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Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Fiber To The Home (FTTH) Access

Network based on a Giga Passive Optical Network GPON

Zouhaira Abdellaoui, Yiyi Dieudonne, Anoir Aleya

PII: S2590-0056(21)00006-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2021.100058
Reference: ARRAY 100058

To appear in: ARRAY

Received Date: 21 July 2020

Revised Date: 24 January 2021
Accepted Date: 12 February 2021

Please cite this article as: Z. Abdellaoui, Y. Dieudonne, A. Aleya, Design, Implementation and Evaluation
of a Fiber To The Home (FTTH) Access Network based on a Giga Passive Optical Network GPON,
ARRAY, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2021.100058.

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 Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Fiber To The Home FTTH
Access Network based on Giga Passive Optical Network GPON
Zouhaira ABDELLAOUI, Yiyi DIEUDONNE, Anoir ALEYA
University of Tunis El-Manar
National Engineering School of Tunis - ENIT
Communication Systems Research Laboratory SYSCOM - LR-99-ES21, Tunis-Belvédère, BP 1002,
Tunisia
[email protected], [email protected]
[email protected]

Responses to Reviewers
We are very grateful to the editor and both the reviewers. We would like to thank them for their

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insightful comments on the paper.
We revised the manuscript in accordance with their comments. We included the answers inside

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the original text that we have referenced them within the reply to each comment.
Please find the points addressed below.
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Reviewer
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Comment 1: Contribution of the paper should be presented more clearly in the first section.
Reply: Done. We thank the reviewer for this comment to better clarify the main focus of the paper.
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Comment 2: In the paper, references to the tables and figures should be given before illustrations of
the tables and figures.
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Reply: Done. We thank the reviewers for these suggestions, now references to the tables and figures
are revised.
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Comment 3: It is difficult to find a connection between the text (discussion) and tables and figures. No
reference are given to tables 4.6,7,8,9,10,11, also to figures 1-3,5, 8,10-23, etc
Reply: Thank you for your suggestion; connection between the text, tables and figures is now clarified
and well presented.

Comment 4: Many tables and figures are not cited. Therefore it is difficult to understand the text and
obtained results
Reply: Done. We really thank the reviewers for these suggestions.

Comment 5: There are empty spaces- pages 14, 15. Some figures are given before citations. The paper
should be reorganized.
Reply: Thank you for your suggestion, figure are now cited in the requested section and the paper is
now clarified and well presented

Comment 6: English of the paper should be improved. Similarity rate needs to be decreased.
Reply: We really thank the reviewers for this suggestion. Paper is revised.
 Many grammatical or typographical errors and minor remarks have been revised. All the
lines and pages indicated above are in the revised manuscript. We very much acknowledge the
reviewer’s comments and suggestions, which were valuable in improving the quality of our
manuscript.

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 Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Fiber To The Home (FTTH)
Access Network based on a Giga Passive Optical Network GPON
Zouhaira ABDELLAOUI, Yiyi DIEUDONNE, Anoir ALEYA
University of Tunis El-Manar
National Engineering School of Tunis - ENIT
Communication Systems Research Laboratory SYSCOM - LR-99-ES21, Tunis-Belvédère, BP 1002,
Tunisia
[email protected], [email protected]
[email protected]

Abstract—Requirements such as high bandwidth and capacity for high speed internet, High Definition
Television “HDTV” and Voice Over Internet Protocol “VOIP”, lead to the proposals for Fibre To Home
FTTH Access Network. FTTH based on Giga Passive Optical Network (GPON) technology is one

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techniques that can provide triple play services at a reasonable cost. It uses only passive equipment except

