SURFACE J2487 MAY2012

VEHICLE
Issued 2000-04
RECOMMENDED Revised 2012-05
PRACTICE Superseding J2487 OCT2011

SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine 3600 r/min Stepped Power Test

RATIONALE

There were no units for the energy level in Table 1. It could be inferred but this is not appropriate. A discrepancy of this
nature was noted on SAE J2490 by Matt Leite and needed later resolution. Since this document will be considered stable
technology in the future it should be as complete as possible. There were several typo’s corrected per the last ballot, and
the pressure plate drawing was updated to reflect current practice.

1. SCOPE

This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as the definition of a standard test, but may be subject to frequent change
to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use.

The SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine is used to evaluate the friction characteristics of automatic transmission plate
clutches with automotive transmission fluids. It can also be used to conduct durability tests on wet friction systems.

The specific purpose of this document is to define a 3600 r/min Stepped Power Test for the evaluation of wet friction
system performance variation as a function of power level. This procedure uses an initial engagement speed of
3600 r/min and is intended as a standard procedure for common use by both suppliers and end users.

The only variables selected by the supplier or user of the friction system are:

a. Friction Material

b. Fluid

c. Reaction Plates

These three variables must be clearly identified when reporting the results of using this test. If any of the test parameters
or system hardware as described in this document are changed, other than the friction material, test fluid, or reaction
plates, the data may not be reported as having been obtained using this document.

This procedure is not intended to evaluate the initial coefficient or break-in characteristics. For this information, refer to
SAE J2490 SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine μPVT Test.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is
entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”
SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and
suggestions.
Copyright © 2012 SAE International
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.
TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) SAE values your input. To provide feedback
Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA) on this Technical Report, please visit
Fax: 724-776-0790
Email: [email protected]
http://www.sae.org/technical/standards/J2487_201205
SAE WEB ADDRESS: http://www.sae.org
SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 2 of 27

2. REFERENCES

2.1 Applicable Documents

The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the
latest issue of SAE publications shall apply.

2.1.1 SAE Publications

Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside
USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.

SAE J286 SAE No. 2 Clutch Friction Test Machine Guidelines

SAE J1646 Glossary of Terms - Lubricated Friction Systems

SAE J2490 SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine μPvt Test

2.2 Related Publications

The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this SAE Technical
Report.

2.2.1 SAE Publications

Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside
USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.

SAE J1499 SAE Band Friction Test Machine Guidelines

SAE Paper 670051 New Fixture for Testing Friction Materials for Automatic Transmission Clutch

SAE J2488 SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine 6000 r/min Stepped Power Test

SAE J2489 SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine Durability Test

3. TEST EQUIPMENT

3.1 SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine with breakaway accessory.

3.2 Flywheels to deliver desired kinetic energy. The flywheels required to provide the specified step changes in total
system inertia are shown in Tables 1A and 1B.

3.3 Data Acquisition

At not less than 1000 samples per second and storage system with at Ieast four channels with response as follows:

a. Torque Channel, Bandwidth - 500 Hz.

b. Apply Pressure Channel, Bandwidth - 500 Hz.

c. Speed Channel, Bandwidth - 500 Hz.

d. Test Fluid Temperature Channel, Bandwidth - 3 Hz.

(All channels are to be calibrated to maintain ±2% accuracy throughout the range of 10% of full scale to full scale).
SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 3 of 27

3.4 Instrumentation

a. Torque Transducer - Full bridge, strain gage type, with combined nonlinearity and hysteresis effects not to exceed
0.5% of full scale, such as Lebow Load Cell, Model 3397.

b. Apply Pressure Transducer - Full bridge, strain gage type, with combined nonlinearity and hysteresis effects not to
exceed 0.5% of full scale, such as Sensotech, Model TJU708-12.

c. Speed Transducer - Optical Encoder for drive motor, such as BEl Model 924-01002-4839.

d. Thermocouple(s) - Type J with high-impedance amplifier and cold junction compensator.

