank
publications. (1998).
2. Bharucha, E. 2003, Textbook for Environmental Studies, University Grants Commission,
New Delhi and Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute of Environmental Education and Research,
Pune. 361.
3. Rosencranz, Aarmin, et al., (eds.) Environmental Law and Policy in India. Oxford: OUP,
2000
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4. Singh, R. B., and Suresh Misra. Environmental Law in India. New Delhi: Concept
Publishing Co., 1996.
5. Thakur, Kailash. Environmental Protection Law and Policy in India New. Delhi: Deep
and Deep Publications, 1997.
6. Stone, Christopher D. Should Trees Have Standing and Other Essays on Law, Morals and
the Environment. Oceana, 1996
7. Boyle Alan Anderson Michael – Human Rights approaches to environmental protection
– Oxford, Clarendon press, 1998.
8. Tiwari H. N. Environmental Law, Allahabad Law Agency Faridabad, 2005.
9. Indian Journal of Public Administration, Special Number on Environment and
Administration, July – September 1988, Vol. XXXV, No. 3, pp.353 – 801
10. Centre for Science and Environment, The State of India’s Environment 1982, The State
of India’s Environment 1984 – 85 and The State of Indian Environment 1999 – 2000.
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265539511_International_Laws_Concerning_I
ndigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_in_Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_in_India.
2. https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration – on – the – rights
– of – indigenous – peoples.html.
3. Prasanna Mohanty, “Draft Indian Forest (Amendment) Bill 2019: Arming state to
undermine rights and wellbeing of tribals”, India Today. Retrieved from:
https://www.indiatoday.in/news – analysis/story/draft – Indian – forest – amendment –
bill – 2019 – arming – state – to – undermine – rights – and – wellbeing – of – tribals –
1578054 – 2019 – 08 – 07.
4. “History of Environmental Movement”.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/environmentalism/History – of – the – environmental –
movement
5. “History of Environmental Law”.
http://lawtimesjournal.in/history – of – environmental – law/
6. Evolution of International Environmental Law”.
https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2684&context=facp
ub
7. “Early Conservation Movement”. https://teachinghistory.org/history – content/beyond –
the – textbook/25578
8. “Environmental Movements in India”. https://www.jstor.org/stable/215779?seq=1
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9. de, Atrayee & Madhok, Vedant & Yadav, Dr Raj. (2015). “Constitutional Provisions And
Environment Protection In India: A Legal Insight”. 1. 81 – 90.
10. Ayush Pandia, “What is the procedure to convert the agricultural lands into plots?”.
http://lawtimesjournal.in/what–is–the–procedure–to–convert–the–agricultural–lands–
into – plots.
CASES FOR GUIDANCE

1. Trial Smelter Arbitration. https://www.casebriefs.com/blog/law/international –
law/international – law – keyed – to – damrosche/chapter – 18/trail – smelter – arbitration
– united – states – v – canada/?utm_source=casebriefs
2. Lac Lanoux Arbitration.
3. Peoples Union for Civil Liberties Vs. Union of India. (1997) 3 SCC 433 at 422.
4. State of Gujarat Vs. Mizrapur Moti Kureshi Kassab Jamat. (2005) 8 SCC 534 at 567.
5. M.C. Metha Vs. Union of India. (2002) 4 S.C.C. 356.
6. D.D. Vyas Vs. Ghaziabad Development Authority. AIR 1993 All. 57.
7. N. Ghodavarman Thirumulpad Vs. Union of India (1997) 2 SCC 267
8. Sachidanand Pandey v. State of West Bengal AIR 1987 SC 1109
9. M.C. Mehta and Anr. Etc vs. Union of India and Ors. Etc 1986 SCR (1) 312
10. “Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra, Dehradun vs. State of Uttar Pradesh AIR 1987
SC 2187
11. Indian Council for Enviro – Legal Action vs. Union of India AIR 1999 SC 1502
12. M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India AIR 1988 SCR (2) 538”
13. Animal Welfare Board of India vs. A. Nagaraj and Ors. (2014) 7 SCC 547”.
14. Subhash Kumar vs. State of Bihar and Ors. (1991)
15. Vellore Citizen Welfare Forum vs. Union of India
16. Almitra H. Patel & Ors. vs. Union of India and Ors
17. Srinagar Bandh Aapda Sangharsh Samiti & Anr.v.Alaknanda hydro Power Co.Ltd. & Ors.
18. Samit Mehta vs. Union of India and Ors
19. Save Mon Region Federation and Ors. vs. Union of India and Ors
20. Ms. Betty C. Alvares vs. The State of Goa and Ors
LEARNING OUTCOME
• Critically evaluate and analyse the significance and importance of environment
• Refine their understanding of environment laws
• Adopt appropriate mechanism for protection of environment
*****
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PAPER – II
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS – PRINCIPLES AND GOVERNANCE

International environmental law has been an emerging field with a lot of multilateral
agreements in force. Today, international environmental law has grown alongside human rights
in setting the frontiers of cooperation amongst states. Its interface with international trade law is
quite fascinating for those who are interested in the shaping of global resource politics and
lawmaking. The subject has evolved with its unique principles borrowed from national and
international laws in various jurisdictions.
Environmental legal studies shall basically introduce the international dimensions in the
initial classes to further their knowledge in the municipal systems.
After undergoing the study, the student will be able to understand the following
• To comprehend a basis understanding about water as a resource, and its impact on legal
systems.
• To master the basis legal principles of transboundary water law.
• To study the national and international legal regimes relating to watercourses.
• To explore the connections amongst water, environment, land and human rights laws.
COURSE OUTLINE
MODULE – I: Global Environmental Concerns and Politics
a) Transboundary environmental harms in history – migratory birds – protection of wild life
– pollution in seas and international rivers
b) Greenhouse gas emissions – melting of glaciers and other effects of global warming –
exploitation of fossil fuels
c) Environmental Politics – evolution of green parties – North – South Divide
MODULE – II: Evolution of Contemporary International Environmental Law

a) Bilateral and multilateral agreements concerning pollution, and management of resources
prior to 1972 – role of IUCN and UN agencies
b) UN conferences – Stockholm to Rio+20 – Multilateral treaty framework and bilateral
arrangements – soft law instruments
c) Agenda 21 – MDGs – SDGs
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MODULE – III: Principles of International Environmental Law – I
a) Transparency, Public Participation and Access to Information and Remedies – obligation
to cooperate in environmental matters
b) Common but Differentiated Responsibilities
c) State responsibility – Internationally wrongful acts
MODULE – IV: Principles of International Environmental Law – II

a) Sustainable Development – Precautionary and Polluter pays – Intergenerational equity
b) Access and Benefit Sharing regarding natural resources – Common Heritage and Common
Concern of Humankind
c) Sovereign right to exploit natural resources – Environmental Impact Assessment
MODULE – V: Global Commons

a) Climate change and desertification regimes
b) High seas and marine resources – governing Antarctic and Arctic
c) Space Law and Environment – Air Traffic and Pollution
MODULE – VI: Nuclear and Other Transboundary Hazards

a) Non – Proliferation – Nuclear Waste Disposal – Comprehensive Test Ban – India and
International Nuclear Resource Cooperation
b) International Disaster Management Law – Tampere Convention – International Health
Regulations
c) Movement of Hazardous Waste – Marine Pollution – Pollution from Ship and Legal
Control – – Protecting shared resources
MODULE – VII: International Obligations to Protect National Resources

a) Biodiversity – Forests
b) Wetlands – Migratory Birds
c) Natural and Cultural Heritage
MODULE – VIII: International and Non – Governmental Institutions

a) UN Agencies for Environment – UNEP – UNDP – UNESCO
b) Global Environmental Facility – World Bank – WTO
c) IUCN – WWF – Greenpeace
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
1. Phillippe Sands (2018) “Principles of International Environmental Law” Cambridge
2. Daniel Bodansky (2007) (ed) “The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental
Law”, Oxford
3. Bharat H. Desai (ed) (2014) “International Environmental Governance” Brill: Nijhff
4. Alexandre Kiss (2007) Guide to International Environmental Law, Martinus Nijhoff
Publications
5. Alan Boyle and Patricia Bernie (2009), International Law and Environment, Oxford
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Leslie – Anne Duvic – Paoli (2012) “The Status of the Right to Public Participation in
International Environnemental Law : An Analysis of the Jurisprudence” Year book of
International Environnemental Law
2. Paulo de Bessa Antunes (2020) “International Environmental Law : Particularities”
Veredas do Direito, Belo Horizonte
3. Phillippe Cullet (2016) “Differential Treatment in Environmental Law : Addressing
Critiques and Conceptualizing the Next Steps” Transnational Environmental Law
4. Bharath Desai (2012) The Quest for a United Nations Specialised Agency for the
Environment, the Roundtable
5. Cassandra M Brooks (2014) ‘Challenging the ‘Right to Fish’ in a Fast – Changing Ocean’
Standford Environmental Law Journal
FURTHER READING:
BOOKS
1. Timo Koivurova, (2012) ‘Introduction to International Environmental Law’ Rutledge
2. Elli Louka (2006) International Environmental Law : Fairness, Effectiveness and World
Order, Oxford
3. Shawkat Alam ed. (2015) International Environmental Law and the Global South,
Cambridge
4. Bharat H. Desai (2010)” Multilateral Environmental Agreements” Cambridge
5. Shawkat Alam (2013) ‘Rutledge Handbook on International Environmental Law’
Routledge
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6. Lakshman Guruswamy (2012) “International Environmental Law in a Nutshell”,
Thomson – West
7. Bodansky Danel (2010) ‘The Art and Craft of International Environmental Law’
Cambridge
8. Cullet, Philippe, (2009) ‘Water Law for the Twenty – First Century : National and
International Aspects of Water Law Reform in India’ Rutledge
9. Ved Nanda ed al, (2013) International Environmental Law and Policy for the 21st century,
Martinus Nijhoff
10. Bodansky Danel (2018) ‘International Climate Change Law’ Oxford.
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Bharat H. Desai (2018) “On the Revival of the UN Trusteeship Council with a New
Mandate for the Environment and the Global Commons” Environmental Law and Policy
2. Bharat H. Desai (2017) “Mapping Forest Governance” Environmental Policy and Law
3. Ximena funtes (1988) Sustainable Development and the Equitable Utilization of
International Watercourse, BYIL.
4. Armin Rosencranz(ed) (2008) Supreme Court and India’s Forests, EPW
https://www.epw.in/journal/2008/05/commentary/supreme – court – and – indias –
forests.html
5. Gitanjali Gill, (2019) “Precautionary principle, its interpretation and application by the
Indian judiciary…” Environmental Law Review
6. Brunnée J (2002) ‘COPing with Consent : Law – Making Under Multilateral
Environmental Agreements’ Leiden Journal of International Law
7. Barnes, A.J., (1988) The Growing International Dimension to Environmental Issues, 13
COLUM. J. ENVTL. L.
8. D Kapula Sproat (2016)'An Indigenous People’s Right to Environmental Self –
Determination : Native Hawaiians and the Struggle Against Climate Change Devastation’
Standford Environmental Law Journal
9. Rosemary Lyster (2016) Climate Change Law, Yearbook of International Disaster Law.
10. Beatriz Felipe Perez et.al (2016) ‘Rethinking the Role of Development Banks in Climate
Finance : Panama’s Barro Blanco CDM Project and Human Rights’ Law, Environment
and Development
CASES FOR GUIDANCE

1. Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
https://www.icj – cij.org/en/case/150
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2. Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay https://www.icj – cij.org/en/case/135
3. Nuclear Tests https://www.icj – cij.org/en/case/58
4. Whaling in the Antarctic https://www.icj – cij.org/en/case/148
5. Gabcikvo – Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) https://www.icj – cij.org/en/case/92
6. Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and
to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India) https://www.icj – cij.org/en/case/158
7. South China Sea Arbitration Case https://pca – cpa.org/en/cases/7/
8. Southern Bluefin Tuna (New Zealand – Japan, Australia – Japan)
https://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XXIII/1 – 57.pdf
9. Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration https://pca – cpa.org/en/cases/20/
10. Metalclad Corporation v Mexico
https://www.biicl.org/files/3929_2000_metalclad_v_mexico.pdf
11. Shrimp Turtle case https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis08_e.htm
12. India: Solar Cells https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds456_e.htm
13. Saramaka People v Suriname https://www.escr – net.org/caselaw/2014/case – saramaka –
people – v – suriname
14. Commission of the European Communities v. Italian Republic
https://www.ecolex.org/details/court – decision/commission – of – the – european –
communities – v – italian – republic – 2c85b202 – 8c80 – 4371 – a6f1 – ee777d2d1419/
15. M.C. Mehta v Union of India (Oleum Gas Leakage case) (1987) 1 SCC 395
16. Vellore Citizens’ Welfare Forum v Union of India (1996) 5 SCC 647
17. Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra, Dehradun v. State of U.P AIR 1985 SC 652
18. Indian Council for Enviro – legal Action vs. Union of India 1996 AIR 1446
19. Urgenda Foundation v. The State of the Netherlands https://elaw.org/nl.urgenda.15
20. Jam v. International Finance Corporation
https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/18pdf/17 – 1011_mkhn.pdf
LEARNING OUTCOME
• Understanding the importance and structure of international legal framework in relation
to international environmental law
• Apply the principles to international and national situations involving environment.
• Appreciate and understand the link between national and international laws in the
enforcement of International and National Environmental Law.
• To further research and practice in the field of international environmental law
*****
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PAPER – III
LEGAL REGULATION OF POLLUTION CONTROL