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at the central office and the customer premises. Most telecom operators now use FTTH networks based on
GPON due to its flexibility in handling extended technologies and services in the future. For a GPON
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technology, a maximum of 128 uses can be included in a network with maximum reach of 60 km and
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maximum distance between consecutive optical network terminals of 20 km as per G.984.6 ITU-T
specification. GPON uses 2.44 Gbps downstream and 1.24Gbps upstream data transmission.
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.
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Keywords—Fiber to the home (FTTH), Giga Passive Optical Network (GPON), Optical line terminal (OLT),
Optical Network terminal (ONT), Passive optical Network (PON), Splitter
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I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the capacity of optical part of catering for services requiring high bandwidth
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communication systems has increased exponentially in requiring services such as Cloud Computing and
order to meet the demands of higher bandwidth for Triple Play Services. Triple-play is designed for the
data traffic [1]. There has been rapid growth in provisioning of two bandwidth requiring services (e.g.
internet traffic due to the intense use of internet television, Internet access, high speed and less
services including Triple Play Services and Cloud bandwidth requirement services), as well as a
Based Solutions, which have offered many new telephone above a single broadband connection.
business opportunities to telecom operators such as The FTTH networks have evolved to find cost
providing subscribers with value-added services ( via effective solutions [3]. The development of using a
Triple Play solutions such as internet, Voice and single fiber for both upstream and downstream traffic
Video). Many technologies have been adopted to meet is a significant improvement. They are point-to-
the need for high bandwidth but they are not taken multipoint networks, in which fiber is connected to
into account because longer- term growth is expected Passive Optical Splitters resulting in the name “
for access networks. Gigabit Passive Optical Network Passive Optical Network”. The first variant of PON
(GPON) based Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) Network Asynchronous PON (APON) currently known as
is a promising solution to the increasing needs for Broadband PON (BPON), was commercially
higher bandwidth [2]. The bottleneck of higher data deployed. To carry out data transmission, the
rates is removed using this evolving technology. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol was
Operators are widely using GPON in the used, having a downstream capacity of up to
implementation of FTTH and it has become an integral 622Mbps. Ethernet PON (EPON) is another
alternative, standardized as IEEE 802.3ah. It has same from fixed locations. The POTS physical access
architecture as GPON and uses same wavelengths but network consists largely of copper wire with a set of
with different protocols. pairs going from each business or user’s home to the
Local Exchange (Fig.1). In the allocation of pairs,
Tunisia Telecom has made very important steps in
flexibility is specified at “flexibility points” between
this context, extending hundreds of kilometers with the local exchange and the user. This allows the
optical cables across. In this project a special attention network to have more scope in order to cope with
is paid to the architecture of optical fibers, in which many changes in growth patterns, only when a
we will have well explained an analysis regarding the continuous cable is routed from each user to the
proposal for the most advantageous architecture for exchange. The distance that separates users from the
FTTH implementation in ERRIADH City, Tunisia. exchange is between a few hundred meters and tens of
kilometers.
The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed
architecture will also be, identified in order to justify
the implementation of the proposed architecture.
To justify the implementation solution, network
simulation is used to determinate. Optisystem, is
known as one of the best optical communication

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systems designed for simulation packages especially
for testing, design and optimization of optical