TABLE 1A - REQUIRED INERTIA 3600 R/Min INITIAL SPEED

Incremental
Total Flywheel
Step Inertia Inertia Possible Energy
Level (kg-m2) (kg-m2) Flywheels (kJ)
1 0.213 Motor+A A 15.13
2 0.254 0.041 A+B 18.02
3 0.294 0.040 A+2B 20.91
4 0.335 0.041 A+C 23.80
5 0.376 0.041 A+B+C 26.69
6 0.416 0.040 A+2B+C 29.58
7 0.457 0.041 A+D 32.47
8 0.498 0.041 A+B+D 35.36
9 0.538 0.040 A+2B+D 38.25
10 0.579 0.041 A+C+D 41.15
11 0.620 0.041 A+B+C+D 44.04
12 0.660 0.040 A+2B+C+D 46.89

TABLE 1B - POSSIBLE FLYWHEELS REQUIRED FOR THE TEST

Code Quantity Inertia (kg-m2)

A 1 As required to achieve Level 1 inertia of 0.213
B 2 0.0405
C 1 0.1215
D 2 0.2430

3.5 Test Fluid System

(Figure 1C in SAE J286) Heated sump including immersion or jacket heater with sufficient watt density for test fluid
temperature control and the associated hardware for external fluid flow control. Care should be taken that the fluid is not
altered or modified by contact with the immersion heater by ensuring that the heater does not exceed a power density of
2 W/cm2.

3.6 Adapters and Reaction Plates

The required friction, reaction plates, hub, retainer and pressure plates and spacers are all described in Appendix A.
SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 4 of 27

3.7 Apply Piston Seal

a. VITON®

b. Teflon® - Recommended for use in high temperature fluid tests.

3.8 Lubrication System Flow Configuration

3.8.1 External Flow

(Figure 1C in SAE J1646). This represents the configuration wherein an external pump supplies fluid at a specific flow
rate through a line to the centerline of the shaft. A flow meter must be installed in the line to the cover to measure the flow
supplied to the head. The drain to the sump is located at the 5, 6, and 7 o’clock positions.

4. TYPICAL OPERATING CONDITIONS AND TEST PARAMETERS

4.1 Piston Area

15 110 mm2.

4.2 Piston Available Travel

4.57 mm.

4.3 Piston Apply Pressure

As required to produce the required stop time of 0.5 s for each engagement. Allowable variation in stop time is ±0.5% or ±
3.0 ms (see Reference SAE J1646 for definitions).

a. Start Threshold - Torque

b. Stop Threshold - Torque

4.4 Piston Apply Pressure Rise

The apply pressure must be stable at the required level within 50 ms. (Highest pressure level) The maximum overshoot
must not exceed 2% of the required pressure level.

4.5 Piston Release Pressure

30 to 100 kPa and must be 0 kPa during the apply period.

4.6 Effective Inertia Range

The inertia range is from the effective base Inertia, which is the minimum inertia for the test, to some maximum as
determined in the test. A flywheel specific to an individual dynamometer may be required to attain the Level 1 inertia of
0.213 kg-m2. See Tables 1A and 1B.

4.7 Initial Engagement Speed

3600 r/min +0/–20 r/min.

SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 5 of 27

4.8 Kinetic Energy

As shown in Tables 1A and 1B and Appendix B. These kinetic energy values must be as required for the specific level.
The allowable variation in kinetic energy is ±5%.

4.9 Breakaway Speed

4.37 r/min.

4.10 Test Fluid

a. Quantity - 18 L minimum, and must be replaced with new fluid at the beginning of the procedure.

b. Temperature - 115 °C ± 5 °C. Measured in the inlet line as shown in Appendix A.

c. Test Fluid Flow - The test fluid flow rate is 0.5 L/min ± 0.05 L/min.

d. Fluid Flow Configuration - The flow configuration is External Flow as described in SAE J1646 and 3.8.

4.11 Pack Clearance

1.143 mm ± 0.127 mm

4.12 Test Periods

Refer to SAE J1646 for the definitions of the test periods. The total period for one dynamic engagement cycle is 30 s ±
1 s.

a. T1, Stabilization Period - 15 s ± 0.5 s

b. T2, Coast Period - 0

c. T3, Apply Period - 12 s ± 0.1 s

d. T4, Dwell Period - 3 s ± 0.5 s

e. T5, Soak Period - 2.5 s ± 2.5 s

f. T6, Breakaway Period - 2 s ± 0.5 s

g. T7, Cooling period - 0

4.13 Test Description

The procedure, as described in detail in Appendix A, consists of increasing steps of power, each level consisting of
200 engagements and one breakaway. Inspections are made of the reaction plates and friction assemblies at the end of
each level. The different power levels are achieved by increasing the effective inertia while the stop time and initial
engagement speed are kept constant at 0.5 s and 3600 r/min, respectively. The test is run at increasing power steps until
the friction system has completely failed.
SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 6 of 27

5. GENERAL TEST INFORMATION

5.1 Clean

Prior to each test, the fixture and sump must be cleaned thoroughly and fixture and sump washed with solvent. The sump
is then filled with the new test fluid.

