Inertial frames are those which are at ordisemoring

Maxwell L
train
Galileo introduced this notion that we will not be
att disby experimentabouth
iii

30km5see
Alakhkinsthr

x t in another frame

moving with uniformvelocity In

S moveswith
along a axis then coincide at o t 0
velocityvalengxaxis

Ift
t t y Galileantastigatting an

are the transformations between the twoframes

d'n
ptyalin
F m

Michelson

Maddy
For example a charge ath www.ea.fm g electric and
we consider frame with uniform velocity there are both
If
fields This will showup in non aivariance of LeerentzForce
magnetic
we should find out howthe Éfieldstrafamm
look
differentframes Tounder stand this we for changes inn
like position neck I 2 2223 Mikey
Consider
an
when rotate the axes an oIinates
 by
U K Cest t heSaid

it I a
ÉÉÉÉ
Anyouter neck says velocity momentum
i
force É I also transform

F R F

É
CEE
find as 00 Ej Es siiom

psi am i.nei as
relativity Einstein introduced the additional feature
Now in specialtheoryof

miners alight That is velocityof tightisam.si ine

of
mastmames Est
and S is moving w rt S with avelocity v
tying
a a

a axis If the velocityof lightis same in S S z

y
MiYaling t 21 c t
7 n y't É C't n y
the translation is along a Ixis we
expect

Its
in a z
ni get
so we have i alaid
et n
it
this can be obtained
www.t
corniche
f
these are rn as

qq.gg
riff
understand
it sinhp a ashp et Estar
c't
sinhpoet ashp at d
se c't ashpse t sinhp et
Verify

t
we can write similarequations
If the velocity is along yaxci 2 axis
 a frame which is at
rest is different from the length when it is

seen from a moving Mtg contraction

Ftimarame whenthe doctadifferentfrom
when it is moving
seemananmsmanampindigtigggggi angle
onto normal
Corrections are proportionate and extremelysmall But in
north
I m arp rhve.me t that oflight

Timmerman wewnatimatf.gg
oh
MY
xp M O I 2,3
X2
ct kz Cfd Unit
3000001ms
innit It freaked indices are summedder

Define properLimey 1 1k Indi

a an 4pm a um ummmm agency
are called foot dam
known as 4 velocity
4vedfutyFndxampledds Yn.a
mmentum.dk
If n is a man parameter map is known af
ds du di i
dgf MX
Y day d
IO IT Im
É p ima to ai d It
call me as man when the particle at rest pm fort not
mu'tmove where moi man whenparticles
pp
having a velocity it In units where c is also used Mi
pm Mc Move The
firsttermis theEnergy of
particle witfii.EE
DSenondtermispc
E PmPn
 Pm I In n m

In this 4 vector notation we have

energy
momentum
Conservation as one me
Energy
t E
nie
YIPE
O T
K P
mt
form a 4 vector
momentum in
Energy

dippy classical mechanis

Energymomentumis an

Now Newton's equation is modified taking sp relativity

into account four force

11y Itf.E
Several paradoxical situations arise when we use sp relativity

our common sense perceptions are

É
from day to
day
I

vac c

t.nd
FIT.IE G Gamow Menor
land

Wheeler Spacetime Physics

Resnick Theory ofRelativity

Me Wheeler's

G Gamow's book began'IctimePhysif

Mr Tompkins in Wonderland

Sed's iQ
vector
 If gives fou f Tu er
charge density
In t
GT e P
j ev current
density

we can im
wing.iq
Now this is precisely the continuity equation
Hence we can ch Intimated

EE.fi Faianai
ie in a moving tramway z Wangari

iii Diana
e Tx SyFy

Now if we have a charge'q'at rest.É E E

and B o

É BE TIESinHow
s
willthisbe

ht thechargeis morrigan whity

É will no longer be spherically symmetric
Into t
q_ e
get E B

di different frames

I
Éf
For example will make
To get this win
TAQIidea qu
potential What about É
We have
PxE Martensen
3E
X E
II o

ie F X E 21 1 0
curtest
Hence we
expect
ETIM No
graffito
Thisgives I É 8 dÉÉtm
Fatxample 5
24,21
31
We can write this
looks like curl
as
Dt2
Ilan
MaxwellEy

and PH
EYI MI
PCP.AE t
we can cupore the condition F A
I 211 o
i

Hence we we have

We can write both as one equation introducing

4 dimensional Laplacian I Sometimes
called
 e D
IT 0 tip I 342
c l
as a four vector
egm
for wittane I D Alembertian

