Offshore Sailing

34.2

TRAINING MANUAL
Intentionally Blank
 CONTENTS

RAFSA(O) HR 34.2 TRAINING MANUAL

Chap Subject Page

- Contents I

Introduction iii

1 Storm Sail Rigging 1-1

2 Rigging the Preventer 2-1

3 Reefing 3-1

4 Man Overboard Techniques 4-1

• Returning to the Survivor 4-1

•
• MOB Recovery 4-1
•
o Boat Hook 4-6
o Lasso 4-6
o Boarding Ladder 4-8
o Halyard Lift 4-9
o Handy Billy 4-9
o Boom & Mainsheet Lift 4 - 11

5 Adjusting Backstay Tension 5-1

6 Poling Out the Headsail 6-1

7 Spinnaker Hoisting, Flying and Dropping 7-1

8 Anchoring 8-1

i Mar 20
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ii Mar 20
 INTRODUCTION
1. The purpose of this Training Manual is to set out in more detail how to conduct
specific evolutions when operating RAFSA(O) HR 34.2 yachts at sea. This Manual
supplements RAFSA(O)’s Safety Management Policy and our SOPs; it forms a critical
component of the RAFSA(O) Document Set.

2. Suggested amendments should be forwarded to the Training Principal at

[email protected]

There is nothing new in sailing – a few thoughts to ponder

“He who loves practice without theory is like the sailor who boards ship without a
rudder and compass and never knows where he may cast.”

Leonardo da Vinci

"The pessimist complains about the wind; the optimist expects it to change; the realist
adjusts the sails."

William Arthur Ward

"The wind and the waves are always on the side of the ablest navigator."

Edmund Gibbon

“The good seaman weathers the storm he cannot avoid, and avoids the storm he
cannot weather.”

Anon

iii Mar 20
Intentionally Blank

iv Mar 20
CHAPTER 1 - STORM SAIL RIGGING

1. The HR 34.2 yachts are equipped with a storm Jib, which hanks on to a ‘baby’
forestay (baby stay) rigged immediately aft of the furling genoa, and a deep reefed mainsail
– the third reef. The yacht will point higher with the storm jib than a heavily reefed genoa.
An indicative sail plan/reefing guide is in the laminated Reference Cards.

2. Storm Jib. The storm jib must remain accessible in the starboard cockpit locker.
The bag contains:

• One orange storm jib with wire Tack strop

• Two sheets bowlined to the clew

• Highfield Lever to connect and tension the baby stay

3. When not rigged, the Baby Stay is clipped onto the spreaders and tied to the
stanchion foot near the port shroud foot, with elastic cord. The following procedures are
used to prepare the storm jib for use; hoisting and dropping is as per any hanked jib:

1. Take the bagged storm jib forward

onto the foredeck and remove the bag

2. Ensure the bag is tied on and the

sail is secured
4. Unclip the baby stay from the
3. Secure the Highfield Lever midship port stanchion foot

Storm sail with sheets and Highfield Lever Baby stay secured to port midships stanchion foot

1-1 Mar 20
5. Unclip the baby stay from the 6. Take the baby stay forward and connect
spreaders to High Field Lever

7. Connect Highfield Lever to fore 8. Hank on the Storm Jib ensuring all hanks
deck fitting which is stressed for the load face the same way

1-2 Mar 20
9. Attach the Halyard; roll and tie 10. Prior to hoisting the storm jib
the storm sail & sheets securely ready for use
• Furl the genoa
• Continue to furl to wrap genoa sheets
around genoa
• Secure genoa sheets completely

Wire tack strop

11. Route the storm sail sheet through 12. Raise storm jib and tension halyard
The genoa travellers, through the aft turning
block to the genoa winch 13. Control sail normally using sheets

1-3 Mar 20
Storm Jib raised Highfield lever & wire tack strop deck
attachment point

1-4 Mar 20
CHAPTER 2 - RIGGING THE PREVENTER

1. Safety. SOPs require a preventer to be rigged when sailing with the wind abaft the
beam. An inadvertent gybe is extremely dangerous and can severely injure passengers and
crew. Inexperienced crew and helmsmen, with little wind awareness, pose the greatest risk.
The skipper is responsible for the safety of his vessel and crew. To assist rigging, both
yachts have a preventer lanyard, attached to the boom end, clipped under the boom. The
preventer line is stowed in the starboard aft cockpit locker.

