Chapter 11 Achievement, Work, and Careers - Version1

Student name:__________
MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that

best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Which of the following is NOT true of adolescents
and achievement?
1) ______
abilities.
A) Adolescence is a critical juncture in achievement. D) New academic
and social pressures force
B) As demands on adolescents intensify, different adolescents toward
areas of their lives may come into conflict. different roles.
C) Achievement is primarily due to their intellectual
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Question Details working knowledge of
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Difficulty : Moderate Accessibility : Keyboard
Learning Goal : Discuss achievement in the lives of adolescents. Navigation
2) Liam does not have as high an IQ as his twin brother,

but Liam persists at his tasks and has confidence that he will
be able to solve life's problems. According to research, we
can predict
2) ______
being a low achiever.

A) Liam will not be as successful as his intellectually D) None of these
brighter twin. choices are correct.
B) Liam may be quite a high achiever because he has
adaptive motivational patterns.
C) Liam will probably give up easily and thus end up
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Difficulty : Moderate null : APA: 1.3 Describe
Learning Goal : Discuss achievement in the lives of adolescents. applications of psychology
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3) Self-determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort are
all _____ in adolescents' motivation.
3) ______
C) intrinsic factors
A) extrinsic factors D) incentives
B) cognitive factors
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Learning Goal : Discuss achievement in the lives of adolescents. null : Bloom's Taxonomy:
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domains Difficulty : Basic
4) Rewards and punishments are _____ in adolescents'

motivation.
4) ______
C) intrinsic factors
A) extrinsic factors D) control tools
B) cognitive factors
domains Difficulty : Basic
5) Which psychological approaches stress the importance

of intrinsic motivation in achievement?
5) ______
D) existential
A) behavioral approaches approaches
B) humanistic approaches
C) psychoanalytical approaches
Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Discuss achievement in the lives of adolescents.
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Navigation
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in psychology
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6) Rod's science teacher has a list of objectives that must reach them. According to
be met for the year, but they can be met by completing many research, Rod is likely to
different types of assignments. The teacher allows the
students to select the projects that interest them, and the
students set their own goals and make their own plans to
6) ______
picked them rather than the

A) have higher achievement gains in science. teacher.
B) pick the easiest assignments even if some of the D) None of these
more difficult ones interest him more. choices are correct.
C) do a poor job on his assignments because he

7) Encouraging self-determination through personal

choice in the classroom has been shown to be related to all of
the following EXCEPT
7) ______
D) All of these
A) intrinsic motivation. choices are correct.
B) connection to parents and peers.
C) engagement in academic activities.
domains
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Difficulty : Moderate Navigation
8) Professor Daube
teaches Theories of
Personality. He has his
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students analyze the song lyrics of famous songwriters, past students who are taught
and present, and see if they can determine the writers' specific Theories of Personality by
personality traits based on their writings. According to lectures only.
research, Professor Daube's students should _____ than
8) ______
D) None of these
A) be more cognitively engaged with their learning choices are correct
B) learn less
C) be less motivated

9) Which of the following statements regarding intrinsic

and extrinsic motivation is TRUE?
9) ______
strategy.
A) Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are at work in D) All of these
the real world of students' lives. choices are correct.
B) Parents and teachers should encourage students to
become intrinsically motivated.
C) Extrinsic motivation by itself is not a good
domains
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Learning Goal : Discuss achievement in the lives of adolescents. Difficulty : Difficult
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content
10) Perceived causes of outcomes are known as
10) ______
B) influences.
A) analyses.
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C) attributions.
D) precursors.
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Question Details concepts, principles, and
Difficulty : Moderate overarching themes in
Learning Goal : Discuss achievement in the lives of adolescents. psychology
11) Kayla, an honors student, received a C+ on her report this dislike. Kayla is
on Pearl Harbor. She says that the teacher doesn't like her making _____ about the
because she is an atheist and her teacher is a very religious cause of her low paper
woman. She believes that she received a low grade because of grade.
11) ______
D) a paranoid
A) an external attribution delusion
B) an internal attribution
C) a fictional finalism

12) Whitney gets an A- on her science test on ecology. explanation for her good
She studied for several afternoons with a group of classmates test grade is an example of
and she says that the test was difficult but fair. Whitney's
12) ______
D) a behavioral
A) an external attribution. attribution.
B) an internal attribution.
C) a cognitive belief.