Current I
4 In
Where In is the 4 potential introduced earlier

In e T
Hence
An L 4At is a 4 vectorpotential

cangetI.Bas BA
Given the 4 potential we
and É T 24

how 4 potential transforms under

But we know

Lorentz transformations
A 4

For example for a frame moving with a velocity n

have
along x axis we
f
TEEN Itf
n
I A transform
Howthe fields

And B thro the equations

Given these we can get É
 X

adf.atmytfives.degtfo
For example q
after A 0

Find and A for a frame with velocity

v along x axis Gita

I'anÉB
Get same

Lorentz covariance Maxwell Equations was

of

É
revolutinessed in the last
And which physics

B E
E B ai different frames
Transformation
of x
frame S
E in
Ex Ey Ez are components of
s
whichiates
B B B are components of B in frame
S is frame along a axis with velocity v Then
Y
Fff
Bx Bx
I ftp.t.eiirce.me
2 By E Ee EE 8 Bz Fey
r
By

i E
sp case If B o ai s then I5

at O'sign ins
For example a point charge q
i

When the charge is uniform motion with velocity

magnet field a c
B when
In the nonrelativistic huntopuscc eget
B
If If Iteration v22 C
Cetus is exactly what we get by Biot Sarat law ta point
charge
x

i ÉÉ

Q
IE NIT unter aft
478125,17ft
Be DX A
Ac
Ar E
Aj g
Fm E Zz An
Electric

Foi
Zaide
Dj An or
ED
Bi t
t t ish
Yg
Tax
Length Contraction

In S what's then length

2 1
V4F
1
2 X VED
E's t
way

Ki ka L Hi Hi L if
i will be shorter by 8 y L L's
L
FL
similarly time duration time is dilated

closetolight
Tinparadotgg a
Ivery high

z
io
he aigged Go year

Profound Space time are not two different things

time as one
We Should Consider Space

Mikowski Space s x 2 25 25
Lorentz transforms
1 Length Contraction
 Bothareattest
101
peaty

I Assume the iron mores hittrelocity n

comparable to light
very high
What will person on the platform see
2 Train

Ei platform
the train see
What will the person on

Seem's to be a
Ft
con tradition
Howto resolve this
Butitshot y

Parady twin paradox

731 It will fit

is moving velocity gothoo it
Now if arrow

From the frame of the Hole

 arrow
From the point of renew of the
I will not
thoo it
go
Contradiction

Answers to these questions in the books

Spacetime Physics Wheeler
Tompkins in Wonderland Gamow

Remiggrelatints
And Continue in
Nowlmillfmmary

20
General relativity Gravitation
x x

Einstein 1905

Special relativity Electromagnetism

1915
General relativity Gravitation

Special relativity talks about Flat spacetime

torture Generalization of Euclidean
space to spaces with ind fitmetric
I nk sp
nihydowe
2 Lorentz
need these Maxwell Heng
transformations
3 Implications Ia Length contraction
b time dilation
19 relativity of Simultaneity
4 Mass velocity momentum Force etc
5 Law of motion modified

GRAVITY GEOMETRY 16 11 23

Wehave learnt Newtonian Gravity

F
GY.tn
We can Bay force on unit man at a dit I from M is

Mxg GF t
Potential
GI
Now if wehave distribution of manes Mi
a
lay
then the force at any pt is vector Sum of all the forces due to

each man mi If the man in continuum then we witoduce

a density g then we have the free an

G adv r y
Tir du
F

is whichare scalars
 I
v G fe dryer y't

Now this potential like e s potential will they ar d equation

which i TV
Mtg
4195

Our Newtonian Gravityis described by theequation

P
II Ex
v

Shift year to relate Gravity andGeometry

that we need to understand axioms of geometry
For

What we know is Euclidean Geometry which Flat or No

Curvature For example analytic geometry in 2dimensions

is a plane

we have in this geometry axioms givenby Euclid

For example can drown a 0 at a
ft and given
you
a radius Now between two points you have a uniquestraight

hire Given a hire and a point not on the line another

hire which is unique and does not intersect the givenline

however we extend it This is known as Ill line axioms

Some Conculsion like angles of 0 make 188 and various

isociellen O and similar
theorems
of equilateraltriangles
us eh the axioms of geometry given byEuclid
follow from

But we cannot Stop with only Euldean Geometry

We have surface of a sphere like forexample earth
 Where Euclidean Geometry is not followed

y
Now we Cangive in R

Now thisgeometry also hers a measurement of distances

CY Gacy
d tie
and H ya Y are dose
If a

ds dx dy
Now this distance between neighbouringpoints canbe extendedAlingangane

For
Forexample
ft
sect along the curve
that we parametrize
yet
from a 2
and integrate f ds LCP
p
Now in Euclidean geometry the shortest such distance is Straightline