2. Function. The preventer is designed to hold the boom out is the mainsail is backed
during an inadvertent gybe. It will work in light to moderate winds but should never be relied
on. In strong and very strong winds and rough seas, the preventer may not hold.

3. Rigging. The preventer is rigged as shown below:

Aft cleat OXO Spinnaker block midships Forward cleat out-to-in-to-boom

2-1 Dec 19
 Preventer lanyard

Preventer – routed
over starboard rail

Preventer tied to
lanyard with
round turn & 2
half hitches

The Preventer fully rigged

4. Method.

• Route the preventer line from the aft quarter on the windward side
• Use windward midships spinnaker block
• Use forward cleat threading the preventer out to in
• Route the free end aft on the leeward side to just aft of the shrouds
• Tie to rail do not leave loose.
• Untie preventer lanyard under boom
• Tie preventer to loop in lanyard using a round turn and 2 half hitches
• Do not use a bowline – the knot will become too tight
• Sheet out the main further than sail trim requires
• Pull the preventer tight and secure to aft windward cleat using an OXO
• Sheet in the main sail sheet to set the sail trim and tighten the preventer line
• Do not leave slack in the preventer line it must be fairly taught.
• Release the OXO and let the preventer run free if you need to heave to or tack

2-2 Dec 19
CHAPTER 3 - REEFING

1. The yacht is equipped with a furling genoa operated from the cockpit. It is essential
that when fully furled in light to moderate wind strength, a minimum of 5 turns of the furling
line remains on the furling drum. If less than 5 turns, additional turns can be added by
removing the sheets from the genoa and turning the furling drum (and genoa) to put more
turns of furling line on. This will ensure you can furl the sail in strong winds when the furl is
much tighter. The mainsail uses a slab reefing system.

2. Genoa Reefing. To reef the Genoa:

• Ideally, reef with wind forward of the beam. If wind abaft the beam do not allow
the genoa to fly forward of the forestay, which can damage the rig

• Ease the genoa sheet until the sail flogs

• Sweat in the furling line on the port side until sufficient sail in rolled around the
forestay

• Do Not winch in the furling line you will twist the genoa foil

• Jam the furling line to prevent it running out

• Adjust the jib car position

• Sheet in on the genoa sheets to trim the sail

Never winch the furling line. Draw manually with 1 turn around aft winch

Genoa furling drum with furling line running aft Jamming block/jammer Sweating the furling line

3-1 Mar 20
 First reef in – there are no reefing marks on our HR yachts

3. Mainsail Reefing. The mainsail uses a slab reefing system. Leach reefing rings
hook over ‘rams horns’ at the gooseneck. Reefing pennants secure the clew; jammers are
located under the boom and the reefing pennant winch is located on the aft side of the mast,
below the boom. A winch handle can be stowed at the mast.

4. Method. Slab reefing the main follows the same procedure as raising and lowering
the mainsail; this is achieved by:

• Sailing into wind close hauled

• Shake out the mainsail halyard, load onto the halyard winch

• Position crew; one at the mast; one on the main halyard; one on the
mainsheet; and one helming

• Winch in the mainsail halyard slightly and release the halyard jammer

• Kicker off; ease the mainsheet to distress mainsail; topping lift on to raise boom

• Keep the main sail depowered using the main sheet

• Lower the mainsail under control using the halyard. Place the reefing cringle
over the ‘rams horn’ – any side will do.

