CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED THEORY

A. Theoretical Review
Literature is personal expression of man, which comes from
experiences, thinking, spirit, and conviction in the real description, which
around feeling of the reader. Literary work describes life, which are poured
by the author’s imagination to influence the reader thinking. Some authors
describe the situation and some characters that make the reader as if the cast
who are in that situation. In the literature an author will cause his character to
be had in certain truth and certain fact. And he always concerned about how
truth and fact related to each other (Jones, 1968:3). Thus will make readers
can imagine themselves in situations and be like he was reading. And
probably no two readers get exactly the same thoughts and feelings from
something they read, because their past experiences have been different
(Pandopo, 2005:115). And this will be a special meaning for readers. As
already mentioned above, the literature has no meaning without a meaning by
the reader. Therefore in giving meaning to a literature that we have mastered
the language code used in the text. In addition, Some experiences and
knowledge are required of the reader to make judgment. Thus we can feel the
function of literature as expressed by the dulce et utile Horace can be
translated as an entertainment and teaching or working or playing and
terminal values and instrumental values, or art and propaganda, "or art for art,
and art as a unifying ritual and community culture (Wellek and Warren, 1977:
316).

B. Intrinsic Element
The intrinsic elements in literature usually consist of several types,
namely those related to themes, characters, settings, storylines, and points of
view. The story is presented with a focus on intrinsic elements. They are story
building elements that cannot stand alone because each element has a role in
building a story. They must be related to one another in order to build a good

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story from these important elements. Here the author focuses on one form
element, which is plot or storyline.
As previously known, the plot is a message to the reader that is
conveyed through a story line by presenting content. With the addition of
causality, internal and external struggle conflicts between the main character
and opposing forces make a plot or story line. Conflict divides two types.
Internal conflicts are conflicts between the main character and himself.
External conflicts occur between the main character with other characters,
society, or natural forces that are included in fate. (Kuehner, 1999: 2)
It has been defined as a writer who meticulously arranges incidents in
the narrative to achieve the effect of desire. (Kuehner 1999: 1), There are
events and actions to present artistic and emotional effects. (Abram, 1999:
244)
In order for the reader to understand the situation in the story, the plot
usually begins with the exposition as explanatory information. Starting an
accident in the plot consists of exposition, explanatory information to the
reader about the setting or situation, increased action, and finally
complications. Then the action rises to the top as the desire for the most
stories. Climax has been defined as the biggest point of conflict, the high
emotional point, the turning point in the plot, or the point where one of the
opposing forces gains. In addition, it comes down to resolution as a way out
of action and the resolution of the climax falls. Sharpness, the plot has six
structural elements: exposition, accident start, upward action, climax,
downfall and resolution. (Kuehner, 1999: 5)
An important plot for a story as a chronological path to share ideas or
messages from the author.

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C. Conflict in The Literature
Conflict is struggle between the opposing forces on which the action in
a work of literature depends. Conflict is what drives story. It is a clash of
actions, ideas, desires, will or goods in the plot of a story and drama. As
Perrine has remarked, “conflict is a clash of action, ideas, desires, will or
goods in the plot of a story and drama” (Perrine,1988: 1408).
Conflict is one element of a very important plot like being an important
organ a story that must be displayed in it, so the story will be interesting. In
fiction, conflicts can occur in the character itself, characters with other
characters or even characters with social factors. In everyday life when we
communicate with other individuals, often we cannot always get our desires
and hopes, because of differences in ideas, social status or social situations.
The influence of these differences will make conflict. As Crow said "
opposing desires sometimes set up tensions that often are incompatible with a
repressed, unsatisfied drive or need" (1972: 181).
In everyday life when we communicate with other individuals, often we
cannot always get our desires and hopes, because of differences in ideas,
social status or social situations. The influence of these differences will make
conflict. As humans, we cannot avoid conflict, even though we do not want it,
but the good side is that conflict can make us more mature after facing the
conflict, moreover understanding how to overcome it. Such as conflict in
character Ben experiences various kinds of conflicts, both with himself,
others and surrounding communities which will be discussed in this study
based on Perrine's theory where conflicts in works of fiction must be divided
into four types of conflicts:
C. 1. Man versus Himself
The conflict is that humans struggle with themselves (man versus
himself), for example when the main character is faced with two difficult
choices such as choosing between life and death or feeling like feeling
happy but then disappointed at the same time. This conflict emerges
between the character and himself and this conflict emerges because it is
caused by physical, mental, emotional or moral problems themselves.

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 Ben himself is a unique character, a main character who has many
questions, a strong desire in his mind, of course it makes more and more
conflicts that arise by themselves that contrast his conscience with his
selfishness, but this is what makes the conflict interesting to study. It is
supported with Perrine (1959:44), he said that dilemma is condition when
protagonist must choose two course of action.