The objective of the course is to provide a basic level understanding of the legislative
framework of environmental regulation, its implementation and adjudication on Environmental
Pollution.
The objectives can be further put forth as follows:
• To enable students to identify core environmental issues and legal and institutional
responses to them.
• To analyse the role of judiciary in environmental protection.
• To introduce the basic concepts and principles of environmental law and to analyze these
principles as tools of environmental protection, where the laws and policies fall short.
• To understand development of environmental law in an international perspective,
specifically developed and developing countries perspective combating Environmental
Pollution.
COURSE OUTLINE
MODULE – I: Environmental Problems from various Pollutions sources and factors
responsible
a) Pollution – Kinds of pollution – Air – Water – Noise – Land pollution – Food pollution
(food adulteration) – Thermal pollution – Nuclear (radioactive) pollution – Light pollution
b) Factors contribution Environmental Pollution – Industrialization, Poverty, Population
Explosion, Urbanization, and Over – Exploitation of Resources.
c) Impact of pollution on environment and human health.
MODULE – II: Pollution Prevention Laws and its Legislative Measures

a) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 – The Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 – The Environment Protection Act, 1986 – The Noise
Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.
b) The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1981 – The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995
– The National Environment Appellate Authority (NEEA) Act, 1997.
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c) The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, National Green
Tribunal Act, 2010.
Module III – International Efforts for Environmental Pollution

a) The Stockholm conference 1972 – Brundtland commission 1983 – Nairobi conference
1982 – The Rio Summit 1992 – the Rio Declaration at the earth charter – Major
achievement of the Rio Summit –
b) Main features of the Rio Declaration – Kyoto conference and part on Global Warming
1997 – present developments.
c) Review of different Case studies on Environmental pollution – international perspective.
MODULE – IV: Enforceability of Principles and Doctrines under Indian Constitution

referring Rio Declarations
d) The Polluter Pays Principle – European Community Treaty. Article 102 Rule 2 of the
Treaty – Rio Declaration of 1992’. Principle 16 of The Declaration – The ‘Polluter Pays
Principle’ Exposes the Polluter to two – fold Liability Namely: (i) Compensation to the
Victims of Pollution; and (ii) Ecological Restoration
e) The Precautionary Principle – United Nation’s Conference on Environment and
Development held at Rio in 1992.
f) The Public Trust Doctrine – State has a duty as a ‘Trustee’ Under Article 48A of The
Constitution of India to protect and improve the Environment and Safeguard the Forests
and Wildlife of The Country. While applying Article 21 of the constitution of India (Right
to life), the state is obliged to take account of Article 48(A) for Constitutional Obligation
on part of State and of the Citizens for the protection of Environment.
MODULE – V: Fundamental Right to live in a Healthy Environment – Judicial Activism

a) Role of National Green Tribunal.
b) High courts and Supreme Court in environmental protection.
c) Leading judgments to safeguard Environment and enforce the fundamental right to live in
a Healthy Environment through ‘Judicial activism’.
MODULE – VI: Understanding Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) with progress of

Sustainable Development.
a) Provisions of environment impact assessment under the environmental protection Act,
1986.
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b) Rationale behind EIA – EIA methodology and process environment impact assessment
notification 2006 – Preliminary assessment of EIA – comprehensive EIA – functions of
the impact Assessment Agency – Public hearing and EIA – Understanding types and
methodology EIA – Evolution of standards of EIA – History of EIA in India – EIA process
forms – Impact assessment –
c) Comparative review of EIA process – and procedures followed in foreign Countries.
MODULE – VII: Environmental Dispute and Grievance Settlement Mechanism.

a) National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 – powers, functions and jurisdiction of the
National Environmental Tribunal, National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997.
b) Powers, Functions and Jurisdiction of The National Environment Appellate Authority.
National Green Tribunal Act 2010 – powers, functions and jurisdiction National Green
Tribunal.
c) Recent case studies on Environmental Dispute.
MODULE – VIII: Environmental Protection Rules and Handling Waste Management

a) Environmental Protection Rules and Handling Waste Management by combating
pollution – from Hazardous waste, Bio – Medical Waste, Municipal Solid Waste, Plastic
Usage and Waste, E – waste – Management.
b) Limitations on Emissions.
c) CFC preventing the damage to the ozone layer – prevention and mitigation – toxic spills
and leaks.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
1. Shibani Ghosh ed., Indian Environmental Law: Key Concepts and Principles
2. Geetanjoy Sahu, Environmental Jurisprudence and the Supreme Court: Litigation,
Interpretation, Implementation (2014)
3. Shyam Diwan and Armin Rosencranz, Environmental Law and Policy in India – Cases,
Materials and Statutes (2nd ed., 2001)
4. P. Leelakrishnan, Environmental Law Case Book (2nd ed., 2010)
5. Gurdip Singh, Environmental Law in India (2nd ed 2016)
14
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Navin Prakash Verma, Water Pollution in India: An Overview, 7 INDIAN J.L. & Just. 22
(2016).
2. Kelly D. Alley, Legal Activism and River Pollution in India, 21 GEO. INT'l ENVTL. L.
REV. 793 (2009).
3. Shibani Ghosh, Reforming the Liability Regime for Air Pollution in India, 4 ENVTL. L.
& PRAC. REV. 100 (2015).
4. Asheesh Shrivastava & Yogita Khare, Recycling of Products Causing Pollution: A
Suggestive Reverse Supply Chain Model for India, 2 LIBERAL Stud. 85 (2017).
5. Chandrani Das, Water Pollution in India: An Overview of Existing Statutory Frameworks
in Management of Ecosystems, 5 INDIAN J.L. & Just. 137 (2014).
FURTHER READING:
BOOKS
1. P. Leelakrishnan, Environmental Law in India (5th ed., 2019)
2. Stuart Bell & Donald Mc Gillivray, Environmental Law (7th ed., 2008)
3. P. Leelakrishnan, Environmental law in India (4th ed, LexisNexis, 2016)
4. Environment and Air Pollution: Policy and Perspectives, Edited by Usha; A. – 1st ed. Ed.
Hyderabad: The Icfai University Press, 2010 p. Vii, 242 p. ISBN: 9788131413043
5. Environmental Law / Upadhyaya. J. J. R. – 2nd ed.; Allahabad: Central Law Agency,
1900 p. Xxxviii, 499 p.
6. Environmental Law / Nanda; K. Sukanta, Foreword by Arjit pasayat. – 2nd ed. Ed.;
Allahabad: Central Law Publications, 1900 p. Xxvii, 472 p.
7. Environmental Law Case book / Leelakrishnan; P. – 2nd. Ed.; Haryana: Lexis Nexis
Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur, 2006 p. Xxvii, 466 p. ISBN: 9788180381324"
8. Environmental Law / Tripathi; S. C. – 3rd ed. Ed.; Allahabad: Central Law Publications,
2000 p. Xlvii, 506 p.
9. "ENVIRONMENTAL LAW / Jaswal S. Paramjit; New Delhi: Pioneer Publications, 2017
p. 564p.ISBN: 000"
10. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL LAW / Shantha Kumar. S; New Delhi:
Wadhawa And Company, 2005 p. 494p.
15
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Assessment of Citizens – Action against Light Pollution with guidelines for future
initiatives, Karolina M. Zielnksa, Kyra Xavia, Katarzynca Bobkowska, published on
Sustainability 2020,12,4997; doi10.3390/su12124997
www.mdpi.com/jounral/sustainability
2. "Environmental Governance Transboundary Issues, Edited by Lakshmi; L. – 1st ed. Ed.;
Hyderabad: The Icfai University Press, 1900 p. Vii, 243 p. ISBN: 9788131417676"
3. "The Principles of Environmental Law / Padma. T.; And Rao; K. P. C. Hyderabad: ALT
Publications, 1900 p. Xxxix, 336 p. ISBN: 8183950728"
4. "Waste Management: Environmental Impact, Edited by Lakshmi; L. – 1st ed. Ed.;
Hyderabad: The Icfai University Press, 1900 p. Ix, 217 p. ISBN: 978831422557"
5. Water Pollution Policies and Perspectives, Edited by Krishnakumari; A. – 1st ed. Ed.;
Hyderabad: The Icfai University Press, 1900 p. Vii, 242 p. ISBN: 9788131406649"
6. "Environment and Health issues and implications, Edited by Lakshmi; L. – 1st ed. Ed.;
Hyderabad: The Icfai University Press, 2010 p. Vii, 225 p. ISBN: 9788131417843
7. Shyam Divan & Armin Rosencranz, Environmental Law & Policy in India (2nded, Oxford
University Press, 2014)
8. Philippe Sands, Principles of International Environmental Law (2nd ed, Cambridge
University Press, 2003)
9. Patricia Birnie, Alan Boyle and Catherine Redgwell, International Law and the
Environment (3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2009)
10. "Environmental Pollution International Perspectives, Edited by Usha; A. – 1st ed. Ed.;
Hyderabad: The Icfai University Press, 2000 p. Viii, 281 p. ISBN: 9788131418277"
CASES FOR GUIDANCE

1. State of Madhya Pradesh v. Centre for Environment Protection Research and
Development [2020 SCC Online SC 687];
2. Riddhima Pandey v. Union of India [NGT, Jan. 15, 2019];
3. Wilfred J v. Ministry of Environment and Forest [NGT, Sept. 2, 2016];
4. Vellore Citizen’s Welfare Forum v. Union of India [AIR 1996 SC 2715];
5. Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India [(1989) 1 SCC 674]; Charan Lal Sahu v.
Union of India [AIR 1990 SC 1480];
6. M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, (Oleum Gas leakage Case) [1987 SCR (1) 819];
7. Ratlam Municipality v. Vardhichand [AIR 1980 SC 1622].
8. Arjun Gopal v. Union of India [(2017) 1 SCC 412];
16
9. Arjun Gopal v. Union of India [AIR 2018 SC 5731];
10. Sreeranganathan v. Union of India [CDJ 2014 NGT 70];
11. Sterlite Industries (I) Ltd. v. Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (2020);
12. Sterlite Industries (I) Ltd. v. Union of India and Ors. [(2013) 4 SCC 575];
13. Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board v. MV Nayudu [AIR 1999 SC 812];
14. Almitra Patel v. Union of India [(1998) 2 SCC 416;
15. M.C Mehta v. Union of India (Kanpur Tanneries Case) [AIR 1988 SC 1037];
16. M.C Mehta v. Union of India (Ganga Pollution Case) [AIR 1988 SC 1115];
17. Indian Council for Enviro – Legal Action v. Union of India (Bichhri Case – II) [(2011) 8
SCC 161];
18. M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath [AIR 2000 SC 1997];
19. Goa Foundation v. Konkan Railway Corporation [AIR 1992 Bom 471];
20. Narmada Bachao Andolan [AIR 2000 SC 3751];
LEARNING OUTCOME
• Understand the applicability of the core principles of pollution law
• Describe and analyse the pollution law regime and identify how important legal issues
are addressed within it.
• Critically analyse the judgments relating to pollution control and identify the legal issues.
• Understand the remedies available to citizens in dealing with pollution and applying them
in practice.
*****
17
PAPER – IV
ENVIRONMENT ENERGY AND MINING LAWS

The World Energy consumption contributes to pollution, environmental deterioration and
global greenhouse emissions. To end this, renewable energy resources can play an important role
in controlling and reducing environmental impact. The process of mining also poses serious
threat to the environment thereby causing larger impacts on the environment. This course thrives
to cover the essential legal framework to strengthen the protection of environment and also
touches upon issues such as legal framework within the country and International initiatives.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:

• Basic concepts relating to energy and mining and its impact on environment.
• International and national framework relating to energy and mining laws.
• Role of various authorities implementing energy and mining laws.
• Rights of displaced people due to illegal mining and their displacement.
COURSE OUTLINE
a) Definition and concepts relating to Mining and Energy, Impact of Mining and Energy
production on Environment.
b) Kinds of Energy: Conventional/Non – Renewable Energy: Fossil Fuels, Coal, Oil, Natural
Gas – Non – conventional/Renewable Energy – Wind Energy, Solar Energy,
Hydroelectric power energy, Geothermal Energy, biomass Energy, Nuclear Energy –
Types of Mining.
c) History of Mining and Energy production in India.
MODULE – II: International Mining and Energy Laws

a) Sovereign Rights of States to exploit resources through Mining activities – Oil and Gas
Law (OPEC RULES) – Contract between two countries to exploit oil: Concessions and
Licenses – Production Sharing Agreements – Investment law – Mining and Energy issues
– Oil as a global driver of geo – politics – ONGC.
18
b) International Energy Disputes – Energy and Security – Global Energy demand –
Availability and distribution, Energy subsidies and WTO – Carbon Trading – Low Carbon
energy: Policy & Regulation.
c) Global Management in Mining for Sustainable Development – Sustainable Mining
Practices – United Nations Industrial Development Organization – Sustainable Energy
Solutions and Clean Technologies – Goals related to Mining and Energy under SDG
Agenda 2030.
MODULE – III: Constitutional Framework and Policies

a) Constitutional framework regulating mining in India – Union List Entry 54 & State List
Entry 23 – Important Supreme Court decisions relating to Mining Laws in India –
Privatization of Mining sector in India post LGP policy 1991.
b) Protecting Environment, Health and Safety of people arising out of Mining and its
ancillary industries – Protection of Tribal population and Livelihood – Environmental
Impact Assessment: Promoting awareness of Environmental Democracy and Participation
in Environmental Decision making.
c) Constitution framework regulating Energy sector in India – Energy sources and
conservation – Projected Indian energy production – production and usage – the
management of the electric power generation sector – Right to access Electricity –
National Energy Policies – Prathan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana – “Saubhagya”,
2017.
MODULE – IV: Laws related to mining in India

a) Mining on Land: Coal Mines – Mines and Minerals Act – Regulatory Structure,
Ownership, Foreign Ownership Processing and sale of mineral resources, and Tax.
b) Minor Minerals – Sand Mining
c) Off – Shore Mining: the offshore areas mineral (development and regulation) Act, 2002 –
International Seabed Authority – United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982
MODULE – V: (Energy Laws Part 1) Energy sector in India.