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connection into the physical-layer of optical networks
particularly of broad spectrum, from analog video
broadcasting systems to intercontinental backbones, is
used to determined solution performance of Triple
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The authorized bandwidth is sufficient for many of
Play over BPON and GPON.
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In this paper we discussed the evolution of the services currently available on the Internet, but is
access networks in the second section, then we reveal not adequate to download large files and allows only
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Broadband Access Networks Technologies and the real time video [5].
fiber to the x (FTTx) network in the third section. In 2.2 Integrated Services Digital Network: ISDN
the fourth section, we develop optical access networks ISDN was the first serious attempt adopted that
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(OANs)as ultimate solution especially for high speed recognized the needed of telecommunications
access networks. In the last section, we propose a networks. Instead of supplying analog of 4 kHz
design of evaluation of a WDM GPON network. channels and converting digital data to analog signals,
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Finally, we evaluate results and comments solutions. Integrated Services Digital Network was founded on
II. RELATED WORKS 64 kbit/s digital channels. All services analogue, like
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Innovative access technologies are changing the old voice, are converted to digital signals to be transmitted
means of accessing telecommunications services. In over ISDN [6]. Generally, ISDN is provided on
fact, not only do established users have a larger range existing copper access network and it is offered to
of potential suppliers and technological options, but users in two forms:
new interfaces and technologies let new users enter • Basic rate connection that supplies two 64
the market as allowed by regulatory authorities. This kbit/s with signaling channel which can be
competition can also stimulate original services which combined in order to provide a 128 kbit/s
can be supported by newly developed technologies. A channel;
very dynamic evolution in design of access networks • Primary rate service, that provides thirty 64
is promised with great benefits to customers and the kbit/s plus a signaling channel with a 2 Mbit/s
industry. connection.
Telephony access networks appeared from the 2.3 Leased lines and Wireless Local Loop
telephone’s earliest days. They have been extended to Leased lines offer users a permanent (or semi-
reach the majority of businesses and homes in the permanent) connection between two end-points, such
world [4]. Also, Cable TV Networks have existed for us connection between the head office and a local bank
many years. There for, evolution of access networks branch. The main difference to access network’s uses
must take into consideration the immense legacy is there isn’t per-call switching is processed once the
networks that exist throughout world. line achieves the Local Exchange.
Instead of fibers or copper cables, wireless can be
2.1 Plain Old Telephony Service : POTS used as link to connect users to local exchange for last
This phone service which refers to the network part of fixed link or complete link. Which is known as
that supports provision of most basic voice telephony Wireless Local Loop. Actually, it is frequently used
analog as well as low-speed data services delivered instead of ISDN connection or ordinary telephone,
even though broadband systems are starting to appear
[7]. Links with high capacity microwave are too often
processed to link huge users with their Local 140 12000
Exchange. It is relatively fast to insert new customers, 120 10000
when a base station has been created. It doesn’t require 100
8000
much in civil engineering’ way. Actually; WLL 80
suffers from high costs of equipment, in comparison 6000
60
with copper cables and especially from the normal 4000
40
problems related to radio, for example, shadows
20 2000
caused by high buildings and limited spectrum [8].
80% of cable system’s cost is estimated is in the 0
20 20 20 20 20 20
0
installation and the rest in the equipment. Whereas, for 15 16 17 18 19 20
a radio system, 80% is dedicated to equipment and Fixed Internet 49.49 60.16 73.3 89.1 108.1 130.8
20% of the cost for installation. Cost of radio Managed IP 19.34 22.38 25.3 28.16 30.75 33.05
equipment is estimated to decline rapidly, whereas it is Mobile data 3685 6180 9931 14.93 21.71 30.56
difficult to reduce installing cable’s cost to a very large
extent. That’s why; WLL is predictable to become a
good proposition for Network operators [9]. Fig. 2: Traffic IP evolution

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Evolution and Trends of Broadband Access IP Traffic, 2015–2020 By Type (PB per Month)
Technologies • Consumer – Includes fixed IP traffic generated

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Nowadays, Broadband Access paradigm has by households, university populations, and
witnessed exceptional growth and is an integral part of Internet cafés;
the daily lives of billions of people [10]. It is expected
that this paradigm will develop toward full broadband
capability by more links in the future, as well as less
-p • Mobile – Includes mobile data and Internet
traffic generated by handsets, notebook cards,
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and mobile broadband gateways;
delay and higher bandwidth to satisfy the demand of • Internet – Denotes all IP traffic that crosses an
end users’. Leased line bandwidth and Internet Internet backbone;
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demand continue to grow up than 20 % per year driven

with increasingly video streaming also proliferation of 100 10000
cloud computing, social media, big data and mobile 80 8000
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data delivery [11]. The provisional approximate of 60 6000

total communication traffic video in 2020, carried over 40 4000
fixed systems and mobile, is more increasingly than
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20 2000
2600 times of traffic in 2010. Concerning mobile data,
global broadband subscriptions mobile grew by around 0 0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
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35 % each year and achieved 2.3 billion in Q1 2014; Fixed 27.01134.97845.13457.65673.41390.239

