OSHA 2202-Construction Industry Digest 18000

Construction
Industry Digest
OSHA 2202
2002 (Revised)
This informational booklet is intended to provide a
generic, non-exhaustive overview of particular
standards-related topics. This publication does not
itself alter or determine compliance responsibilities,
which are set forth in OSHA standards themselves
and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. More-
over, because interpretations and enforcement policy
may change over time, for additional guidance on
OSHA compliance requirements, the reader should
consult current administrative interpretations and
decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health
Review Commission and the courts.
Employers and employees in the 25 states and
territories that operate their own OSHA-approved
workplace safety and health plans should check with
their state agency. Their state may be enforcing
standards and other procedures that, while “at least as
effective as” federal standards, are not always identi-
cal to the federal requirements. See “States with
Approved Plans” at the end of this booklet.
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Construction Industry Digest

Construction
Industry Digest
U.S. Department of Labor
Elaine L. Chao, Secretary
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
John L. Henshaw, Assistant Secretary
OSHA 2202
2202 (Revised)
Contents iii
Foreword ........................................................... 1
General ............................................................. 3
Emphasis Programs ........................................... 4
Other Initiatives ................................................ 5
Safety and Health Management Systems ........ 6
Frequently Used Standards in Construction ... 13
Access to Medical and Exposure Records ....... 13

Aerial Lifts ....................................................... 13
Air Tools .......................................................... 14
Asbestos ........................................................... 15
Belt Sanding Machines .................................... 16
Chains (See Wire Ropes, Chains, and Hooks)
Chemicals (See Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts,
and Mists; Asbestos; Lead; Silica; and Hazard
Communication)
Compressed Air, Use of ................................... 16
Compressed Gas Cylinders .............................. 17
Concrete and Masonry Construction ............... 17
Confined Spaces .............................................. 20
Cranes and Derricks......................................... 20
Disposal Chutes ............................................... 22
Diving .............................................................. 22
Drinking Water. ................................................ 23
Electrical Installations ..................................... 23
Electrical Work Practices ................................. 25
Excavating and Trenching ............................... 26
Exits ................................................................. 28
Explosives and Blasting ................................... 28
Eye and Face Protection .................................. 29
Fall Protection .................................................. 31
Fire Protection ................................................. 33
Flaggers ........................................................... 34
Contents
iv
Flammable and Combustible Liquids .............. 34

Focused Inspection (See Foreword)
Forklifts (See Powered Industrial Trucks)
Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mist ........... 35
General Duty Clause ........................................ 36
Grinding ........................................................... 36
Hand Tools ....................................................... 37
Hazard Communication ................................... 37
Hazardous Waste Operations ........................... 39
Head Protection ............................................... 39
Hearing Protection ........................................... 40
Heating Devices, Temporary............................ 41
Highway Work Zones (See Flaggers and Signs,
Signals, and Barricades)
Hoists, Material and Personnel ........................ 42
Hooks (See Wire Ropes, Chains, and Hooks)
Housekeeping .................................................. 42
Illumination ..................................................... 43
Jointers. ............................................................ 44
Ladders. ........................................................... 44
Lasers ............................................................... 46
Lead ................................................................. 47
Lift Slab ........................................................... 48
Liquified Petroleum Gas .................................. 49
Medical Services and First Aid ........................ 49
Motor Vehicles and Mechanized
Equipment. .................................................... 50
Noise (See Hearing Protection)
Personal Protective Equipment ........................ 51
Powder-Actuated Tools. ................................... 51
Power Transmission and Distribution .............. 51
Powered Industrial Trucks ............................... 52
Power Transmission, Mechanical .................... 53
Process Safety Management of Highly
Hazardous Chemicals .................................... 53
Program Safety and Health Requirements....... 54
Radiation, Ionizing .......................................... 55
Railings ............................................................ 55

v
Recordkeeping: Recording and Reporting

Requirements ................................................ 56
Reinforcing Steel ............................................. 57
Respiratory Protection ..................................... 57
Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS)............ 58
Safety Nets ....................................................... 58
Saws ................................................................. 59
Band ............................................................... 59
Portable Circular ............................................ 59
Radial ............................................................. 59
Swing or Sliding Cut-Off .............................. 60
Table .............................................................. 61
Scaffolds .......................................................... 61
General Requirements. .................................. 61
Bricklaying .................................................... 63
Erectors and Dismantlers ............................... 63
Fall Arrest Systems ........................................ 63
Guardrails ...................................................... 64
Mobile ............................................................ 65
Planking ......................................................... 66
Supported Scaffolds ....................................... 66
Suspension (Swing) Scaffolds ....................... 67
Signs, Signals, and Barricades (See Flaggers)
Silica ................................................................ 68
Stairs ................................................................ 69
Steel Erection ................................................... 71
Storage ............................................................. 73
Tire Cage ......................................................... 73
Toeboards ......................................................... 73
Toilets .............................................................. 74
Underground Construction .............................. 74
Wall Openings ............................................... 75
Washing Facilities .......................................... 76
Welding, Cutting and Heating ......................... 76
Wire Ropes, Chains, and Ropes ...................... 78
Woodworking Machinery ................................ 78
Contents
vi
OSHA Programs, Services, and Products......... 80
OSHA Related Publications .............................. 86
OSHA Regional Offices ..................................... 88
OSHA Area Offices ............................................ 90
OSHA Consultation Projects ............................. 93

Foreword 1
The Construction Industry safety and health

standards contained in this booklet are to aid
employers, supervisors, and safety and health
personnel in their efforts toward achieving com-
pliance with OSHA standards in the
workplace.
Although the digest does not contain all OSHA
Construction Industry safety and health stan-
dards, those presented are (1) standards most
frequently overlooked by the employer, and
(2) standards covering particularly hazardous
situations. The standards are presented alphabeti-
cally followed by the reference to the appropriate
regulation. With few exceptions, standards in this
digest are from Title 29 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 1926.
In addition, this booklet contains (1) a brief
discussion of the essential elements of a generally
applicable safety and health program, (2) a
reminder to the employer of the advisability of
regular employee training for job safety and
health, and (3) a description of OSHA’s voluntary
programs such as Onsite Consultation Program
and Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP)
available to the employer.
Remember...this booklet is only a digest of
basic applicable standards and should not be
considered as a complete substitute for any
provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health
Act of 1970, or for any standards issued under the
Act. The requirements discussed in this publica-
tion are summarized and abbreviated. The actual
source standards are referenced at the end of each
topic discussed; consult the CFR for a more
complete explanation of the specific standards
listed.
OSHA 2202
2
Copies of OSHA standards and additional

copies of this digest can be ordered from the U.S.
Government Printing Office by using the tearout
form at the end of this booklet. Information on
OSHA programs and activities also is available
from OSHA’s website—www.osha.gov.

General 3
OSHA advises and encourages employers and

contractors to institute and maintain in their
establishments a program that provides adequate
systematic policies, procedures, and practices to
protect their employees from, and allow them to
recognize, job-related safety and health hazards.
An effective program includes provisions for
the systematic identification, evaluation, and
prevention or control of general workplace
hazards, specific job hazards, and potential
hazards that may arise from foreseeable
conditions.
Contractors and employers who do construc-
tion work also must comply with standards in 29
CFR 1926. Subpart C, General Safety and
Health Provisions, as well as other specific
sections of these standards include the responsi-
bilities for each contractor/employer to initiate
and maintain safety and health programs, provide
for a competent person to conduct frequent and
regular inspections, and instruct each employee
to recognize and avoid unsafe conditions and
know what regulations are applicable to the work
environment.
OSHA 2202
4 Emphasis Programs
OSHA uses Special Emphasis Programs

(SEPs), Local Emphasis Programs (LEPs), and
National Emphasis Programs (NEPs) to find
ways to help control accidents, injuries, and
illnesses in occupations where employee expo-
sure to unusally physical or health risks exist.
Employers may use these programs to assess
the actual extent of suspected or potential haz-
ards, determine the feasibility of new or experi-
mental compliance procedures, or evaluate other
legitimate reasons.
In addition, the programs are limited in scope
and time, are usually established before a pro-
gram is implemented, and include employer
awareness training.
One OSHA SEP was developed to prevent
workers’ overexposure to crystalline silica in the
construction industry. OSHA implemented this
program to teach the public about silicosis and
increase the number of inspections to ensure that
employers use appropriate engineering controls,
personal protective equipment, respirators, and
work practices to protect employees exposed to
crystalline silica-containing dust.
OSHA also developed a National Emphasis
Program to examine injuries and deaths associ-
ated with trenching and excavation. This program
requires compliance officers to be on the lookout
for excavations and make inspections if they
identify hazards.

Other Initiatives 5
Other hazards in the construction industry

where a standard may not exist include exposure
to asphalt fumes during paving operations. To
help prevent exposure, manufactures, through
partnership with OSHA, have agreed to install
engineering controls on their paving machines
voluntarily.
Another initiative involves OSHA’s construc-
tion Focused Inspection Initiative. This initiative
recognizes contractors who have established and
fully implemented a corporate safety and health
program and site-specific plans. Contractors who
qualify for a focused inspection receive an abbre-
viated inspection focusing on safety and health
program implementation and the four leading
hazards—falls, struck by, caught in or between,
and electrical—that cause 90 percent of deaths
and injuries in construction. If you have questions
about OSHA’s Focused Inspection Program or
other construction issues, contact your nearest
OSHA area or regional office listed at the end of
this booklet, or visit OSHA’s website at
www.osha.gov.
OSHA 2202
6 Safety and Health Management Systems
What is an occupational safety and

health management system?
An effective safety and health management
system includes the following four main ele-
ments: management commitment and employee
involvement, worksite analysis, hazard prevention
and control, and safety and health training. A
commitment to workplace safety and health adds
value to your business, your job, and your life.
OSHA’s recommended guidelines for the
effective management and protection of worker
safety and health are summarized in the following
paragraphs.
1. Management Commitment
and Employee Involvement
The elements of management commitment and
employee involvement are complementary and
form the core of any occupational safety and
health program. Management’s commitment
provides the motivating force and the resources
for organizing and controlling activities within an
organization. In an effective program, manage-
ment regards worker safety and health as a
fundamental value of the organization and applies
its commitment to safety and health protection
with as much vigor as to other organizational
goals.
Employee involvement provides the means by
which workers develop and express their own
commitment to safety and health protection for
themselves and for their fellow workers.
1 The complete original text of the nonmandatory guidelines is
found in the Federal Register 54(18):3094-3916, January 26,
1989.

7
In implementing a safety and health manage-

ment system, there are various ways to provide
commitment and support by management and
employees. Some recommended actions are
described briefly as follows:
• State clearly a worksite policy on safe and
healthful work and working conditions, so
that everyone with responsibility at the site
(and those at other locations with responsi-
bility for the site) fully understand the
priority and importance of safety and health
protection in the organization.
• Establish and communicate a clear goal for
the safety and health program and define
objectives for meeting that goal so all
members of the organization understand the
results desired and measures planned for
achieving them.
• Provide visible top management involve-
ment in implementing the program so all
employees understand that management’s
commitment is serious.
• Arrange for and encourage employee in-
volvement in the structure and operation of
the program and in decisions that affect their
safety and health so they will commit their
insight and energy to achieving the safety
and health program’s goal and
objectives.
• Assign and communicate responsibility for
all aspects of the program so that managers,
supervisors, and employees in all parts of
the organization know what performance is
expected of them.
OSHA 2202
8
• Provide adequate authority and resources to

responsible parties so assigned responsibili-
ties can be met.
• Hold managers, supervisors, and employees
accountable for meeting their responsibili-
ties so essential tasks will be performed.
• Review program operations at least annually
to evaluate their success in meeting the goals
and objectives to identify deficiencies and
revise the program and/or objectives if they
do not meet the goal of effective safety and
health protection.
2. Worksite Analysis
A practical analysis of the work environment
involves a variety of worksite examinations to
identify existing hazards and conditions and
operations in which changes might occur to
create new hazards. Lack of awareness of a
hazard stemming from failure to examine the
worksite is a sign that safety and health policies
and/or practices are ineffective. Effective man-
agement actively analyzes the work and worksite
to anticipate and prevent harmful occurrences.
OSHA recommends the following measures to
identify all existing and potential hazards:
• Conduct a comprehensive baseline worksite
survey for safety and health and periodic
comprehensive update surveys and involve
employees in this effort.
• Analyze planned and new facilities,
processes, materials, and equipment.

9
• Perform routine job hazard analyses.

• Assess risk factors of ergonomics
applications to workers’ tasks.
• Conduct regular site safety and health
inspections to identify new or previously
missed hazards and failures in hazard
controls.
• Provide a reliable system for employees to
notify management personnel about condi-
tions that appear hazardous and to receive
timely and appropriate responses and
encourage employees to use the system
without fear of reprisal. This system uses
employee insight and experience in safety
and health protection and allows employers
to address employee concerns.
• Investigate accidents and “near miss”
incidents to identify their causes and means
of prevention.
• Analyze injury and illness trends over time
to identify and prevent patterns with
common causes.
• Visit the OSHA website at www.osha.gov
for information about standards and safety
and health issues.
OSHA 2202
10
3. Hazard Prevention and Control

Workplace hazards often can be eliminated by
redesigning the jobsite or job. Where it is not
feasible to eliminate such hazards, employers
must control them to prevent unsafe and un-
healthful exposure. Employers must eliminate or
control the hazard in a timely manner once it
becomes apparent. Specifically, as part of the
program, employers should establish procedures
to correct or control present or potential hazards
in a timely manner. These procedures should
include measures such as the following:
• Use engineering techniques where feasible
and appropriate.
• Establish, at the earliest time, safe work
practices and procedures that all affected
parties can understand and follow. Under-
standing and compliance are a result of
training, positive reinforcement, correction
of unsafe performance, and if necessary,
enforcement through a clearly
communicated disciplinary system.
• Provide personal protective equipment when
engineering controls are infeasible.
• Use administrative controls such as
reducing the duration of exposure.
• Maintain the facility and equipment to
prevent equipment breakdowns.