a) Laws relating to Electricity – Electricity Act 2003 – Right to Electricity – Production of
Electricity through Renewable resources – Appellate Tribunal for Electricity.
b) Importance and need of Energy Conservation in India – Energy from Waste sector in
India.
c) Renewable Energy Production in India – Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
Limited (IDERA) – Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
19
MODULE – VI: (Energy Law Part 2) Nuclear Energy in India
a) Defining Nuclear Energy – Importance of the Nuclear Energy as a Renewable energy.
b) Growth of Nuclear power in India – The Emergence of Environmental Concerns Nuclear
power of India – Challenges – Civil liability for Nuclear damage Act, 2010 – Atomic
Energy Act, 1962.
c) Principles governing nuclear liability: Safety principles, Security, Prevention and
Protection, Responsibility, Compensatory, Sustainable and developmental,
Interdependence and transparency, strict and no – fault liability, Nuclear Energy Park.
MODULE – VII: Authorities governing Mining and Energy Sector in India.

a) State Governments, Ministry of Mines (MOM), Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM), Ministry
of Coal (MOC), Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MOPN),
b) Ministry of Power, Bureau of Energy Efficiency
c) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MOEFCC).
MODULE – VIII: Protection of Environment

a) Mitigation of environment degradation due to Mining – Adoption of environment friendly
technology – Labour issues
b) Displacement of the population due to mining, Marginalization of local communities and
economic disparities in mining areas – Social Issues
c) Rehabilitation of closed and abandoned mine sites – Afforestation and Preservation of
Biological diversity – Institutional Governance of Mineral Resources
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
1. Penelope Crossley, 2019, Renewable Energy Law – An International Assessment,
Cambridge University Press
2. Ottinger, R. Robinson N & Tagur V. (Eds), 2005, Compendium of Sustainable Energy
Laws (IUCN Academy of Env’al Law Research Studies), Cambridge University Press
3. Joshua P. Fershee, Energy Law: A context and Practice Casebook
4. Joseph P. Tomain, Richard D. Cudahy, 2017, Energy Law in a nutshell, 3rd edition, West
Academic Publishing
5. Richard Hermann, 2017, Energy Law fuelling a dynamic legal career, 21st century Legal
Carrier Series, H. Watson Consulting LLC
20
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Charles K. Ebinger, 2016, India’s Energy and Climate Policy – Can India meet the
Challenge of Industrialization and Climate Change? Brooklings Energy security and
climate initiative
2. Dr.P Sakthhivel, Energy Subsidies for irrigation and WTO: Legal and Policy challenges
for India, Journal for Department of Legal Studies.
3. Abdeen Mustafa Omer, 2009, Energy use and environmental impacts: A general review,
Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy
4. C. M. Jariwala, 1995, Mining and Environment: Indian law scenario, Journal of the Indian
Law Institute, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43953244
5. Alimpan Banerjee, 2016, India's Renewable Energy Act 2015: The Missing Piece in
India's Renewable Energy Puzzle, 7 RENEWABLE ENERGY L. & POL'y REV. 145
FURTHER READING:
BOOKS
1. E – BOOK ON MINING SECTOR (mines.gov.in)
https://mines.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/ebookmines.pdf
2. Samantha Hepburn (bookdepository.com), Mining and Energy Law, Feb 2020
3. Alexandra B. Klass (bookdepository.com), Hannah J. Wiseman (bookdepository.com),
Energy Law, West Academic (bookdepository.com), 2020
4. Kim Talus (bookdepository.com), Introduction to EU Energy Law, Oxford University
Press (bookdepository.com), 2016
5. Raphael J. Heffron (bookdepository.com), Energy Law: An Introduction, Springer
International Publishing AG (bookdepository.com), 2015
6. Barlow Burke (amazon.com), Robert Beck (amazon.com), The Law and Regulation of
Mining: Minerals to Energy (Law Casebook), Carolina Academic press, 2009
7. E – Book on Mineral Sector, Ministry of Mines, Government of India February 08, 2016,
E – Book on Mineral Sector (mines.gov.in)
8. P. Seshagiri Rao, Law of Mines and minerals, Asia Law house, Hyderabad, 2
volumes,2015.
9. John D. Leshy, The Mining Law A Study in Perpetual Motion, Routledge, 2014
10. Lawrence J. MacDonnell (google.co.in), Sarah F. Bates (google.co.in), The Evolution of
Natural Resources Law and Policy, American bar Association, 2010.
21
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Al Gedicks, Transnational Mining Corporations, the Environment, and Indigenous
Communities, 22 BROWN J. WORLD AFF. 129 (2015).
2. Marc Clemson, Human Rights and the Environment: Access to Energy, 16 N.Z. J.
ENVTL. L. 39 (2012).
3. Robert Brown Wright, Understanding Completing Needs of Energy and the Environment:
A Case Study of Geothermal Energy, 2 LOY. LAW. 7 (1976).
4. Manisha Gulati and Piyush Tiwari, 2011, Development of Renewable Energy in India:
Role and Effectiveness of Electricity Regulators, 2 RENEWABLE ENERGY L. & POL'y
REV. 107
5. Sanjay Kumar Kar, 2015, Renewable Energy Market Developments: A Study of India, 6
RENEWABLE ENERGY L. & POL'y REV. 238
6. Scott Fulton, Sofia O'Connor, Wayne Balta, Janice Dean & Beth Deane, 2020, Renewable
Energy: Corporate Obstacles and Opportunities, 50 ENVTL. L. REP. 10181.
7. Sophie Wenzlau, 2018, Renewable Energy Subsidies and the WTO, 41 Environs:
ENVTL. L. & POL'y J. 339
8. Sofia O'Connor, 2019, James McElfish & Lovinia Reynolds, Corporate Renewable
Energy Goals: What Does 100% Renewable Really Mean, 49 ENVTL. L. REP. News &
Analysis 10648
9. Ashok K. Mangotra, 2016, Renewable Energy Scenario in India: Quest for an Appropriate
Policy, 7 RENEWABLE ENERGY L. & POL'y REV. 30
10. 10.https://petrowiki.org/PEH:International_Oil_and_Gas_Law#Considerations_in_Cond
ucting_Operations_in_International_Projects
CASES FOR GUIDANCE

1. Orissa mining corporation limited Vs. Ministry of Environment and Forest (Vedantha
Case)
2. Deep Chand Vs. State of U.P AIR 1959 SC 648.
3. Save Mon Region Federation & oths Vs. MoEF & APSPCB (NGT) (Niyam Jang Chhu
HydroElectric Power Dam Case).
4. Ukha Vs. State of Maharashtra AIR 1963 SC 1531.
5. Hingir – Rampur Coal Co Vs. State of Orissa 1961 (2) SCR 537.
6. State of Meghalaya Vs All Dimasa Students Union & Others
7. Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union v Melbourne Precast
Concrete Nominees Pty Ltd (No 2) [2020] FCA 1215
22
8. Manohar Lal Sharma Vs. The Principal Secretary & Ors WRIT PETITION (CRL.) NO.
120 OF 2012
9. Anglo – Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom v. Iran) [1952] ICJ 2 (also known as the Anglo
– Iranian Oil Co. case)
10. Bowoto v. Chevron Corp. 621 F.3d 1116 (2010)
11. Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis 480 U.S. 470 (1987)
12. Vatican Radio lawsuit
13. Overseas Hibakusha Case
14. Nulyarimma v Thompson
15. Hodel, Acting Secretary of the Interior v. Virginia Surface Mining & (and) Reclamation
Association, Inc., et al. 452 U.S. 264 (1980)
16. Western energy Co v. Genie land Co.
17. (No. 16 – 712 U.S. Reports) (2018)
18. Oil States Energy Services, LLC v. Greene's Energy Group, LLC, et al.
19. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission et al. v. Mississippi et al., 456 U.S. 742, 797
(1982).
20. United States Department of Energy v. Ohio et al. 503 U.S. 607 (1992)
LEARNING OUTCOME
• Refine their understanding of energy resources and mining laws
• Implement best practices for sustainable mining
• Adhere to sound principles of protection and preservation of environment
• Critically evaluate and analyse the significance and importance of energy and mining
laws and its implementation.
*****
23
PAPER – V
RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

Environmental degradation is an escalating problem from local to global scales.
• It is important for students of environmental law to understand and address these

environmental problems in a practical way.
• This course prepares the students to understand the procedures of various authorities
implementing environmental law.
• Hence in this course the students are required to submit reports on the working of various
authorities after observing the procedures.
COURSE OUTLINE
MODULE – I: Sources of environmental law
a) Sources of Environmental law – International – Theories – Treaties – Conventions
b) Sources of National Environmental law – Constitution – Legislations – Administrative
regulations – Industrial Code of conduct.
c) Law making process of environmental law – National and International.
MODULE – II: Environmental Law Research

a) Nature of Environmental Law – Trans disciplinary – Relationship with other disciplines.
b) Fundamental Principles of Environmental Law – principle of intergenerational equality –
principle of common care for human interests.
c) Purpose of environmental law research.
MODULE – III: Agencies/Bodies enforcing Environmental law

a) Ministry of Forest and Environment – Working of Central and State Pollution Control
boards
b) Functioning of national Green tribunal
c) Regulatory bodies enforcing various environmental laws
MODULE – IV: Environmental compliance requirements

a) Environmental permits and clearances
b) Self-declaratory mechanisms – Information under RTI
24
c) Environment Impact Assessment – environmental audit – Reporting disclosure
obligations
MODULE – V: Liabilities for breach of environmental Law

a) Environmental civil Liability concepts – relevant judgments
b) Penalty provisions – offences by companies
c) Environmental Insurance Liability
MODULE – VI: Working of NGT

a) Authorities
b) Powers and functions
c) Landmark judgments
MODULE – VII: Working of Pollution Control boards

a) Central Pollution control board
b) State Pollution control Boards
c) Practice procedures
MODULE – VIII: Working of Bio Diversity Authorities

