Fertilizers BSC

FERTILIZERS VI SEM
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Fertilizers
Economic importance and synthesis of nitrogenous fertilizers- CAN, urea, ammonium
sulfate, amonium nitrate. Phosphate fertilizers – calcium dihydrogen phosphate, super
phoshapte
Fertillizers
The substance, which increases the fertility of soil, is known as fertilizer. Chemical
fertilizers are substances which provide essential nutrients to plants. Among various essential
elements N, P and K are most vital. Therefore, nitrogenous, phosphate and potash fertilizers
are most common. Those fertilizers which provide all the three are called NPK or mixed or
complete fertilizers.
Three main nutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium which are given by fertilizers
• Nitrogen (N), the main constituent of proteins, is essential for growth and development in
plants. Supply of nitrogen determines a plant’s growth, vigour, colour and yield
• Phosphorus (P) is vital for adequate root development and helps the plant resist drought.
Phosphorus is also important for plant growth and development, such as the ripening of seed
and fruit
• Potassium (K) is central to the photosynthesis of crops. Potassium helps improve crop
quality and crop resistance to lodging, disease and drought.
Essential qualities of a good fertilizer

(i) The fertilizer should be water soluble so that assimilated by the plants easily.
(ii) It should provide essential nutrients over a long period.
(iii) It should not be heat producing with soil; otherwise the plants will be damaged.
(iv) It must be basic, as slightly alkaline soil is essential for the proper growth of plants (any
soil above pH– 10 and below pH – 3 becomes sterile).
(v) It should keep the soil loose.
(vi) It should be dry and finely powdered for uniform distribution.
Nitrogeneous fertilizers
1.Calcium amonium nitrate (CAN) or nitro lime stone or Nangal fertilizer
(Ca(NO3)2.NH4NO3)
This fertilizer is being manufactred at Nangal in Punjab, manufacturing of this
fertilizer uses NH3 which is obtained Haber process by mixing N 2 ( from air ) and H2 (from
water) and also require nitric acid which is obtained from oxidation of ammonia by Ostwald
process
Nitric acid obtained is treated with powdered lime stone (CaCO3) and with NH3 to form
CAN
BIBI AHAMADI KHATOON DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

YUVARAJA’S COLLEGE 1|Page
FERTILIZERS VI SEM
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CAN is obtained are coated with calcium silicate (soap stone) to protect it from moisture
Uses of CAN
1. CAN contains 20% nitrogen
2. It is directly assimilated by plant and does not undergo any change in the soil
3. It is highly soluble in water
2. Urea CO(NH2)2
It is manufactured by heating a mixture of CO2 and NH3 at high pressure ( 200 atm)
Urea react with water yield ammonia and CO2 to soil
Uses of urea
1. Urea has the highest nitrogen content equal to 46.6%
2. The cost production of urea is low
3. Urea is not subjected to fire or explosion as ammonium nitrate
4. It does not change pH of soil
5. Urea can be used for all types of soil
3.Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 or Sindri fertilizer

This fertilizer is being manufactured at Sindri (Bihar) fertilizer factory
It is manufactured from by treating aqueous suspension of Gypsum with saturated
NH3 gas and then CO2 is passed to it, then (NH4)2SO4 is obtained
The solid CaCO3 is filtered out. The solution on evaporation of water under vacuum and
cooling gives crystals of (NH4)2SO4.
The basic matters in soil yields ammonia to soil which is converted to nitrates by nitrifying
bacteria, plants easily absorb these nitrates from soil.

FERTILIZERS VI SEM
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Uses of ammonium sulphate

1. Used for basic soil
2. Fertilizer power increase with addition of NaCl
3. Used for growth of Rice potato crops
4. Used prior to sowing the seed to maintain Nitrate content in the soil
5. No danger to soil
4.Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)

It is manufactured by treating ammonia obtained from Haber process with nitric acid
obtained from Ostwald process
Though ammonium nitrate 35% of nitrogen it is difficult to store because it is highly

hygroscopic, and in presence of fire it may explode, to overcome these defects ammonium
nitrate solution is treated with calcium carbonate to form CAN (Refer 1)
Phosphate fertilizers
1. Calcium dihydrogen phosphate [Ca(H2PO4)2H2O]
It is produced by treating calcium hydroxide with phosphoric acid:
Used mainly as superphosphate fertilizers as given below

2. Calcium superphosphate or super phosphate of lime [Ca(H2PO4)2H2O.2CaSO4.2H2O]
It is prepared from phosphonate by treating phosphonate (calcium phosphate) or bone
ash with calculated quantity of H2SO4 (70%).
Uses of calcium super phosphate

1. It contains about 16-20% of P2O5,
2. It readily soluble in water
3. It easily assimilates to plant


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FERTILIZERS VI SEM

Essential qualities of a good fertilizer

BIBI AHAMADI KHATOON DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

Urea react with water yield ammonia and CO2 to soil

3.Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 or Sindri fertilizer

BIBI AHAMADI KHATOON DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

Uses of ammonium sulphate

4.Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)

Though ammonium nitrate 35% of nitrogen it is difficult to store because it is highly

It is produced by treating calcium hydroxide with phosphoric acid:

Used mainly as superphosphate fertilizers as given below

Uses of calcium super phosphate

BIBI AHAMADI KHATOON DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

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