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13) Mrs. Hynes meets with Devon to discuss his low grade indicate to Mrs. Hynes that
in her class. Educational psychologists recommend getting he has this concept?
adolescents to attribute their poor performance to internal
factors. Which of the following statements by Devon would
13) ______
D) “My house is
A) “Your tests are almost impossible to pass.” too noisy; I share a room
B) “When you walk up and down the aisles while I with my younger brother
am taking a test, you make me nervous.” and he is a jerk!”
C) “I am working too many hours at my job and I
have not been putting in the time to study.”
14) Research has shown that adolescents show two One is mastery orientation
distinct responses to difficult or challenging circumstances. and the other is
14) ______
D) None of these
A) defensive orientation. choices are correct.
B) helpless orientation.
C) withdrawal.
Question Details Remember
Difficulty : Moderate null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design,
Learning Goal : Discuss achievement in the lives of adolescents. and conduct basic psychological
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15) Stephanie's biology

class had to go to the
computer and follow a set
of directions that guided
them through the steps that
a surgeon would use to do
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open-heart surgery. While most of her classmates thought it other classes and done
was a fun assignment. Stephanie says, "I'm horrible at these well. Stephanie is showing
computer simulations," even though she has done them in a
15) ______
D) fear of
A) phobia about the human body. computers.
B) helpless orientation.
C) negative orientation.
domains
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16) Adolescents with a performance orientation are

focused on
16) ______
C) accountability.
A) skill development. D) winning.
B) self-efficacy.
domains
17) Andre focuses on winning the prize for the best essay
on civil disobedience. He believes that he will be happy if he
wins. Andre has a
17) ______
D) fixed mindset.
A) mastery motivation.
B) performance motivation.
C) competitive orientation.
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18) Which of the following statements related to mastery

and performance learning is NOT true?
18) ______
D) Mastery and
A) Mastery and performance goals combined often performance goals are
benefit students' success. mutually exclusive.
B) No Child Left Behind encourages a performance
rather than a mastery orientation on the part of the students.
C) For performance-oriented individuals, skill
development and self-efficacy take a backseat to winning.

19) Carol Dweck refers to the cognitive view that

individuals develop for themselves as their
19) ______
C) mindset.
A) self-ideal. D) mindmap.
B) self-appraisal.
domains
20) Justin is extremely goal-oriented, optimistic, and driven. Carol Dweck
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would say that Justin has a
20) ______
D) None of these
A) growth mindset. choices are correct.
B) fixed mindset.
C) performance mindset.

21) Otis is controlling and he can sometimes be mean. He According to Carol

says, "This is me; take it or leave it. I'm not able to change." Dweck, Otis
21) ______
D) not sufficiently
A) has an antisocial personality disorder. motivated to change.
B) has a fixed mindset.
C) is expressing learned helplessness.

22) Which of the following statements about self-efficacy

is TRUE?
22) ______
academic aspirations.
A) Self-efficacy has much in common with mastery D) All of these
motivation. choices are correct.
B) Self-efficacy influences a student's choice of
activities.
C) High self-efficacy adolescents had higher
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23) In the study by Englund, Luckner, and Whaley

regarding parental expectations of academic success, what
were the general findings?
23) ______
D) Parental
A) Parental expectations of academic success were expectations of academic
not related to level of education obtained by the child. success were related to
B) Parental expectations of academic success were income level as an adult.
more strongly related to the child’s perceived academic
competence than to high school GPA.
C) Parental expectations of academic success were
related to the level of education obtained by the child.
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content null : Bloom's Taxonomy:
domains Remember
24) In which of the following situations is adolescence

academic achievement expected to be the highest?
24) ______
children.
A) When teens believe that their parents had higher D) None of these
expectation than their own. choices are correct.
B) When teens believe that their parents had lower
expectations than their own.
C) When parents had lower expectations than their
Learning Goal : Discuss

Question Details achievement in the lives of
Difficulty : Moderate adolescents.
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25) Mr. Hegy plans his lessons to provide a framework for

student learning, and he has positive expectations for all of his
students. According to research, Mr. Hegy's students are
likely to be
25) ______
C) motivated.
A) happy. D) empathetic.
B) organized.

26) Miranda's grandfather is an avid photographer, and he please her grandfather, but
wants to spend time teaching Miranda how to take better research indicates that
pictures. Miranda, on the other hand, is perfectly content to Miranda
take pictures with her cell phone and does not even bother
learning how to use a camera. She tries to act interested to
26) ______
and become a fairly good

A) probably won't learn to take better pictures photographer herself.
because she doesn't place a high value on that goal. D) None of these
B) probably will improve somewhat but not as much choices are correct.
as her grandfather would like.
C) will get caught up in her grandfather's enthusiasm
domains
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27) What differences exist between teacher expectations
for high-achieving students and for low-achieving students?
27) ______
D) Teachers
A) Teachers wait longer for low-achieving students criticize low-achieving
to respond to questions. students less than high-
B) Teachers are friendlier to high-achieving students. achieving students.
C) Teachers seat low-achieving students near their
desks, so they can monitor their progress.
Learning Goal : Discuss achievement in the lives of adolescents. Difficulty : Difficult
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content null : Bloom's Taxonomy:
domains Comprehension
28) Adolescents have improved self-efficacy and

achievement when they set goals that are specific, proximal,
and
28) ______
C) distal.
A) realistic. D) challenging.
B) easy to attain.
domains
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29) Simon tells his mother that he wants to have all of his
homework done by dinnertime every day instead of waiting
until after dinner to even get started. This is an example of
29) ______
C) an optimal
A) a proximal goal.
B) a distal goal.
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goal.
D) None of these choices are correct.
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30) Farrah is a B-/C+ student in math. She tells her father you make a plan."
that she wants to get an A in math from now on. Knowing Researchers would say that
how much his daughter struggles in math, her father says,
"I'm glad that you want to work on your math grades. Let's
aim for a B or B+ next term and we'll build on that. I'll help
30) ______
determination is enough.
A) this is a good idea; Farrah may get discouraged if D) Farrah will
she sets expectations that are unrealistic. resent her father for
B) Farrah's father underestimates her and has suggesting that she work
probably just killed her motivation. up to her goal with a plan.
C) Farrah doesn't need a plan to reach her goal;

31) Being a good planner means all of the following

EXCEPT
31) ______
D) having good
A) being organized. time-management skills.
B) setting priorities.
C) setting low-level goals.
domains
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32) Research by Walter Mischel has indicated that delay
of gratification during the preschool years is related to all of
the following EXCEPT
32) ______
D) body mass
A) academic success. index.
B) marital satisfaction.
C) income during adulthood.
domains
33) Which of the following is a significant predictor of

less persistence on challenging tasks?
33) ______
C) poverty
A) being male D) popularity
B) having high rates of neuroticism
domains
34) Leah, age 15, has no idea what she wants to do with
her life. She's told to "study hard" but she does not have a
long-term goal for life. Which of the following questions
would be helpful in getting Leah to focus on her purpose in
life?
34) ______
A) "What's most
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important to you in your life?" D) "What courses
B) "When do you think you'll decide on a career?" will help you clarify your
C) "How much money do you want to make over goals?"
your lifetime of work?"

35) Which of the following statements regarding social

comparison is TRUE?
35) ______
D) Adolescents
A) Adolescents are more likely to engage in social freely admit that they
comparison than children. engage in social
B) Children are more likely to engage in social comparison.
comparison than adolescents.
C) Adolescents are most likely to compare
themselves to people who are different from them.

36) Byron hears that his friend, Tim, got a 77 on his last
health science test; Byron got a 91 on the same exam. Byron
thinks, "I'm better at this health science material than Tim."
Byron is engaging in
36) ______
D) social
A) academic comparison. comparison.
B) peer appraisal.
C) hierarchy construction.
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37) Jerry's friends are aggressive towards other students,

and they frequently disrupt classes with their behaviors. A
recent study indicates that Jerry's choice of friends is linked to
37) ______
D) a lower
A) a higher likelihood of depression. likelihood of skipping
B) a lower likelihood of graduating from high school. school.
C) a higher likelihood of participating in
extracurricular activities.

38) A group of teachers agree to stay with a volunteer

group of students from their sophomore through their senior
years as part of a pilot program designed to see if being with
the same teacher for three years will benefit students.
Research has shown that
38) ______
D) students will
A) students who feel cared for are able to develop want to stay with their
competencies. foreign-language teachers
B) students will begin to be bored with the same more than any other
teachers by the middle of their junior year. teachers.
C) few students will volunteer to be with the same
teachers for three years.
Question Details Learning Goal : Discuss
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achievement in the lives of adolescents. null : APA: 1.3 Describe
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation applications of psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
39) Luz's neighbor, Dr. Spire, is a professor of sociology in her ability to go on to

at a community college. Dr. Spire takes Luz to class with her college. This is an example
when Luz is on school vacation, and she encourages Luz to of
think about attending college. Luz has great respect for Dr.
Spire, and Dr. Spire loves watching Luz grow more confident
39) ______
D) natural
A) formal mentoring. mentoring.
B) quasi-parental mentoring.
C) upward-mobility mentoring.

40) Claire is in a program where she is matched with a a(n) _____ mentoring
member of the community who can help her to develop her program.
interest in nonprofit organizational management. Claire is in
40) ______
D) natural
A) formal
B) informal
C) school-partnership

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41) ______
D) Having a
A) One of the largest mentoring programs is Girl parent-mentor is a better
Scouts and Boy Scouts. predictor of educational
B) Programs are less successful with at-risk youth attainment than having
than youth who are not at risk. other types of mentors.
C) Careful selection of participants and monitoring
of the mentor/student relationship are keys to success.

42) One of the largest mentoring programs, which pairs

volunteer mentors with at-risk youth, is
42) ______
C) the Shriners.
A) the Sweet Adelines. D) 4-H Club.
B) Big Brothers Big Sisters.
domains
43) Which of the following statements regarding

socioeconomic status (SES) and ethnicity is NOT true?
43) ______
D) The diversity
A) In most cases, deficits and differences are the that exists between ethnic
same thing. minority adolescents is
B) Students from lower-SES families often lack evident in their
resources such as a computer. achievement.
C) SES predicts achievement better than ethnicity.
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44) Researcher Sandra Graham found that middle-SES

African American students
44) ______
D) All of these
A) have low achievement expectations. choices are correct.
B) do not fit the stereotype of being unmotivated.
C) attribute failure to bad luck.

Question Details Comprehension
Difficulty : Moderate null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values
Learning Goal : Discuss achievement in the lives of adolescents. that build community at local,
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45) American children perform more poorly in _____ than

students in some other countries.
45) ______
D) All of these
A) spelling choices are correct.
B) social studies and geography
C) math and science

Difficulty : Moderate null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values
Learning Goal : Discuss achievement in the lives of adolescents. that build community at local,
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation national, and global levels
46) Which of the following statements is FALSE

regarding the parenting of Asian-American parents?
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46) ______
D) The “tiger”
A) Most Asian American parents use a “tiger” parenting style was
parenting style. associated with the worst
B) The “easygoing" parenting style was linked to the developmental outcomes
most positive developmental outcomes for Asian- American out of all of the parenting
teens. styles of Asian-American
C) Tiger parenting increases for fathers and parents.
decreases for mothers across adolescence.
domains
47) The math instruction of American and Asian students

differs in all of the following ways EXCEPT
47) ______
of effort.
A) Asian teachers spend more time teaching math D) Asian students
than American teachers. are more likely to do math
B) Asian students spend more days in school than homework than American
American students; they have more time to do math. students.
C) American parents are more likely than Asian
parents to attribute their children's math achievement to lack
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values
Difficulty : Moderate that build community at local,
Learning Goal : Discuss achievement in the lives of adolescents. national, and global levels
48) Which of the following behaviors is a form of

procrastination?
48) ______
A) Deceiving
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yourself that a mediocre performance is acceptable. D) All of these
B) Persevering on only part of a task. choices are correct.
C) Overestimating your abilities and resources.
domains
49) Which of the following statements about anxiety is

TRUE?
49) ______
D) Moderate
A) Anxiety is a specific, focused feeling of fear. levels of anxiety can be
B) Many successful students have extremely high found in many successful
levels of anxiety. students.
C) Anxiety decreases across the school years.

50) Which of the following statements is FALSE

regarding the obstacles to achievement?
50) ______
D) One form of
A) Moderate anxiety is related to good academic procrastination is spending
performance. a lot of time on one part of
B) Setting extremely high standards for yourself so the assignment while never
that success is nearly impossible is related to positive finishing the other parts of
academic outcomes. the assignment.
C) Some students intentionally goof off before a test
so that they can blame their failure on goofing off.
Question Details null : APA: 1.2 Develop a
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working knowledge of psychology’s content domains null : Bloom's Taxonomy:
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Comprehend
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Learning Goal : Characterize career development in adolescence.
51) Perfectionism
51) ______
D) occurs when
A) increases the likelihood that teens will experience students set realistic goals.
academic success.
B) is related to increased risk of depression and
suicide ideation.
C) is associated with authoritative parenting.

Difficulty : Moderate Learning Goal : Characterize
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content career development in
domains adolescence.
52) Strategies to protect self-worth and avoid failure

include all of the following EXCEPT
52) ______
D) self-
A) setting low goals and objectives. handicapping.
B) procrastination.
C) nonperformance.

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53) ______
D) surface
A) cramming for a test learning
B) putting off a project until the last minute
C) setting challenging but realistic goals

54) About what percentage of adolescents today combine

school and part-time work?
54) ______
C) 60 percent
A) 35 percent D) 90 percent
B) 45 percent
Difficulty : Basic
Question Details Learning Goal : Describe the
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content role of work in adolescence and
domains in college.
55) Which of the following statements regarding

adolescents' work hours and types of jobs is NOT true?
55) ______
doing clerical work.

A) Almost 10 percent of employed twelfth-grade D) About 10
students work more than 30 hours each week during the percent of students work in
school year. unskilled labor.
B) Many students work in restaurants.
C) About 20 percent of students work in offices

Question Details Analyze
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Difficulty : Moderate Learning Goal : Describe the
domains in college.
56) Joan, a high school student has begun a part-time job

at a retail store. She expects to work at least 20 hours each
week. What is the most likely outcome of her work
experience?
56) ______
D) She will be
A) She will enjoy school more. more likely to use alcohol
B) She will spend less time with her peers. and marijuana.
C) She will spend more time with her family.

domains in college.
57) Research has shown that spending over 20 hours of

time in paid labor while in school
57) ______
D) None of these
A) is associated with developing a good work ethic. choices are correct.
B) helps students to learn time management and

social skills.
C) exposes students to good adult mentors.

domains in college.
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58) Petra lives in Russia. What is the probability that she
works and attends school?
58) ______
D) about 50
A) nonexistent percent
B) about 10 percent
C) about 25 percent
global levels
Difficulty : Moderate role of work in adolescence and
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null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and
59) Which of the following statements regarding paid

work and adolescents in other countries is TRUE?
59) ______
paid labor than are

A) In many countries, boys often spend more time in European adolescents.
paid work than girls. D) All of these
B) In many countries, girls often spend more time in choices are correct.
unpaid work than boys.
C) U.S. adolescents are more likely to participate in
global levels
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze role of work in adolescence and
Difficulty : Moderate in college.
null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and
60) In a recent survey it was found that approximately

what percentage of part-time college students were
employed?
60) ______
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C) 80 percent
A) 25 percent D) 100 percent
B) 50 percent
Difficulty : Basic
domains in college.
61) The percentage of full-time U.S. college students who

were employed in 2011 was approximately
61) ______
C) 41 percent.
A) 26 percent. D) 56 percent.
B) 31 percent.
Difficulty : Basic
domains in college.
62) Elena, a college junior, has gradually been increasing

her hours at her job. According to research, Elena may
62) ______
D) All of these
A) develop a sleep disorder due to anxiety. choices are correct.
B) see a decrease in her grades.
C) have fewer financial concerns than her friends.
null : APA: 1.3 Describe

Question Details applications of psychology
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation role of work in adolescence and
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply in college.
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63) Which of the following statements regarding college
students and work is TRUE?
63) ______
students can work and still

A) As the number of hours of work increases, so remain in good standing
does the likelihood of dropping out of school. D) All of these
B) Most colleges try to reserve some sections of choices are correct.
classes for working students to make scheduling easier for
these students.
C) Most colleges restrict the number of hours that
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze Learning Goal : Describe the
Difficulty : Moderate role of work in adolescence and
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content in college.
domains
64) Jared wants to be an auto mechanic and to someday education in automotive

own his own shop. Where is Jared most likely to receive his technology?
64) ______
D) on the job
A) at a two-year college
B) at a vocational high school
C) at a four-year institution

65) Christine wants to be a nursery-school teacher. While

still in high school, she takes a class through which she works
part of each day at the day-care center her school operates for
the children of students, teachers, and staff. Christine is
participating in
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65) ______
D) None of these
A) a vocational class. choices are correct.
B) a paid internship.
C) theory-to-practice class.

66) What is a cooperative (co-op) education program?
66) ______
D) A co-op is a
A) It is unpaid work experience that may or may not paid apprenticeship in the
be related to a student's career of choice. student's career of choice.
B) It is for college juniors and seniors.
C) It is a part-time job.

domains in college.
67) Claudia is a 23-year-old emerging adult. Her transition

from school to work is most strongly influenced by her
67) ______
D) personality.
A) geographic location.
B) level of education.
C) ethnic background.
Difficulty : Moderate null : Bloom's Taxonomy:
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Apply
null : APA: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
Learning Goal : Describe the role of work in adolescence and in college.
68) The unemployment rate for college graduates is

______ which is ______ than previous years.
68) ______
C) 5.6%; higher
A) 2.4%; lower D) 10.2%; higher
B) 5.6%; lower
Learning Goal : Characterize
Question Details career development in
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content adolescence.
domains Difficulty : Easy
69) Which of the following statements about adolescents

and career exploration is NOT true?
69) ______
careers on their own.

A) Adolescents often approach career exploration D) On average,
and decision making with considerable ambiguity, high school students spend
uncertainty, and stress. about seven hours a year
B) In many schools, students do not know what with their guidance
information to seek about careers. counselors.
C) Many adolescents do not adequately explore
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze Learning Goal : Characterize
Difficulty : Moderate career development in
domains
70) A large-scale
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longitudinal study of more than 1,000 students in the United
States found all of the following EXCEPT
70) ______
D) engaging
A) clear vocational goals did not guarantee a smooth activities were essential to
transition to adult work. building optimism and
B) higher-income minority students were more resilience.
positive about school than were their less affluent peers.
C) girls anticipated the same lifestyles as boys in
terms of education and income.
Difficulty : Difficult
Question Details Learning Goal : Characterize
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze career development in
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation adolescence.
null : APA: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
71) Luke, age 15, wants to be an engineer. If Luke is like

many high-school students
71) ______
admission process.
A) he will not be realistic about his ability to D) he knows what
complete an engineering degree in college. different careers he can
B) he will need help to choose the correct high- have with a degree in
school courses that will position him to enter college with an engineering.
engineering major.
C) he knows how to go through the college-

Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation career development in
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply adolescence.
72) Career development is related to _____ in adolescents

and emerging adults.
72) ______
Version 1 33
D) self-esteem
A) high stress levels
B) high levels of anxiety
C) identity development

73) A student who has not yet made a commitment to a

career but is still exploring options is in
73) ______
D) identity
A) identity diffusion. achievement
B) identity moratorium.
C) identity foreclosure.

74) Marion, age 38, has a 2-year-old son. Since his birth, work until her son is in
she has remained home, and she loves being a stay-at-home school. Marion's choice is
mother. She enjoyed all of the years that she was a successful
advertising executive, but she has no plans to return to paid
74) ______
D) atypical; most
A) not typical of today's professional women; they
are more apt to want to have a career and a family.
B) very typical of today's professional women.
C) somewhat atypical; most women today try to
work from home while they are raising their children.
Version 1 34
professional women have nannies to raise their children while
they devote themselves to climbing the career ladder.
Version 1 35
75) Mrs. Sands is a school counselor. When interviewed shown that she is most
about what she likes LEAST about her job, research has likely to say,
75) ______
districts are contracting out

A) "I have too many students to advise and not to neighborhood career
enough time in my day." centers to help students
B) "School psychologists should be doing this job; I choose their careers."
need to focus on students with mental health issues."
C) "Kids today don't want my help; I have too much
‘down time'."
D) "My job is becoming obsolete; most school

76) Cody wants to become a professional hockey player.

Research has shown which of the following probably had the
strongest influence on Cody's interest in pursuing a career in
sports?
76) ______
D) He has older
A) His mother supports his ideas. siblings who are involved
B) His hockey coach encourages him. in hockey.
C) His father supports his sports talent.

Version 1 36
77) Shelby's parents devalue her choice of career. Shelby other than a glorified
wants to become a cosmetologist. Her long-term goal is to hairdresser." Research has
own and manage her own day spa offering a range of services. shown that
Her parents want her to go to college and "become someone
77) ______
college to please her

A) Shelby will ignore her parents and pursue her parents.
dream. D) Shelby will do
B) Shelby may be influenced by her parents' values none of these.
and beliefs.
C) Shelby will probably change her mind and go to

78) Which of the following is NOT a social context in

career development?
78) ______
D) influences of
A) socioeconomic status peers
B) geographical location
C) influences of parents
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze Learning Goal : Characterize
Difficulty : Moderate career development in
domains
ESSAY. Write your

answer in the space
provided or on a separate
Version 1 37
sheet of paper.
79) Compare and contrast intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation.
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ ________
_________________________________________________
domains
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze Navigation
Difficulty : Moderate null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate
Learning Goal : Discuss achievement in the lives of adolescents. effective writing for different
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content purposes
80) Describe what is meant by mastery motivation.
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ ________
_________________________________________________

domains
81) Describe what Carol Dweck means by the term

mindsetand explain the differences between a fixed mindset
and a growth mindset.
______________________
______________________
Version 1 38
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ _____________

domains
82) Describe how the expectations of parents and teachers

are linked with the academic achievement of children and
adolescents.
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
________________
Version 1 39
Question Details null : Bloom's Taxonomy:
Learning Goal : Discuss achievement in the lives of adolescents. Comprehension
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate
domains effective writing for different
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation purposes
83) Describe how adolescents' relationships with parents,

peers, teachers, and mentors can be key aspects of their
achievement.
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
________________
Version 1 40
domains
84) Discuss procrastination as a motivational obstacle to

achievement in adolescence.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_______________________________________________

domains
85) Design a program to teach adolescents how to avoid

and overcome procrastination.
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ ______________________
Version 1 41
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ ________
_________________________________________________
Question Details null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate
domains null : Bloom's Taxonomy:
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Evaluation
86) Describe the characteristics both pros and cons of part- types of jobs at which
time work in adolescence. Be sure to discuss the hours and adolescents work.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Learning Goal : Describe the

Question Details role of work in adolescence and
Difficulty : Moderate in college.
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate
domains effective writing for different
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation purposes
87) Discuss the important social contexts that influence

career development in adolescence.
_________________________________________________ ______________________
Version 1 42
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________________ ________
_________________________________________________

domains null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation effective writing for different
Difficulty : Difficult purposes
88) Describe how gender and ethnic minority status affect

the development and selection of career or achievement roles.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_______________________________________________