a) National Bio Diversity Authority
b) State Bio diversity
c) Powers and functions
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
1. Bell, S., and McGillivray D.: Environmental Law, sixth edition, Oxford University Press,
Oxford, 2006. (Cited as Bell/McGillivray 2006).
2. Birnie, P. W. and Boyle, A. E.: International Law and the Environment. Second Edition.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002. (Cited as Birnie/Boyle 2002).
3. Boyle, A. and Freestone, D.: “Introduction” in International Law and Sustainable
Development. Past Achievements and Future Challenges. Eds. Boyle, A. and Freestone,
D. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999, pp. 1 – 18. (Cited as Boyle/Freestone 1999).
4. Hart, H. L. A.: The Concept of Law. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford,
1997. (Originally published in 1961). (Cited as Hart 1997).
25
5. Jackson J. H.: Sovereignty, the WTO, and Changing Fundamentals of International Law.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006. (Cited as Jackson 2006).
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Armin Rosencranz & Videh Upadhyay, Some Suggestions and Recommendations
towards a Model State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) in India, 1 ENVTL. L. & PRAC.
REV. 106 (2011).
2. Shiraz Rustomjee, Global Environmental Law and India, 36 INT'l J. LEGAL INFO. 342
(2008).
3. Peggy Rodgers Kalas, Environmental Justice in India, 1 Asia – PAC. J. oN HUM. Rts. &
L. 97 (2000).
4. M. Abraham & Sushila Abraham, The Bhopal Case and the Development of
Environmental Law in India, 40 INT'l & COMP. L.Q. 334 (1991).
5. Rajneesh Kumar Yadav & Anurag Deepak Verma, Role of the Supreme Court of India in
the Development of Environmental Law, 4 ENV't L. & Soc'y J. 1 (2018).
FURTHER READING:
BOOKS
1. Klabbers, J.: “The Redundancy of Soft Law”, Nordic Journal of International Law
65:1996, pp. 167 – 182. (Cited as Klabbers 1996).
2. Lasswell, H.: Jurisprudence for a Free Society: Studies in Law, Science and Policy.
Springer US, 1992.
3. Louka, E.: Biodiversity & Human Rights. The International Rules for the Protection of
Biodiversity. Transnational Publishers, Ardsley New York 2002. (Cited as Louka 2002).
4. McCoubrey, H. and White, N. D.: Textbook on Jurisprudence. Third edition. Blackstone
Press Ltd., 1999. (Cited as McCoubrey/White 1999).
5. Multilevel Governance of Global Environmental Change. Perspectives from Science,
Sociology and the Law. Winter, G, ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.
6. Shanmuganathan, D. and Warren, L. M.: Journal of Environmental Law, Vol. 9, No 1,
1997, pp. 387 – 402. Case analyses. (Cited as Shanmuganthan/Warren 1997).
7. Sources of International Law. Ed. Koskenniemi, K., University of Helsinki, Ashgate
Dartmouth, 2000 (reprint 2007). (Cited as Sources of International Law 2000).
8. “Symposium on Method in International Law. Appraising the Methods of International
Law. A Prospectus for Readers”, eds. Ratner, S. R., and Slaugter A – M., in American
26
Journal of International Law, Vol. 93, No 2, 1999, pp. 291 – 423. (Cited as Symposium
on Method in International Law 1999).
9. “The Evolution of Sustainable Development in International Law: Inception, Meaning
and Status”. Recueil des cours. Volume 329 (2007), pp. 221 – 412. (Cited as Schrijver
2007).
10. Röben, V.: “Institutional Developments under Modern International Environmental
Agreements” in Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, eds. Frowein, J. A., and
Wolfrum, R., Kluwer Law International, the Hague, 2000, pp. 363 – 443. (Cited as Röben
2000).
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Raghav Sharma, Green Courts in India: Strengthening Environmental Governance, 4
LAW ENV't& DEV. J. 50 (2008).
2. Yashaswini Mittal, Role of Indian Regulatory Authorities in Integrating Environmental
Justice into Industrial Siting Decisions, 10 NUJS L. REV. 33 (2017).
3. Gitanjali Nain Gill, The National Green Tribunal of India: A Sustainable Future through
the Principles of International Environmental Law, 16 ENVTL. L. REV. 183 (2014).
4. Shibani Ghosh, Demystifying the Environmental Clearance Process in India, 6 NUJS L.
REV. 433 (2013).
5. Sudha Shrotria, Environmental Justice: Is the National Green Tribunal of India Effective,
17 ENVTL. L. REV. 169 (2015).
6. Shaza Quadri, An Analysis of the Effects and Reasons for Hazardous Waste Importation
in India and its Implementation of the Basil Convention, 22 FLA. J. INT'l L. 467 (2010).
7. Sneha Maji, Collaboration of Technology and Law for Solid Waste Management in India,
6 INDIAN J.L. & PUB. POL'y 48 (2019).
8. Lee C. Rarrick, Biodiversity Impacts of Investment and Free Trade Agreements, 37 PACE
ENVTL. L. REV. 67 (2019).
9. Kate Wilkinson Cross, Technological Innovations Tackling Biodiversity Loss: Solutions
or Misdirection? 1 LAW, TECH. & HUM. 100 (2019).
10. Waseem Ahmad Qureshi, Marine Biodiversity Conservation: The International Legal
Framework and Challenges, 40 Hous. J. INT'l L. 845 (2018).
27
CASES FOR GUIDANCE
1. BukkeHima Bindu Vs. State of A.P. rep. by Chief Secretary, GAD (LandO) Dept. and
Others
2. Central India AYUSH Drugs Manufacturers Association and Others Vs. State of
Maharashtra through its Secretary, Department of Revenue and Forest, Mantralaya and
Others
3. Goa Foundation Through Dinesh George Dias and Another Vs. Union of India Through
the Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests and Others
4. Planters Forum Vs. State of Kerala
5. Sreeranganathan K.P., SreepadamVadakkkekkottaram (H) and Others Vs. the Union of
India Rep.by Its Secretary Ministry of Enivironment and Forests Cgo Complex and Others
6. Director General (Road Development) National Highways Authority of India Vs. Aam
Aadmi Lokmanch
7. Court on Its Own Motion and Others Vs. State of Himachal Pradesh and Others
8. Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board Vs. Sterlite Industries (I) Ltd
9. T. Ramakrishna Rao Vs. Chairman, Hyderabad Urban Development Authority, Hyd. and
Others
10. Commission v. Germany [1991] ECR I – 2567.
11. Commission v. Netherlands [1987] ECR I – 3989.
12. The Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) Case ICJ Reports 1995, p. 288
13. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Iceland s the Fisheries
Jurisdiction Case of 1974.
14. Nicaragua v. United States of America, the Nicaragua Case, June 27, 1986, ICJ 1986, pp.
14 – 140, at pp. 90 – 91 and 100.
15. Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India and Others, JT 1996 (7) SC at pp. 375
– 395.
16. The Corfu Channel Case. ICJ Reports 1949, p. 4
17. Phosphate Lands in Nauru, Nauru v. Australia. ICJ Reports (1992), p. 240
18. The Southern Bluefin Tuna Case (New Zealand v. Japan and Australia v. Japan)
19. The Nuclear Test Case, ICJ Reports 1995, p. 288.
20. The GabíkovoNagymaros Case p. 7. ICJ Reports 1997.
28
LEARNING OUTCOME
• Understand core concepts and procedures from a practical view point and their
application in environmental problem – solving.
• Appreciate key concepts from economic, political, and social analysis as they pertain to
the design and evaluation of environmental policies and institutions.
• Appreciate the ethical, cross – cultural, and historical context of environmental issues
and the links between human and natural systems.
• Appreciate that one can apply systems concepts and methodologies to analyze and
understand interactions between social and environmental processes.
• Reflect critically about their roles and identities as citizens, consumers and environmental
actors in a complex, interconnected world.
*****
29
PAPER – VI
LAW AND LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE IN INDIA

The Course is designed to provide in depth knowledge and understanding of existing Local
Environmental law, bye laws and policies.
• Moving forward it is tougher to look local planning and the environment is isolation
• So, the course is designed in such way to equip its learners to tackle the loopholes in the
present institutional mechanisms for managing local matters
• To propose innovative changes as are necessary in existing laws to find convergence with
urban environmental management practices
• To effectively implement existing laws/policies by blending them with fast changing needs
and expectations of a dynamic society.
COURSE OUTLINE
MODULE – I: Understanding the Urban Society and Governance
a) What is Urbanization? Process of Urbanization and Urban Culture – Challenges to Urban
Society
b) Dynamics of Urbanization and Patterns in India – Factors promoting Urbanization and
Trends of Urbanization in India – Multiculturalism in Urban Society.
c) Government Plans and Schemes for Urbanization – Urbanization and Basis Services.
MODULE – II: Understanding the Local Governance

a) Gandhian perspective of Rural Development and 73rd Constitutional Amendment
b) Village Panchayat and Environmental Management.
c) Decentralising Governance of Natural Resources in India: Opportunities and Challenges.
MODULE – III: Local Environmental Problems

a) The Challenges of Slums and Forced Evictions – Crisis of affordable Housing problems.
b) Water supply and Sanitation crises – Social and Environment impact on Solid Waste
Management in India.
c) Urban Transport – Accessibility and Mobility – Urban Spatial planning problems – Town
and Country Planning.
30
MODULE – IV: Laws and Policy – Pertaining to Environment
a) Law and Policy – Concept.
b) Environmental Law and Constitution – Major Laws and Environment – National
Environmental Legislations – Water and Air Legislations, Environmental Protection Act
– 1986.
c) Ecology Conservation and Environmental Governance in Urban India – Environmental
Liabilities under Tort, Criminal law.
MODULE – V: Laws and Policies Pertaining to Local Environment

a) Slum Clearance Acts, Rent Control Legislation – Country and Town Planning; Apartment
Regulations – Urban Land Zoning and Taxation Laws.
b) Urban Development Policies in India – Disaster Management and Environment – Practice
and Response Management.
c) Land Use Policies, Land Consumption – Community Development.
MODULE – VI: Urban Enforcement Machineries

a) Corporation and Municipalities.
b) Urban Development and Metropolitan Development Authorities – Pollution Control and
Water Boards.
c) Licensing Authorities – Land Acquisition
MODULE – VII: Environment and Judiciary

a) Role of Judiciary in prompting sustainable development. Judicial Activism and
Environmental Jurisprudence.
b) Green Court in India – Strengthening Environmental Governance.
c) Environmental Management
MODULE – VIII: Urban Development and Environment Protection Mechanisms

a) Urban Developmental Projects – Infrastructure Projects and Environment.
b) Good Governance – Practices – Decentralization – Empowering locals in decision
making.
c) New Models relating to Environmental Conservation and its challenges.
31
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
1. UNESCO India and Centre de Sciences Humaines – New Delhi “Urban Policies and the
Right to the City in India”
2. Surendra Malik and Sudeep Malik “Supreme Court on Environmental Law” EBC
Publications.
3. Centre for Environmental and Sustainable Development, GNLU “Environmental Law:
Decentralized Governance” EBC Publications.
4. Justice Krishna Iyyer “Law and Urban Poor in India “B.R. Pub. Corp
5. “Law and Urbanization”, Indian Institute of Law, New Delhi.
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Isher Judge Ahluwalia (2019) Urban governance in India, Journal of Urban Affairs
2. Van der Heijden, J. (2016) ‘Opportunities and Risks of the “New Urban Governance” in
India: To What Extent Can It Help Addressing Pressing Environmental Problems?’ The
Journal of Environment & Development.
3. Russell M. Smith, Prasad Avinash Pathak, Girish Agrawal. (2019) India’s “smart” cities
mission: A preliminary examination into India’s newest urban development
policy. Journal of Urban Affairs.
4. Michael Poku – Boansi, Greg Marsden. (2018) Bus rapid transit systems as a governance
reform project. Journal of Transport Geography.
5. Ghuncha Firdaus, Ateeque Ahmad. (2011) Impact analysis of urbanization on rural
livelihood – an empirical study of an urban centre of Delhi, India. International Journal of
Urban Sciences
FURTHER READING:
BOOKS
1. Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs – Annual Reports.
2. Hand Book of Urban Statistics – GOI.
3. Census Report for Level of Urbanization – Office of the Registrar General & Census
Commissioner, India
4. National Institute of Urban Affairs: Report of the National Commission on Urbanization
32
5. K.C. Sivaramakrishna & Amitabh Kundu, “Hand Book of Urbani in India” Oxford
Unversity Press, 2007.
6. R. Ramachandra “Urbanization and problems in India” Oxford University Press.
7. Raju K.V., et.al “Urban Environmental Governance in India” Springer Publication.
8. Shyamli Singh, Radha Goyal and Ashish Jain “The Urban Environmental Crisis in India:
New Initiatives in Safe Water and Waste Management” Cambridge University
Publication.
9. Band P, Thomas M. “Urban Environmentalism: Global Change and the Mediation of
Local Conflict” Routledge Publication, London.
10. Isher Judge Ahluwalia, Ed. Ravi Kanbur, P.K Mohanty “Urbanisation In India – New
Challenges, Opportunity and way forward” Sage Publications.
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Maria Costanza Torri “Decentralising Governance of Natural Resources in India: Lessons
from the case study of Thanagazi Block, Alwar, Rajasthan, India” LEAD Journal,
http://www.lead – journal.org/content/10228.pdf.
2. The environmental problems associated with India’s major cities’ (1989) Environment
and Urbanization.
3. Pandey, Ashutosh. “Gandhian Perspective of Rural Development.” The Indian Journal of
Political Science, Vol. 69, No. 1, 2008, pp. 141 – 148. Jstor, www.jstor.org/stable/41856398.
4. Breton, Albert. (2007), Environmental Governance and Decentralisation, Edward Elgar
Publishing, UK.
5. A Working Paper by Monica Das Gupta, Public Health in India: An Overview,
Washington: World Bank.
6. A Working Paper by Peyvand Khaleghian, Monica Das Gupta, Public management and
essential public health functions, Washington: World Bank.
7. Vaidyanathan, A. (May 2000). India's Agricultural Development Policy, Economic and
Political Weekly, 35(20).
8. Government of India. (2015). Best Practices in Panchayats on Livelihoods and Natural
Resource Management, New Delhi: Ministry of Panchayati Raj.
9. Developing Countries, Technical Paper No. 254, The World Bank, Washington DC.
10. Role of Judiciary in good governance Justice Y.K. Sabharwal, Chief Justice of India
33
CASES FOR GUIDANCE
1. Rural litigation and entitlement Kendra v. State of UP (1985) 2 SCC 431.
2. M.C Mehta v. Union of India (Bhopal Gas Leak Case) 1989 SCC (2) 540.
3. Municipal Council, Rratlam v. Shri Vardhichand & Ors AIR 1980 SC 1622
4. M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (Ganga Pollution Case) (1987) 4 SCC 463.
5. AP Pollution Control Board II v. prof.M.C Nayudu, 2000 SOL case no 673.
6. Vellore Citizen Welfare Forum v. Union of India AIR 1996 SC 2715.
7. M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath & Ors (2002) 3 SCC 29.
8. M.C.Metha v. Union of India AIR (2002) 4 SCC 356
9. M.C. Metha v. Union of India (Vehicular Pollution case) 1991 SCC (2)
10. M.C Mehta v. Union of India AIR 1987 SC 985
11. Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar & Ors AIR 1991 SC 420.
12. Ms. Betty C. Alvares v. The State of Goa & Ors
13. Almitra H. Patel and Anr v. Union of India and Ors 1999 (7) SCALE 376.
14. Samit Mehtd. Union of India and Ors MANU/ GT/ 0150/2016.
15. Save Mon Region Federation and Ors v. Union of India and Ors MANU/ GT/ 0150/2016.
16. Srinagar Bandh Aapda Sangharsh Samiti & Anr v. Alaknanda Hydro Power Co. Ltd &
Ors.
17. Art of living case on Yamuna Flood Plains.
18. K.M Chinnappa, T.N. Godvarnam v. Union of India AIR 2003 SC 724(736).
19. Indian Council for Enviro – legal Action v. Union of India AIR 1999 SC 1446
20. M.K. Janardhanam v. The District Collector, Tiruvallur 2002 – 1 – LW.262.
LEARNING OUTCOME
• Learners will be able to understand the background knowledge of rural environmental
management.
• Appreciate tools for addressing crucial urban problems at both policy and
implementation level.
• The Course will enable the participants to propose changes as are necessary in laws to
find convergence with Local Environmental management practices.
*****
34
PAPER – VII
CLIMATE CHANGE LAWS: POLICY AND MANAGEMENT
(Discipline Specific Elective Paper)