C. 2. Man versus Man

Conflict Which is that humans fight humans (man versus man),
or oftentime main character is pitted against the antagonist, the main
character must overcome the efforts of the antagonist to reach his
goal and opposite that the antagonist tries to keep the protagonist
from reaching his goal. This conflict emerges when the main
character has problems such as an ideas, desires or wills with other
characters in the story. Conflict in this case is much and easy to find
because of the many differences of each character, both differences
in small desires in big ideas that are outlined in the story plot above.
Moreover, the characters who conflict with the main character in it
very much so that adds to the excitement of conflict in the story. As
Laurence Perrine defines that conflict is ‘...a clash of actions, ideas,
desires, or wills.’ (Perrine, 1974: 43).

C. 3. Man versus Society

This external conflict involves the main character who has
problems with the surrounding community, their particular social
force or condition produced by society, such as poverty, political
revolution, a social convention, or set of values. In many stories the
protagonist battle an unjust element of government or culture. This is
can be defined in "a struggle against society is a struggle about a
man values in his society (Perrine, 1970: 59)”. In addition, there are
still a number of specific issues created between the main character

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 and the surrounding community, at least it has been illustrated in the
sample explanations in chapter 4.

C. 4. Man versus Nature

Humans oppose nature (human versus nature), usually
characters will find themselves at odds or have problems with
natural forces such as storms, hurricanes, disease outbreaks or wild
animals. Can be described as a character struck by lightning, a
character who was dragged into a flood in a tsunami and a character
who fought against hypothermia in a snowstorm. A struggle against
nature represents man versus forces of nature, the difficulties and the
danger; a struggle against another person concerns with a kind of a
struggle between one person and another, many popular fictions are
based in this conflict; a struggle against society is a struggle about a
man values in his society (Perrine,1970: 59).

D. Review of Previous Studies

Every single analysis has some previous studies or analysis, which
similar each other. Those previous studies help the researcher in getting the
comparison of his research. The researcher took several previous studies to
compare with the analysis of the research.
The First one is “ The Killing of Lennie: A Study of The Main
Characters And Conflicts In Steinbeck’s Of Mice And Men”. In Iis Tri
Wijiastuti’s (2014) thesis She discussed how is the conflict depicted in
Steinbeck’s Of Mice And Men. especially the social conflict between George
and Lennie, She also found out Why does George kills Lennie?. The study
was analyzed using an intrinsic approach. But in this thesis will describe the
conflict of each character more specific and try to connected the reason why
George kill Lennie with their conflict.
Secondly, In Ma’rifatul Husna (2011), "An Analysis of the Main
Character, Conflict in Richard's Official Novel Dead". From the study was

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based on researchers thinking that every conflict in a novel reflects conflict as
well as real conflicts in our lives. So, in this study, the researcher showed the
conflict experienced by the main characters in the novel. The purpose of this
study is to explain the external and internal conflicts of the main characters.
Thirdly, Priadi (2010) in his thesis “An analysis of the Main Characters
‘conflict in Mitch Album Teusday with Mornie‖”. In his research, he found
many internal and external conflicts of character experienced by the main
characters. He also discovered how the main characters solve their conflicts.
The purpose of this study is to show internal and external conflicts and
describe how characters resolve their conflicts.
Fourthly, Nuri Subekti (2005) a student in Stated Islamic University of
Malang. She conduct the research entitled “An analysis conflict Faced by
Anne in Jane Austen’s Persuasion”. She did analysis by using structural
approach because she analyzed one of the intrinsic elements of literary work
and she found several problems of studies. They are what conflicts that are
face by Anne as the main characters, and then the causes and effects of those
conflicts are Anne and other character. From these research problems she
found the result of her analysis that conflicts came from two sides, internally
and externally. The internal conflict in which Anne faced were her family
wanted to move to bath and she felt in love with a man who had no fortune.
The external conflict happened when she faced the conflict with characters.
Fifthly, the researcher who has name Lia Febriani (2011) in her thesis
“An Analysis on the Main Character Conflict in The First Series of Harry
Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone”. This study discusses the main character
conflicts that appear in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone Novel in the
first series. As a reason the researcher found that the result of the study were
based on the main character facing conflict. The purpose of this study is to
explain the physical conflicts of the main characters, psychological,
sociological, and to explain how the main character conflicts build a novel
plot. The researcher design is qualitative which is taken from primary and
secondary data. The researcher uses documentation collect data.

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 Sixth, Ahmad Syaufan Muttaqi (2016) a student in Maulana Malik
Ibrahim State Islamic University Malang. His research entitled “Analysis of
Conflicts Faced By Two Characters The Virgin Suicide’s Jeffrey Eugenides“
In his research, he discusses the conflicts that occur in some characters and it
is a complex conflict. Like the main character's conflict with the people
around her like her own parents because of the rules that apply in her family
and even to her society, and also explained how the main character's way of
struggling from the conflicts that occur to her.
Meanwhile, in this research is discussed how the conflict aspect affirm
the importance of this element in building and supporting its story. in this
research problem will be divided into two main discussions, that is about
conflict and the struggle to overcome the conflict. The conflict will deal with
how the character in the novel becomes the trigger and its influence, and how
the novel reflects my ideology. However, in my research, I will connect the
conflict in "Mistress" to the current conditions?