• Raise and tension the main halyard. Do not over tension

• Pull in the corresponding reefing pennant and winch in. Stop when clew is on
boom and sail foot is tight. Reefing pennant Jammer on

• Use a reefing earring – the jammers are easily knocked off

• Ease topping lift; sheet in the main fully; kicker on; take up slack in the other
reefing pennants, tidy and secure; record in ships log

3-2 Mar 20
Reefing pennants

Reefing cringle
& rams horns

3-3 Mar 20
 Lowering the mainsail and preparing to secure the reefing cringle to the rams horn

Reefing earring (rope sail tie) in place to secure clew if reefing pennant drops out. Use a slip knot

3-4 Mar 20
CHAPTER 4 - MAN OVERBOARD TECHNIQUES

Returning to The Survivor

1. You will have been taught how to carry out the sailing drills to position the yacht to
recover a MOB, under power (preferred) and sail. MOB is a Distress situation: the aim is
to reduce separation of the yacht from the MOB and return to pick up the survivor on the
leeward side as soon as practicable, using a method that will give the very best chance of
first-time success. The RYA currently advocate the following methods:

2. Under Power. If you’ve got an engine and it works, use it.

• Sheet in the mainsail and heave to in

order to take the way off your boat

• Throw buoyancy to the casualty and

mark with a dan buoy and MOB on GPS

• Instruct a crewmember to point at the

MOB

• Retrieve any warps from the water and

start the engine

• Furl or drop the headsail

• Make ready the throwing line

• Manoeuvre 5-6 boat lengths downwind

of the MOB; keep the MOB in sight

• Approach the MOB into the wind, so

that the mainsail is depowered

• Pick up the MOB on the leeward side,

aft of the mast.
3. Under Sail. There is an art to coaxing your boat gently into the breeze and coming to
a standstill alongside your target; it requires regular practise. This is skill you must master; a
MOB situation is EXACTLY the time when your motor will decide not to start, or you will end
up with a line wrapped around the propeller.

On a close reach you can spill

and fill your mainsail to control
your speed

Distressed mainsail

MOB

4-1 Mar 20
Method:

• As before, sheet in the mainsail and heave to

• Throw buoyancy to the casualty and marking with a dan buoy & on GPS

• Instruct a crewmember to check for warps

• Sail back to the survivor then turn onto a beamy/broad reach

• Sail away for about five or six boat lengths, ensuring that you do not lose sight
of the MOB. Drop/furl the headsail

• Tack, aiming the leeward side of the yacht at the MOB. Ease/release the
kicker and let out the mainsail sheets. The mainsail should flap; if not, bear off
downwind to change the angle of approach. Point the boat slightly above (windward
of) the MOB until the mainsail flaps (distressed).

• The angle of approach should be a close reach so that the sails can be
powered and depowered

• Fill and spill the mainsail and slowly approach the MOB. Pick up the MOB to
leeward, aft of the mast

h
Reac
m y
Bea
y -
d
oa
Br

4-2 Mar 20
4. Alternative Approach Methods – Sail and Power. There are numerous alternative
methods of approaching the MOB; several are set out below for consideration. The method
that works on the day in the prevailing conditions is the correct one. This is a skill which
requires regular practise.

a. Sail.

4-3 Mar 20
b. Power:

4-4 Mar 20
5. MOB Manoeuvres Under Power. Practice has shown that different MOB
manoeuvres may be required, depending upon the situation prevailing and the type of vessel
involved. The effectiveness of the manoeuvres described below has been proved in
numerous MOB scenarios; the aim is an accurate course reversal that places the vessel on
the previous water track, on the reciprocal heading:

• Immediate Action Situation: MOB noticed by crew and action is initiated

immediately.

• Delayed Action Situation: MOB is reported but action is initiated with some
delay.

• Person Missing Situation: Person is reported missing (time uncertain).

• When a ship is making full speed ahead, the following three standard
manoeuvres are used;

1. Single Turn (210º Manoeuvre)

Rudder hard over (in an immediate action

-situation, only to the side of the casualty).
After deviation from the original course by
250º rudder to mid-ship position and
stopping manoeuvre initiated.

2. Williamson Turn (180º)

Rudder hard over (in an immediate action

situation, only to the side of the casualty).
After deviation from the original course by
60º rudder hard over to the opposite side.
When heading is 20º short of opposite
course, rudder to mid-ship position and
vessel turned to reciprocal course.

3. Schanow Turn (180º) (not to be

used in an immediate action situation)

Rudder hard over. After deviation from

the original course by 240º, rudder hard
over to the opposite side. When heading
is 20º short of opposite course, rudder to
midship so the vessel will turn to the
reciprocal course.