Climate change describes a change in the average conditions, such as temperature and
rainfall, in a region over a long period of time. The objective of climate change laws and policies
is to stabilize the greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at the level of prevent
dangerous and reduce anthropogenic with climate system. This course thrives to cover the
essential legal framework to strengthen the protection of environment and also touches upon
issues such as, legal framework within the country and international initiatives.
After studying this course students will be able to:

• Improve their practice in learning and teaching relating to climate change.
• To be able to evaluate environmental, scientific and technological information in order to
develop informed opinions about this issue.
• An understanding of climate and climate change processes at local to global scales
• An understanding of the policy framework in which environmental decisions are made in
India and internationally
COURSE OUTLINE
MODULE – I: Global Climate Change and Impacts
a) Defining Climate and Climate Change – Types of Climate- Projected Impacts Of Climate
Change – Risk Of Irreversible Changes
b) Elements of climate (Wind, Temperature, Humidity, Precipitation, Pressure); Micro
Macro climate zones; Earth’s climate through ages, trends of global warming and climate
change
c) Drivers of global warming and the potential of different greenhouse gases (GHGs) causing
the climate change- Its e, Human, Animals, Society
MODULE – II: Ozone layer, Environmental policy & Agreements

a) Ozone layer or ozone shield; Importance of ozone layer
b) Ozone layer depletion and causes; ozone depleting substances; effects of ozone depletion
c) Mitigation measures and International protocols; Environmental policy debate
35
MODULE – III: International Climate Change Regulations
a) The Global Climate Changes Regime – The United Nationals Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992
b) Carbon credit and carbon trading; clean development mechanism
c) Kyoto Protocol, Montreal Protocol, the Paris Agreement, 2015
MODULE – IV: National Climate Change Regulations

a) National Emissions trading Measures
b) Other National Climate Change Measures – Greenhouse and Energy Reporting –
Environmental Impact Assessment and Approval Requirements – Nuclear Power Policy
c) Carbon Trading and Sequestration – Renewable and Low Emissions Energy Sources –
Geo sequestration – Energy Efficiency Requirements
MODULE – V: Policies
a) Climate change Action at the local level – Contribution of the courts to climate change
law – Participation by the Non – Governmental Sector in Climate Change law –
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
b) Climate change; Policy ideas to protect the Planet in 2019 – National Action Plan on
Climate change – NAPCC in 2008 – Participation by the Non – Governmental Sector in
Climate Change Law – Ministry or Environment Forest and Climate Change
(MOFF&CC)
c) United National Climate Action Summit in New York on 23 September 2019 – ICLG –
Environment and Climate Change Laws and Regulations 2020 – The Challenge of
Integration – The Challenge of Regulatory coordination
MODULE – VI: Climate Change mitigation

a) Political context of greenhouse gas emissions – key emitters and strategies to bring down
emissions to safe levels;
b) Integration of mitigation into development planning through low emission development
strategies
c) Main economic sectors where mitigation actions can be applied; key international
mechanisms in planning and implementing mitigation actions – Sustainable – Clean
Energy – green Technologies – Climate Change & SDG 2030.
36
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
1. Mridula Ramesh, 2018, The Climate Solution: India’s Climate Change Crisis and what
we can do about it, Harchette Book Publishing India Pvt. Ltd.
2. Harvey, D. 2000, Climate and Global Change, Prentice Hell
3. Philander, S.G. 2012, Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change (2nd
edition), Sage Publications
4. Sushil Kumar Dash, 2015, Climate Change, Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Ltd.
5. Navroz K. Dubash, 2019, India in a warming world: Integrating Climate Change and
Development, Oxford University Press
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Charles K. Ebinger, 2016, India’s Energy and Climate Policy – Can India meet the
Challenge of Industrialization and Climate Change? Brooklings Energy security and
climate initiative
2. Muhammad Ishaq – ur Rahman, 2013, Climate Change – A theoretical review
3. Alice Kaswan, 2008, Environmental Justice and Domestic Climate Change Policy, 38
ENVTL. L.REP. News & Analysis 10287
4. John R. Nolon & Patricia E. Salkin, 2011, Integrating Sustainable Development Planning
and Climate Change Management, 63 PLANNING & ENVTL. L. 3
5. Melinda Taylor & Holly Doremus, 2015, Habitat Conservation Plans and Climate
Change: Recommendations for Policy, 45 ENVTL. L. REP. News & Analysis 10863
FURTHER READING:
BOOKS
1. India in a Warming World, Navroz K. Dubash, Oxford University press, 2019
2. Urs Luterbacher, Detlef F. Sprinz, International relations and global Climate change, The
MIT press, Cmbridge, 2001.
3. World Tourism Organization (google.co.in) United Nations Environment Programme
(google.co.in) Climate Change and Tourism: Responding to Global Challenges
books.google.co.in › books 2008
4. Cinnamon P Carlarne, et.al., the Oxford Handbook on International climate change Law,
Oxford University press, 2016.
37
5. Mridula Ramesh, The Climate Solution: India's Climate – Change Crisis and What we can
do about it, Hachette India, 2018.
6. Syed Sherax Mahdi, Climate Change and Agriculture in India: Impact and Adaption, (e
book) Springer, 2019
7. Samir Saran, Aled jones, India’s Climate change identity, Between reality and perception,
Palgrace Macmillan, 2017.
8. Chandra Venkataraman, et.al., Climate change signals and response, A Strategic
knowledge compendium for India, (e book) Springer, 2019.
9. Jamil Ahmad (google.co.in), Climate Change and Sustainable Development in India, New
Century Publications (google.co.in), 2013.
10. N. Dogra, S. Srivatsava, Climate change and disease dynamics in India, The Energy and
resource institute, 2012.
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Kevin T. Haroff & Katherine Kirwan Moore, 2007, Global Climate Change and the
National Environmental Policy Act, 42 U.S.F. L. REV. 155
2. Courtney Lauren Anderson, 2018, Climate Change and Infrastructure, 18 Hous. J.
HEALTH L. & POL'y 1
3. Victor B. Flatt, 2010, Adapting Energy and Environmental Policy for Climate Change, 11
VT.J. ENVTL. L. 655
4. Jeffrey A. McNeely, Applying the Diversity of International Conventions to Address the
Challenges of Climate Change, 17 MICH. St. U. COLL. L. J. INT'l L. 123 (2008).
5. Amy Johnsson, Climate Change in International Environmental Law, 17 E. & CENTRAL
EUR. J. oN ENVTL. L. 1 (2013).
6. Elizabeth Burleson, Climate Change Consensus: Emerging International Law, 34 WM. &
MARY ENVTL. L. & POL'y REV. 543 (2010).
7. Avnita Lakhani, International Law in the Era of Climate Change, 32 J. ENERGY & NAT.
Resources L. 203 (2014).
8. Julia Toscano, Climate Change Displacement and Forced Migration: An International
Crisis, 6 ARIZ. J. ENVTL. L. & POL'y 457 (2015).
9. Vyoma Jha, India's Twin Concerns over Energy Security Climate Change: Revisiting
India's Investment Treaties through a Sustainable Development Lens, 5 TRADE L. &
DEV. 109 (2013).
10. Arindam Basu, Climate Change Litigation in India: Seeking a New Approach through the
Application of Common Law Principles, 1 ENVTL. L. & PRAC. REV. 35 (2011).
38
CASES FOR GUIDANCE
1. MC Mehta v. UOI, WP (C) 13029/1985
2. MC Mehta v. UOI, AIR 1987 SC 1086 (Oleum Gas Leak case),
3. M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India, AIR 1988 SCR (2) 538
4. TN Godavarman Thirumulpad vs. Union of India and Ors., W.P.(C) No. 202 of 1995
5. Ganesh Wood Products v. State of Himachal Pradesh, AIR 1996 SC 149
6. MC Mehta v. Kamal Nath, (1996) 1 SCC 38
7. MI Builders Pvt. Ltd. V. Radhey Shyam Sahu, AIR 1996 SC 2468,
8. Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. UOI, AIR 1996 SC 2718
9. Indian council for Enviro – Legal Action v. UOI, AIR 1996 SC 1446,
10. State of Himachal Pradesh v. Ganesh Wood Products, AIR 1996 SC 149,
11. Enviro – Legal Action v. Union of India (CRZ Notification case), (1996) 5 SCC 281
12. M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (Taj Trapezium case), AIR 1997 SC 734.
13. Enkay Plastics Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Union of India (UOI) and Ors., 2000(56) DRJ 828
14. American Electric Power Co. v Connecticut 564 U.S. 410, (2011)
15. Comer v. Murphy Oil USA, Inc., 585 F.3d 855 (5th Cir. 2009)
16. France v Spain (1957) RIAA, Vol XII, pp 281 – 317
17. Portuval v. Germany, PCIJ, [1928] UNRIAA, Vol. II, p 1011
18. Juliana v. United States of America (2016) 6:15 – cv – 01517 – TC (D. Or. Nov. 10, 2016)
19. Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency (2007) 549 US 497
20. Native Village of Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corp. (2012) 696 F.3d 849 (9th Cir. 2012)
LEARNING OUTCOME
• Refine their understanding of climate change laws and policies
• Implement best practices for prevention of pollution
• Adhere to sound principles of protection and preservation of environment
• Critically evaluate and analyse the significance and importance of environment.
*****
39
PAPER – VIII
BIODIVERSITY, TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

LAWS

This course is intended to promote the awareness, knowledge and the importance relating
to the intellectual property rights and its relationship in the process of promoting and conserving
the sustainable development and the conservation of biological resources and the knowledge
associated with such resources and protection of traditional knowledge. Accordingly, this Course
aims to
• Promote the knowledge in 3 important disciplines which is interdisciplinary and

multidisciplinary in nature but it brings to develop interest among the students
• Find the relationship between the 3 important domains – the intellectual property rights,
biodiversity regime and traditional knowledge regime which are closely connected with
one another.
• Create awareness to the students about the importance of international institutions which
are playing a crucial role in shaping the relationship between the IP rights, biodiversity
and traditional knowledge in the international arena namely, the WTO, TRIPs Agreement
of WTO, CBD including the Nagoya Protocol, ITPGR of FAO, WIPO and other relevant
international organizations.
• Impart the importance of the practice of IP, biodiversity and TK in the developing
countries particularly in India and it also wants to impart the difference of practice of
various IP, biodiversity and TK in the world in general, particularly the practice of IP,
biodiversity and TK in the European Union and the USA.
COURSE OUTLINE
MODULE – I: Historical background of IP rights
a) Historical perspectives of intellectual property rights – relationship with conservation of
biological diversity – promotion of sustainable development – fair and equitable sharing
of benefits arising out of the utilization of the biological resources and the knowledge
associated with such resources.
b) Practice of IP in the ancient era – Vedic era and the medieval era and the modern IP rights.
40
c) Definition of IP rights – its meaning, concept – implications arising out of TRIPs
agreement on the minimum standards relating to maintenance, availability and
enforcement – Patents, Geographical indications, Trade secret, sui generis IP rights.
MODULE – II: Evolution of Biodiversity regime

a) Definitions and concepts – biological diversity, sustainable development, genetic
resources, farmers’ privilege, indigenous people, tribal rights to IPR.
b) Practice relating to biological diversity – promotion of sustainable use – access and benefit
sharing in the ancient era including Vedic era, Sangam literature, thirukkural – importance
of basic Indian medicinal system: Siddha, Ayurveda – its implications relating to IP and
sustainable development and biological diversity.
c) Practice of various Kings in promoting biodiversity and environment – roles of Asoka
Dynasty, Chola Dynasty – contributions made by Ori, Pari in Tamil Nadu in promoting
biodiversity.
MODULE – III: International law relating to IP rights and its relationship with biodiversity
and traditional knowledge
a) Uruguay negotiations – implications of Uruguay round – adoption of TRIPs agreement of
WTO – provisions relating to patents in TRIPs agreement – its implications on
biodiversity.
b) Provisions relating to sui generis protection of IP – its implications on bio patents,
biodiversity, plant variety protection, farmers’ rights.
c) Relationship between TRIPs agreement and UPOV convention – 1961, 1978, 1991.
MODULE – IV: International law relating to traditional knowledge and its implications on
IP regime
a) Emergence of permanent sovereignty over natural resources – adoption of international
undertaking on plant and genetic resources;
b) ITPGR – IP implications on food and agricultural genetic resources, utilization –
multilateral benefit sharing scheme; Adoption of CBD – relationship between CBD and
TRIPs – implications arising out Article 8(j) of TRIPs – implications arising out of Bonn
guidelines – implications arising out Nagoya Protocol, 2010 – relationship between
general ABS mechanism and specialized ABS mechanism – difference between bilateral
benefit mechanism under the CBD regime and multilateral benefit sharing scheme under
the ITPGR regime – application of benefit sharing mechanism during the emergency
crisis;
41
c) Role of international institutions – WIPO, WHO, UNICEP, UNDP, UNEP, WTO, TTIP,
TTP
MODULE – V: Indian IP law and its implications on biodiversity regime in India