Difficulty : Moderate adolescence.
Answer Key
Test name: Chapter

11 Achievement,
Version 1 43
Work, and Careers
1) C
2) B
3) C
4) A
5) B
6) A
7) B
8) A
9) D
10) C
11) A
12) B
13) C
14) B
15) B
16) D
17) B
18) D
19) C
Version 1 44
20) A
21) B
22) D
23) C
24) A
25) C
26) A
27) B
28) D
29) A
30) A
31) C
32) B
33) C
34) A
35) A
36) D
37) B
38) A
39) D
40) A
Version 1 45
41) C
42) B
43) A
44) B
45) C
46) B
47) C
48) D
49) D
50) B
51) B
52) A
53) C
54) D
55) C
56) D
57) D
58) A
59) D
60) C
61) C
Version 1 46
62) B
63) A
64) A
65) A
66) D
67) B
68) B
69) D
70) B
71) B
72) C
73) B
74) A
75) A
76) C
77) B
78) B
79) Intrinsic motivation is based on internal establishing a
factors such as self-determination, curiosity, classroom climate
and effort. Extrinsic motivation involves in which students
external incentives such as rewards and are intrinsically
punishments. Current evidence strongly favors motivated to learn.
Version 1 47
Students are more motivated to learn when motivation are seen
they are given choices, become absorbed in as polar opposites,
challenges that match their skills, and receive when in many
rewards that have informational value but are aspects of students'
not used for control. Praise can also enhance lives, both intrinsic
students' intrinsic motivation. One view of and extrinsic
intrinsic motivation emphasizes self- motivation are at
determination. An overwhelming conclusion work. Many
is that it is important for parents and teachers psychologists
to encourage students to become intrinsically recommend that
motivated and to create learning environments extrinsic motivation
that promote students' cognitive engagement by itself, however,
and self-responsibility for learning. That said, is not a good
the real world is not one of solely intrinsic strategy.
motivation. Too often intrinsic and extrinsic
80) Students who display a mastery for them in previous
orientation are task-oriented. Instead of situations. They
focusing on their ability, they concentrate on frequently report
learning strategies and they focus more on the feeling challenged
process of achievement than on the outcome. and excited by
Mastery-oriented adolescents often instruct difficult tasks rather
themselves to pay attention, to think carefully, than threatened by
and to remember strategies that have worked them.
81) Carol Dweck defines mindset as the aspects of their
cognitive view individuals develop for lives, including
themselves. Mindsets determine whether achievement and
people will be optimistic or pessimistic, shape success in school
people's goals, influence how hard they strive and sports. A fixed
to achieve these goals, and affect many mindset is one in
Version 1 48
which people believe that their qualities can change and
cannot change. In contrast, a growth mindset improve through
is one in which people believe their qualities their effort.
82) A longitudinal study found children teachers who had
whose mothers had higher academic average or low
expectations for them in the first grade were expectations of their
more likely to reach a higher level of students. Effective,
educational attainment in emerging adulthood, engaging teachers
at age 23, than children whose mothers had provide support for
lower expectations for them in the first grade. adolescents to make
Teachers also influence students' motivation good progress. They
and performance. Teachers with high also encourage
expectations spent more time providing a adolescents to
framework for students' learning, asked become self-
higher-level questions, and were more regulated achievers.
effective in managing students' behavior than
83) Parents' expectations have an important peers and who have
influence on adolescents' achievement. In good social skills
addition to positive parenting practices, often do better in
parents should provide their adolescents with school and have
the right amount of challenge and the right positive academic-
amount of support. They should create a achievement
positive emotional climate and model motivation.
achievement behavior. Peers can also affect Effective, engaging
adolescents' achievement through social goals, teachers provide
social comparison, and peer status. support for
Adolescents compare their academic and adolescents to make
social standing to those of their peers. good progress and
Adolescents who are more accepted by their encourage
Version 1 49
adolescents to become self-regulated learners. experience provides
Caring teachers get to know their students the youth being
fairly well. Mentors are usually older, more- mentored with a
experienced individuals who are motivated to sense of respect and
improve the competence and the character of a identification with
younger person. A positive mentoring the mentor.
84) Procrastination is a common problem will go away,
that can block adolescents and emerging underestimating the
adults from successful achievement. Reasons work involved,
for procrastination include: poor time spending endless
management, difficulty in concentrating, fear hours on computer
and anxiety, negative beliefs, personal games, and
problems, boredom, unrealistic expectations deceiving yourself
and perfectionism, and fear of failure. A that a poor
recent study indicated that a higher level of performance is
academic procrastination was linked to lower acceptable,
accomplishment of goals in college students. substituting a lower-
Procrastination can take many forms, priority activity.
including: ignoring the task in the hope that it
85) The first step in any program designed to wisely. A time log
overcome procrastination is to get in which
procrastinators to acknowledge that they have adolescents record
a problem. Secondly, help adolescents to how they are using
identify their goals and values. Adolescents their time may be
may need to be taught specific ways to helpful in allowing
accomplish their tasks. Teaching time them to see ways in
management by the use of daily plans help which they can
adolescents to monitor how they are using make better use of
their time and to find ways to use it more their time.
Version 1 50
Sometimes people procrastinate because they control their use of
view the tasks as large and overwhelming. diversions. Finally,
Teaching people to divide tasks into smaller have participants
units and to set subgoals may make watch for mental
unmanageable tasks manageable. Ask the self-seductions that
participants in the group to identify the can lead to
diversions that may be keeping them from behavioral
focusing on their most important tasks and diversions. Teach
activities. Have them note when and where them strategies to
they engage in these diversions and have them dispute mental
develop a plan for how to diminish and diversions.
86) The typical part-time job for high-school felt less involved in
seniors involves 16 to 20 hours per week, school, were absent
although nearly 10 percent work 30 hours or more, and said that
more. Many adolescents work in restaurants, they did not enjoy
retail stores, in offices, or as unskilled school as much.
laborers. Overall, the weight of the evidence Adolescents who
suggests that spending large amounts of time worked also spent
in paid labor has limited developmental less time with their
benefits for youth, and for some, it is families but just as
associated with risky behavior and costs to much time with
physical health. Tenth-graders who worked their peers.
more than 14 hours a week suffered a drop in Adolescents who
grades. Eleventh-graders were able, on worked long hours
average, to work up to 20 hours a week before were also more
their grades dropped. When adolescents spend frequent users of
more than 20 hours a week working, there is alcohol and
little time to study for tests and complete marijuana.
homework assignments. Compared to their
nonworking counterparts, working adolescents
Version 1 51
87) Career development is influenced by exert powerful
socioeconomic status, parents and peers, influences on
schools, gender, and ethnicity. The channels adolescents' career
of upward mobility open to lower-SES youth development.
are largely educational in nature. Many youths School is the only
in low-income circumstances may have more institution in society
limited career choices than their middle-class that is presently
peers. The barriers that many low-income, capable of
inner-city youth face, such as low-quality providing the
schools, violence, and lack of access to jobs, delivery systems
can restrict access to desirable careers. necessary for career
Parents can potentially influence education. These
adolescents' occupational choices through the delivery systems
way they present information about include instruction,
occupations and values, as well as through the guidance,
experiences they provide adolescents. placement, and
Peers can also influence adolescents' career community
development. Adolescents often choose peers connections. It is
from within the school setting at an vital that students
achievement level similar to their own. In one have quality,
investigation, when adolescents had friends professional school
and parents with high career standards, they counseling related
were more likely to seek higher-status careers, to career choices.
even if they came from low-income families.
Schools, teachers, and counselors can all
88) Because many females have been have restricted their
socialized to adopt nurturing roles rather than career choices to
career or achieving roles, they traditionally careers that are
have not planned seriously for careers, have gender-stereotyped.
not explored career options extensively, and Although the
Version 1 52
motivation for work is the same for both White standards,
sexes, females and males make different when these students
choices because of their socialization simply are
experiences and the ways that social forces culturally different
structure the opportunities available to them. and distinct. Many
More than men, women are faced with studies have found
questions involving how to balance a career that socioeconomic
and a family. status predicts
Too often the achievement of ethnic achievement better
minority students—especially African than ethnicity does.
American, Latino, and Native American
students—has been interpreted as deficits by
middle-socioeconomic-status non-Latino
Version 1 53

