1

1 State the colour change when excess aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of litmus
in dilute sulfuric acid.

from ..........................................................................................................................................

to .............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

2 (a) Describe how universal indicator can be used to find the pH of an acidic solution.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Choose the pH value that is acidic.

Draw a circle around your answer.

pH 2 pH 7 pH 10 pH 14

[1]

[Total: 3]

3 When potassium is added to water, it reacts vigorously and a coloured flame is seen.

The equation for the reaction is shown.

2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

The solution formed is potassium hydroxide, a strong alkali.

(a) State the formula of the ion responsible for alkalinity in a solution.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State the colour of litmus in a strong alkali.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

4 Sodium reacts vigorously with water to form aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH, which is a strong
base.

(a) Explain in terms of proton transfer what is meant by a base.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(b) State a pH number that indicates the presence of a strong alkali.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) State the colour of methyl orange in aqueous sodium hydroxide.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

5 Complete the word equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with calcium oxide.

hydrochloric calcium ..........................................

+ → + ..................................
acid oxide
..........................................

[2]

[Total: 2]

6 Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, is slightly soluble in water.

When calcium hydroxide dissolves in water, it dissociates into ions and forms a weakly alkaline
solution.

(a) Suggest the pH of aqueous calcium hydroxide.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Give the formula of the ion responsible for making the solution alkaline.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

7 Hydrogen chloride is produced when chlorine reacts with ammonia.

An aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride is acidic.

Describe how you could determine the pH of an acidic solution without using a pH meter.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

8 A student’s graph of how the pH changes when aqueous ammonia is added slowly to dilute ethanoic
acid is shown.
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12

10

pH

0
0 10 20 30 40
volume of aqueous
ammonia added / cm3

(a) Deduce the pH of the dilute ethanoic acid before the addition of aqueous ammonia.

pH = ............................... [1]

(b) Deduce the volume of aqueous ammonia added when the pH is neutral.
3
................................. cm [1]

[Total: 2]

9 Ethanoic acid is a weak acid and hydrochloric acid is a strong acid.

Both ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid dissociate in aqueous solution.

(a) Define the term acid.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(b) The chemical equation shows the changes which occur when the strong acid,
hydrochloric acid, is added to water.
+ –
HCl(aq) → H (aq) + Cl (aq)

Complete the chemical equation to show the changes which occur when the weak acid,
ethanoic acid, is added to water.

CH3COOH(aq) .................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 3]

10 Ethanoic acid is a weak acid.

(a) When referring to an acid, what is meant by the term weak?

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Describe how you could show that ethanoic acid is a weaker acid than hydrochloric acid.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 4]
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11 Aqueous ammonia is added slowly to a beaker containing hydrochloric acid.

The graph below shows how the pH of the solution in the flask changes as the aqueous ammonia
is added.

10

pH

0
0 10 20 30 40
3
volume of aqueous ammonia / cm

What was the pH of the hydrochloric acid at the start of the experiment?

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

12 Measuring pH is one way of distinguishing between a strong acid and a weak acid.
Describe another method.

method ....................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

results .....................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
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13 Which reaction will result in a decrease in pH?

A adding calcium hydroxide to acid soil

B adding citric acid to sodium hydrogencarbonate solution
C adding sodium chloride to silver nitrate solution
D adding sodium hydroxide to hydrochloric acid
[1]

[Total: 1]