a) Implications arising out of the Indian Patents Act – 1970, 2002, 2005.
b) Patentable subject matter and its relationship with biodiversity and traditional knowledge.
c) Geographical indications and its relationship in developing protection to the traditional
knowledge, biological resources, farmers’ rights, tribal rights – application of sui generis
IP system in promoting the rights of the traditional knowledge holders, tribes, farmers
MODULE – VI: Indian law relating to the traditional knowledge and its impact on the IP
Rights in India
a) Biological diversity Act – concept of PIC and MAT – access and benefit sharing – bio
heritage sites – importance of various governments – role of Panchayat Raj Institutions in
promoting sustainable development of biological resources, ABS, protection of TK
including community IP to the TK holders;
b) Protection of traditional knowledge of farmers through sui generis IP mechanism –
protection of plant varieties under Farmer’s rights Act – benefit sharing scheme – Genome
Savior Scheme – farmers’ privilege – farmers’ rights v. breeders’ rights – protection
available to the farmers including the concept of innocent infringement – other
mechanisms available against exploitation of IP right holders;
c) Forest Rights Act – implications arising out of this Act on the IP rights of tribes, their
right over traditional knowledge, biological diversity, community rights, tangible as well
as intangible property rights – implications of schemes – Minimum Support Price for
Minor Forest Produce, Van Dhan Yojana
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
1. Ritu Lodha, Intellectual Property Rights, Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge:
Monographs on Globalization and India – Myths and Realities, CUTS International, 2007
2. Stephen A. Hansen and Justin W. VanFleet, Traditional knowledge and Intellectual
Property: A Handbook on Issues and Options for Traditional knowledge Holders in
Protecting their Intellectual Property and Maintaining Biological Diversity, American
42
Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Science and Human Rights
Program, July 2003
3. Chidi Oguamanam, International law and Indigenous Knowledge: Intellectual Property,
Plant Biodiversity and Traditional medicine, University of Toronto Press, 2010
4. Prof. T. C. James, Protection of Traditional Knowledge in India, RIS, Scoping paper No.
2, September 2018
5. Jonathan Curci, The Protection of Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge in
International law of Intellectual Property, Cambridge University Press, January 2010
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Laurance, R Helfer. FAO legislative study, intellectual property rights in plant varieties
international legal regimes and policy options for national governments, 2004.
2. Tulasi GK, Rao BS. A detailed study of patent system for protection of inventions. Indian
J Pharm Sci, 2008.
3. Stephen A. Hansen and Justin W. VanFleet. Traditional knowledge and Intellectual
Property: A Handbook on Issues and Options for Traditional knowledge Holders in
Protecting their Intellectual Property and Maintaining Biological Diversity, American
Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Science and Human Rights
Program, July 2003,
4. Sabrina Safrin, Hyper ownership in a time of biotechnological promise: the international
conflict to control the building blocks of life, 98 American Journal of International Law,
October 2004
5. Dr. N.S. Gopalakrishnan. TRIPS and Protection of Traditional knowledge of Genetic
Resources: New Challenges to the Patent System, European Intellectual Property Review,
(Sweet & Maxwell, London, (January), 2005.
FURTHER READING:
BOOKS
1. Charles Hyde Smith (google.co.in), Biodiversity Studies: A Bibliographic Review,
2. Kevin J. Gaston (google.co.in), John I. Spicer (google.co.in), Biodiversity: An
Introduction
3. Usha Tandon (routledge.com), et.al., Biodiversity
4. Law, Policy and Governance, Routledge, 2019.
5. Pierre Pontarotti (openlibrary.org), Origin and Evolution of Biodiversity, Springer, 2018.
43
6. Jonathan Curci (b – ok.asia), The Protection of Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge
in International Law of Intellectual Property, Cambridge, 2010.
7. Sarah A. Laird (bookdepository.com), Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge: Equitable
Partnerships in Practice, Taylor & Francis Ltd (bookdepository.com), 2002
8. OECD, 1996. Intellectual property, technology transfer and genetic resources. Survey of
current practices and policies. Paris
9. Potrykus, I., 2001. Golden rice and beyond. Plant Physiology, 1157 – 1161
10. Puri, K., 1995. Cultural ownership and intellectual property rights post – mabo: putting
ideas into action. Intellectual Property Journal, 293 – 347.
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Lorna Dwyer. Bio piracy, Trade, and Sustainable Development, Colorado Journal of
International Environmental Law and Policy, 2008.
2. STEPHEN R. MUNZER AND KAL RAUSTIALA, The uneasy case for intellectual
property rights in traditional knowledge, Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal,
2009.
3. ANIL K. GUPTA.WIPO – UNEP study on the role of intellectual property rights in the
sharing of benefits arising from the use of biological resources and associated traditional
knowledge
4. SRIVIDHYA RAGAVAN & JAMIE MAYER O'SHIELDS. Has India Addressed Its
Farmers' Woes? A story of plant protection issues, Georgetown International
Environmental Law review, fall, 2007.
5. CHIDI OGUAMANAM, the International Intellectual Property Regime Complex: Agro
– Biodiversity and Food Security: Biotechnology and Traditional Agricultural Practices
at The Periphery of International Intellectual Property Regime Complex. 2007 Michigan
State Law Review, Spring, 2007.
6. Bluebook 21st ed. Donna Craig & Michael Davis, Ethical Relationships for Biodiversity
Research and Benefit – Sharing with Indigenous Peoples, 2 MACQUARIE J. INT'l &
COMP. ENVTL. L. 31 (2005).
7. Bluebook 21st ed. Alexander Gillespie, Biodiversity, Indigenous Peoples and Equity in
International law, 4 N.Z. J. ENVTL. L. 1 (2000).
8. Bluebook 21st ed. Graham Dutfield, Sharing the Benefits of Biodiversity: Is There a Role
for the Patent System, 5 J. WORLD INTELL. PROP. 899 (2002).
9. Bluebook 21st ed. Lee C. Rarrick, Biodiversity Impacts of Investment and Free Trade
Agreements, 37 PACE ENVTL. L. REV. 67 (2019).
44
10. National Legislation of Costa Rica, Biodiversity Law, Article 82 Ley No 7788:1998.
CASES FOR GUIDANCE

1. Animal and Environmental Legal Defence Fund v. Union of India, AIR 1997 SC 1071
2. Goa Foundation v. Union of India, W.P. (C) No. 460 of 2004
3. K.M. Chinnappa and T.N. Godavarman Thirumalpad v. Union of India, (2002) 10 SCC
606
4. Pradip Kishen v. Union of India, (1996) 8 SCC 599
5. McFarling v. Monsanto Co., 128 S. Ct. 871 (2008)
6. McIntosh v. Monsanto Co., 462 F. Supp. 2d 1025, 1028 (E.D. Mo. 2006).
7. Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303, 309 – 10 (1980)
8. J.E.M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi – Bred Int’l, Inc., 534 U.S. 124, 145 (2001)
9. Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Elecs., Inc., 128 S. Ct. 2109 (2008)
10. Scruggs v. Monsanto Co., 549 U.S. 1342 (2007).
11. Monsanto Co. v. McFarling, 488 F.3d 973, 976 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (McFarling III)
12. Monsanto Co. v. Scruggs, 459 F.3d 1328, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2006)
13. Center for Food Safety, Monsanto Vs. U.S. Farmers: November 2007
14. Bloomer v. McQuewan, 55 U.S. 539, 549 (1852)
15. Scheiber v. Dolby Labs., Inc., 293 F.3d 1014, 1020 (7th Cir. 2002)
16. Gabcikovo – Nagymaros (Hungary v Slovakia) (Judgment) (1997) ICJ Rep 7
17. Tuna – Dolphin dispute between Mexico and the United States ("US") 16 U.S.C. § 1361
(2019)
18. Shrimp – Turtle case
19. Metalclad Corp. v. United Mexican States (US v. Mex.), Case No. ARB(AF)/97/1, Award,
7 107 – 108
20. Clayton v. Can., P.C.A. Case No. 2009 – 04, Amended Statement of Claim 19, (Perm. Ct.
Arb. 2009)
LEARNING OUTCOME
• The origin and development of intellectual property rights
• The specific type of intellectual property rights which has a closer relation with the
biodiversity regime and TK regime
• The different regimes of state practice relating to IP, biodiversity and TK in the developed
and developing countries in general and particularly in India, USA and European Union
45
• The importance of community IP rights given to the tribes, indigenous people, farmers,
etc.
• The concept of inclusive IP, inclusive growth and inclusive and sustainable development
– the relationship between these concepts.
*****
46
PAPER – IX
COASTAL AND MARINE MANAGEMENT: LAW AND POLICY

Marine Ecosystem play a vital role in Human’s Life. Especially, Coastal is a very potential
area for a variety of development options. The increase of population and its activities will be
able to threaten the existence and sustainability of ecosystems and coastal resources, marine and
small islands. In this Course students will learn
• How policy on coastal conservation is required.

• The objectives are to get an insight on the coastal conservation policies implemented and
to learn experiences.
• The findings demonstrate that countries objectives for coastal management are to achieve
sustainable development.
• Legally protecting the Marine Biodiversity and its various frame works for future
generations.
COURSE OUTLINE
a) Definition of Coastal and Marine environment – Resources in Coastal and marine
environment.
b) Challenges for coasts and oceans – Exploitation of Coastal and Marine resources.
c) History of Resource Distribution in coastal and marine ecosystem – coastal resource
management – coastal zone management planning.
MODULE – II: Marine protected areas and International Legal Framework.

a) Convention on Biological Diversity.
b) SOLACE – MARPOLE – UNCLOS – Marine Environment and Agenda 21: Integrated
management and sustainable development of coastal and marine areas including
Exclusive economic zones – Other International Instruments.
c) Strengthening International including regional cooperation and coordination – Coasts and
Marine development under SDG 2030.
MODULE – III: Marine Protected Areas and India.

a) Marine and coastal conservation under the Indian Constitution.
47
b) Marine Protected Areas in India.
c) Important Supreme Court and High Court decisions.
MODULE – IV: Coastal and Marine Conservation in Indian Legal Instruments.

a) Wildlife Protection Act 1972 – Environmental Protection Act, 1986 – Biological Diversity
Act, 2002.
b) Biosphere Reserves – Coastal Regulation Zone Notification.
c) Fisheries Regulation in India – State level Fisheries Management.
MODULE – V: Pollution in Coastal and Marine ecosystems

a) Illegal Fishing – Legal Mechanisms preventing Illegal Fishing.
b) Oil Spill – Impact of oil spill on Marine and Coastal Biodiversity.
c) Coastal erosion – Destruction of mangroves – Coral Reef Destruction.
MODULE – VI: Preservation of Marine and Coastal Health