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Student name:__________

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that

null : APA: 1.2 Develop a

2) Liam does not have as high an IQ as his twin brother,

being a low achiever.

null : Bloom's Taxonomy:

4) Rewards and punishments are _____ in adolescents'

5) Which psychological approaches stress the importance

picked them rather than the

null : Bloom's Taxonomy:

7) Encouraging self-determination through personal

null : Bloom's Taxonomy:

9) Which of the following statements regarding intrinsic

10) Perceived causes of outcomes are known as

null : Bloom's Taxonomy:

null : Bloom's Taxonomy:

15) Stephanie's biology

16) Adolescents with a performance orientation are

18) Which of the following statements related to mastery

null : APA: 1.2 Develop a

19) Carol Dweck refers to the cognitive view that

20) Justin is extremely goal-oriented, optimistic, and driven. Carol Dweck

null : Bloom's Taxonomy:

21) Otis is controlling and he can sometimes be mean. He According to Carol

null : Bloom's Taxonomy:

22) Which of the following statements about self-efficacy

23) In the study by Englund, Luckner, and Whaley

24) In which of the following situations is adolescence

Learning Goal : Discuss

25) Mr. Hegy plans his lessons to provide a framework for

null : Bloom's Taxonomy:

and become a fairly good

28) Adolescents have improved self-efficacy and

null : Bloom's Taxonomy:

31) Being a good planner means all of the following

33) Which of the following is a significant predictor of

null : Bloom's Taxonomy:

35) Which of the following statements regarding social

null : APA: 1.2 Develop a

37) Jerry's friends are aggressive towards other students,

null : Bloom's Taxonomy:

38) A group of teachers agree to stay with a volunteer

39) Luz's neighbor, Dr. Spire, is a professor of sociology in her ability to go on to

null : Bloom's Taxonomy:

null : Bloom's Taxonomy:

null : APA: 1.2 Develop a

42) One of the largest mentoring programs, which pairs

43) Which of the following statements regarding

44) Researcher Sandra Graham found that middle-SES

null : Bloom's Taxonomy:

45) American children perform more poorly in _____ than

null : Bloom's Taxonomy:

46) Which of the following statements is FALSE

47) The math instruction of American and Asian students

48) Which of the following behaviors is a form of

49) Which of the following statements about anxiety is

null : APA: 1.2 Develop a

50) Which of the following statements is FALSE