11
• Plan and prepare for emergencies, and

conduct training and emergency drills, as
needed, to ensure that proper responses to
emergencies will be “second nature” for
everyone involved.
• Establish a medical program that includes
first aid onsite as well as nearby physician
and emergency medical care to reduce the
risk of any injury or illness that occurs.
4. Safety and Health Training

Training is an essential component of an
effective safety and health program. Training
helps identify the safety and health responsibili-
ties of both management and employees at the
site. Training often is most effective when
incorporated into other education or performance
requirements and job practices. The type of
training depends on the size and complexity of
the worksite as well as the characteristics of the
hazards and potential hazards at the site.
Employee Training. Design employee training
programs to ensure all employees understand and
are aware of the hazards to which they may be
exposed and the proper methods for avoiding
them.
Supervisory Training. Train supervisors to
understand the key role they play in jobsite safety
and to enable them to carry out their safety and
health responsibilities effectively.
OSHA 2202
12
Training programs for supervisors should

include the following topics:
• Analyze the work under their supervi-
sion to anticipate and identify potential
hazards.
• Maintain physical protection in their
work areas.
• Reinforce employee training on the
nature of potential hazards in their work
and on needed protective measures
through continual performance feedback
and, if necessary, through enforcement
of safe work practices.
• Understand their safety and health
responsibilities.
(NOTE: See also standard requirements,
1926.21, for safety training and education.)

Frequently Used Standards in Construction 13
Access to Medical and Exposure Records

Each employer shall permit employees, their
designated representatives, and OSHA direct
access to employer-maintained exposure and
medical records. The standard limits access only
to those employees who are, have been (including
former employees), or will be exposed to toxic
substances or harmful physical agents.
1926.33(a) and .33(b)(3) made applicable to
construction by 1910.1020
Each employer must preserve and maintain
accurate medical and exposure records for each
employee. Exposure records and data analyses
based on them are to be kept for 30 years. Medi-
cal records are to be kept for at least the duration
of employment plus 30 years. Background data
for exposure records such as laboratory reports
and work sheets need to be kept for only 1 year.
Records of employees who have worked for
less than 1 year need not be retained after em-
ployment, but the employer must provide these
records to the employee upon termination of
employment. First-aid records of one-time
treatment need not be retained for any specified
period. 1926.33(d)(1). Text can be found in
1910.1020(d).
Aerial Lifts
Aerial lifts, powered or manual, include, but are
not limited to, the following types of vehicle-
mounted aerial devices used to elevate personnel to
jobsites above ground: extensible boom platforms,
articulating boom platforms, and vertical towers.
1926.453(a)(2)
OSHA 2202
14
When operating aerial lifts, employers must

ensure employees are
• Trained,
• Authorized,
• Setting brakes and using outriggers,
• Not exceeding boom and basket load limits,
• Using personal fall protection when
required, and
• Not using devices such as ladders, stilts, or
step stools to raise the employee above the
basket.
In addition, manufacturers or the equivalent
must certify, in writing, all modifications to aerial
lifts. 1926.453(b) and 1926.454
Air Tools
Pneumatic power tools shall be secured to the
hose in a positive manner to prevent accidental
disconnection. 1926.302(b)(1)
Safety clips or retainers shall be securely
installed and maintained on pneumatic impact
tools to prevent attachments from being
accidentally expelled. 1926.302(b)(2)
The manufacturer’s safe operating pressure for
all fittings shall not be exceeded. 1926.302(b)(5)
All hoses exceeding 1/2-inch (1.3-centimeters)
inside diameter shall have a safety device at the
source of supply or branch line to reduce pressure
in case of hose failure. 1926.302(b)(7)

15
Asbestos
Each employer who has a workplace or work
operation where exposure monitoring is required
must perform monitoring to determine accurately
the airborne concentrations of asbestos to which
employees may be exposed. 1926.1101(f)(1)(i)
Employers also must ensure that no employee is
exposed to an airborne concentration of
asbestos in excess of 0.1 f/cc as an 8-hour time-
weighted average (TWA). 1926.1101(c)(1)
In addition, employers must ensure that no
employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of
asbestos in excess of 1 f/cc as averaged over a
sampling period of 30 minutes. 1926.1101(c)(2)
Respirators must be used during (1) all Class I
asbestos jobs; (2) all Class II work where an asbes-
tos-containing material is not removed substantially
intact; (3) all Class II and III work not using wet
methods, except on sloped roofs; (4) all Class II and
III work without a negative exposure assessment;
(5) all Class III jobs where thermal system insula-
tion or surfacing asbestos-containing or presumed
asbestos-containing material is cut, abraded, or
broken; (6) all Class IV work within a regulated
area where respirators are required; (7) all work
where employees are exposed above the PEL or
STEL; and (8) in emergencies. 1926.1101(h)(1)(i)
through (viii)
The employer must provide and require the use
of protective clothing—such as coveralls or similar
whole-body clothing, head coverings, gloves, and
foot coverings—for
• Any employee exposed to airborne asbestos
exceeding the PEL or STEL,
• Work without a negative exposure
assessment, or
OSHA 2202
16
• Any employee performing Class I work

involving the removal of over 25 linear or 10
square feet (10 square meters) of thermal
system insulation or surfacing asbestos-
containing or presumed asbestos-containing
materials. 1926.1101(i)(1)
The employer must provide a medical surveil-
lance program for all employees who—for a
combined total of 30 or more days per year—
engage in Class I, II, or III work or are exposed at
or above the PEL or STEL; or who wear nega-
tive-pressure respirators. 1926.1101(m)(1)(i)
Belt Sanding Machines

Belt sanding machines shall be provided with
guards at each nip point where the sanding belt
runs onto a pulley. 1926.304(f), incorporated
from ANSI 01.1-1961, Section 4.9.4
The unused run of the sanding belt shall be
guarded against accidental contact. 1926.304(f),
incorporated from ANSI 01.1-1961, Section
4.9.4
Chains (See Wire Ropes, Chains, and Hooks)
Compressed Air, Use of

Compressed air used for cleaning purposes
shall be reduced to less than 30 pounds per
square inch (psi) (207 KPa) and then only with
effective chip guarding and personal protective
equipment. 1926.302(b)(4)

17
This requirement does not apply to concrete

form, mill scale, and similar cleaning operations.
1926.302(b)(4)
Compressed Gas Cylinders

Valve protection caps shall be in place and
secured when compressed gas cylinders are
transported, moved, or stored. 1926.350(a)(1)
Cylinder valves shall be closed when work is
finished and when cylinders are empty or are
moved. 1926.350(a)(8)
Compressed gas cylinders shall be secured in
an upright position at all times, except if neces-
sary for short periods of time when cylinders are
actually being hoisted or carried. 1926.350(a)(9)
Cylinders shall be kept far enough away from
the actual welding or cutting operations so that
sparks, hot slag, or flame will not reach them.
When this is impractical, fire-resistant shields
shall be provided. Cylinders shall be placed
where they cannot become part of an electrical
circuit. 1926.350(b)(1) through (2)
Oxygen and fuel gas pressure regulators shall
be in proper working order while in use.
1926.350(h)
Concrete and Masonry Construction

No construction loads shall be placed on a
concrete structure or portion of a concrete struc-
ture unless the employer determines, based on
information received from a person who is
qualified in structural design, that the structure or
OSHA 2202
18
portion of the structure is capable of supporting

the loads. 1926.701(a)
No employee shall be permitted to work under
concrete buckets while buckets are being elevated
or lowered into position. 1926.701(e)(1)
To the extent practical, elevated concrete
buckets shall be routed so that no employee or the
fewest number of employees is exposed to the
hazards associated with falling concrete buckets.
1926.701(e)(2)
Formwork shall be designed, fabricated,
erected, supported, braced, and maintained so
that it is capable of supporting—without fail-
ure—all vertical and lateral loads that may
reasonably be anticipated to be applied to the
formwork. 1926.703(a)(1)
Forms and shores (except those used for slabs
on grade and slip forms) shall not be removed
until the employer determines that the concrete
has gained sufficient strength to support its
weight and superimposed loads. Such determina-
tion shall be based on compliance with one of the
following:
• The plans and specifications stipulate
conditions for removal of forms and shores,
and such conditions have been followed, or
• The concrete has been properly tested with
an appropriate American Society for Testing
Materials (ASTM) standard test method
designed to indicate the concrete compres-
sive strength, and the test results indicate
that the concrete has gained sufficient
strength to support its weight and superim-
posed loads. (ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor
Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428;

19
(610) 832-9585). 1926.703(e)(1)(i) through

(ii)
A limited access zone shall be established
whenever a masonry wall is being constructed.
The limited access zone shall conform to the
following:
• The limited access zone shall be established
prior to the start of construction of the wall.
• The limited access zone shall be equal to the
height of the wall to be constructed plus
4 feet (1.2 meters), and shall run the entire
length of the wall.
• The limited access zone shall be established
on the side of the wall that will be
unscaffold.
• The limited access zone shall be restricted to
entry by employees actively engaged in
constructing the wall. No other employees
shall be permitted to enter the zone.
• The limited access zone shall remain in
place until the wall is adequately supported
to prevent overturning and to prevent col-
lapse; where the height of a wall is more
than 8 feet (2.4 meters), the limited access
zone shall remain in place until the require-
ments of paragraph (b) of this section have
been met. 1926.706(a)(1) through (5)
All masonry walls more than 8 feet (2.4384
meters) in height shall be adequately braced to
prevent overturning and to prevent collapse
unless the wall is adequately supported so that it
will not overturn or collapse. The bracing shall
remain in place until permanent supporting
elements of the structure are in place.
1926.706(b)
OSHA 2202
20
Confined Spaces
All employees required to enter into confined
or enclosed spaces must be instructed as to the
nature of the hazards involved, the necessary
precautions to be taken, and in the use of required
protective and emergency equipment. The
employer shall comply with any specific regula-
tions that apply to work in dangerous or poten-
tially dangerous areas. Confined or enclosed
spaces include, but are not limited to, storage
tanks, process vessels, bins, boilers, ventilation or
exhaust ducts, sewers, underground utility vaults,
tunnels, pipelines, and open top spaces more than
4 feet deep (1.2 meters) such as pits, tubs, vaults,
and vessels. 1926.21(b)(6)(i) through (ii)
Cranes and Derricks

The employer shall comply with the
manufacturer’s specifications and limitations.
1926.550(a)(1)
Rated load capacities, recommended operating
speeds, and special hazard warnings or instruc-
tions shall be conspicuously posted on all equip-
ment. Instructions or warnings shall be visible
from the operator’s station. 1926.550(a)(2)
Equipment shall be inspected by a competent
person before each use and during use, and all
deficiencies corrected before further use.
1926.550(a)(5)
Accessible areas within the swing radius of the
rear of the rotating superstructure shall be prop-
erly barricaded to prevent employees from being
struck or crushed by the crane. 1926.550(a)(9)

21
Except where electrical distribution and trans-

mission lines have been deenergized and visibly
grounded at point of work, or where insulating
barriers not a part of or an attachment to the
equipment or machinery have been erected to
prevent physical contact with the lines, no part of
a crane or its load shall be operated within 10 feet
(3 meters) of a line rated 50 kilovolts (kV) or
below; 10 feet (3 meters) plus 0.4 inches (10.2
centimeters) for each kV over 50 kV for lines
rated over 50 kV, or twice the length of the line
insulator, but never less than 10 feet (3 meters).
1926.550(a)(15)(i) through (iii)
An annual inspection of the hoisting machinery
shall be made by a competent person. Records
shall be kept of the dates and results of each
inspection. 1926.550(a)(6)
All crawler, truck, or locomotive cranes in use
shall meet the requirements as prescribed in the
ANSI B30.5-1968, Safety Code for Crawler,
Locomotive and Truck Cranes. (212) 642-4900.
1926.550(b)(2)
The use of a crane or derrick to hoist employ-
ees on a personnel platform is prohibited, except
when the erection, use, and dismantling of con-
ventional means of reaching the worksite—such
as a personnel hoist, ladder, stairway, aerial lift,
elevating work platform or scaffold—would be
more hazardous or is not possible because of
structural design or worksite conditions. Where a
decision is reached that this is the case, then 29
CFR 1926.550(g) shall be reviewed and complied
with. 1926.550(g)(2)
OSHA 2202
22
Disposal Chutes
Whenever materials are dropped more than 20
feet (6 meters) to any exterior point of a building,
an enclosed chute shall be used. 1926.252(a)
When debris is dropped through holes in the
floor without the use of chutes, the area where the
material is dropped shall be enclosed with barri-
cades not less than 42 inches high (106.7 centime-
ters) and not less than 6 feet (1.8 meters) back from
the projected edges of the opening above. Warning
signs of the hazard of falling material shall be
posted at each level. 1926.252(b)
Diving
The employer shall develop and maintain a safe
practice manual, and make it available at the dive
location for each dive team member. 1910.420(a)
made applicable to construction by 1926.1080
The employer shall keep a record of each dive.
The record shall contain the diver’s name, his or her
supervisor’s name, date, time, location, type of dive
(scuba, mixed gas, surface supply), underwater and
surface conditions, and maximum depth and bottom
time. 1910.423(d) made applicable to construc-
tion by 1926.1084
Each dive team member shall have the experi-
ence or training necessary to perform assigned tasks
safely. 1910.423(d) made applicable to
Each dive team member shall be briefed on the
tasks, safety procedures, unusual hazards or envi-
ronmental conditions, and modifications made to
the operating procedures. 1910.421(f) made
applicable to construction by 1926.1081
23
The dive shall be terminated when a diver

requests it, the diver fails to respond correctly,
communication is lost, or when the diver begins to
use the reserve breathing gas. 1910.422(i)(1)
through (4) made applicable to construction by
1926.1082.
Drinking Water
An adequate supply of potable water shall be
provided in all places of employment.
1926.51(a)(1)
Portable drinking water containers shall be
capable of being tightly closed and equipped with
a tap. 1926.51(a)(2)
Using a common drinking cup is prohibited.
1926.51(a)(4)
Where single service cups (to be used but
once) are supplied, both a sanitary container for
unused cups and a receptacle for used cups shall
be provided. 1926.51(a)(5)
Electrical Installations
Employers must provide either ground-fault
circuit interrupters (GFCIs) or an assured equip-
ment grounding conductor program to protect
employees from ground-fault hazards at construc-
tion sites. The two options are detailed below.
(1) All 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-
ampere receptacles that are not part of the
permanent wiring must be protected by GFCIs.
Receptacles on smaller generators are exempt
under certain conditions.
OSHA 2202
24
(2) An assured equipment grounding conductor

program covering extension cords,
receptacles, and cord- and plug-connected
equipment must be implemented. The
program must include the following:
• A written description of the program.
• At least one competent person to implement
the program.
• Daily visual inspections of extension cords
and cord- and plug-connected equipment for
defects. Equipment found damaged or
defective shall not be used until repaired.
• Continuity tests of the equipment grounding
conductors or receptacles, extension cords,
and cord- and plug-connected equipment.
These tests must generally be made every
3 months.
• Paragraphs (f)(1) through (f)(11) of this
standard contain grounding requirements for
systems, circuits, and equipment.
1926.404(b)(1)(i) through (iii)(e)
Light bulbs for general illumination must be
protected from breakage, and metal shell sockets
must be grounded. 1926.405(a)(2)(ii)(e)
Temporary lights must not be suspended by their
cords, unless they are so designed.
1926.405(a)(2)(ii)(f)
Portable lighting used in wet or conducive
locations, such as tanks or boilers, must be operated
at no more than 12 volts or must be protected by
GFCIs. 1926.405(a)(2)(ii)(g)
Extension cords must be of the three-wire type.
Extension cords and flexible cords used with