a) EIA – People Participation
b) Coastal Aquaculture Authority
c) Marine Products Export Promotion Council – MPEDA 1972, Ministry of Fisheries,
Animal Husbandry and Diaring
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
1. Surender Mehra, Study and Practice of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 laws in India –
Concepts, Acts, Rules and Notifications. (2012).
2. Biliana Cicin – Sain (google.co.in), et.al., Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management:
Concepts and Practices, Island press, Washington DC
3. Amita Singh, R. Lalitha S. Fernando, Nivedita P. Haran, Development in Coastal Zones
and Disaster Management ebook PDF | Downl (melbhattan.com), Springer nature, 2020
4. R. R. Krishnamurthy. Jonathan, Seshachalam Srinivasalu, Bernhard Glaeser, Coastal
Management (melbhattan.com), Academic Press, 2018
5. David R. Green, Jeffrey L. Payne, Marine and Coastal Resource Management Principles
and Practice, Routledge, 2017
48
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Tony George Puthucherril, Operationalising Integrated Coastal Zone Management and
Adapting to Sea Level Rise through Coastal Law: Where Does India Stand, 26 INT'l J.
MARINE & Coastal L. 569 (2011).
2. Abdullah Al Arif & Ershadul Karim, Marine Pollution and the South Asian Coastal States:
A Legal Appraisal, 9 MACQUARIE J. INT'l & COMP. ENVTL. L. 18 (2013).
3. Kalpana S. Murari, Coastal Zone Management: Resolving Climate Change Issues through
a Statutory Framework, 6 J. MGMT. & Sustainability 114 (2016).
4. Barbara Lausche, Guidelines for Protected Areas Legislation, IUCN Environmental
Policy and Law Paper No. 81
5. Manual on Fishery Statistics, published by the Central Statistics Office, Ministry of
Statistics and Programme Implementation (2011)
FURTHER READING:
BOOKS
1. Integrated Social Sciences and Economics (ISE) Division National Centre for Sustainable
Coastal Management Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Government
of India, Assessment of Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Goods and Services – Linking
Coastal Zone Management to Ecosystem Services in India Sand Dunes, 2018 – 19
2. Ahana Lakshmi Et al., The Challenged Coast of India, Report prepared by PondyCAN in
Collaboration with BNHS and TISS (2012)
3. Report of the Committee on Identifying Parameters for Designating Ecologically
Sensitive Areas in India, Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change,
Government of India (2000)
4. Ramya Rajgopalan, Marine Protected Area in India, Samudra Monograph, published by
International Collective in Support of Fisheries, 2008
5. Paul Dayton et. al., Coastal Systems, Ecosystems and Human Well – being: Current State
and Trends, Volume 1 (2005) Report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
6. Report of the Committee Headed by Prof. M.S. Swaminathan to Review the Coastal
Regulation Zone Notification, 1991 (2005)
7. Raju, KD (2012). The Wetlands Jurisprudence in India: A Case Study of The West Bengal
Conservation and Management of Wetlands and Water Bodies Policy 2012.
8. Kapoor, M., et al. 2009. India’s notified ecologically sensitive areas (ESAs)—the story so
far. Report prepared by Kalpavrish and WWF – India.
49
9. Ahana Lakshmi et al. 2012. The challenged coast of India. Report prepared by PondyCAN
in collaboration with BNHS and TISS.
10. Dayton, P., et al. 2005. Coastal systems. Ecosystems and Human Well – being: Current
State and Trends. Volume 1. Report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Jai S. Singh, Significance of Jurisprudential Principles of Draft Proposal Coastal
Regulation Zone (CRZ) 2010 for the Protection and Promotion of Coastal Ecology and
Marine Environment, 4 INDIAN J.L. & Just. 1 (2013).
2. Pavel Chakraborty, Standards or Hazards: Environmental Compliance and Market Access
Concerns for India's Marine and Agricultural Products, 12 Asia PAC. J. ENVTL. L. 85
(2009).
3. Moritaka Hayashi, Military Activities in the Exclusive Economic Zones of Foreign
Coastal States, 27 INT'l J. MARINE & Coastal L. 795 (2012).
4. Tony George Puthucherril, Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Protecting Displaced
Coastal Communities: Possible Solutions, 1 GLOBAL J. COMP. L. 225 (2012).
5. Forrest Booth, Marine Insurance, Jurisdiction and Piracy: Threats Foreign and Domestic,
25 U.S.F. MAR. L.J. 37 (2012).
6. Bluebook 21st ed., Tourism Policy: Local Wisdom and Integrated Coastal Zone
Management, Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, Vol.88, 2019.
7. Bluebook 21st ed. Scott Ball, The Green Room: A Surfing – Conscious Approach to
Coastal and Marine Management, 33 UCLA J. ENVTL. L. & POL'y 366 (2015).
8. Bluebook 21st ed. Nilufer Oral, Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Marine Spatial
Planning for Hydrocarbon Activities in the Black Sea, 23 INT'l J. MARINE & Coastal L.
453 (2008).
9. Bluebook 21st ed. Coastal Challenges: A Guide to Coastal and Marine Issues (1998).
10. Bluebook 21st ed. Robert Beckman & Brady Coleman, Integrated Coastal Management:
The Role of Law and Lawyers, 14 INT'l J. MARINE & Coastal L. 491 (1999).
CASES FOR GUIDANCE

1. Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar (wikipedia.org)
2. Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (wikipedia.org)
3. Nollan v. California Coastal Commission (wikipedia.org)
4. Sierra Club v. Babbitt (wikipedia.org)
5. Tuna – Dolphin GATT Case (I and II) (wikipedia.org)
6. United States v. Weitzenhoff (wikipedia.org)
50
7. Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council (wikipedia.org)
8. RJW & SJW v The Guardian newspaper & Person or Persons Unknown (wikipedia.org)
9. Indian Council for Enviro – legal Action v Union of India [(1996) 5 SCC 281]
10. S. Jagannath v Union of India [(1997) 2 SCC 87]
11. Vaamika Island v Union of India and Ors. [(2013) 8 SCC 760]
12. Alexio Arnolfo Pereira v. State of Goa (2014 SCC OnLine NGT 6655)
(greentribunal.gov.in)
13. Kamburam Dharma Paripalana Araya Samajam vs. Kozhikode Corporation and Others
((22.09.2015 – NGT): MANU/GT/0160/2015)) (indiaenvironmentportal.org.in)
14. Ramdas Janardan Koli and Others v. Secretary, MoEFCC and Others ((27.02.2015 –
NGT): MANU/GT/0056/2015)) (indiaenvironmentportal.org.in)
15. Kashiram Jairam Setye v. Anil Hoble (2015 SCC OnLine NGT 117)
(indiaenvironmentportal.org.in)
16. Marie Christine Perdriau v. Goa Coastal Zonal Management Authority and Others (2015
SCC Online NGT 23) (greentribunal.gov.in)
17. Rama Gopalan v. Union of India (2007) WP Nos 18076, 18223, & 18224
18. Essar Oil Ltd v. Halar Utkarsh Samiti, AIR 2004 SC 1834
19. T. N. Godavarman Thirumal pad v. Union of India,2006 INDLAW SC 123
20. Goa Foundation v. Konkan Railway Corporation, AIR 1992 Bom. 471
LEARNING OUTCOME
• How marine diversity can be managed and maintained.
• The various frameworks regarding the conservation of marine resources.
• Increase in coastal damage due to pollution.
• The various marine protected areas around the country and the world.
*****
51
PAPER – X
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: LAW AND GOVERNANCE
(Generic Elective Paper)

Science plays an important role in environment protection. The various technological
innovations have made way to both advantage and disadvantages of environment from getting
conserved as well as damaged. This Course gives a clear view of
• How science is related with environment.

• The technicalities used for saving the natural resources from exploitation.
• Discussions on the various health issues occurring due to environmental damage and its
regulatory framework.
• Necessity of creating awareness about it to general public
COURSE OUTLINE
a) Science, Technology, Innovation – relationship – potential benefits and risks associated
with technology and environment. Environment and Science trans – disciplinary
perspective
b) Technicalities that deplete natural resources – Alternatives – green technologies – smart
technologies.
c) National, regional International and Transnational legal frameworks.
MODULE – II: Sustainable Development goals and environment

a) Sustainable development goals (SDGs) and Environment.
b) Role of United Nations in dealing with sustainable development – Centres for promoting
sustainable development – Role of civil society in promoting sustainable development.
c) Transboundary Environmental Assessment and Role of Technology – Technology
innovation for Sustainable Development – Alternate technologies and environmental
impact.
MODULE – III: Medical technology and environment

a) Medical technologies – impact on environment –. Medical Devices and Environmental
consciousness – Expanding Health Technology Assessments to Include Effects on the
Environment – Microbial Technology for Health and Environment
52
b) International conventions on medical technologies, human health and environment –
Regulatory framework
c) Medical Waste management – national and international governance.
MODULE – IV: Communication technology and environment

a) Communications technologies – environmental impacts – radiation impact on flora and
fauna and humans. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Revolution: Its
Environmental Impact and Sustainable Development.
b) Electronic infrastructure – non-electronic infrastructure – Legal regulation for managing
communication technologies. Electrical Energy Production – Digital Coin Mining –
Smartphones revolution and environment impact.
c) E Waste management – regulatory frameworks.
MODULE – V: Bio ethics and Law/ Environmental ethics and law

a) Bioethics – Risk Identification & Analysis: Methodological Issues & Ethical Issues in the
Scientific Process – The Public Health Model of Environmental Policy: the reduction of
morbidity & mortality
b) Bio ethics and law – definition of harm and monetary valuation of environmental goods.
c) Animal testing ethics of animal research. – Access and Benefit Sharing – Payments for
ecosystem services: legal and institutional frameworks
MODULE – VI: Role of NGOs and Businesses in Governance related to Rapidly Advancing
Technologies
a) NGOs partners in shaping policies and programs – creating environmental awareness
undertaking watershed development disaster management sustainable livelihoods; from
joint forest management to giving inputs to policies
b) Worldwide environmental organisms – Green Peace – WWF – Business ethics and
environment protection.
c) Role of NGO in Environmental protection in India – Environmental education – Social
work – advocacy – consultative initiatives – Public Interest Litigation. Role of NGO in
Environmental Impact assessment.
53
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
1. Environmental Technology and Sustainability 1st Edition Physical, Chemical and
Biological Technologies for Clean Environmental Management Authors: Basanta Kumara
Behera Ram Prasad Paperback ISBN: 9780128191033 eBook ISBN: 9780128191040
Imprint: Elsevier Published Date: 7th April 2020Page Count: 230.
2. Environmental Science and Technology: A Sustainable Approach to Green Science and
Technology, Second Edition Paperback – 7 October 2019 by Stanley E. Manahan.
3. Environment, Technology and Development: Critical and Subversive Essays Rohan
D’Souza.
4. The International Handbook on Environmental Technology Management Edited by Dora
Marinova, Professor of Sustainability, Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP)
Institute, Curtin University, Australia, David Annandale, Environmental and Social
Consulting, Canada and John Phillimore, Professor and Executive Director, John Curtin
Institute of Public Policy, Curtin University of Technology, Australia Publication Date:
2007 ISBN: 978 1 84064 687 0 Extent: 592 pp.
5. Environmental Technology Handbook 2nd Edition by James G Speight.
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Mary W. Chaffee, The Case for Integrating the Environment into the Definition of
Bioethics, 35 UCLA J. ENVTL. L. & POL'y 255 (2017).
2. Jennifer Gunning, Bioethics and Human Rights, 27 MED. & L. iii (2008).
3. Zongliang Xu, Modern Bioethics and Human Rights, 3 HUM. Rts. 26 (2004).
4. David C. Thomasma, Bioethics and International Human Rights, 25 J.L. MED. & Ethics
295 (1997).
5. Gitanjali Nain Gill, Human Rights and the Environment in India: Access through Public
Interest Litigation, 14 ENVTL. L. REV. 200 (2012).
FURTHER READING:
BOOKS
1. Basic Environmental Technology: Water Supply, Waste Management and Pollution
Control 6th Edition by Jerry Nathanson M.S. P.E. (Author), Richard Schneider M.S. P.E.
(Author).
54
2. Green Technologies and Environmental Sustainability Kindle Edition by Ritu Singh
(Editor), Sanjeev Kumar (Editor).
3. Environmental Law: Contemporary Issues by Shobhalata Udapudi, Jagadeesh Chandra
T.G., Bindu Vijay et al.
4. International Environmental Law: Mapping the Field Daniel Bodansky, Jutta Brunnée,
and Ellen Hey the Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law Edited by
Daniel Bodansky, Jutta Brunnée, and Ellen Hey.
5. Contemporary Issues in International Environmental Law Malgosia Fitzmaurice,
Professor of Public International Law, Queen Mary, University of London, UK
Publication Date: 2009 ISBN: 978 1 84542 283 7 Extent: 256 pp.
6. J.C. Day et al., "River Basin Development," in: Robert Kates and Ian Burton, eds.,
Geography, Resources, and Environment (vol. II: Themes from the Work of Gilbert
White). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1986.
7. James Wharton, Before Silent Spring. Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT America.
Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974, pp. 133–137.
8. Christopher J. Duerkson, Environmental Regulation of Industrial Siting: How to Make It
Work Better. Washington, D.C.: The Conservation Foundation, 1982.
9. Allum, N., Sturgis, P., Tabourazi, D., & Brunton-Smith, I. (2008). Science knowledge and
attitudes across cultures: A meta-analysis. Public Understanding of Science
10. Bertolaso, M. (2013). How science works: Choosing levels of explanation in biological
sciences. Rome, Italy: Aracne.
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Zafar Mahfooz Nomani, The Human Right to Environment in India: Legal Precepts and
Judicial Doctrines in Critical Perspective, 5 Asia PAC. J. ENVTL. L. 113 (2000).
2. Aruna Kumar Malik, Health Sector Governance and Reforms in India, 2 LIBERAL Stud.
85 (2017).
3. Siddhanth Saxena & Shivam Narain, Environment Courts in India: Improving Access to
Justice, 3 ENV't L. & Soc'y J. 25 (2015)
4. P. S. Jaswal & Nishtha Jaswal, Role of the Local Governments in Environment
Management and Judicial Attitude in India, 10 J.L. & Soc'y 1 (1991).
5. Jona Razzaque, Linking Human Rights, Development, and Environment: Experiences
from Litigation in South Asia, 18 FORDHAM ENVTL. L. REV. 587 (2007).
6. Bluebook 21st ed. Gail Javitt, Foreword: Predictive Health Technologies, 9 Hous. J.
HEALTH L. & POL'y 157 (2008).
55
7. Bluebook 21st ed. Kathryn Garforth, Health Care and Access to Patented Technologies,
13 HEALTH L.J. 77 (2005).
8. Bluebook 21st ed. John R. Shook & James Giordano, Neuroethics beyond Normal
Performance Enablement and Self – Transformative Technologies, 25 CAMBRIDGE Q.
HEALTHCARE Ethics 121 (2016).
9. Bluebook 21st ed. J. Peter Byrne, Property and Environment: Thoughts on an Evolving
Relationship, 28 HARV. J.L. & PUB. POL'y 679 (2005).
10. Bluebook 21st ed. Mark Sagoff, Ethics, Ecology, and the Environment: Integrating
Science and Law, 56 TENN. L. REV. 77 (1988).
CASES FOR GUIDANCE