4-5 Mar 20
MOB Recovery.

6. Boat Hook. After a good approach to position the MOB 0.5-1m off the leeward side
of the hull amidships, the boathook can be used to secure the casualty whilst the lifting
mechanism is attached. Do Not use the boathook held horizontally to lift a weight; lift along
the length of the shaft. The boathook can however, be difficult to attach to a loop on the
lifejacket and can cause injury to the survivor. The lasso is the preferred method.

7. Lasso. The lasso is used to ‘encircle’ and secure the survivor alongside the leeward
side of the hull amidships, clear of the bow where serious injury can occur from a pitching
yacht. The HR yachts tend to forereach and a lasso ensures you do not lose the MOB. The
lasso is stored in the starboard aft cockpit locker and should always be on top ready for use.
Method:

• Un-hank the lasso amidships on the side nominated for MOB recovery. The
lasso must remain doubled. Pass the two ends out over the top rail and recover
under the bottom rail; OXO to the midship cleat.

• Pick up a single lasso line in left hand and coil quickly as per a warp.

• Split the coil roughly equally into both hands. With arms spread, raise both
coils above head to create slack; lower hands.

• Face outboard and forward to watch MOB approach. Continue to provide

MOB position narrative to helm.

• As MOB approaches abeam, throw the lasso to encircle, then quickly draw in
one of the lines to pull the MOB alongside amidships. Keep the helm informed of
progress.

Technique:

• The lasso technique requires a ‘lob’ of both coils, outwards into the 10 and 2
O’clock positions. They must be thrown simultaneously from elbow height, high
enough to clear the top rail. Too hard a throw will not allow the lasso to open.

4-6 Mar 20
 1. Pass the double
lasso ends out over the
top rail, in under the
bottom rail, and OXO to
midship cleat

2. Select a single
lasso line and coil
quickly, clockwise, like
a warp. Speed is more
important than finesse

3. Split the coil, roughly evenly, 4. Lower hands and face forward and out. Lob
between both hands. Open arms wide the lasso coils out to the 10 & 2 o’clock positions to
and raise coils above head to create slack encircle to MOB. Don’t throw too hard.

5. Lasso the MOB. Immediate pick up a 6. The casualty can then be held against
single lasso line under the bottom rail and pull the hull amidships or manoeuvred aft towards
in as the lasso sinks to ensnare the MOB the boarding ladder

4-7 Mar 20
8. Boarding Ladder. The boarding ladder, located on the stern, offers an ideal way to
recover a conscious and cooperative MOB.

Method:

• Select two strong crew for recovery. Clip on using safety lines in aft cockpit.
Unclip the two aft rails and secure.

• Shut down engine (safety and exhaust fumes). Untie the boarding ladder and
lower.

• Manoeuvre MOB to bathing platform. Consider using topping lift to assist

recovery, either to lift MOB or act as safety line. Attach topping lift to MOB’s
lifejacket lifting beckets (loops).

• Place both recovery crew on bathing platform facing inwards, conduct a

simultaneous lift of the MOB, tacking up any slack on the topping lift, which acts as a
safety live.

• Recover MOB onboard and treat as casualty. Update distress message

accordingly and arrange casualty transfer to hospital.

• Recover all lines before starting engine.

Rear Rails – P clips

Bathing ladder

Bathing ladder
securing line

4-8 Mar 20
9. Halyard Lift. The dead weight of even a small adult in the water makes a manual lift
unachievable. A halyard on a halyard winch is an excellent means of recovering a survivor
onboard. It may require two crew to spell each other on the winch. Keep the halyard
forward of the shrouds to prevent damaging them.

The halyard can be attached to the

lifting beckets (loops) on the
lifejacket or the safety harness
attachment point using the snap
shackle

Halyard lift using a rescue sling

10. Handy Billy Lift. The handy billy affords significant mechanical advantage which is
further enhanced by the use of a winch.

Method:

• Shake out and untangle the handy billy. Connect to a halyard using the snap
shackles, with the handy billy pull at the halyard (top) end.

• Extend the handy billy to afford the required lift to raise the MOB over the top
rail.