5.2 Inspect

Inspect rotating shaft seal for deterioration and replace, if necessary. If this seal is replaced, also replace the nonrotating
lip seals.

5.3 Soak

Soak friction elements in the test fluid for at least 10 min at room temperature.

5.4 Measure and Record

Measure and record the thickness of each friction element, after 5.3 before test and again after each test level at the
same predetermined locations. A minimum of three locations, 120 degrees apart, at the approximate mean radius are to
be identified by a durable mark and used for all measurements. The measurements from the various locations for each
element are averaged and also averaged for the elements. These average changes in thickness from the original
thickness are reported as the average cumulative loss of thickness.

Measurements are made with a flat anvil meter with a 3.175 mm minimum diameter and ±0.0127 mm accuracy.

5.5 Mark Surfaces

Mark mating surfaces on the tab face of splines in sequence of assembly for orientation of the friction assemblies and
reaction plates. The clutch pack must be disassembled and reassembled with the exact same orientation of the
component with respect to each other and to the stationary splines in the housing. All markings should be visible from the
cover end of the housing.

5.6 Install Clutch Pack

Install a reaction plate to contact the pressure plate. Follow with a friction assembly, reaction plate, and so on until all the
required components have been installed. The last plate to be installed must be a reaction plate. Its thickness (spacer)
must be selected to ensure that the pack clearance is as defined in 4.11. The pack configuration is PRFRFRFRSC,
where P is the Piston, R is a Reaction plate, F is a Friction assembly, S the Spacer plate (as required), and C the Cover.
Reaction plates may be used as the spacer.

Verify axial alignment of Hub oil holes and friction plates (see Appendix A).

5.7 Install Housing Cover

Start the circulation pump and the temperature controller to heat the fluid and internal elements to the required control
temperature, as given in 4.10.

5.8 Install Flywheels

Install the flywheels required to achieve the effective inertia required for the power level to be evaluated.

5.9 Check Fluid Flow and Temperature

With the motor off, check that the fluid control temperature and the flow rate are as given in 4.10.
SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 7 of 27

5.10 Start Test

Initiate the testing for the required level as defined in Appendix B. Determine pressure level to achieve the required 0.5 s
stop time, as defined in 4.3.

a. Always set the pressure to the low side of the estimated value as the test is to be aborted if the stop time EVER falls
below 0.45 s as uncontrolled friction system damage may occur.

b. Initiate the testing for the required level as defined in Appendix B.

c. The stop time MUST be set, per 4.3, by the 20th engagement and maintained during the remaining 180
engagements.

5.11 End of Level Inspection

Shut down test stand. At the completion of the required dynamic engagements and the breakaway measurement, the
housing is opened and the clutch pack carefully removed with special attention to ensure that the plates can be reinstalled
in the exact same location and order relative to adjoining plates and fixed locations in the housing. Measurements are
made of the friction element thickness as noted in 5.4. Observations of the conditions of the reaction plates and friction
elements and the fluid are recorded. Photographs may be taken to show the condition of the plates and assemblies.

6. DATA ACQUISITION

6.1 Data Acquisition Rate

For digital data acquisition systems the data is to be recorded at 1000 samples per second per channel using a 15 ms
time constant RC filter. (Filtering will slew data. Preferred method is to record all raw data and manipulate later.)

6.2 Coefficient Calculations

Coefficients are calculated for the following dynamic coefficient at every 25th engagement. (Reference SAE J1646)

a. Midpoint dynamic - 50%μd

b. Endpoint dynamic - ≤100msμdMax (Based on raw data single point value)

The breakaway coefficients, obtained every 200 dynamic engagements, is defined as:

Breakaway coefficient - 1.0μs4.37

6.3 Data Averaging and Filtering

Data is to be averaged at the specified location in either the time or speed domain as specified in 6.1 with midpoint
coefficient average values calculated using data points ±80 ms on both sides of the required calculation point. Endpoint
coefficient average values are calculated from non-filtered peak torque data measured in the last 100 ms of the
engagement. For the 1000 Hz-sampling rate, the averages are based on 161 data points.
SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 8 of 27

7. DATA REPORTING

7.1 Data Tables

A data table showing the friction material, spacer plate, and fluid along with the system performance at each level in terms
of the coefficients given in 6.2 along with the average wear values and calculated E/M ratio are to be included in the test
table. An example Table is given in Appendix B.

7.2 Figures

There are two figures required in reporting the results of this test. Examples of the two figures are given in Appendix C.

a. Figure of the midpoint dynamic coefficient and the cumulative average plate wear versus the level number.

b. Figure of the E/M ratio and breakaway coefficient versus level number.

If the system does not successfully complete both the 200 dynamic engagement and the breakaway test, there is no data
reported for that level. Alternatively, only data for the successful completion of a level are to be reported. Failure is
defined as complete destruction of the friction material/system. (Report number of cycles into level at which failure
occurred.)

7.3 Optional Data

Instantaneous plots of the 50th and 200th dynamic engagements at each level may be provided. Additionally, comments
and photographs on the condition of the plates at the end of each level may also be included. Examples of such optional
data are shown in Appendix B.

8. NOTES

8.1 Marginal Indicia

A change bar (l) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where technical revisions,
not editorial changes, have been made to the previous issue of this document. An (R) symbol to the left of the document
title indicates a complete revision of the document, including technical revisions. Change bars and (R) are not used in
original publications, nor in documents that contain editorial changes only.

PREPARED BY THE SAE AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FRICTION STANDARDS COMMITTEE

SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 9 of 27

APPENDIX A

A.1 This appendix contains the following prints describing the friction assembly, reaction plates, adapters, hub and
pressure plates required for this test procedure.

TABLE A1 - TEST COMPONENTS AND ASSEMBLY LAYOUT

File Name Description

ITEM 1 Adapter Ring
ITEM 2 Separator Retainer
ITEM 3 Pressure Plate
ITEM 4 Friction Plate Hub
ITEM 5 Separator Plate
ITEM 6 Friction Plate Assembly
ITEM 7 Retaining Ring (External)
ITEM 8 Retaining Ring (Internal)
ITEM 9 3 Plate Spacer (10.18 Thick)
ITEM 10 4 Plate Spacer (6.45 Thick)
ITEM 11 Splined Hub Spacer
ITEM 12 Spiro-Lock Retaining Ring
3 Plate Assembly Cross Section
4 Plate Assembly Cross Section
SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 10 of 27

FIGURE A1 - ITEM 1 - ADAPTER RING

SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 11 of 27

FIGURE A2 - ITEM 2 - SEPARATOR RETAINER

SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 12 of 27

FIGURE A3 - ITEM 3 - PRESSURE PLATE

SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 13 of 27

FIGURE A4 - ITEM 4 - FRICTION PLATE HUB

SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 14 of 27

FIGURE A5 - ITEM 5 - SEPARATOR PLATE

SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 15 of 27

FIGURE A6 - ITEM 6 - FRICTION PLATE ASSEMBLY

SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 16 of 27

FIGURE A7 - ITEM 7 - RETAINING RING (EXTERNAL)

SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 17 of 27

FIGURE A8 - ITEM 8 - RETAINING RING (INTERNAL)

SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 18 of 27

FIGURE A9 - ITEM 9 - 3 PLATE SPACER (10.18 THICK)

SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 19 of 27

FIGURE A10 - ITEM 10 - 4 PLATE SPACER (6.45 THICK)

SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 20 of 27

FIGURE A11 - ITEM 11 - SPLINED HUB SPACER

SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 21 of 27

FIGURE A12A - ITEM 12 A - SPIRO-LOCK RETAINING RING 3 PLATE ASSEMBLY CROSS SECTION
SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 22 of 27

FIGURE A12B - ITEM 12B - SPIRO-LOCK RETAINING RING 4 PLATE ASSEMBLY CROSS SECTION
SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 23 of 27

APPENDIX B

B.1 This appendix provides a listing of the operating and test parameters associated with each of the power levels
used in this procedure.

FIGURE B1 - TEST PART INFORMATION

SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 24 of 27

FIGURE B2 - GENERAL SETUP INFORMATION

SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 25 of 27

FIGURE B3 - TEST PARAMETERS

SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 26 of 27

APPENDIX C

C.1 This appendix provides examples of data tables, graphs, and photos used to report the results of this test.
Optional data such as instantaneous plots and photographs may also be included.

FIGURE C1 - SAMPLE DATA CHART

SAE J2487 Revised MAY2012 Page 27 of 27

FIGURE C2 - SAMPLE DATA GRAPH