25
temporary and portable lights must be designed for

hard or extra hard usage (for example, types S, ST,
and SO). 1926.405(a)(2)(ii)(j)
Worn or frayed electric cords or cables shall not
be used. 1926.416(e)(1)
Extension cords shall not be fastened with
staples, hung from nails, or suspended by wire.
1926.416(e)(2)
Work spaces, walkways, and similar locations
shall be kept clear of cords. 1926.416(b)(2)
Listed, labeled, or certified equipment shall be
installed and used in accordance with instructions
included in the listing, labeling, or certification.
1926.403(b)(2)
Electrical Work Practices

Employers must not allow employees to work
near live parts of electrical circuits, unless the
employees are protected by one of the
following means:
• Deenergizing and grounding the parts.
• Guarding the part by insulation.
• Any other effective means. 1926.416(a)(1)
In work areas where the exact location of under-
ground electrical power lines is unknown, employ-
ees using jack hammers, bars, or other hand tools
that may contact the lines must be protected by
insulating gloves, aprons, or other protective cloth-
ing that will provide equivalent electrical protection.
1926.416(a)(2) and .95(a)
Barriers or other means of guarding must be
used to ensure that workspace for electrical
OSHA 2202
26
equipment will not be used as a passageway

during periods when energized parts of
equipment are exposed. 1926.416(b)(1)
Flexible cords must be connected to devices
and fittings so that strain relief is provided which
will prevent pull from being directly transmitted
to joints or terminal screws. 1926.405(g)(2)(iv)
Equipment or circuits that are deenergized
must be rendered inoperative and must have tags
attached at all points where the equipment or
circuits could be energized. 1926.417(b)
Excavating and Trenching

The estimated location of utility installations—
such as sewer, telephone, fuel, electric, water
lines, or any other underground installations that
reasonably may be expected to be encountered
during excavation work—shall be determined
prior to opening an excavation. 1926.651(b)(1)
Utility companies or owners shall be contacted
within established or customary local response
times, advised of the proposed work, and asked to
establish the location of the utility underground
installations prior to the start of actual excavation.
When utility companies or owners cannot re-
spond to a request to locate underground utility
installations within 24 hours (unless a longer
period is required by state or local law), or cannot
establish the exact location of these installations,
the employer may proceed, provided the em-
ployer does so with caution, and provided
detection equipment or other acceptable means to
locate utility installations are used.
1926.651(b)(2)

27
When excavation operations approach the

estimated location of underground installations,
the exact location of the installations shall be
determined by safe and acceptable means. While
the excavation is open, underground installations
shall be protected, supported, or removed, as
necessary, to safeguard employees.
1926.651(b)(3) through (4)
Each employee in an excavation shall be
protected from cave-ins by an adequate
protective system except when:
• Excavations are made entirely in stable rock,
or excavations are less than 5 feet (1.5
meters) in depth and examination of the
ground by a competent person provides no
indication of a potential cave-in.
1926.652(a)(1)(i) through (ii)
• Protective systems shall have the capacity to
resist, without failure, all loads that are
intended or could reasonably be expected to
be applied or transmitted to the system.
1926.652(a)(2)
Employees shall be protected from excavated
or other materials or equipment that could pose a
hazard by falling or rolling into excavations.
Protection shall be provided by placing and
keeping such materials or equipment at least
2 feet (0.6 meters) from the edge of excavations,
or by the use of retaining devices that are suffi-
cient to prevent materials or equipment from
falling or rolling into excavations, or by a
combination of both if necessary. 1926.651(j)(2)
Daily inspections of excavations, the adjacent
areas, and protective systems shall be made by a
competent person for evidence of a situation that
OSHA 2202
28
could result in possible cave-ins, indications of

failure of protective systems, hazardous atmo-
spheres, or other hazardous conditions. An
inspection shall be conducted by the competent
person prior to the start of work and as needed
throughout the shift. Inspections shall also be
made after every rainstorm or other hazard
increasing occurrence. These inspections are
only required when employee exposure can be
reasonably anticipated. 1926.651(k)(1)
Where a competent person finds evidence of a
situation that could result in a possible cave-in,
indications of failure of protective systems,
hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous
conditions, exposed employees shall be removed
from the hazardous area until the necessary
precautions have been taken to ensure their
safety. 1926.651(k)(2)
A stairway, ladder, ramp, or other safe means
of egress shall be located in trench excavations
that are 4 feet (1.2 meters) or more in depth so
as to require no more than 25 feet (7.6 meters)
of lateral travel for employees. 1926.651(c)(2)
Exits
Exits must be free of all obstructions so they
can be used immediately in case of fire or
emergency. 1926.34(c)
Explosives and Blasting

Only authorized and qualified persons shall be
permitted to handle and use explosives.
1926.900(a)

29
Explosives and related materials shall be stored

in approved facilities required under the appli-
cable provisions of the Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco and Firearms regulations contained in
27 CFR Part 55, Commerce in Explosives. (See
Subpart K.) 1926.904(a)
Smoking and open flames shall not be permit-
ted within 50 feet (15.2 meters) of explosives and
detonator storage magazines. 1926.904(c)
Procedures that permit safe and efficient
loading shall be established before loading is
started. 1926.905(a)
Eye and Face Protection

Eye and face protection shall be provided when
machines or operations present potential eye or
face injury. 1926.102(a)(1)
Eye and face protective equipment shall meet
the requirements of ANSI Z87.1-1968, Practice
for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face
Protection. 1926.102(a)(2)
Employees involved in welding operations
shall be furnished with filter lenses or plates of at
least the proper shade number as indicated in
Table E-2. 1926.102(b)(1)
OSHA 2202
30
Table E-2
Eye and Face Protection
Filter Lens Shade Numbers for Protection
Against Radiant Energy
1926.102(b)(1)
Welding operation Shade Number
Shielded metal-arc welding 1/16-, 3/32-, 1/8-,

5/32-inch diameter electrodes 10
Gas-shielded arc welding (nonferrous) 1/16-,
3/32-, 1/8-, 5/32-inch diameter electrodes 11
Gas-shielded arc welding (ferrous) 1/16-,
3/32-, 1/8-, 5/32-inch diameter electrodes 12
Shielded metal-arc welding 3/16-, 7/32-,
1/4-inch diameter electrodes 12
5/16-, 3/8-inch diameter electrodes 14
Atomic hydrogen welding 10-14
Carbon-arc welding 14
Soldering 2
Torch brazing 3 or 4
Light cutting, up to 1 inch 3 or 4
Medium cutting, 1 inch to 6 inches 4 or 5
Heavy cutting, over 6 inches 5 or 6
Gas welding (light), up to 1/8-inch 4 or 5
Gas welding (medium), 1/8- to 1/2-inch 5 or 6
Gas welding (heavy), over 1/2-inch 6 or 8

31
Employees exposed to laser beams shall be

furnished suitable laser safety goggles that will
protect for the specific wave length of the laser
and the optical density adequate for the energy
involved. 1926.102(b)(2)
Fall Protection
Employers are required to assess the workplace
to determine if the walking/working surface on
which employees are to work have the strength
and structural integrity to safely support workers.
Employees are not permitted to work on those
surfaces until it has been determined that the
surfaces have the requisite strength and structural
integrity to support the workers. 1926.501(a)(2)
Where employees are exposed to falling 6 feet
(1.8 meters) or more from an unprotected side or
edge, the employer must select either a guardrail
system, safety net system, or personal fall arrest
system to protect the worker. 1926.501(b)(1)
A personal fall arrest system consists of an
anchorage, connectors, body harness and may
include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or
a suitable combination of these. Effective January
1, 1998, body belts used for fall arrests are
prohibited. 1926.500(b) and 1926.502(d)
Each employee in a hoist area shall be pro-
tected from falling 6 feet (1.8 meters) or more by
guardrail systems or personal fall arrest systems.
If guardrail systems (or chain gate or guardrail)
or portions thereof must be removed to facilitate
hoisting operations, as during the landing of
materials, and a worker must lean through the
access opening or out over the edge of the access
OSHA 2202
32
opening to receive or guide equipment and

materials, that employee must be protected by a
personal fall arrest system.
1926.501(b)(3)
Personal fall arrest systems, covers, or guardrail
systems must be erected around holes (including
skylights) that are more than 6 feet (1.8 meters)
above lower levels. 1926.501(b)(4)
Each employee at the edge of an excavation
6 feet deep (1.8 meters) or more shall be protected
from falling by guardrail systems, fences, barri-
cades, or covers. Where walkways are provided to
permit employees to cross over excavations,
guardrails are required on the walkway if it is 6 feet
(1.8 meters) or more above the excavation.
1926.501(b)(7)
Each employee using ramps, runways, and other
walkways shall be protected from falling
6 feet (1.2 meters) or more by guardrail systems.
1926.501(b)(6)
Each employee performing overhand bricklay-
ing and related work 6 feet (1.8 meters) or more
above lower levels shall be protected by guardrail
systems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest
systems, or shall work in a controlled access zone.
All employees reaching more than 10 inches (25.4
centimeters) below the level of a walking/working
surface on which they are working shall be pro-
tected by a guardrail system, safety net system, or
personal fall arrest. 1926.501(b)(9)
Each employee engaged in roofing activities on
low-slope roofs with unprotected sides and edges
6 feet (1.8 meters) or more above lower levels shall
be protected from falling by guardrail, safety net,
or personal fall arrest systems or a combination of a
33
• Warning line system and guardrail system,

• Warning line system and safety net system,
• Warning line system and personal fall arrest
system, or
• Warning line system and safety monitoring
system. 1926.501(b)(10)
On low-slope roofs 50 feet (15.2 meters) or
less in width, the use of a safety monitoring
system without a warning line system is
permitted. 1926.501(b)(10)
Each employee on a steep roof with unpro-
tected sides and edges 6 feet (1.8 meters) or more
above lower levels shall be protected by guardrail
systems with toeboards, safety net systems, or
personal fall arrest systems. 1926.501(b)(11)
Fire Protection
A firefighting program is to be followed
throughout all phases of the construction and
demolition work involved. It shall provide for
effective firefighting equipment to be available
without delay, and designed to effectively meet
all fire hazards as they occur. 1926.150(a)(1)
Firefighting equipment shall be conspicuously
located and readily accessible at all times, be
periodically inspected, and be maintained in
operating conditions. 1926.150(a)(2) to (4)
A fire extinguisher, rated not less than 2A
(acceptable substitutes are a 1/2-inch diameter
garden-type hose not to exceed 100 feet capable
of discharging a minimum of 5 gallons per
minute or a 55-gallon drum of water with two fire
pails), shall be provided for each 3,000 square
OSHA 2202
34
feet (270 square meters) of the protected building

area, or major fraction thereof. Travel distance
from any point of the protected area to the nearest
fire extinguisher shall not exceed 100 feet (30.5
meters). 1926.150(c)(1)(i) to (iii)
The employer shall establish an alarm system
at the worksite so that employees and the local
fire department can be alerted for an emergency.
1926.150(e)(1)
Flaggers
Flaggers, signaling by flaggers, and the gar-
ments worn shall follow the OSHA rules that
incorporated by reference the Department of
Transportation’s Manual on Uniform Traffic
Control Devices, Part 6.
Flammable and Combustible Liquids

Only approved containers and portable tanks
shall be used for storing and handling flammable
and combustible liquids. 1926.152(a)(1)
No more than 25 gallons (94.7 liters) of flam-
mable or combustible liquids shall be stored in a
room outside of an approved storage cabinet. No
more than three storage cabinets may be located
in a single storage area. 1926.152(b)(1) through (3)
Inside storage rooms for flammable and com-
bustible liquids shall be of fire-resistant construc-
tion, have self-closing fire doors at all openings,
4-inch (10 centimeter) sills or depressed floors, a
ventilation system that provides at least six air
changes within the room per hour, and electrical

35
wiring and equipment approved for Class 1,

Division 1 locations. 1926.152(b)(4)
Storage in containers outside buildings shall
not exceed 1,100 gallons (4,169 liters) in any one
pile or area. The storage area shall be graded to
divert possible spills away from buildings or
other exposures, or shall be surrounded by a curb
or dike. Storage areas shall be located at least
20 feet (6 meters) from any building and shall be
free from weeds, debris, and other combustible
materials not necessary to the
storage. 1926.152(c)(1),(3),(4) through (5)
Flammable liquids shall be kept in closed
containers when not actually in use.
1926.152(f)(1)
Conspicuous and legible signs prohibiting
smoking shall be posted in service and refueling
areas. 1926.152(g)(9)
Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mists

Exposure to toxic gases, vapors, fumes, dusts,
and mists at a concentration above those specified
in the Threshold Limit Values of Airborne Con-
taminants for 1970 of the American Conference
of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH),
shall be avoided. (ACGIH, 1330 Kemper
Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH
45240-1634; (513) 742-2020.) 1926.55(a)
Administrative or engineering controls must be
implemented whenever feasible to comply with
Threshold Limit Values. 1926.55(b)
When engineering and administrative controls
are not feasible to achieve full compliance,
OSHA 2202
36
protective equipment or other protective measures

shall be used to keep the exposure of employees
to air contaminants within the limits prescribed.
Any equipment and technical measures used for
this purpose must first be approved for each
particular use by a competent industrial hygienist
or other technically qualified person. Whenever
respirators are used, their use shall comply with
1926.103. 1910.134 made applicable to
construction by 1926.55(b)
General Duty Clause

Hazardous conditions or practices not covered
in an OSHA standard may be covered under
Section 5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and
Health Act of 1970, which states: “Each employer
shall furnish to each of his employees employ-
ment and a place of employment which are free
from recognized hazards that are causing or are
likely to cause death or serious physical harm to
his employees.”
Grinding
All abrasive wheel bench and stand grinders
shall be provided with safety guards that cover
the spindle ends, nut and flange projections, and
are strong enough to withstand the effects of a
bursting wheel. 1926.303(b)(1) and (c)(1)
An adjustable work rest of rigid construction
shall be used on floor and bench-mounted grind-
ers, with the work rest kept adjusted to a clear-
ance not to exceed 1/8-inch (0.3 centimeter)
between the work rest and the surface of the
wheel. 1926.303(c)(2)

37
All abrasive wheels shall be closely inspected

and ring-tested before mounting to ensure that
they are free from cracks or other defects.
1926.303(c)(7)
Portable abrasive wheel tools shall be provided
with safety guards, except when the wheels are
2 inches (5 centimeters) or less, or the wheel is
entirely inside the work. 1926.303(c)(3) and (4)
Hand Tools
Employers shall not issue or permit the use of
unsafe hand tools, including tools that may be
furnished by employees or employers. All hand
tools must be properly maintained. 1926.300(a)
and 1926.301(a)
Wrenches shall not be used when jaws are sprung
to the point that slippage occurs. Impact tools shall
be kept free of mushroomed heads. The wooden
handles of tools shall be kept free of splinters or
cracks and shall be kept tight in the tool.
1926.301(b) through (d)
Electric power operated tools shall either be
approved double-insulated, or be properly grounded
in accordance with subpart K of the standard.
1926.302(a)(1)
Hazard Communication
Employers shall develop, implement, and main-
tain at the workplace a written hazard communica-
tion program for their workplaces. Employers must
inform their employees of the availability of the
program, including the required list(s) of hazardous
chemicals, and material safety data sheets required.
OSHA 2202
38
1910.1200(e)(1) and (e)(4) made applicable to

The employer shall ensure that each container of
hazardous chemicals in the workplace is labeled,
tagged, or marked with the identity of the hazardous
chemical(s) contained therein; and must show
hazard warnings appropriate for employee protec-
tion. 1910.1200(e)(2) and (f)(1) made applicable
to construction by 1926.59
Chemical manufacturers and importers shall
obtain or develop a material safety data sheet for
each hazardous chemical they produce or import.
Employers shall have a material safety data sheet
for each hazardous chemical they use. 1910.1200
(g)(1) and (f)(1) made applicable to construction
by 1926.59
Employers shall provide employees with infor-
mation and training on hazardous chemicals in their
work area at the time of their initial assignment, and
whenever a new hazard is introduced into their work
area. Employers shall also provide employees with
information on any operations in their work area
where hazardous chemicals are present, and the
location and availability of the written hazard
communication program, including the required
list(s) of hazardous chemicals, and material safety
data sheets required by the standard. 1910.1200
(h)(1) and (2)(i) through (iii) made applicable to
Employers who produce, use, or store hazardous
chemicals at multiemployer workplaces shall
additionally ensure that their hazard communication
program includes the methods the employer will use
to provide other employer(s) with a copy of the
material safety data sheet for hazardous chemicals

39
other employer(s) employees may be exposed to

while working; the methods the employer will use
to inform other employer(s) of any precautionary
measures for the protection of employees; and the
methods the employer will use to inform the other
employer(s) of the labeling system used in the
workplace. 1910.1200 (e)(2) made applicable to
Hazardous Waste Operations

Employers must develop a written safety and
health program for employees involved in hazard-
ous waste operations. At a minimum, the program
shall include a comprehensive workplan, standard
operating procedures, a site specific safety and
health plan (which need not repeat the standard
operating procedures), the training program, and the
medical surveillance program. 1926.65(b)(1)
A site control program also shall be developed
and shall include, at a minimum, a map, work
zones, buddy systems, site communications—
including alerting means for emergencies—standard
operating procedures or safe work practices, and
identification of the nearest medical assistance.
1926.65(d)(3)
Training must be provided for all site employees,
their supervisors, and management who are exposed
to health or safety hazards. 1926.65(e)
Head Protection
Head protective equipment (helmets) shall be
worn in areas where there is a possible danger of
OSHA 2202
40
head injuries from impact, flying or falling objects,

or electrical shock and burns. 1926.100(a)
Helmets for protection against impact and pen-
etration of falling and flying objects shall meet the
requirements of ANSI Z89.1-1969. 1926.100(b)
Helmets for protection against electrical shock
and burns shall meet the requirements of ANSI
Z89.2-1971. 1926.100(c)
Hearing Protection
Feasible engineering or administrative controls
shall be utilized to protect employees against sound
levels in excess of those shown in Table D-2.
1926.52(b)
When engineering or administrative controls
fail to reduce sound levels within the limits of
Table D-2, ear protective devices shall be
provided and used. 1926.52(b) and .101(a)
In all cases where the sound levels exceed the
values shown in Table D-2, a continuing, effec-
tive hearing conservation program shall be
administered. 1926.52(d)(1)
A hearing conservation program in construc-
tion should include the following elements:
• Monitoring employee noise exposures,
• Using engineering, work practice and
administrative controls, and personal
protective equipment,
• Fitting each overexposed employee with
appropriate hearing protectors,
• Training employees in the effects of noise
and protection measures,

41
• Explaining procedures for preventing further

hearing loss, and
• Recordkeeping.
1926.21(b)(2), 1926.52, and 1926.101
Table D-2 — Permissible Noise Exposures
Sound Level/
dBA slow
Duration per day, hours: response
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1-1/2 102
1 105
1/2 110
1/4 or less 115
1926.52(d)(1)
Exposure to impulsive or impact noise should

not exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level.
1926.52(e)
Plain cotton is not an acceptable protective
device. 1926.101(c)
Heating Devices, Temporary

When heating devices are used, fresh air shall
be supplied in sufficient quantities to maintain the
health and safety of workers. 1926.154(a)(1)
Solid fuel salamanders are prohibited in
buildings and on scaffolds. 1926.154(d)
OSHA 2202
42
Hoists, Material, and Personnel

The employer shall comply with the
manufacturer’s specifications and limitations.
1926.552(a)(1)
Rated load capacities, recommended operating
speeds, and special hazard warnings or instruc-
tions shall be posted on cars and platforms.
1926.552(a)(2)
Hoistway entrances of material hoists shall be
protected by substantial full width gates or bars
that are painted with diagonal contrasting colors
such as black and yellow stripes. 1926.552(b)(2)
Hoistway doors or gates of personnel hoist
shall be not less than 6 feet 6 inches (198.1
meters) high and shall be protected with me-
chanical locks that cannot be operated from the
landing side and that are accessible only to
persons on the car. 1926.552(c)(4)
Overhead protective coverings shall be pro-
vided on the top of the hoist cage or platform.
1926.552(b)(3) and (c)(7)
All material hoists shall conform to the
requirements of ANSI A10.5-1969, Safety
Requirements for Material Hoists. 1926.552(b)(8)
Hooks (See Wire Ropes, Chains, and Hooks)
Housekeeping
Form and scrap lumber with protruding nails
and all other debris shall be kept clear from all
work areas. 1926.25(a)

43
Combustible scrap and debris shall be removed

at regular intervals. 1926.25(b)
Containers shall be provided for collection
and separation of all refuse. Covers shall be
provided on containers used for flammable or
harmful substances. 1926.25(c)
Wastes shall be disposed of at frequent
intervals. 1926.25(c)
Illumination
Construction areas, ramps, runways, corridors,
offices, shops, and storage areas shall be lighted
to not less than the minimum illumination inten-
sities listed in Table D-3 while any work is in
progress.
Table D-3 — Minimum Illumination
Intensities in Footcandles
Footcandles: Area of Operation
5..........General construction area lighting
3..........General construction areas, concrete placement, excava
tion, waste areas, accessways, active storage areas,
loading platforms, refueling, and field maintenance areas
5..........Indoor warehouses, corridors, hallways, and exitways
5..........Tunnels, shafts, and general underground work areas
(Exception: minimum of 10 footcandles is required at
tunnel and shaft heading during drilling, mucking, and
scaling. Bureau of Mines approved cap lights shall be
acceptable for use in the tunnel heading)
10.........General construction plant and shops (e.g., batch plants,
screening plants, mechanical and electrical equipment
rooms, carpenters shops, rigging lofts and active store
rooms, barracks or living quarters, locker or dressing
rooms, mess halls, indoor toilets, and workrooms)
30.........First-aid stations, infirmaries, and offices
1926.56(a)
OSHA 2202
44
Jointers
A jointer guard shall automatically adjust itself to
cover the unused portion of the head and the section
of the head on the working side and the back side of
the fence or cage. The jointer guard shall remain in
contact with the material at all times. 1926.304(f)
incorporated by reference to ANSI 01.1–1961,
section 4.3.2
Ladders
Portable and fixed ladders with structural
defects—such as broken or missing rungs, cleats or
steps, broken or split rails, or corroded compo-
nents—shall be withdrawn from service by immedi-
ately tagging “DO NOT USE” or marking in a
manner that identifies them as defective, or shall be
blocked, such as with a plywood attachment that
spans several rungs. Repairs must restore ladder to
its original design criteria. 1926.1053(b)(16), (17)(i)
through (iii) and (18)
Portable non-self-supporting ladders shall be
placed on a substantial base, have clear access at top
and bottom, and be placed at an angle so the hori-
zontal distance from the top support to the foot of
the ladder is approximately one-quarter the working
length of the ladder. Portable ladders used for access
to an upper landing surface must extend a minimum
of 3 feet (0.9 meters) above the landing surface, or
where not practical, be provided with grab rails and
be secured against movement while in use.
1926.1053(b)(1) and (b)(5)(i)
Ladders must have nonconductive siderails if
they are used where the worker or the ladder could
contact energized electrical conductors or equip-
ment. 1926.1053(b)(12)

45
Job-made ladders shall be constructed for their

intended use. Cleats shall be uniformly spaced not
less than 10 inches (25.4 centimeters) apart, nor
more than 14 inches (35.5 centimeters) apart.
1926.1053(a)(3)(i)
A ladder (or stairway) must be provided at all
work points of access where there is a break in
elevation of 19 inches (48.2 centimeters) or more
except if a suitable ramp, runway, embankment, or
personnel hoist is provided to give safe access to all
elevations. 1926.1051(a)
Wood job-made ladders with spliced side rails
must be used at an angle where the horizontal
distance is one-eighth the working length of the
ladder.
• Fixed ladders must be used at a pitch no
greater than 90 degrees from the horizontal,
measured from the back side of the ladder.
• Ladders must be used only on stable and level
surfaces unless secured to prevent accidental
movement.
• Ladders must not be used on slippery surfaces
unless secured or provided with slip-resistant
feet to prevent accidental movement. Slip-
resistant feet must not be used as a substitute
for the care in placing, lashing, or holding a
ladder upon a slippery surface.
1926.1053(b)(5)(ii) through (b)(7)
Employers must provide a training program for
each employee using ladders and stairways. The
program must enable each employee to recognize
hazards related to ladders and stairways and to use
proper procedures to minimize these hazards.
For example, employers must ensure that each
OSHA 2202
46
employee is trained by a competent person in the

following areas, as applicable:
• The nature of fall hazards in the work area;
• The correct procedures for erecting, main-
taining, and disassembling the fall protection
systems to be used;
• The proper construction, use, placement, and
care in handling of all stairways and ladders;
and
• The maximum intended load-carrying
capacities of ladders used.
In addition, retraining must be provided for
each employee, as necessary, so that the employee
maintains the understanding and knowledge
acquired through compliance with the standard.
1926.1060(a) and (b)
Lasers
Only qualified and trained employees shall be
assigned to install, adjust, and operate laser equip-
ment. 1926.54(a)
Employees shall wear proper (antilaser) eye
protection when working in areas where there is a
potential exposure to direct or reflected laser light
greater than 0.005 watts (5 milliwatts). 1926.54(c)
Beam shutters or caps shall be utilized, or the
laser turned off, when laser transmission is not
actually required. When the laser is left unat-
tended for a substantial period of time—such as
during lunch hour, overnight, or at change of
shifts—the laser shall be turned off. 1926.54(e)
Employees shall not be exposed to light intensi-
ties in excess of the following: direct
staring—1 microwatt per square centimeter,
47
incidental observing—1 milliwatt per square

centimeter diffused reflected light—2-1/2 watts
per square centimeter. 1926.54(j)(1) through (3)
Employees shall not be exposed to microwave
power densities in excess of 10 milliwatts per
square centimeter. 1926.54(1)
Lead
Each employer who has a workplace or
operation covered by this standard shall initially
determine if any employee may be exposed to
lead at or above the action level of 30 micro-
grams per cubic meter (30 µg/m3) of air calcu-
lated as an 8-hour time-weighted average.
1926.62(d)(1)
The employer shall assure that no employee is
exposed to lead at concentrations greater than
50 micrograms per cubic meter (50 µg/m3) of air
averaged over an 8-hour period (the permissible
exposure limit PEL). 1926.62(c)(1)
Whenever there has been a change of equip-
ment, process, control, personnel, or a new task
has been initiated that may result in exposure
above the PEL, the employer shall conduct
additional monitoring. 1926.62(d)(7)
Training shall be provided in accordance with
the Hazard Communication Standard and addi-
tional training shall be provided for employees
exposed at or above the action level. 1926.62(1)
Prior to the start of the job, each employer
shall establish and implement a written
compliance program. 1926.62(e)(2)
Where airborne concentrations of lead equal or
exceed the action level at any time, an initial
OSHA 2202
48
medical examination consisting of blood sam-

pling and analysis shall be made available for
each employee prior to initial assignment to the
area. 1926.62 Appendix B, viii, paragraph (j)
Lift Slab
Lift-slab operations shall be designed and
planned by a registered professional engineer
who has experience in lift-slab construction.
Such plans and designs shall be implemented by
the employer and shall include detailed instruc-
tions and sketches indicating the prescribed
method of erection. 1926.705(a)
Jacking equipment shall be cable of supporting
at least two and one-half times the load being
lifted during jacking operations. Also, do not
overload the jacking equipment. 1926.705(d)
During erection, no employee, except those
essential to the jacking operation, shall be permit-
ted in the building or structure while jacking
operations are taking place unless the building or
structure has been reinforced sufficiently to
ensure its integrity. 1926.705(k)(1)
Equipment shall be designed and installed to
prevent slippage; otherwise, the employer shall
institute other measures, such as locking or
blocking devices, which will provide positive
connection between the lifting rods and attach-
ments and will prevent components from
disengaging during lifting operations.
1926.705(p)

49
Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Each system shall have containers, valves,
connectors, manifold valve assemblies, and
regulators of an approved type. 1926.153(a)(1)
Every container and vaporizer shall be pro-
vided with one or more approved safety relief
valves or devices. 1926.153(d)(1)
Containers shall be placed upright on firm
foundations or otherwise firmly secured.
1926.153(g) and (h)(11)
Portable heaters shall be equipped with an
approved automatic device to shut off the flow of
gas in the event of flame failure. 1926.153(h)(8)
All cylinders shall be equipped with an excess
flow valve to minimize the flow of gas in the
event the fuel line becomes ruptured.
1926.153(i)(2)
Storage of liquefied petroleum gas within
buildings is prohibited. 1926.153(i)
Storage locations shall have at least one ap-
proved portable fire extinguisher rated not less
than 20-B:C. 1926.153(l)
Medical Services and First Aid

The employer shall ensure the availability of
medical personnel for advice and consultation on
matters of occupational health. 1926.50(a)
When a medical facility is not reasonably
accessible for the treatment of injured employees,
a person qualified to render first aid shall be
available at the worksite. 1926.50(c)
OSHA 2202
50
First-aid supplies when required should be

readily available. 1926.50(d)(1)
In areas where 911 is not available, the tele-
phone numbers of the physicians, hospitals, or
ambulances shall be conspicuously posted.
1926.50(f)
Motor Vehicles and Mechanized Equipment

All vehicles in use shall be checked at the
beginning of each shift to ensure that all parts,
equipment, and accessories that affect safe
operation are in proper operating condition and
free from defects. All defects shall be corrected
before the vehicle is placed in service.
1926.601(b)(14)
No employer shall use any motor vehicle,
earthmoving, or compacting equipment having an
obstructed view to the rear unless:
• The vehicle has a reverse signal alarm
distinguishable from the surrounding noise
level, or
• The vehicle is backed up only when an
observer signals that it is safe to do so.
1926.601(b)(4)(i) through (ii) and
602(a)(9)(i) through (ii)
Heavy machinery, equipment, or parts thereof
that are suspended or held aloft shall be substan-
tially blocked to prevent falling or shifting before
employees are permitted to work under or
between them. 1926.600(a)(3)(i)

51
Noise (See Hearing Protection)
Personal Protective Equipment

The employer is responsible for requiring the
wearing of appropriate personal protective equip-
ment in all operations where there is an exposure
to hazardous conditions or where the need is
indicated for using such equipment to reduce the
hazard to the employees. 1926.28(a) and
1926.95(a) through (c)
Employees working over or near water, where
the danger of drowning exists, shall be provided
with U.S. Coast Guard-approved life jackets or
buoyant work vests. 1926.106(a)
Powder-Actuated Tools
Only trained employees shall be allowed to
operate powder-actuated tools. 1926.302(e)(1)
All powder-actuated tools shall be tested daily
before use and all defects discovered before or
during use shall be corrected. 1926.302(e)(2)
through (3)
Tools shall not be loaded until immediately
before use. Loaded tools shall not be left
unattended. 1926.302(e)(5) through (6)
Power Transmission and Distribution

Existing conditions shall be determined before
starting work, by an inspection or a test. Such
conditions shall include, but not be limited to,
energized lines and equipment, condition of
OSHA 2202
52
poles, and the location of circuits and equipment

including power and communications, cable
television, and fire-alarm circuits.
1926.950(b)(1)
Electric equipment and lines shall be consid-
ered energized until determined otherwise by
testing or until grounding. 1926.950(b)(2) and
.954(a)
Operating voltage of equipment and lines shall
be determined before working on or near
energized parts. 1926.950(b)(3)
Rubber protective equipment shall comply
with the provisions of the ANSI J6 series, and
shall be visually inspected before use.
1926.951(a)(1)(i) through (ii)
Protective equipment of material other than
rubber shall provide equal or better electrical and
mechanical protection. 1926.951(a)(iv)
Powered Industrial Trucks (Forklifts)

Each powered industrial truck operator must be
competent to operate a powered industrial truck
safely, as demonstrated by the successful
completion of the training and evaluation.
1910.178(l)(1)(i) and (l)(2)(iii) and (l)(6) made
applicable to construction by 1926.602(d)
Training shall consist of a combination of
formal instruction (e.g., lecture, discussion,
interactive computer learning, video tape, written
material), practical training (demonstrations
performed by the trainer and practical exercises
performed by the trainee), and evaluation of the
operator’s performance in the workplace.

53
1910.178(l)(2)(ii) made applicable to

construction by 1926.602(d)
Power Transmission, Mechanical

Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets,
spindles, drums, flywheels, chains, or other
reciprocating, rotating, or moving parts of equip-
ment shall be guarded if such parts are exposed to
contact by employees or otherwise constitute a
hazard. 1926.307(a) through (f), (h) through (i),
and (k)
Guarding shall meet the requirement of ANSI
B15.1-1953 (R 1958), Safety Code for
Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus.
1926.300(b)(2)
Process Safety Management

of Highly Hazardous Chemicals
Employers shall develop a written plan of
action regarding employee participation and
consult with employees and their representatives
on the conduct and development of process
hazards analyses and on the development of the
other elements of process safety management.
1926.64(c)(1) through (2)
The employer, when selecting a contractor,
shall obtain and evaluate information regarding
the contract employer’s safety performance and
programs. 1926.64(h)(2)(i)
The contract employer shall assure that each
contract employee is trained in the work practices
necessary to safely perform his/her job.
1926.64(h)(3)(i)
OSHA 2202
54
The employer shall perform a pre-startup

safety review for new facilities and for modified
facilities when the modification is significant
enough to require a change in the process safety
information. 1926.64(i)(1)
The employer shall establish and implement
written procedures to maintain the on going
integrity of process equipment. 1926.64(j)(2)
Program Safety and Health Requirements

The employer shall initiate and maintain such
programs as may be necessary to provide for
frequent and regular inspections of the job site,
materials, and equipment by designated
competent persons. 1926.20(b)(1) through (2)
The employer should avail himself of the
safety and health training programs the Secretary
provides. 1926.21(b)(1)
The employer shall instruct each employee in
the recognition and avoidance of unsafe condi-
tions and in the regulations applicable to his work
environment to control or eliminate any hazards
or other exposure to illness or injury.
1926.21(b)(2)
The use of any machinery, tool, material, or
equipment that is not in compliance with any
applicable requirement of Part 1926 is prohibited.
1926.20(b)(3)
The employer shall permit only those employ-
ees qualified by training or experience to operate
equipment and machinery. 1926.20(b)(4)

55
Radiation, Ionizing
Pertinent provisions of the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission (NRC) (10 CFR Part 20) relating to
protection against occupational radiation expo-
sure shall apply. 1926.53(a)
Any activity that involves the use of radioac-
tive materials or X-rays, whether or not under
license from the Atomic Energy Commission,
shall be performed by competent persons spe-
cially trained in the proper and safe operation of
such equipment. 1926.53(b)
Railings
Top edge height of top rails or equivalent
guardrail system members shall have a vertical
height of approximately 42 inches (106.6 centi-
meters), plus or minus 3 inches (7.6 centimeters)
above the walking/working level. 1926.502(b)(1)
Guardrail systems shall be surfaced so as to
prevent injury to an employee, with a strength to
withstand at least 200 pounds (90 kilograms), the
minimum requirement applied in any outward or
downward direction, at any point along the top
edge. 1926.502(b)(3) and (6)
A stair railing shall be of construction similar
to a standard railing with a vertical height of 36
inches (91.4 centimeters) from the upper surface
of top rail to the surface of tread in line with face
of riser at forward edge of tread.
1926.1052(c)(3)(i)
OSHA 2202
56
Recordkeeping: Recording and Reporting

Requirements
Within 8 hours after the death or report of the
inpatient hospitalization of three or more employ-
ees, as the result of a work-related incident, you
must report this to the closest OSHA office, or
call (800) 321-6742. 1904.39(a) and (b)(7)
If your company had 10 or more employees
during the last calendar year, you must keep the
OSHA injury and illness records using the OSHA
Forms 300, 300-A, and 301 or the equivalent
form. 1904.1(a)(2) and 1904.29(a) and (b)(4)
If your company had 10 or fewer employees
during the last calendar year, you do not need to
keep OSHA injury and illness records unless
OSHA or the Bureau of Labor Statistics informs
you in writing that you must keep these records.
1904.1(a)(1)
Each recordable injury or illness must be
entered on the OSHA Forms 300 and 301 within
7 days of receiving the information.
1904.29(b)(3)
OSHA injury and illness records must be kept
for all projects. If the project is 1 year or longer a
separate OSHA 300 log must be kept. If the
projects are less than 1 year, these projects may
be placed on one OSHA 300 log that covers all
short-term projects. These records may be kept at
a central location as long as the information is
transferred within 7 days. 1904.30(a), (b)(1) and
(2)
The OSHA 300 log must be verified, certified
by a company executive, and posted at the end of
each calendar year. The log must be posted no

57
later than February 1 of the following year and

remain posted until April 30. 1904.32 (a) and (b)
The OSHA 300 and 301 logs must be kept for
5 years following the year to which they relate.
1904.33(a) and 1904.44
Reinforced Steel
All protruding reinforced steel onto and into
which employees could fall shall be guarded to
eliminate the hazard of impalement. 1926.701(b)
Respiratory Protection
In emergencies, or when feasible engineering
or administrative controls are not effective in
controlling toxic substances, appropriate respira-
tory protective equipment shall be provided by
the employer and shall be used. 1910.134 made
applicable to construction by 1926.103(a)(1)
Respiratory protective devices shall be
approved by the National Institute for Occupa-
tional Safety and Health or acceptable to the
U.S. Department of Labor for the specific
contaminant to which the employee is exposed.
1910.134(d)(ii) made applicable to construc-
tion by 1926.103
Respiratory protective devices shall be appro-
priate for the hazardous material involved and the
extent and nature of the work requirements and
conditions. 1910.134(d)(i) made applicable to
OSHA 2202
58
Employees required to use respiratory protec-

tive devices shall be thoroughly trained in their
use. 1910.134(k) made applicable to
Respiratory protective equipment shall be
inspected regularly and maintained in good
condition. 1910.134(h) made applicable to
Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS)

Rollover protective structures (ROPS) apply to
the following types of materials handling equip-
ment: all rubber-tired, self-propelled scrapers,
rubber-tired frontend loaders, rubber-tired dozers,
wheel-type agricultural and industrial tractors,
crawler tractors, crawler-type loaders, and motor
graders, with or without attachments, that are
used in construction work. This requirement does
not apply to sideboom pipelaying tractors.
1926.1000(a)(1)
Safety Nets
Safety nets must be installed as close as practi-
cable under the walking/working surface on
which employees are working, but in no case
more than 30 feet (91.4 meters) below such level.
When nets are used on bridges, the potential fall
area from the walking/working surface to the net
shall be unobstructed. 1926.502(c)(1)
Safety nets and their installations must be
capable of absorbing an impact force equal to that
produced by the drop test. 1926.502(c)(4)

59
Saws
Band Saws
All portions of band saw blades shall be
enclosed or guarded, except for the working
portion of the blade between the bottom of the
guide rolls and the table. 1926.304(f) incorpo-
rated by reference from ANSI 01.1-1961,
Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery
Band saw wheels shall be fully encased.
1926.304(f) incorporated by reference from
ANSI 01.1-1961, Safety Code for Woodworking
Machinery
Portable Circular Saws

Portable, power-driven circular saws shall be
equipped with guards above and below the base
plate or shoe. The lower guard shall cover the
saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the
minimum arc required to allow proper retraction
and contact with the work, and shall automati-
cally return to the covering position when the
blade is removed from the work. 1926.304(d)
Circular saws shall have a constant pressure
switch that will shut off the power when the
pressure is released. 1926.300(d)(3)
Radial Saws
Radial saws shall have an upper guard that
completely encloses the upper half of the saw
blade. The sides of the lower exposed portion of
the blade shall be guarded by a device that will
automatically adjust to the thickness of and
remain in contact with the material being cut.
1926.304(g)(1)
OSHA 2202
60
Radial saws used for ripping shall have

nonkickback fingers or dogs. 1926.304(f) incor-
porated by reference from ANSI 01.1-1961,
Radial saws shall be installed so that the
cutting head will return to the starting position
when released by the operator. 1926.304(f)
incorporated by reference from ANSI 01.1-
1961, Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery
Swing or Sliding Cut-Off Saws

All swing or sliding cut-off saws shall be
provided with a hood that will completely en-
close the upper half of the saw. 1926.304(f)
Limit stops shall be provided to prevent swing
or sliding type cut-off saws from extending
beyond the front or back edges of the table.
Machinery
Each swing or sliding cut-off saw shall be
provided with an effective device to return the
saw automatically to the back of the table when
released at any point of its travel. 1926.304(f)
Inverted sawing of sliding cut-off saws shall be
provided with a hood that will cover the part of
the saw that protrudes above the top of the table
or material being cut. 1926.304(f) incorporated
by reference from ANSI 01.1-1961, Safety Code
for Woodworking Machinery

61
Table Saws
Circular table saws shall have a hood over the
portion of the saw above the table, so mounted
that the hood will automatically adjust itself to
the thickness of and remain in contact with the
material being cut. 1926.304(h)(1)
Circular table saws shall have a spreader
aligned with the blade, spaced no more than
1/2-inch (1.27-centimeters) behind the largest
blade mounted in the saw. This provision does
not apply when grooving, dadoing, or rabbiting.
Machinery
Circular table saws used for ripping shall have
nonkickback fingers or dogs. 1926.304(f) incor-
porated by reference from ANSI 01.1-1961,
Feeder attachments shall have the feed rolls or
other moving parts covered or guarded so as to
protect the operator from hazardous points.
1926.304(c)
Scaffolds, General Requirements

Scaffolds are any temporary elevated platform
(supported or suspended) and its supporting
structure (including points of anchorage), used
for supporting employees or materials or both.
1926.450(b)
Each employee who performs work on a
scaffold shall be trained by a person qualified to
recognize the hazards associated with the type of
scaffold used and to understand the procedures to
control or minimize those hazards. The training
OSHA 2202
62
shall include such topics as the nature of any

electrical hazards, fall hazards, falling object
hazards, the maintenance and disassembly of the
fall protection systems, the use of the scaffold,
handling of materials, the capacity and the
maximum intended load. 1926.454(a)
Fall protection (guardrail systems and personal
fall arrest systems) must be provided for each
employee on a scaffold more than 10 feet (3.1
meters) above a lower level. 1926.451(g)(1)
Each scaffold and scaffold component shall
support without failure its own weight and at
least 4 times the maximum intended load applied
or transmitted to it. Suspension ropes and
connecting hardware must support 6 times the
intended load. Scaffolds and scaffold components
shall not be loaded in excess of their maximum
intended loads or rated capacities, whichever is
less. 1926.451(a)(1), (a)(4), (f)(1)
The scaffold platform shall be planked or
decked as fully as possible. 1926.451(b)(1)
The platform shall not deflect more than 1/60
of the span when loaded. 1926.451(f)(16)
The work area for each scaffold platform and
walkway shall be at least 18 inches (46 centime-
ters) wide. When the work area must be less than
18 inches (46 centimeters) wide, guardrails and/
or personal fall arrest systems shall still be used.
1926.451(b)(2)
Access must be provided when the scaffold
platforms are more than 2 feet (0.6 m) above or
below a point of access. Direct access is accept-
able when the scaffold is not more than 14 inches
(36 centimeters) horizontally and not more than

63
24 inches (61 centimeters) vertically from the

other surfaces. Crossbraces shall not be used as a
means of access. 1926.451(e)(1) and (e)(8)
A competent person shall inspect the scaffold,
scaffold components, and ropes on suspended
scaffolds before each work shift and after any
occurrence which could affect the structural
integrity and authorize prompt corrective action.
1926.450 (b), 451(f)(3), and (f)(10)
Scaffold, Bricklaying
Employees doing overhand bricklaying from a
supported scaffold shall be protected by a guard-
rail or personal fall arrest system on all sides
except the side where the work is being done.
1926.451(g)(1)(vi)
Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers

A competent person shall determine the feasi-
bility for safe access and fall protection for
employees erecting and dismantling supported
scaffolds. 1926.451(e) and (g)(2)
Scaffold, Fall Arrest Systems

Personal fall arrest systems include harnesses,
components of the harness/belt such as Dee-rings
and snaphooks, lifelines, and anchorage points of
5,000 pounds (22.2 kN.) 1926.451(g)(3) and
1926.502(d)(15)
OSHA 2202
64
Vertical or horizontal lifelines may be used.

1926.451(g)(3)(ii) through (iv)
Lifelines shall be independent of support lines
and suspension ropes and not attached to the
same anchorage point as the support or suspen-
sion ropes. 1926.451(g)(3)(iii) and (iv)
When working from an aerial lift, the fall arrest
system lanyard shall be attached to the boom or
basket. 1926.453(b)(2)(v)
Scaffold, Guardrails
Guardrails shall be installed along all open
sides and ends and before the scaffold is released
for use by employees other than the erection and
dismantling crews. Guardrails are not required on
the front edge of a platform if the front edge of
the platform is less than 14 inches (36 centime-
ters) from the face of the work. When plastering
and lathing is being done the distance is 18
inches (46 centimeters) or less from the front
edge. When outrigger scaffolds are attached to
supported scaffolds the distance is 3 inches (8
centimeters) or less from the front edge of the
outrigger. 1926.451(b)(3) and (g)(4)
The toprail for scaffolds must be 38 inches
(0.97 meters) to 45 inches (1.2 meters) from the
platform. Midrails are to be installed approxi-
mately halfway between the toprail and the
platform surface. Toeboards are to be used to
protect employees working below.
1926.451(g)(4)(ii) and (iii), 1926.451(j)(1)
When screens and mesh are used for guard-
rails, they shall extend from the top edge of the

65
guardrail system to the scaffold platform, and

along the entire opening between the supports.
1926.451(g)(4)(v)
Crossbracing is not acceptable as an entire
guardrail system but is acceptable for a toprail
when the crossing point of the two braces is
between 38 inches (0.9 meters) and 48 inches
(1.3 meters) above the work platform and for
midrails when between 20 inches (0.5 meters)
and 30 inches (0.8 meters) above the work plat-
form. The end points of the crossbracing shall be
no more then 48 inches (1.3 meters) apart
vertically. 1926.451(g)(4)(xv)
Scaffolds, Mobile
Support scaffold footings shall be level and
capable of supporting the loaded scaffold. The
legs, poles, frames, and uprights shall bear on
base plates and mud sills. 1926.451(c)(2)
Supported scaffold platforms shall be fully
planked or decked. 1926.451(b)
Each employee more than 10 feet above a
lower level shall be protected from falls or by
guardrails or a fall arrest system, except those on
single-point and two-point adjustable suspension
scaffolds. Each employee on a single-point and
two-point adjustable suspended scaffold shall be
protected by both a personal fall arrest system
and a guardrail. 1926.451(g)(1)
OSHA 2202
66
Scaffold, Planking
Scaffold planking shall be capable of support-
ing without failure its own weight and at least 4
times the intended load. Solid sawn wood,
fabricated planks, and fabricated platforms may
be used as scaffold planks, following the recom-
mendations by the manufacturer or a lumber
grading association or inspection agency. Tables
showing maximum permissible spans, rated load
capacity, nominal thickness, etc., are in Appendix
A of Subpart L (1)(b) and (c). 1926.451(a)(1)
Scaffolds, Supported
Supported scaffolds are platforms supported by
legs, outrigger beams, brackets, poles, uprights,
posts, frames, or similar rigid support. The
structural members, poles, legs, posts, frames,
and uprights, shall be plumb and braced to pre-
vent swaying and displacement. 1926.451(b) and (c)
Supported scaffolds poles, legs, posts, frames,
and uprights shall bear on base plates and mud
sills, or on another adequate firm foundation.
1926.451(c)(2)(i) and (ii)
Either the manufacturer’s recommendation or
the following placements shall be used for guys,
ties, and braces: install guys, ties, and braces at
the closest horizontal member to the 4:1 height
and repeat vertically with the top restraint no
further than the 4:1 height from the top:
Vertically
- every 20 feet (6.1 meters) or less for scaf-
folds less than 3 feet (0.9 meters) wide;
- every 26 feet (7.9 meters) or less for scaf-
folds more than 3 feet (0.9 meters) wide;

67
Horizontally
- at each end;
- at intervals not to exceed 30 feet (9.1
meters) from one end. 1926.451(c)
Scaffolds, Suspension
Each employee more than 10 feet (3.1 meters)
above a lower level shall be protected from
falling by guardrails and a personal fall arrest
system when working from single or two-point
suspended scaffolds and self-contained adjustable
scaffolds that are supported by ropes.
1926.451(g)(ii) and (iv)
Each employee 10 feet (3.1 meters) above a
lower level shall be protected from falling by a
personal fall arrest system when working from a
boatswain’s chair, ladder jack, needle beam, float,
or catenary scaffolds. 1926.451(g)(i)
Lifelines shall be independent of support lines
and suspension ropes and not attached to the
same anchorage point as the support or suspen-
sion ropes. 1926.451(g)(3)(iii) and (iv)
A competent person shall inspect the ropes for
defects prior to each workshift and after every
occurrence which could affect a rope’s integrity,
evaluate the direct connections that support the
load, and determine if two-point and multi-point
scaffolds are secured from swaying.
1926.451(d)(3)(i), (d)(10), (d)(18), (f)(3)
The use of repaired wire rope is prohibited.
1926.451(d)(7)
Tiebacks shall be secured to a structurally
sound anchorage on the building or structure.
OSHA 2202
68
Tiebacks shall not be secured to standpipes,

vents, other piping systems, or electrical conduit.
1926.451(d)(3)(ix) and (d)(5)
A single tieback shall be installed perpendicu-
lar to the face of the building or structure. Two
tie-backs installed at opposing angles are required
when a perpendicular tie back cannot be installed.
1926.451(d)(3)(x)
Only those items specifically designed as
counterweights shall be used. Sand, gravel,
masonry units, rolls of roofing felt, and other
such materials shall not be used as counter-
weights. 1926.451(d)(3)(ii) and (iii)
Counterweights used for suspended scaffolds
shall be made of materials that can not be easily
dislocated. 1926.451(d)(3)(ii)
Counterweights shall be secured by mechani-
cal means to the outrigger beams.
1926.451(d)(3)(iv)
Signs, Signals, and Barricades

Construction areas shall be posted with legible
traffic signs at points of hazard. 1926.200 (g)(1)
Barricades for protection of employees shall
conform to Part 6 of the Manual on Uniform
Traffic Control Devices. 1926.202
Silica
Appropriate engineering controls, personal
protective equipment, respirators, and work
practices shall be used to protect employees from

69
crystalline silica. 1926.55 and OSHA Special

Emphasis Program for Silicosis 5/2/96
Stairs
A stairway or ladder must be provided at all
worker points of access where there is a break in
elevation of 19 inches (48.3 centimeters) or more
and no ramp, runway, sloped embankment, or
personnel hoist is provided. 1926.1051(a)
Except during construction of the actual
stairway, skeleton metal frame structures and
steps must not be used (where treads and/or
landings are to be installed at a later date), unless
the stairs are fitted with secured temporary treads
and landings. 1926.1052(b)(2)
When there is only one point of access be-
tween levels, it must be kept clear to permit free
passage by workers. If free passage becomes
restricted, a second point of access must be
provided and used. 1926.1051(a)(3)
When there are more than two points of access
between levels, at least one point of access must
be kept clear. 1926.1051(a)(4)
All stairway and ladder fall protection systems
must be provided and installed as required by the
stairway and ladder rules before employees begin
work that requires them to use stairways or
ladders and their respective fall protection sys-
tems. 1926.1051(b)
Stairways that will not be a permanent part of
the structure on which construction work is
performed must have landings at least 30 inches
deep and 22 inches wide (76.2 x 55.9 centime-
ters) at every 12 feet (3.6 meters) or less of
vertical rise. 1926.1052(a)(1)
OSHA 2202
70
Stairways must be installed at least 30 de-

grees, and no more than 50 degrees, from the
horizontal. 1926.1052(a)(2)
Where doors or gates open directly onto a
stairway, a platform must be provided, and the
swing of the door shall not reduce the effective
width of the platform to less than 20 inches
(50.8 centimeters). 1926.1052(a)(4)
Except during construction of the actual
stairway, stairways with metal pan landings and
treads must not be used where the treads and/or
landings have not been filled in with concrete or
other material, unless the pans of the stairs and/
or landings are temporarily filled in with wood
or other material. All treads and landings must
be replaced when worn below the top edge of
the pan. 1926.1052(b)(1)
Stairways having four or more risers, or rising
more than 30 inches in height (76.2 centime-
ters), whichever is less, must have at least one
handrail. A stairrail also must be installed along
each unprotected side or edge. When the top
edge of a stairrail system also serves as a hand-
rail, the height of the top edge must not be more
than 37 inches (93.9 centimeters) nor less than
36 inches (91.4 centimeters) from the upper
surface of the stairrail to the surface of the tread
in line with face of riser at forward edge of
tread. 1926.1052(c)(1)(i) through (ii)
Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical
members, or equivalent intermediate structural
members must be provided between the top rail
and stairway steps of the stairrail system.
1926.1052(c)(4)

71
Midrails, when used, must be located midway

between the top of the stairrail system and the
stairway steps. 1926.1052(c)(4)(i)
The height of handrails must not be more than
37 inches (93.9 centimeters) nor less than 30
inches (76.2 centimeters) from the upper surface
of the handrail to the surface of the tread in line
with face of riser at forward edge of tread.
1926.1052(c)(6)
The height of the top edge of a stairrail system
used as a handrail must not be more than 37
inches (93.9 centimeters) nor less than 36 inches
(91.4 centimeters) from the upper surface of the
stairrail system to the surface of the tread in line
with face of riser at forward edge of tread.
1926.1052(c)(7)
Temporary handrails must have a minimum
clearance of 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) between
the handrail and walls, stairrail systems, and
other objects. 1926.1052(c)(11)
Unprotected sides and edges of stairway
landings must be provided with guardrail
systems. 1926.1052(c)(12)
Steel Erection
Each employee engaged in a steel erection
activity who is on a walking/working surface
with an unprotected side or edge more than 15
feet (4.6 meters) above a lower level shall be
protected from fall hazards by guardrail systems,
safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems,
positioning device systems or fall restraint sys-
tems. 1926.760(a)(1)
OSHA 2202
72
Connectors more than two stories or 30 feet

(9.1 meters) above a lower level, whichever is
less or at heights over 15 feet and up to 30 feet
above a lower level shall be protected with a
personal fall arrest system, positioning device
system or fall restraint, or be provided with other
means of protection from fall hazards.
1926.760(b)(1) and (3)
Training shall be provided for all employees
exposed to fall hazards. Special training shall be
provided to connectors, workers in controlled
decking zones, and those rigging for multiple
lifts. 1926.761(c)
Steel erection begins when written notification
that the concrete in the footings, piers, and walls
or the mortar in the masonry piers and walls has
attained the strength to support the loads imposed
during steel erection. 1926.752(b)
Columns shall be anchored by a minimum of
four anchor rods (anchor bolts). 1926.755(a)(1)
Solid web structural members shall be secured
with at least two bolts per connection before
being released from the hoisting line.
1926.756(a)(1)
Open web joists must be field bolted at each
end of the bottom chord before being released
from the hoisting line. 1926.757(a)(1)(iii)
Decking shall be laid tightly and secured.
1926.754(e)(5)
Controlled decking zones shall be clearly
marked and only those employees engaged in
leading edge permitted to work in the area.
1926.759(c)

73
Cranes used in steel erection shall be inspected

prior to each shift by a competent person. Routes
for suspended load shall be planned to ensure no
employee is required to work directly under the
load except for connecting or hooking or unhook-
ing. Hooks with self-closing latches shall be
used. All loads shall be rigged by a qualified
rigger. Multiple lifts shall hoist a maximum of
five members. 1926.753(b)(1), (d) and (e)
Storage
All materials stored in tiers shall be secured to
prevent sliding, falling, or collapsing.
1926.250(a)(1)
Aisles and passageways shall be kept clear and
in good repair. 1926.250(a)(3)
Storage of materials shall not obstruct exits.
1926.151(d)(1)
Materials shall be stored with due regard to
their fire characteristics. 1926.151(d)(2)
Tire Cages
A safety tire rack, cage, or equivalent protec-
tion shall be provided and used when inflating,
mounting, or dismounting tires installed on split
rims, or rims equipped with locking rings or
similar devices. 1926.600(a)(2)
Toeboards
Toeboards, when used to protect workers from
falling objects, shall be erected along the edge of
the overhead walking/working surface.
1926.502(j)(1)
OSHA 2202
74
A standard toeboard shall be at least 3-1/2

inches (9 centimeters) in height and may be of
any substantial material either solid or open, with
openings not to exceed 1 inch (2.54 centimeters)
in greatest dimension. 1926.502(j)(3)
Toilets
Toilets shall be provided according to the
following: 20 or fewer persons—one facility;
20 or more persons—one toilet seat and one
urinal per 40 persons; 200 or more persons—one
toilet seat and one urinal per 50 workers.
1926.51(c)(1)
This requirement does not apply to mobile
crews having transportation readily available to
nearby toilet facilities. 1926.51(c)(4)
Underground Construction
The employer shall provide and maintain safe
means of access and egress to all work stations.
1926.800(b)
The employer shall control access to all open-
ings to prevent unauthorized entry underground.
Unused chutes, manways, or other openings shall
be tightly covered, bulkheaded, or fenced off, and
shall be posted with signs indicating “Keep Out”
or similar language. Complete or unused sections
of the underground facility shall be barricaded.
1926.800(b)(3)
Unless underground facilities are sufficiently
completed so that the permanent environmental
controls are effective and the remaining construc-
tion activity will not cause any environmental
75
hazard or structural failure within the facilities,

the employer shall maintain a check-in/check-out
procedure that will ensure that aboveground
designated personnel can determine an accurate
count of the number of persons underground in
the event of an emergency. 1926.800(c)
All employees shall be instructed to recognize
and avoid hazards associated with underground
construction activities. 1926.800(d)
Hazardous classifications are for “potentially
gassy” and “gassy” operations. 1926.800(h)
The employer shall assign a competent person
to perform all air monitoring to determine proper
ventilation and quantitative measurements of
potentially hazardous gases. 1926.800(j)(1)(i)(a)
Fresh air shall be supplied to all underground
work areas in sufficient quantities to prevent
dangerous or harmful accumulation of dust,
fumes, mists, vapors, or gases. 1926.800(k)(1)(i)
Wall Openings, Underground Construction

Each employee working on, at, above, or near
wall openings (including those with chutes
attached) where the outside bottom edge of the
wall opening is 6 feet (1.8 meters) or more above
lower levels and the inside bottom edge of the
wall opening is less than 39 inches (1 meter)
above the walking/working surface must be
protected from falling by the use of a guardrail
system, a safety net system, or a personal fall
arrest system. 1926.501(b)(14)
When an employee is exposed to falling
objects, the employer must ensure that each
OSHA 2202
76
employee wear a hard hat and erect toeboards,

screens, or guardrail systems; or erect a canopy
structure and keep potential fall objects far
enough from the edge of the higher level; or
barricade the area to which objects could fall.
1926.501(c)
Washing Facilities, Underground Construction

The employers shall provide adequate washing
facilities for employees engaged in operations
involving harmful substances. 1926.51(f)
Washing facilities shall be near the worksite
and shall be so equipped as to enable employees
to remove all harmful substances. 1926.51(f)
Welding, Cutting, and Heating

Employers shall instruct employees in the safe
use of welding equipment. 1926.350(d) and
1926.351(d)
Proper precautions (isolating welding and
cutting, removing fire hazards from the vicinity,
providing a fire watch) for fire prevention shall be
taken in areas where welding or other “hot work”
is being done. No welding, cutting, or heating
shall be done where the application of flammable
paints, or the presence of other flammable com-
pounds or heavy dust concentrations creates a fire
hazard. 1926.352(a) through (c) & (f)
Arc welding and cutting operations shall be
shielded by noncombustible or flameproof
screens to protect employees and other persons in
the vicinity from direct arc rays. 1926.351(e)

77
When electrode holders are to be left unat-

tended, the electrodes shall be removed and the
holder shall be placed or protected so that they
cannot make electrical contact with employees or
conducting objects. 1926.351(d)(1)
All arc welding and cutting cables shall be
completely insulated and be capable of handling
the maximum current requirements for the job.
There shall be no repairs or splices within 10 feet
(3 meters) of the electrode holder, except where
splices are insulated equal to the insulation of the
cable. Defective cable shall be repaired or
replaced. 1926.351(b)(1) through (2) and (4)
Fuel gas and oxygen hose shall be easily
distinguishable and shall not be interchangeable.
Hoses shall be inspected at the beginning of each
shift and shall be repaired or replaced if defec-
tive. 1926.350(f)(1) and (3)
General mechanical ventilation, local exhaust
ventilation, air line respirators, and other protec-
tion shall be provided, as required, when welding,
cutting or heating:
• Zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, or
materials bearing, based, or coated with
beryllium in enclosed spaces;
• Stainless steel with inert-gas equipment;
• In confined spaces; and
• Where an unusual condition can cause an
unsafe accumulation of contaminants.
1926.353(b)(1), (c)(1)(i) through (iv),
(c)(2)(i) through (iv), (d)(1)(iv), and (e)(1)
OSHA 2202
78
Proper eye protective equipment to prevent

exposure of personnel shall be provided.
1926.353(e)(2)
Wire Ropes, Chains, and Ropes

Wire ropes, chains, ropes, and other rigging
equipment shall be inspected prior to use and as
necessary during use to ensure their safety.
Defective gear shall be removed from service.
1926.251(a)(1)
Job or shop hooks and links or makeshift
fasteners formed from bolts, rods, or other such
attachments shall not be used. 1926.251(b)(3)
When U-bolts are used for eye splices, the U-
bolt shall be applied so that the “U” section is in
contact with the dead end of the rope.
1926.251(c)(5)(i)
When U-bolt wire rope clips are used to form
eyes, the following table shall be used to deter-
mine the number and spacing of clips.
1926.251(c)(5)
Woodworking Machinery
All fixed power-driven woodworking tools
shall be provided with a disconnect switch that
can be either locked or tagged in the off position.
1926.304(a)
All woodworking tools and machinery shall
meet applicable requirements of ANSI 01.1-1961,
Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery.
1926.304(f)

79
Number and Spacing of U-Bolt Wire

Rope Clips
Improved plow Number of clips Minimum

steel, rope Drop Other spacing
diameter (inches) forged material (inches)
1/2 (1.27 cm) 3 4 3 (7.62cm)
5/8 (.625 cm) 3 4 3-3/4 (8.37 cm)
3/4 (.75 cm) 4 5 4-1/2 (11.43 cm)
7/8 (.875 cm) 4 5 5-1/4 (12.95 cm)
1 (2.54 cm) 5 6 6 (15.24 cm)
1-1/8 (2.665 cm) 6 6 6-3/4 (15.99cm)
1-1/4 (2.79 cm) 6 7 7-1/2 (19.05cm)
1-3/8 (2.915 cm) 7 7 8-1/4 (20.57cm)
1-1/2 (3.81 cm) 7 8 9 (22.86 cm)
1926.251(c)(5)
OSHA 2202
80 OSHA Programs, Services, and Products
OSHA can provide extensive help through a

variety of programs, including assistance about
safety and health programs, state plans, work-
place consultations, voluntary protection pro-
grams, strategic partnerships, training and educa-
tion, and more.
State Programs
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of
1970 (OSH Act) encourages states to develop and
operate their own job safety and health plans.
OSHA approves and monitors these plans. There
are currently 26 state plans: 23 cover both
private and public (state and local government)
employment; 3 states, Connecticut, New Jersey,
and New York, cover the public sector only.
States and territories with their own OSHA-
approved occupational safety and health plans
must adopt and enforce standards identical to, or
at least as effective as, the federal standards and
provide extensive programs of voluntary compli-
ance and technical assistance, including consulta-
tion services.
Consultation Services
Consultation assistance is available on request
to employers who want help in establishing and
maintaining a safe and healthful workplace.
Funded largely by OSHA, the service is provided
at no cost to the employer. Primarily developed
for smaller employers with more hazardous
operations, the consultation service is delivered
by state governments employing professional
safety and health consultants. Comprehensive
assistance includes a hazard survey of the

81
worksite and appraisal of all aspects of the

employer’s existing safety and health manage-
ment system. In addition, the service offers
assistance to employers in developing and imple-
menting an effective safety and health manage-
ment system. No penalties are proposed or
citations issued for hazards identified by the
consultant. The employer’s only obligation is to
correct all identified serious hazards within the
agreed-upon correction time frame. OSHA
provides consultation assistance to the employer
with the assurance that his or her name and firm
and any information about the workplace will not
be routinely reported to OSHA enforcement staff.
Under the consultation program, certain exem-
plary employers may request participation in
OSHA’s Safety and Health Achievement Recog-
nition Program (SHARP). Eligibility for partici-
pation in SHARP includes, but is not limited to,
receiving a full-service, comprehensive consulta-
tion visit, correcting all identified hazards, and
developing an effective safety and health program
management system.
Employers accepted into SHARP may receive
an exemption from programmed inspections (not
complaint or accident investigation inspections)
for a period of 1 year initially, or 2 years upon
renewal. For more information concerning con-
sultation assistance, see the list of consultation
projects listed at the end of this publication.
Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP)

Voluntary Protection Programs and onsite
consultation services, when coupled with an
effective enforcement program, expand worker
protection to help meet the goals of the OSH Act.
OSHA 2202
82
The three levels of VPP—Star, Merit, and Dem-

onstration—are designed to recognize outstand-
ing achievements by companies that have devel-
oped and implemented effective safety and health
management systems. The VPPs motivate others
to achieve excellent safety and health results in
the same outstanding way as they establish a
cooperative relationship between employers,
employees, and OSHA. For additional informa-
tion on VPPs and how to apply, contact the
OSHA regional offices listed at the end of this
publication.
Strategic Partnership Program

OSHA’s Strategic Partnership Program, the
newest of OSHA’s cooperative programs, helps
encourage, assist, and recognize the efforts of
partners to eliminate serious workplace hazards
and achieve a high level of worker safety and
health. Whereas OSHA’s Consultation Program
and VPP entail one-on-one relationships between
OSHA and individual worksites, most strategic
partnerships seek to have a broader impact by
building cooperative relationships with groups of
employers and employees. These partnerships are
voluntary, cooperative relationships between
OSHA, employers, employee representatives, and
others such as trade unions, trade and profes-
sional associations, universities, and other gov-
ernment agencies.
For more information on this program, contact
your nearest OSHA office, or visit OSHA’s
website at www.osha.gov.

83
Training and Education

OSHA’s area offices offer a variety of informa-
tion services, such as compliance assistance,
technical advice, publications, audiovisual aids,
and speakers for special engagements. OSHA’s
Training Institute in Des Plaines, IL, provides
basic and advanced courses in safety and health
for federal and state compliance officers, state
consultants, federal agency personnel, and
private sector employers, employees, and their
representatives.
The OSHA Training Institute also has estab-
lished OSHA Training Institute Education Cen-
ters to address the increased demand for its
courses from the private sector and from other
federal agencies. These centers are nonprofit
colleges, universities, and other organizations that
have been selected after a competition for partici-
pation in the program.
OSHA awards grants through its Susan
Harwood Training Grant Program to nonprofit
organizations to provide safety and health train-
ing and education to employers and workers in
the workplace. The grants focus on programs
that will educate workers and employers in small
business (fewer than 250 employees), training
workers and employers about new OSHA stan-
dards or about high-risk activities or hazards.
Grants are awarded for 1 year and may be re-
newed for an additional 12-month period depend-
ing on whether the grantee has performed satis-
factorily.
OSHA expects each organization awarded a
grant to develop a training and/or education
program that addresses a safety and health topic
OSHA 2202
84
named by OSHA, recruit workers and employers

for the training, and conduct the training. Grant-
ees are also expected to follow up with people
who have been trained to find out what changes
were made to reduce the hazards in their work-
places as a result of the training.
Each year OSHA has a national competition
that is announced in the Federal Register and on
the Internet at www.osha-slc.gov/Training/
sharwood/sharwood.html. For more information
on grants, training, and education, contact the
OSHA Training Institute, Office of Training and
Education, 1555 Times Drive, Des Plaines, IL
60018; call (847) 297-4810, or see Outreach on
OSHA’s website at www.osha.gov.
Electronic Information
OSHA has a variety of materials and tools
available on its website at www.osha.gov. These
include eTools such as Expert Advisors and
Electronic Compliance Assistance Tools (eCATs),
Technical Links, regulations, directives, publica-
tions, videos, and other information for employ-
ers and employees. OSHA’s software programs
and compliance assistance tools “walk” you
through challenging safety and health issues and
common problems to find the best solutions for
your workplace.
OSHA’s CD-ROM includes standards, inter-
pretations, directives, and more and can be
purchased on CD-ROM from the U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office. To order, write to the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or

85
phone (202) 512-1800. Specify OSHA Regula-

tions, Documents and Technical Information on
CD-ROM (ORDT), GPO Order No. S/N 729-
013-00000-5.
Emergencies, Complaints, and

Further Assistance
To report an emergency, file a complaint, or seek
OSHA advice, assistance, or products, call (800)
321-OSHA or contact your nearest OSHA regional,
area, state plan, or consultation office listed at the end
of this publication. The teletypewriter (TTY) number
is (877) 889-5627.
You can also file a complaint online and obtain
more information on OSHA federal and state pro-
grams by visiting OSHA’s website at www.osha.gov.
OSHA 2202
86 OSHA Related Publications
OSHA Publications
OSHA has an extensive publications program. For a
listing of free or sales items, visit OSHA’s website at
www.osha.gov or contact the OSHA Publications
Office , U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA/OSHA
Publications, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N-3101,
Washington, DC 20013-7535. Telephone (202)
693-1888 or fax to (202) 693-2498.
All About OSHA–OSHA 2056
Asbestos Standard for the Construction
Industry–OSHA 3096
Chemical Hazard Communication–OSHA 3084
Cadmium in Construction–OSHA 3139
Cold Stress Card–OSHA 3156, 3158 (Spanish)
Concrete and Masonry Construction–
OSHA 3106
Consultation Services for the Employer–
OSHA 3047
Employee Workplace Rights–OSHA 3021
Employer Rights and Responsibilities Following an
OSHA Inspection–OSHA 3000
Excavation and Trenching–OSHA 2226
4,4' Methylendianilene (MDA) in the Construction
Industry–OSHA 3137
Fall Protection in Construction–OSHA 3146
Ground Fault Protection on Construction Sites–
OSHA 3007
Hand and Power Tools–OSHA 3080
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency
Response–OSHA 3114
Heat Stress Card–OSHA 3154, 3155 (Spanish)
Lead in Construction–OSHA 3142
Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne

87
Pathogens–OSHA 3127
Occupational Safety and Health Poster–OSHA 3165
Sling Safety–OSHA 3072
Sun Card–OSHA 3166, 3167 (Spanish)
Stairways and Ladders–OSHA 3124
Underground Construction (Tunneling)–
OSHA 3115
The following publications are available from the
U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington, DC 20402, (202) 512-1800,
(202) 512-2250 (fax). Call or check the GPO website
at www.gpo.gov for current price information. These
documents also are available at no cost online at
www.osha.gov.
Hazard Communication–A Compliance Guide–
OSHA 3104. Order No. 029-016-00147-6
Job Hazard Analysis–OSHA 3071. Order No.
029-016-00142-5
Job Safety & Health Quarterly. Order #JSH
OSHA Handbook for Small Businesses–OSHA 2209.
Order No. 029-106-0017-60
Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and
Training Guidelines–OSHA 2254. Order No.
029-016-00160-3
OSHA 2202
88 OSHA Regional Offices
Region I
(CT,* MA, ME, NH, RI, VT*)
JFK Federal Building, Room E340
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-9860
Region II
(NJ,* NY,* PR,* VI*)
201 Varick Street, Room 670
New York, NY 10014
(212) 337-2357
Region III
(DE, DC, MD,* PA,* VA,* WV)
The Curtis Center
170 S. Independence Mall West
Suite 740 West
Philadelphia, PA 19106-3309
(215) 861-4900
Region IV
(AL, FL, GA, KY,* MS, NC,* SC,* TN*)
SNAF
61 Forsyth Street SW, Room 6T50
Atlanta, GA 30303
(404) 562-2300
Region V
(IL, IN,* MI,* MN,* OH, WI)
230 South Dearborn Street, Room 3244
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 353-2220

89
Region VI
(AR, LA, NM,* OK, TX)
525 Griffin Street, Room 602
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 767-4731 or 4736 x224
Region VII
(IA,* KS, MO, NE)
City Center Square
1100 Main Street, Suite 800
Kansas City, MO 64105
(816) 426-5861
Region VIII
(CO, MT, ND, SD, UT*, WY*)
1999 Broadway, Suite 1690
Denver, CO 80202-5716
(303) 844-1600
Region IX
(American Samoa, AZ,* CA,* HI, NV,*
Northern Mariana Islands)
71 Stevenson Street, Room 420
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 975-4310
Region X
(AK,* ID, OR,* WA*)
1111 Third Avenue, Suite 715
Seattle, WA 98101-3212
(206) 553-5930
*These states and territories operate their own OSHA-

approved job safety and health programs (Connecticut,
New Jersey, and New York plans cover public employees
only). States with approved programs must have a standard
that is identical to, or at least as effective as, the federal
standard.
OSHA 2202
90 OSHA Area Offices
Birmingham, AL ......................... (205) 731-1534

Mobile, AL ................................. (251) 441-6131
Anchorage, AK ........................... (907) 271-5152
Little Rock, AR .................(501) 324-6291(5818)
Phoenix, AZ ................................ (602) 640-2348
San Diego, CA ............................ (619) 557-5909
Sacramento, CA .......................... (916) 566-7471
Denver, CO ................................. (303) 844-5285
Greenwood Village, CO .............. (303) 843-4500
Bridgeport, CT ............................ (203) 579-5581
Hartford, CT ............................... (860) 240-3152
Wilmington, DE .......................... (302) 573-6518
Fort Lauderdale, FL .................... (954) 424-0242
Jacksonville, FL .......................... (904) 232-2895
Tampa, FL ................................... (813) 626-1177
Savannah, GA ............................. (912) 652-4393
Smyrna, GA ................................ (770) 984-8700
Tucker, GA .............. (770) 493-6644/6742/8419
Des Moines, IA ........................... (515) 284-4794
Boise, ID ..................................... (208) 321-2960
Calumet City, IL ......................... (708) 891-3800
Des Plaines, IL ............................ (847) 803-4800
Fairview Heights, IL ................... (618) 632-8612
North Aurora, IL ......................... (630) 896-8700
Peoria, IL .................................... (309) 671-7033
Indianapolis, IN .......................... (317) 226-7290
Wichita, KS................................. (316) 269-6644
Frankfort, KY ............................. (502) 227-7024
Baton Rouge, LA .............(225) 389-0474 (0431)
Braintree, MA ............................. (617) 565-6924
Methuen, MA ............................. (617) 565-8110
Springfield, MA .......................... (413) 785-0123
Linthicum, MD .................. (410) 865-2055/2056
Bangor, ME................................. (207) 941-8177
Portland, ME ............................... (207) 780-3178
August, ME ................................. (207) 622-8417
Lansing, MI ................................ (517) 327-0904
Minneapolis, MN ....................... (612) 664- 5460
Kansas City, MO......................... (816) 483-9531

91
St. Louis, MO ............................. (314) 425-4249

Jackson, MS ................................ (601) 965-4606
Billings, MT ............................... (406) 247-7494
Raleigh, NC ................................ (919) 856-4770
Omaha, NE ................................. (402) 221-3182
Bismark, ND ............................... (701) 250-4521
Concord, NH ............................... (603) 225-1629
Avenel, NJ................................... (732) 750-3270
Hasbrouck Heights, NJ ............... (201) 288-1700
Marlton, NJ ................................. (856) 757-5181
Parsippany, NJ ............................ (973) 263-1003
Carson City, NV ......................... (775) 885-6963
Albany, NY ................................. (518) 464-4338
Bayside, NY ............................... (718) 279-9060
Bowmansville, NY ..................... (716) 684-3891
New York, NY............................. (212) 337-2636
North Syracuse, NY .................... (315) 451-0808
Tarrytown, NY ............................ (914) 524-7510
Westbury, NY ............................. (516) 334-3344
Cincinnati, OH ............................ (513) 841-4132
Cleveland, OH ............................ (216) 522-3818
Columbus, OH ............................ (614) 469-5582
Toledo, OH ................................. (419) 259-7542
Oklahoma City, OK .................... (405) 278-9560
Portland, OR ............................... (503) 326-2251
Allentown, PA ............................. (610) 776-0592
Erie, PA ....................................... (814) 833-5758
Harrisburg, PA ............................ (717) 782-3902
Philadelphia, PA ......................... (215) 597-4955
Pittsburgh, PA ............................. (412) 395-4903
Wilkes-Barre, PA ........................ (570) 826-6538
Guaynabo, PR ............................. (787) 277-1560
Providence, RI ............................ (401) 528-4669
Columbia, SC ............................. (803) 765-5904
Nashville, TN .............................. (615) 781-5423
Austin, TX .......................(512) 916-5783 (5788)
Corpus Christi, TX ..................... (361) 888-3420
Dallas, TX ........................(214) 320-2400 (2558)
El Paso, TX ................................. (915) 534-6251
OSHA 2202
92
Fort Worth, TX......... (817) 428-2470 (485-7647)

Houston, TX ....................(281) 591-2438 (2787)
Houston, TX .......... (281) 286-0583/0584 (5922)
Lubbock, TX ....................(806) 472-7681 (7685)
Salt Lake City, UT ...................... (801) 530-6901
Norfolk, VA ................................ (757) 441-3820
Bellevue, WA .............................. (206) 553-7520
Appleton, WI .............................. (920) 734-4521
Eau Claire, WI ............................ (715) 832-9019
Madison, WI ............................... (608) 264-5388
Milwaukee, WI ........................... (414) 297-3315
Charleston, WV .......................... (304) 347-5937

OSHA Consultation Projects 93
Anchorage, AK ........................... (907) 269-4957

Tuscaloosa, AL ........................... (205) 348-3033
Little Rock, AR ........................... (501) 682-4522
Phoenix, AZ ................................ (602) 542-1695
Sacramento, CA .......................... (916) 263-2856
Fort Collins, CO ......................... (970) 491-6151
Wethersfield, CT ......................... (860) 566-4550
Washington, DC .......................... (202) 541-3727
Wilmington, DE .......................... (302) 761-8219
Tampa, FL ................................... (813) 974-9962
Atlanta, GA ................................. (404) 894-2643
Tiyam, GU ............................9-1-(671) 475-1101
Honolulu, HI ............................... (808) 586-9100
Des Moines, IA ........................... (515) 281-7629
Boise, ID ..................................... (208) 426-3283
Chicago, IL ................................. (312) 814-2337
Indianapolis, IN .......................... (317) 232-2688
Topeka, KS ................................. (785) 296-2251
Frankfort, KY ............................. (502) 564-6895
Baton Rouge, LA ........................ (225) 342-9601
West Newton, MA ...................... (617) 727-3982
Laurel, MD ................................. (410) 880-4970
Augusta, ME ............................... (207) 624-6400
Lansing, MI ................................ (517) 322-1809
Saint Paul, MN ........................... (651) 284-5060
Jefferson City, MO...................... (573) 751-3403
Pearl, MS .................................... (601) 939-2047
Helena, MT ................................. (406) 444-6418
Raleigh, NC ................................ (919) 807-2905
Bismarck, ND ............................. (701) 328-5188
Lincoln, NE ................................ (402) 471-4717
Concord, NH ............................... (603) 271-2024
Trenton, NJ ................................. (609) 292-3923
Santa Fe, NM .............................. (505) 827-4230
Albany, NY ................................. (518) 457-2238
Henderson, NV ........................... (702) 486-9140
Columbus, OH ............................ (614) 644-2631
Oklahoma City, OK .................... (405) 528-1500
Salem, OR ................................... (503) 378-3272
OSHA 2202
94
Indiana, PA ................................. (724) 357-2396

Hato Rey, PR .............................. (787) 754-2171
Providence, RI ............................ (401) 222-2438
Columbia, SC ............................. (803) 734-9614
Brookings, SD ............................ (605) 688-4101
Nashville, TN .............................. (615) 741-7036
Austin, TX .................................. (512) 804-4640
Salt Lake City, UT ...................... (801) 530-6901
Montpelier, VT ........................... (802) 828-2765
Richmond, VA ............................ (804) 786-6359
Christiansted St. Croix, VI .......... (809) 772-1315
Olympia, WA .............................. (360) 902-5638
Madison, WI ............................... (608) 266-9383
Waukesha, WI ............................. (262) 523-3044
Charleston, WV .......................... (304) 558-7890
Cheyenne, WY ............................ (307) 777-7786

Construction Focused Inspection Guidelines
This guideline is to assist the compliance officer to determine if there is an effective project plan to qualify for a Focused Inspection.
YES/NO
PROJECT SAFETY AND HEALTH COORDINATION: Are there procedures in place by the general contractor, prime
contractor, or other such entity to ensure that all employers provide adequate protection for their employees?
Is there a DESIGNATED COMPETENT PERSON responsible for the implementation and monitoring of the project

safety and health plan who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards and has authority to take
prompt corrective measures?
PROJECT SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM/PLAN* that complies with 1926 Subpart C and addresses, based upon
the size and complexity of the project, the following:
Project Safety Analysis at initiation and at critical stages that describes the sequence, procedures, and responsible
individuals for safe construction.
Identification of work/activities requiring planning, design, inspection, or supervision by an engineer, competent
person, or other professional.
Evaluation monitoring of subcontractors to determine conformance with the Project Plan.(The Project Plan may
include, or be utilized by subcontractors.)
Supervisor and employee training according to the Project Plan including recognition, reporting, and avoidance of
hazards, and applicable standards.
Procedures for controlling hazardous operations such as cranes, scaffolding, trenches, confined spaces, hot work,
explosives, hazardous materials, leading edges, etc.
Documentation of training, permits, hazard reports, inspections, uncorrected hazards, incidents, and near misses.
Employee involvement in the hazard analysis, prevention, avoidance, correction, and reporting.
Project emergency response plan.
* FOR EXAMPLES, SEE OWNER AND CONTRACTOR ASSOCIATION MODEL PROGRAMS, ANSI A10.33, A10.38, ETC.
The walkaround and interviews confirmed that the Plan has been implemented, including:
The four leading hazards are addressed: falls, struck by, caught in\between, electrical.
Hazards are identified and corrected with preventative measures instituted in a timely manner.
Employees and supervisors are knowledgeable of the project safety and health plan, avoidance of hazards,
applicable standards, and their rights and responsibilities.
THE PROJECT QUALIFIED FOR A FOCUSED INSPECTION.
OSHA 2202

OSHA 2202-Construction Industry Digest 18000

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Construction

Construction Industry Digest

Emphasis Programs ........................................... 4

Other Initiatives ................................................ 5

Safety and Health Management Systems ........ 6

Frequently Used Standards in Construction ... 13

Access to Medical and Exposure Records ....... 13

Flammable and Combustible Liquids .............. 34

Construction Industry Digest

Recordkeeping: Recording and Reporting

OSHA Programs, Services, and Products......... 80

OSHA Related Publications .............................. 86

OSHA Regional Offices ..................................... 88

OSHA Area Offices ............................................ 90

OSHA Consultation Projects ............................. 93

Construction Industry Digest

The Construction Industry safety and health

Copies of OSHA standards and additional

Construction Industry Digest

OSHA advises and encourages employers and

OSHA uses Special Emphasis Programs

Construction Industry Digest

Other hazards in the construction industry

What is an occupational safety and

Construction Industry Digest

In implementing a safety and health manage-

• Provide adequate authority and resources to

Construction Industry Digest

• Perform routine job hazard analyses.

3. Hazard Prevention and Control

Construction Industry Digest

• Plan and prepare for emergencies, and

4. Safety and Health Training

Training programs for supervisors should

Construction Industry Digest

Access to Medical and Exposure Records

When operating aerial lifts, employers must

Construction Industry Digest

• Any employee performing Class I work

Belt Sanding Machines

Chains (See Wire Ropes, Chains, and Hooks)

Compressed Air, Use of

Construction Industry Digest

This requirement does not apply to concrete

Compressed Gas Cylinders

Concrete and Masonry Construction

portion of the structure is capable of supporting

Construction Industry Digest

(610) 832-9585). 1926.703(e)(1)(i) through

Cranes and Derricks

Construction Industry Digest

Except where electrical distribution and trans-

The dive shall be terminated when a diver

(2) An assured equipment grounding conductor

Construction Industry Digest

temporary and portable lights must be designed for

Electrical Work Practices

equipment will not be used as a passageway

Excavating and Trenching

Construction Industry Digest