1. Lucas v South Carolina Coastal Council. 505 U.S. 1003 (1992)
2. Hughes v Oklahoma. 441 U.S. 322 (1979)
3. American Electric Power Co. v Connecticut. 564 U.S. 410 (2011)
4. Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Co. 257 N.E.2d 870 (1970)
5. Julian et al v USA Friends of Earth, INC v Laidlaw Environmental Services INC. 528
U.S. 167 (2000)
6. Pulp Mills Case. Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 14
7. Gabcikovo – Nagymaros Case. GabCikovo – Nagymaros Project (HungarylSlovakia),
Judgment, 1. C. J. Reports 1997, p. 7Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife. 504 U.S. 555 (1992)
8. Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill 437 U.S. 153 (1978)
9. Chevron USA v. Natural Resources Defense Council., 467 U.S. 837 (1984) Alaska Dept.
of Environmental Conservation v. EPA 540 U.S. 461 (2004) Compagnie Francaise de
Navigation a Vapeur v. Louisiana Board of Health 186 U.S. 380 (1902)
10. City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey 437 U.S. 617Operation Dismantle v. The Queen 1985
CanLII 74 (SCC)
11. Save the Plastic Bag Coalition v. The City of Manhattan Beach 52 CAL. 4TH 155, 254
P.3D 1005
12. Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. 435
US 519 (1978)
13. Bowman v. Monsanto Co.
14. Minister of Public Works v Kyalami Ridge Environmental Association [2001] ZACC 19
15. Yarmirr v Northern Territory. [2001] HCA 56
56
16. Costa Rica and Nicaragua (Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan
River/Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area)
17. Sierra Club v. Morton, Secretary of Interior
18. State of Himachal Pradesh v. Ganesh Wood Products
19. G.R. Simon and Others etc. v. Union of India Others
20. N.D. Jayal v. Union of India
LEARNING OUTCOME
• Understand the deeper relationship between science technology and environment.
• Various goals to manage sustainable development in the country.
• Disposal of Medical waste as per the guidelines and rules mentioned.
• Roles played by NGO’s in technological developments.
*****
57
PAPER – XI
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE: POLICY, GOVERNANCE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
(Generic Elective Paper)

Agriculture is the backbone of our economy.
• It is agriculture that provides food to the nation. There are various laws that regulates
agriculture
• Both food and agriculture are governed by various laws and regulations both central and
states in India.
• This course is designed to give a broader outlook on agriculture and food laws with
special reference to India.
COURSE OUTLINE
a) Importance of agriculture in social and economic landscape
b) International Framework – Role of FAO – WTO Framework Agreement on Agriculture –
Agreement SPS TBT Right to food as human right
c) Constitutional dimensions of food and agriculture
MODULE – II: Agriculture and land

a) Laws relating to land relevant to agriculture LAAR Act – acquisition of agricultural land
b) Seeds Act framework insecticides Act fertilizers orders legal framework for protection of
plants
c) Irrigation and water resources significance to agriculture – ground water – conservation
MODULE – III: Agricultural Labourers

a) Legal aspects of agricultural labourers – protection of rights of labourers farmers – welfare
measures –
b) aspects relating to crop insurance – schemes and measures – trade and commerce relating
to agricultural products – 2020 Act – contract farming –
c) significance of essential commodities Act – agricultural products
58
MODULE – IV: Grading and marking of agricultural products
a) Need for grading and marking – Grading and Marking of agricultural products – quality
assurance – export and import of agri products – legal framework – relevant provisions
under the Foreign trade regulation Act
b) Role of specialised boards – rubber spices coffee tea for promotion of agri products – cash
crops
c) Crop and livestock Insurance – Law relating to pesticides and insecticides
d) Participatory Irrigation Management.
e) The Tamil Nadu Farmers’ Management of Irrigation Systems Act 2000
MODULE – V: Storage, Marketing and Distribution

a) Food security – legal aspects
b) Historical evolution of PDS system legal framework procurement and distribution of food
– food security Act
MODULE – VI: Food Safety and Regulation

a) Elements of food safety measures – regulatory measures for food safety – evolution of
food safety regulation national and international scenario
b) Advertisements and sale standards – Junk food, Tobacco and other regulated substances
c) Food Safety and Standards Laws – Bureau of Indian Standards
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
1. Alabrese, M., Brunori, M., Rolandi, S., Saba, A. (Eds.), Agricultural Law Current Issues
from a Global Perspective, Springer, 2017
2. Mary Jane Angelo, Jason J. Czarnezki, William S. Eubanks (II.), Food Agriculture and
Environmental Law ebook PDF | Download and Read O (melbhattan.com),
Environmental Law Inst, 2013.
3. Pulkit Mathur (amazon.in), Food Safety and Quality Control, Orient Blackswan, 2018
4. Paul Knechtges, Food Safety: Theory and Practice (google.ae), Jones and Bartlett
learning, 2012
5. Marion Nestle, Safe Food: The Politics of Food Safety, University of California Press,
2010
59
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Ranjana Ferrao, Food Security in India, 14 BRAZ. J. INT'l L. 114 (2017).
2. Chidi Oguamanam, Plant Breeders' Rights, Farmers' Rights and Food Security: Africa's
Failure of Resolve and India's Wobbly Leadership, 14 INDIAN J. L. & TECH. 240 (2018).
3. Jessica Epstein, Scientizing Food Safety: Resistance, Acquiescence, and Localization in
India, 48 LAW & Soc'y REV. 893 (2014).
4. Amy J. Cohen, Supermarkets in India: Struggles over the Organization of Agricultural
Markets and Food Supply Chains, 68 U. MIAMI L. REV. 19 (2013)
5. Mark Ritchie & Kristin Dawkins, WTO Food and Agricultural Rules: Sustainable
Agriculture and the Human Right to Food, 9 MINN. J. GLOBAL TRADE 9 (2000).
FURTHER READING:
BOOKS
1. Right to Food Handbook, Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, 2014
2. The Right to food Guidelines, Information papers and case studies, Food and Agricultural
organisation of the United Nations,2006.
3. Veena Jha; Edward Elgar, Environmental Regulation and Food Safety: Studies of
Protection and Protectionism (questia.com), International Development Research Center,
2005
4. Dr P Chandrasekara et. Al. Farmers Handbook on agriculture, German Federal Ministry
for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), second edition, 2016.
5. Shyam Kartik Mishra Babita Agrawal (amazon.in), Food Security in India: Policies and
Challenges, 2013
6. Dr Anshu, Food Security in India: Challenges of 21st Century, 2009
7. Dr G Ganga, Dr j Sudhona Chetty, An introduction to Sericulture, second edition, Oxford
and IBH, 2020
8. Kamal kumar Ghose, Agricultural labourers in India, Indian publications Calcutta,
9. Anne C. Bellows, Flavio L.S. Valente, Stefanie Lemke, María Daniela Núñez Burbano de
Lara, Gender, Nutrition, and the Human Right to Adequate Food: Toward an Inclusive
Framework, Taylor and francis, 2016.
10. Claudia Tofan, (ed), Human right to food, volume 1& 2,
JOURNALS / ARTICLES
1. Margaret Rosso Grossman, Genetic Technology and Food Security, 62 AM. J. COMP. L.
Supp. 273 (2014).
60
2. Rohit Mooka & Silky Mukherjee, TRIPS Flexibilites and India's Plant Variety Projection
Regime: The Way Forward, 5 BRICS L.J. 117 (2018).
3. Nathan M. Trexler, Market Regulation: Confronting Industrial Agriculture's Food Safety
Failures, 17 WIDENER L. REV. 311 (2011).
4. Carmen G. Gonzalez, Institutionalizing Inequality: The WTO Agreement on Agriculture,
Food Security, and Developing Countries, 27 COLUM. J. ENVTL. L. 433 (2002).
5. Mary E. Footer, Trade – Related International Food Security and the Developing World,
6 TRADE L. & DEV. 288 (2014).
6. Peter Halewood, Trade Liberalization and Obstacles to Food Security: Toward a
Sustainable Food Sovereignty, 43 U. MIAMI INTER – AM. L. REV. 115 (2011).
7. Max Jarvie, Productivity and Diversity in Research and Agriculture: Improving the IPR
Landscape for Food Security, 40 WM. & MARY ENVTL. L. & POL'y REV. 849 (2016).
8. Rashmi Venkatesan, TRIPS and Plant Variety Protection in India: Complicating the
Globalisation Debate, 9 INDIAN J. INT'l ECON. L. 43 (2018).
9. Kaitlin Y. Cordes & Anna Bulman, Corporate Agriculture Investment and the Right to
Food: Addressing Disparate Protections and Promoting Rights – Consistent Outcomes, 20
UCLA J. INT'l L. FOREIGN AFF. 87 (2016).
10. Lily Endean Nierenberg, Reconciling the Right to Food and Trade Liberalization:
Developing Country Opportunities, 20 MINN. J. INT'l L. 619 (2011).
CASES FOR GUIDANCE

1. Sasanka Shekhar Maity v. Union of India AIR 1981 SC 522
2. Shri Chandrika Singh v. Raja Viswanath Pratap Singh AIR 1992 SC 1318
3. Smt. Atia Mohammadi Begum v. State of U.P. AIR 1993 SC 2465
4. State of U.P. v. Nand Kumar Aggarwal (1997) 11 SCC 754
5. Khuntia Case_AIR 2000 SC 2538
6. Shantidevi case_AIR 2001 SC 1462
7. Govt. of A.P. v. J. Sridevi AIR 2002 SC 1801
8. Billimoria case_AIR 2003 SC 4368
9. Chandramma case (2004) 9 SCC 174
10. Navanath and Ors. 2009 (5) SCALE 575
11. Beef Harmone – EC Harmones Case (The US – EU Beef Harmones Disputes
12. Tuna – dolphin case
13. Shrimp and Turtle case (The WTO Shrimp – Turtle Case (United States – Import
Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products)
61
14. McFarling v. Monsanto Co., 128 S. Ct. 871 (2008)
15. McIntosh v. Monsanto Co., 462 F. Supp. 2d 1025, 1028 (E.D. Mo. 2006).
16. Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303, 309 – 10 (1980)
17. J.E.M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi – Bred Int’l, Inc., 534 U.S. 124, 145 (2001)
18. Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Elecs., Inc., 128 S. Ct. 2109 (2008)
19. Scruggs v. Monsanto Co., 549 U.S. 1342 (2007).
20. Monsanto Co. v. McFarling, 488 F.3d 973, 976 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (McFarling III)
LEARNING OUTCOME
• Understand the relationship between food and agricultural law and policies to each other
and other areas of law.
• Understand the broad scope of issues, laws and regulations that fall under the food and
agriculture umbrella.
• Understand the regulatory framework of the food and agricultural sectors on the central
level and the roles that states play in regulation of these sectors.
• Understand the basic elements of food safety and food labelling, agricultural contracts,
environmental regulation of agricultural production, farm programs, the Farm Bill and
other key aspects of law and policy
*****
62

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Ll.m. Syllabus - Environmental Law and Legal Order

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SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW

LL.M CBCS PATTERN

FROM ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021

2006 offering environmental law in the post graduate level.

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND LEGAL ORDER

SPECIALIZED CORE PAPERS – 06

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE PAPERS – 03

GENERIC ELECTIVE PAPERS – 02

1. Judicial Process (Common Paper – I)

2. Legal Education and Research Methodology (Common Paper – II)

3. Environmental Law: Policy and Governance

5. Science, Technology and Environment: Law and Governance

1. Constitutional Law: The New Challenges (Common Paper – III)

2. Law and Social Transformation in India (Common Paper – IV)

3. Legal Regulation of Pollution Control

5. Applied Research Methodology

1. Environment Energy and Mining Laws

2. Research methods in Environmental Law

4. Food and Agriculture: Policy, Governance and Legal Framework

1. Law and Local Environmental Governance in India

Fourth 2. Coastal and Marine Management: Law and Policy

3. Skill Enhancement Course

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: POLICY AND GOVERNANCE

(Specialized Core Paper)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:

By the end of the course, students will be able to:

MODULE – II: Environmental policy and politics

MODULE – III: Legal Remedies and Judicial Remedies

MODULE – IV: Forest Laws – Part 1

MODULE – V: Forest Laws – Part 2

MODULE – VI: Wildlife Laws

MODULE – VII: Protection of Water Bodies

MODULE – VIII: Protection of Land

CASES FOR GUIDANCE

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS – PRINCIPLES AND GOVERNANCE

(Specialized Core Paper)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:

MODULE – II: Evolution of Contemporary International Environmental Law

MODULE – IV: Principles of International Environmental Law – II

MODULE – V: Global Commons

MODULE – VI: Nuclear and Other Transboundary Hazards

MODULE – VII: International Obligations to Protect National Resources

MODULE – VIII: International and Non – Governmental Institutions

CASES FOR GUIDANCE

LEGAL REGULATION OF POLLUTION CONTROL

(Specialized Core Paper)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:

The objectives can be further put forth as follows:

MODULE – II: Pollution Prevention Laws and its Legislative Measures

Module III – International Efforts for Environmental Pollution

MODULE – IV: Enforceability of Principles and Doctrines under Indian Constitution

MODULE – V: Fundamental Right to live in a Healthy Environment – Judicial Activism

MODULE – VI: Understanding Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) with progress of

MODULE – VII: Environmental Dispute and Grievance Settlement Mechanism.

MODULE – VIII: Environmental Protection Rules and Handling Waste Management

CASES FOR GUIDANCE

ENVIRONMENT ENERGY AND MINING LAWS

(Specialized Core Paper)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE: