GSR Pobbem?, Thae are thre papas her, hte fied tors ahd Et goo and mo ak TO. jn the Seaand, Hf ema nobel that 2 90 wit a miwel Smctln upp bovine, and that che 260 be vary” ab MeRe xarerinan ones gon ct a cos co S- 5 wk Fig. 8. Resiitances of plastaura. "KAA sthade he Roceedings of the Koninklijke Akademie van Welenschappen te [eee fn ork PAPER 1s 261 KAWA, 28 April (21, pp. 1¢F9-748/, [Communications - Leiden 120b H. KAMERLINGH ONNES. Further experiments with liguid helium. ©. On the change of electric resistance of pure ‘matale at very low temperatures etc. IV. The resistance of pure meroury at helium temperatures. appoarance of the last Commani- § 1. Introduction. Since been enccosflly trnneferred from the apparatus ‘ras liquefied to another vostel connected i for the experiments eo Within the limits, of experimental error which are indeed 4%, fs very Inch logs tah enocoted, Abo, ast all mebelr hae Pao, %5, constant, a the thind pape, wells 8 Sp Berl Weep carye ctf wile Mg leads He henge im 2 as Forel fo262 HEIKE KAMERLINGH ONNES tava Te hereby goeatlyMrengthened § 9. The resistance of pre mereury. To third moat important ‘one of the resistance of mercary. In Commu- Experiment hes completely confirmed this forecast. While the resistance at 13° K. 0.084 times the resistance of solid meroury extrapolated to 0°C., at 4°.8 K, it ia only 0.00225, while fat 8° KC it falls to loss than 0.0001. ‘The fect, experimentally established, that a pure metal can be Lronght to such ® condition that its electrical resistance becomes zero, oF at least differs iably from that value, is certainly of iteel? of the portance, The confirmation of my forecast *) of this behaviour affords strong support to the opinion to which Teast of plat the PLanoK ‘hermo-cloment behaved in liquid holiam quite se ae the ELECTRICAL RESEARCHES 263 19 heats of solid suibstancos, and by Nuzxer to the specific heats of gases). ‘With rogard to the value of the frequency of the resisianco vibrators aseuaied before (one oould try to obtain frequencies from resiatences) it is oortainly worth noting that the wave-length in vacuo which corresponds with the period of the mercury resistance vibrators ig aboot 0.5 m.m. while Ropers has just found that & tmoroary lamp omits vibrations of very loog wave-length of tout 3 mm, In this way # connection is unexpectedly revealed botwoen too change with tomperature of the electrical resistance of metals and their The results ju are founded upon single experiment, comm: reserve, While I hope to publish a more det ‘tho investigation which has led to the experimonts are to me desirable to indicate briefly the present position of the problem!). 2) That this ia juslied ie apparent from important papers which 1 have jst received an this goes to press; in one Neawsr extends the investign- tion referred to in Comm. No. 119 of the specie honts and is also indopen- ently lod to asmme a connection between the energy of vibrator and slootrcel revistance, amd in the other this hypotbesia is further developed ty Taxon,264, PAPER 16 KAR, 2% Mey (9, pp. 8-83 [Communications - Leiden 122b H. KAMERLINGH ONNES. Further Experiments with Liguid Helium. D. On the Change of the ct Renan of Pure Motale at very low Temperatures, etc. V. The Disap- pearance of the resistance of mercury. As montioned in a former Com ication (April 1911) I of the resistance of pare ‘extrapolation from the mi ©. by mesne of the tomperatare cvoficiont of limes the retlance which the wali ld bare at" : : told méreury vould ave. 00. AUS. tho enna wat fovad to avo flo telow 8 10-* 0, : to one ten-mi whieh it would have ‘0°. Ae the temperance sok frthr to 123 K. thie value Cee he wp of tn rte next sap wat ebviouny Jo Took fer tho point at wh tho roone Bt bosomen tama nth lompertre i ‘aed The taprstare aftr plat woe Toad fo by alg more than 4.2K. at whic the rocco yas found to bo 280 ELECTRICAL RESEARCHES 265 u“ rmiero-ohmms or one hundred thousandth of the reeistanoe (oolid) fat O°. As the temperature was raised to thet of the boli point (#3K.) the re rose once more to 0.084 0. Thi ‘change took: place more quickly than the rate of chang to whieb tbe formula given in the December (February) Communication leads — exactly how much mote quickly is not yet known bus it eertainly sooms to increase very much more rapidly. A point of in- flection which does not appear in, tho formula given — a formals hich I regarded as incomplete also on account of the method by Which it was deduood — seems to oocur between tho weltiog point of hydrogen and the boiling point of helium in the curve hich roprosocte the resistance as a fanction of 7. ‘The more the upper limit which can be asoribed to the resistance remsining at helium temperatures decreases, the more important becomes the observed phenowenon that the resistance becomes practically zero, When the specific resistance of a cirouit than that of the best conductors smperatures the majority of cases, be rosiatanoe no longer existed under those con- yed which could be rogarded ng ae their erose section wax ‘conductors of the smallest possible sec: tors of the order of the wave th of light, or films of molecular thickness, whose rosiatance ‘would be bat small, there had no more to be reckoned with the Jocue development of he * bobbic to exooodingly high val all possibility of doubt the property of which adve be taken in uch experiments. With this ond in view modified measurements are now being mind noting that just as the tle when the temperaturto liguld hydrogen temperatures #0 t00 the ch tho temperature sinks farther to those of property w2 to obtain rough confirmation of the value fof the latent heat of vaporization of helium which ean bo eal- ‘culated from CraPernos’s formule using the data already published concerning its vapour preeearo and vapour density. (Compare the boro remarks as to the ratio between the Jou heat to the Intent hoat of the apen 1 261 KAWA, 30 December 191), py. 799-@a2 [Communications - Leiden 124¢ H. KAMERLINGH ONNES. irther experiments with Liquid Helium. @. On the Electrical Kevis of Pure Metals, ete VI. On the Sudden Change in the Rate at which the Resistance of Mereury Disoppears.” (Commanicated in the mesting of November 25, 1911). 1) Tmeationed 1 than that given by the formula of Comm. Nt. 119, In tho present 2 paper a closer investigation is mado of this phenomenon, §.2 Arrangement of the resistance, A dover in Comm. NP. 128 (Jane 1911) of tho eryost lowest possible temporaturas had beta ropentod resintance ivith mereury leads, The immersion of a resistance with auch leads in a bath of liquid heliom was rendored possible only by the successfil construction of thot oryoste. ‘The accompanying Plate, which should be compared with the Plate of Oomm. N® 128, shows the mercury resisisnco with « portion of the loads; it is represented diagrammatical Seven glass Uctubes of about 0.005 9. mun. c Joined togothor at thoir upper onde by is ure sealed off above, and ace not quite Ail gives the mercury an opportunity to cootran fying without breaking the glass ‘of the meroury thread formed picces By and by ara attached two leading tubes Zg,, Hgy wud Hgy, Hg, (shove lower portions are shown at Agia,rt is shown at Aggy. At by ough the tubes £9, and Hous wed for the eame purpoee or botwoen the enda of the tube Hg, can be used for he eryostat and to find room alongside th the tubos which aro shown in one plan together in the manner shown in ig. 2. The postion be seen from fig. 4 where the other parts aro ee eae eee ‘The apparatus was filled with mercury distilled over in vacuo at 4 tomperatare of 60° to 70° C, while the cold portion ofthe distl- Jing apparatus wae immersed in liquid air § 8. Results of the Measurements ‘The janctipns of the plati- ‘num wires with the eopper loads of the measuring apparatus were protected as off i rmeroury resistance iteelf monsurement of the st opposed electro ‘Tho magnitude of this thermoelectric force, which for one pair of the leads came to resistence of the moreury thread was then ol differedoes betwoon the deflections of tho galvano cireuit with Hg, and Hg, and the componsating electro when the asin eartent passing through & reversed. Tho galvanometer was calibrated for he accompanying figure ix given a graphical ropresantation resistances observed ) ais arts gors| 2 ap wb YL ¥ wo or the revstance ofthe wire of sold mereary at 0°C. extrapolated from ‘the molting point nearly 60 Ohm ean be accepted. tn the soliifing procem diferenece occur wbich make necessary opecial measarements 10 bbe bia to give the exact proportion of the resistance of the wire atAs u former experiment inution of the resistance just below t jere rose in the first place a quest helium a point of infleotion in the curve which representa the of the temporature. ‘The temperature of leading to the liqu manometer connected to %. Those measurements showed that: the melting point of hydrogen to the neighbourhood of the boiling point of heliam the curve exhibited the ordinary gradual lessening of the rate of diminution of resiatanos, pract by the formula of Comm. N® 1 from 4°29 K. to 4°.21 K. the eame resulta to tho Brussels “Cons Guvny asked if other proportios of tho enbstance diaplayed ss sudden changes, as would be the case if mercury underw cation at 4°.20 K. Bxperiments with the object i point wore, of course, immediately planned when not yet been con- there exist such a new modifeation, it would differ from ordinary moroary temporatoree chiefly by the property that the frequency of the ribratore in the new state hae become groator, and therefore the ‘conductivity rises tho the extremely large value oxhibjted below #19 K. § 4. The motion of ebetcioity through mercwy at temperatures helium tomporatures to that at O° ©. (slld extrapolated érom the melting point) Therefore here are given the resistances themselves [Note added fn the translation), ELECTRICAL RESEARCHES 2 25 below 42.19 K. The next stop was as in the earlier experiments to try by sending « comparatively strong currons through the resistance, to obtain an uppor limit to the value which must be agesibed to the resistance when this hae practically vanished as js the cave at 8°.5 K. Tho poculiarition of the phenomena which then coour make it desirable to experiment first with a modified apparatus before proceeding further.ober 0g Nonoorunuwog, csrneddasy LNOxeR, Jo oouMISE OW WRU Je @Y OM my oFTEY WePPNE eH MO “TA 2 SIMBN og 30 coMMSTEY ORBOTA ON UD -MNYTORT pIMbyy HHT swuoMyodKA JOHMRA “SINNO HONITTORVH i