they are predicted to achieve 7.6 billion in 2019. The
Mobile 1756 3138 5378 8607 13.29519.668
increase will also be expedited by new types of
communication services, like proximity-aware services Fig.3: Global consumer of Internet video by network
containing D2D (device-to-device) communications, 2015-2020
that enables direct connection between wireless
devices using the same interface and spectrum, III. ACCESS NETWORKS
besides, M2M (machine-to-machine) communications 3.1 Broadband Access Networks Technologies
[12]. In 2018, global IP traffic will achieve 1.6 3.1.1 Access Networks Broadband Wireline
zettabytes per year or 131.6 exabytes for each month.
Global IP traffic has amplified more than fivefold up Broadband access wireline networks supply and
the past 5 years [13]. promise bandwidth to users’s premises. The medium
adopted to user premises can be optical fiber, hybrid of
Up 2020, traffic video represents 80% of almost all copper and fiber, coaxial cable or twisted pair [15].
traffic IP over the world [14] shown in figure 2 and 3. Broadband services normally refer to “triple play” .
The service supporting telephone, broadband Internet
access and television above a single broadband
connection. All types of wireline access networks exist
simultaneously in the global deployment of broadband.
A Pasive Optical Networks (PON) permits user’s
premises to attach to broadband networks using fiber
through a superior bandwidth up to 1 Gb/s. PON is the
most approved access network worldwide. xDSL
provides benefits of existing telephone lines; thus, it is various data rate, implementation methods and reach.
generally accepted in countries with rich copper line The xDSL, especially VDSL and ADSL, is widely
resources [16]. Up-to-date xDSL technology like deployed over the world since it takes advantage of the
VDSL and VDSL2/2+ is capable providing greater major of popular medium of copper telephone line. To
than 50 Mb/s bandwidth within many hundred meters While enjoying broadband services; users can also
of distance from users premises of user to the central benefit from telephone services. Currently, VDSL and
office. For example, Ethernet can provide 100 Mb/s ADSL are candidates for broadband access, as shown
with a short range of usually less than 100 m. In some in Fig.5.
scenarios, copper technologies and PON are combined
to acheive both better performance and low
deployment cost.
PON can connect the signal with the curb, after
which , a telephone line or twisted pair can bring
signal to user premises via xDSL or Ethernet. In the
next sections, these wireline access network
technologies will be explained in detail, including
twisted pair, PON, fiber–copper hybrid, xDSL and
coaxial cable

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PON
Compared with copper, fiber has nearly infinite

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bandwidth. Optical fiber is progressively applied in
access networks in place of copper which dramatically Fig. 5: Range of the local loop for different DSL systems
decreases Operating Expenses while increasing
network’s performances. The emergence of PON
-p 3.2 FTTx Network
PON’s application technology for supplying
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provides a practical solution to the last mile for
operators. PON technologies use optical fiber as the broadband connectivity in access network to small
transmission medium. Optical Distribution Network businesses commonly, multiple-occupancy units and
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(ODN ) consists of fiber distribution boxes, optical homes is named fiber-to-the-x. This application is
power splitters, etc. PON deliver or aggregates the stand for the designation FTTx [18]. The x is a letter
signal for each Optical Network Unit (ONU ) Optical indicating how close the fiber endpoint comes to the
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Network Terminal(ONT) through power splitters. The actual user [19] as illustrated in figure 6.
basic architecture of PON technology shown in Fig. 4. 3.2.1 Description
The key devices and elements of a PON are an Optical
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Line Terminal (OLT), which is generally placed in the

central office of operators, an ODN and ONUs/ONTs
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at the user ends. At the OLT voice and data services

are incorporated and transmitted above 1490-nm
wavelength in the downstream direction, whereas 1310
nm is transferred for the upstream direction.