• Lower the halyard until the end of the handy billy is at water level. Secure the
Halyard on a winch.

• Connect handy billy to MOB’s lifejacket beckets or harness attachment point.

• Operate the handy billy manually or better, route to a cockpit winch via a
spinnaker block.

• Winch in and recover the MOB

4-9 Mar 20
 Shake out the handy Billy Handy Billy Halyard

From handy billy block Handy billy To cockpit winch

Route the handy billy line back, via a Winch in on the handy billy to recover the
block to a cockpit winch MOB

4 - 10 Mar 20
11. Boom and Mainsheet Lift. The boom and mainsheet provide a ready-made lifting
gantry. The challenge is controlling the boom safely and avoiding further casualties in a
rough sea. Furthermore, it takes longer to rig and requires the mainsail to be lowered fully.
The mainsheet on the HR unclips from the traveller using a snap shackle. The key issue is
to triangulate the boom using the pole down and preventer pennant, and an after guy from
the boom end, lead aft and secured. The set up is shown below; recovery is by sheeting in
the mainsheet. The mainsheet should be reversed, so the jammer block is attached to
the boom – the opposite way to the set up shown below.

Mainsheet – better reversed with Reefing pennant connected to

jammer block connected to boom downhaul

Swap mainsheet ends

After guy – led through block to

Mainsheet to cockpit
winch to triangulate boom
winch

4 - 11 Mar 20
CHAPTER 5 - ADJUSTING BACKSTAY TENSION

1. The adjustable backstay attaches the rear stay to the transom and is adjusted
manually. Remember to ease the tension when alongside. The arrangement on the
HR34.2 is shown below:

An adjustable backstay is one

of the rigs most powerful
adjustments.

2. Changing backstay tension has two principle effects:

Mainsail shape

• Increasing backstay
tension on a fractionally
rigged yacht pushes the
middle of the mast forward
and pulls the top backwards.

• This moves the luff

away from the leech,
flattening the central and
upper parts of the mainsail
and reducing the draft.

5-1 Mar 20
 • When the backstay is
eased, the top of the
mainsail is much fuller,
creating a more powerful
shape.

• When the backstay

is tensioned, the main is
noticeably flatter, especially
near the top-third of the sail,
creating a depowered
shape.

Foresail Shape

• There’s more
headstay sag when the
backstay is eased, resulting
in there being more shape
in the front of the sail.

• The difference when

the backstay is tensioned,
creating a much flatter entry
and less depth in the
forward portion of the sail.
•

5-2 Mar 20
CHAPTER 6 - POLING OUT THE HEADSAIL

1. When running downwind at wind angles within 30º of the stern, the genoa is blanked
and collapses. Poling out the genoa prevents this. For safety reasons, the preferred
method is to triangulate the pole independent of the genoa sheets. The pole is raised and
triangulated by a pole up (toping lift), pole down (foreguy) and an after guy (a spinnaker guy
line). The genoa sheet is run through the pole end which allows release of the genoa and
enables the yacht to be tacked or gybed, leaving the pole in position. A triangulated pole
also allows the yacht to hove to.

2. Method:

Prepare the Pole

• Lower the pole so the outboard end
is on the foredeck
• Rig as shown. Run the genoa sheet
through the pole end

Set the pole:

• Set inboard end at clew height

• Raise the pole (topping lift)

• Position at about 50 - 60º off the

bow

• Triangulate, tensioning by hand pole

down (foreguy) and afterguy

• Ease the working genoa sheet and

gybe the genoa

• Do not let the genoa blow forward of

the forestay it can damage the rig

• Sheet in genoa, adjust pole.

