Analogue-Practicals (29.11.2023)

Practical No.
1 P-N JUNCTION DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

Date :
AIM:-To observe and draw the Forward and Reverse bias V-I Characteristics of a P-N Junction
diode.
APPARATUS:-
1. P-N Diode IN4007.
2. Regulated Power supply (0-30v)
3. Resistor 1KΩ
4. Ammeters (0-100 mA, 0-100uA)
5. Voltmeter (0-20 V)
6. Bread board
7. Connecting wires
THEORY:-
A p-n junction diode conducts only in one direction. The V-I characteristics of the diode are
curve between voltage across the diode and current through the diode. When external voltage is
zero, circuit is open and the potential barrier does not allow the current to flow. Therefore, the
circuit current is zero. When P-type (Anode is connected to +ve terminal and n- type (cathode) is
connected to –ve terminal of the supply voltage, is known as forward bias. The potential barrier
is reduced when diode is in the forward biased condition. At some forward voltage, the potential
barrier altogether eliminated and current starts flowing through the diode and also in the circuit.
The diode is said to be in ON state. The current increases with increasing forward voltage.
PROCEDURE:-
FORWARD BIAS:-
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Forforward bias, the RPS +ve is connected to the anode of the diode and
RPS –ve is connected to the cathode of the diode,
3. Switch on the power supply and increases the input voltage (supply voltage) in
Steps.
4. Note down the corresponding current flowing through the diode and voltage
across the diode for each and every step of the input voltage.
5. The reading of voltage and current are tabulated.
6. Graph is plotted between voltage and current.
REVERSE BIAS:-
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. For reverse bias, the RPS +ve is connected to the cathode of the diode and
3. RPS –ve is connected to the anode of the diode.
4. Switch on the power supply and increase the input voltage (supply voltage) in Steps
5. Note down the corresponding current flowing through the diode voltage across the diode for
each and every step of the input voltage.
6. The readings of voltage and current are tabulated
7. Graph is plotted between voltage and current.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
FORWARD BIAS:-
REVERSE BIAS:-
OBSERVATION:-
S.NO APPLIED VOLTAGE (V) VOLTAGE ACROSS CURRENT

DIODE(V) THROUGH
DIODE(mA)
OBSEVATION:-
S.NO APPLIEDVOLTAGE VOLTAGE CURRENT

ACROSSDIODE(V) ACROSS THROUGH
DIODE(V) DIODE(mA)
RESULT:-
Thus the Forward and Reverse Bias characteristics for a p-n diode was observed and
calculated.
ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

Practical No: 2
Date :
AIM: -
a) To observe and draw the V-I characteristics of a zener diode
b) To find the Zener Breakdown voltage,static resistance and Dynamic resistance after
breakdown.
APPARATUS: -
1. Zener diode.
2. Regulated Power Supply (0-30v).
3. Voltmeter (0-20v)
4. Ammeter (0-50mA)
5. Resistor (1KOhm)
6. Bread Board
7. Connecting wires
Theory:-
A zener diode is heavily doped p-n junction diode, specially made to operate in the
break down region. A p-n junction diode normally does not conduct when reverse biased. But if
the reverse bias is increased, at a particular voltage it starts conducting heavily. This voltage is
called Break down Voltage. High current through the diode can permanently damage the device
To avoid high current, we connect a resistor in series with zener diode. Once the diode
starts conducting it maintains almost constant voltage across the terminals what ever may be
the current through it, i.e., it has very low dynamic resistance. It is used in voltage regulators.
PROCEDURE:-
Forward bias characteristics:-
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The Regulated power supply voltage is increased in steps.
3. The zener current (lz), and the zener voltage (Vz.) are observed and then
noted in the tabular form.
4. A graph is plotted between zener current (Iz) and zener voltage (Vz).
Reverse bias characteristics:-
1. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The Regulated power supply voltage is increased in stepsuntill break down occurs and note
down the corresponding zener current from ammeter.
3. Repeat it for different values of reverse voltage and note the readings.
4. A graph is plotted between zener current (IR) and zener voltage (VR).
5. Identify the reverse saturation current and breakdown voltage “V” of the zener diode and
calculate the static and dynamic resistance from the graph.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
FORWARD BIAS CHARACTERISTICS:-

REVERSE BIAS CHARACTERISTICS:-
OBSERVATIONS:-
Forward Bias characteristics:-

S.NO ZENER ZENER
CURRENT(IZ)
VOLTAGE(VZ)
Reverse Bias characteristics:-
S.NO ZENER ZENER CURRENT(IR)

VOLTAGE(VR)
MODEL WAVEFORMS:-
RESULT:-
a) V-I characteristics of zener diode are obtained and drawn.
b) The Zener Breakdown voltage,static resistance and Dynamic resistance of Zener Diode are
calculated .

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Practical No.

1 P-N JUNCTION DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

1. P-N Diode IN4007.

2. Regulated Power supply (0-30v)

4. Ammeters (0-100 mA, 0-100uA)

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

S.NO APPLIED VOLTAGE (V) VOLTAGE ACROSS CURRENT

S.NO APPLIEDVOLTAGE VOLTAGE CURRENT

ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

a) To observe and draw the V-I characteristics of a zener diode

Forward bias characteristics:-

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

noted in the tabular form.

Reverse bias characteristics:-

1. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram.

FORWARD BIAS CHARACTERISTICS:-

Forward Bias characteristics:-

Reverse Bias characteristics:-

S.NO ZENER ZENER CURRENT(IR)

a) V-I characteristics of zener diode are obtained and drawn.

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