We characterize the distancebetween neighbour'gpoints through

a metric we write
ds dx t gyydy
g
t and we can write in matrix
Where
gyp 1 Gyy

Ff
notation on

ds dx dy day

gyu is a matrix which is known as metric

Now we can do some changes in the plan for our coordinates

L E
 where r e Tty O tan M
to the inverse transformation I
a r and y a find

Mesic on terms of r and O n polarcoordinates

ds dr t 22 do
This is easy to
get from dx dy by using
But since a different Gowinates are hosed we can givemetric

an
ds Cdr do
1 g
Now metric is

INecanato do other transformations so that we get offdiag

terms also For example
y

L n s

se axis have not I Now distance between

y
labels with

b ds
primed coordinate

da t 2 diedy Go t dy
or the matrix notation we have
as da dy Fyi
R
ki it
So in general we have for 2 dimensions 2 Hz
 points
the distance between neighbouring

ds s E gig doe doe or

dye dad 94,4 41
x x

Now a this can be extended 3 dimension

I
da da does
g 91.9
as

931 932 933

For example de da does t da

ds's dr't r findda t rede

A
Where N N X 2 O P

spherical polar coordinates

41411

There are other possible coordinates

Now in 123 we can a have a Surfae like se txItx3 R

R is Radius of Sphere This surface is Sphere and 2 dimensional

and a curved Space different from R I dimensional flatspace

We call this space 52 an Non Euclidean 2 dimensional Space
It will not obey Euclidean axioms But wecan define
distance between two points neighbouring points as

ds R'I do't Sino dy

Wecan even take the Radius R to be I

 Then we have di do'tSino dy

To get what we have to do is

taken in RB embed the sphere in 3 dimensions

with metric ds's dritdaitdog

with the condition se toe 25 1

To get K Cost Since

Rz Sind Sing

s ay
latitude
We have expressed a sea a in terms of 0,6
longitude

Now da does da in termsof do d4

die d Caso sine Sind do since
AndAsp de
1119 Find da da and get da tda that we will

get ds do't Sin'd de

So the metric on the Surface which is not flat is
ds do't sincedye
Using this metric and latitude longitude of 2 points

on the Surface of each we can get the distance beta

neighboring pts
ds do da
finally
P
Now this space is no longer flat like a plane R
Draw a v20 are not neighbousiggpet
curve joining they

LLP f as S Tsing

We have to write t is the starting

It It o
point
t t is the finalpt

then L Jds ftp.sina

dt If d dd
we get length along the P

The Shortest Extremer path is for which LLP is

minimum and is known as geodesic
To get that we do exactly likely C M nimmize
it so
fcgyts.no fdt A

like C M
Thi m'll give Euler Lagrange Equation
And this is our goal

ÉtgIendidemansasas
F
Information

pauarredicontameduigijth
mibedding curved like
BY
form etc
a 2 dimensional space sphere
in R flat 3 dimensions
go to a space which is not curved
but flat obeying Euclidean axioms This kind of analysis of
2 dimensional Spaces Which are Curved Non Euclidean was done
Gauss
by
Now the profound question is Is the span we are living
in 3 dimensional no doubt
But is it flat or curved How do we geneneralize

What Gauss did to 3 dimensional and higherdimensional

Spaces

For example is it like 53

Then we have to embed the three coordinates in higherdinsional

Spae with Condition for example Kitai 237 4 1

H X2 K
Xy E RT
This visualisation of higher dimensional spae is difficult
So can we understand our 3 dimensional Space is curved

by doing experiments in 3dam itself

As long as we know

ds I
ij l
g d ride

From this we can find out whether our Spaceis

gofall
curved Euclidean or non Euclidean
flat or

Such an argument was provided thy Riemann who was

Student of Gums
He
gave
the axiom of non Euclidean Geometry which later
was generalized and used by Einstein for his generalrelativity
 We need Special relativity
We know by Newton Galileo others our spae ii atleastapprox mately
in flat RB we also have time on another coordinate

X H X as 3 dimensional Space
t an A densionlspace

We have R Ox R as our ClanMechanics of NewtonGalileo

Space But this space description had a problem with
experiment in electromagnetism É
We have Maxwell's Equations to tell us aboutelectro
magnetism

But the problem was Michelson Morley experiment

Whowanted to findout in which medium e m Waves are going

and the speed of the wares in different frames in that metin

t
Interference pattern will tell the speed of the medium

Unfortunately there is no change Time taken a same for e m Waves

The velocityof light in same whether the frame i Stationary ormoving

L
uniform velvety

L T

This leads to Special Relativityof Ensler

 If a signal i emitted at tio and received at a y z his

and se y z ins in b t time

x y 2 c't where e n reclority of light

tz C't Remember e n same risks
x ty
N y't t CLE n't y 71 C't't
we want to compare and obtain transformation fromStos
According to Newton Galileo Galileon Relativity
x at ut
y y
Z Z
t t
But accordingto Lorentz Einstein

n
Ying 2
y y
Z's t
o
t.EE
I will explain this wi the Clan on Monday

This leadsto mislead R fold g and I CR

we have a new pa space which is known as
Minkowski Space which is Pseudo Euclidean Spain't
metric
ds da draftday e'd É
t
There is a ve Sign That is why it is pseudo Idea

This New space time is at the mot of Special Relativity

And needed for electromagnetism
This led to a contradiction between Newton's Egas
And Electromagnetic Egm Synnetries

This was resolved by Linden in his formulation

Newgeometry of Minkowski Spacetime andits generalization
an Special 8 General relativity