• Reefing, tacking, gybing and hoving

to are carried out as normal

6-1 Mar 20
CHAPTER 7 - SPINNAKER HOISTING, FLYING AND DROPPING
(courtesy: sailor’s life for me’)

1. Flying the spinnaker successfully relies on careful planning and briefing of all the crew
so they know what their duties are. The skipper needs to understand how to rig the pole and
spinnaker. The first attempt should be done in light winds to facilitate learning. A view of
what the crew is seeking to achieve is shown below:

2. Use of the spinnaker first requires an understanding of the blocks and winches to be
used: the process of setting up the yacht, raising and lowering the spinnaker is set out below
in 5 stages:

• Setting up the yacht – can be done alongside

• Preparing the spinnaker

• Pole up – prefeed the guy

• Hoisting the spinnaker

• Dousing (Lowering) the spinnaker

7-1 Mar 20
7-2 Mar 20
 Setting up the yacht

7-3 Mar 20
 Preparing the spinnaker

7-4 Mar 20
7-5 Mar 20
 Hoisting the spinnaker

7-6 Mar 20
• Drop spinnaker down companion way only!
• Pull under boom – lazy jacks and sail bag prevents letter boxing over boom
• Ensure cooker off
• Secure sheets and guys to rails

Dousing (Lowering) the

spinnaker

7-7 Mar 20
3. Re-packing the spinnaker. The spinnaker is packed differently than the other sails.
The aim is to stuff it into the spinnaker bag in exactly the reverse order it comes out when
raised, without twists:

• Locate the head and 2 x clews; tie in cabin, head forward and port and
starboard clew to corresponding side, aft.

• Run the edge tapes to remove and twists – pass from one hand to the other to
ensure no twists develop

• Stuff the spinnaker into the spinnaker bag centre of the spinnaker foot, first,
working out towards the clews.

• Then work towards the head stuffing the spinnaker into the bag

• Finish by tying the head and clew cringles to the respective positions on the
spinnaker bag

Port Clew Head

Spinnaker Bag Foot Starboard Clew

7-8 Mar 20
CHAPTER 8 - ANCHORING

1. Both HR yachts are equipped with a bow mounted anchor and chain and kedge
anchor with a short chain lead and a long warp; this is stowed in the starboard cockpit
locker. There is no windlass on the yacht; the anchor must be deployed and raised
manually. Care must be taken to avoid injury; gloves are provided and stored in the
companion way step.

2. Calculations:

• Calculate the maximum depth of water during your stay on anchor:

Min depth to Tidal drop to LW Min indicated depth when

+ =
anchor safely during stay anchoring

Rise of tide Min indicated depth Maximum depth when

+ =
during stay when anchoring anchored

• Select a suitable anchorage and work out the required scope of chain or warp

Warp or Chain? Minimum Length

Chain: 4 x max depth
Rope & chain: 6 x max depth

3. Method.

• Lay out the required scope of chain on deck. The distance from the bow to
midship cleat is 5m. Avoid dragging the chain over the anchor locker edge and
damaging the teak and fibreglass.

• OXO the chain so the unused length runs off the top of the OXO into the
anchor locker – this enables the scope to be adjusted under load.

• Rig a friction line through the starboard forward cleat to control the rate the
chain runs at.

• Recce the planned anchorage under power or sail.

• Approach the selected anchoring location, under power or sail, and stop the
yacht. Lower 1/3 of the calculated scope quickly, so the anchor is on the seabed.

• As the yacht drifts back and the chain tightens, play out the remaining scope.
Feel for the anchor setting (slight jerk and bow nod). Set using power if necessary.

• Set snubber. Record transits. Mount anchor watch. Complete ships log.

8-1 Mar 20
4. Technique.

• Protect teak and fibreglass • In-board end of chain on top of

the OXO & led back into locker

• Rig friction device to control • Untie anchor. Remove pin. Hang anchor clear
rate chains runs out of the water

8-2 Mar 20
 • When yacht is stationary, drop 1/3 scope. Play out last 2/3 as the yacht
drifts down tide/wind

• Feel the chain outboard of bow roller

(vibration indicates dragging)

• Set anchor snubber, raise anchor ball

or light. Record transits

• Set anchor watch and complete ships

log

5. Raising the Anchor. Direct the helm to point the yacht in line with the chain. Motor
or sail very slowly forward to reduce tension. Foredeck crew haul up anchor hand over hand
and lay chain on deck. Keep helm informed of progress and continue to direct accordingly.
Secure anchor with pin and tie. Return chain to anchor locker avoiding damage to teak deck
and fibreglass.

8-3 Mar 20