Fig. 6: FTTx Scenarios

The technical and commercial literature include the

following acronyms (Fig.6) :
• Fiber To The Business (FTTB): refers to
deployment of optical fiber directly from a
Fig. 4: PON technology Architecture central office switch toward an enterprise;
xDSL • Fiber To The Curb (FTTC): explain running
Various Digital Subscriber Line technologies optical fiber cables from central office
exist[17], for example, RADSL (Rate Automatic equipment to a communication switch located
adapt DSL), VDSL (Very-high-bit-rate DSL), ADSL within 1000 ft (about 300 m) of an enterprise
(Asymmetric DSL), and HDSL (High-speed DSL). or a home;
These DSL technologies are named xDSL for reason • FTTH: refers to the deployment of optical
of simplicity. Global system architectures of DSL fiber directly from a central office switch
technologies are analogous, and provided that with toward a home. The difference between FTTH
 and FTTB is that, businesses generally following chapter, we introduce optical fiber access
require greater bandwidths over a bigger part [21].
of the day than home users.
IV. OPTICAL ACCESS NETWORKS
• Fiber To The Neighborhood FTTN: refers to
PON architecture in which, optical fiber cables PONs appears to be the ultimate solution for high
extend to within 3000 ft, speed access networks.
• Fiber To The Office FTTO: is similar to FTTB 4.1 Optical Fiber
in which an optical path is supplied all the way An optical fiber is a slight flexible and transparent
to a business customer’s premises; wire arranged for light propagation. Optical Fiber are
use for the following reasons [22]:
3.2.2 Point-to-Point links • Light waves cannot traverse long distance in
air without any losses;
Architecture consisting of point-to-point Ethernet • Optical waves can be guided through optical
links is a competing access network technology [20]. fiber to make lossless light wave
As shown in Fig.7, one option for a point-to-point communication.
Ethernet OAN is to have dedicated fibers running 4.1.1 Advantages
between a central office and Ethernet switches Fiber optics has many advantages over copper wire
designated for individual subscribers. The links can

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including:
operate at 10 Gbps over distances up to 10 km. Such a
scenario requires a large number of optical fiber lines,
•

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Increased bandwidth: the high signal
with each line having its own optical transceivers.
bandwidth of optical fibers provides
Therefore, this type of network is useful only if each
significantly greater information carrying
subscriber requires close to the full capacity offered by
a gigabit Ethernet line.
-p capacity. Typical bandwidths for multimode
(MM) fibers are between 200 and 600MHz-
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km and >10GHz-km for single mode (SM)
fibers. Usual values associated with electrical
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conductors are 10 and reach 25MHz-km;

• Electromagnetic/Radio Frequency Interference
Immunity: optical fibers are immune to
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electromagnetic interference and emit no

radiation;
• Decreased cost, size and weight: compared to
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copper conductors of equivalent signal

carrying capacity, fiber optic cables are easier
Fig. 7: Point-to-point Ethernet optical access network to install, require less duct space, weigh 10 to
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During the last few decades, optical networks have 15 times less and cost less than copper;
shown substantial growth among deployment of • Lower loss: optical fiber has lower attenuation
optical fiber into core network segments and metro. (loss of signal intensity) than copper
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) conductors, allowing longer cable runs and
based high capacity systems supply ever growing fewer repeaters;
bandwidth to meet the increasing needs of both data
• No sparks or shorts: fiber optics do not emit
communication and voice. On the other hand, use of
sparks or cause short circuits, which is
optical fibers for access networks is far behind and is
important in explosive gas or flammable
just beginning to infiltrate into market largely
environments;
dominated by copper-based solutions. Local loops
• Security: because fiber optic systems do not
operating with optical fiber for access links are known
emit radio frequency signals, they are difficult
as fiber in loop systems. FTTx ,‘‘x’’ may refer to
to tap into without being detected;
“building”, ‘‘home”, ‘‘premises’’, ”curb’’ etc.,
depending especially on how deep in the fiber is • Grounding: fiber optic cables do not have any
deployed to the user. FTTx that brings high-capacity metal conductors; consequently, they do not
of optical fiber networks closer to the end users seems pose the shock hazards inherent in copper
to become the best suited for next-generation access cables;
network. FTTx is regarded as an ideal solution for • Electrical isolation: fiber optics allow
access networks because of the inherent advantages of transmission between two points without
optical fiber in the context of large capacity, low cost, regard to the electrical potential between them.
small size and weight as well as its immunity to
crosstalk and electromagnetic interference. In the
 4.1.2 Fiber Optic Link Components
To show haw how fiber optic applications operate,
we find four important components in a fiber optic
connection (Fig. 8).
• Optical Transmitter;
• Optical Fiber/Cable;
• Optical Receiver.

Fig.11: Propagation modes of an optical fiber

Transmission parameters
Fig. 8: Simple Fiber Optic Link Attenuation of signal is one of the important features

Transmitter of an optical fiber, since it determines the highest
The transmitter converts the electrical optical signals. separation between a receiver and a transmitter.
The transmitter contains a light source such as Light a. Attenuation
Emitting Diode (LED): Light traveling along an optical fiber loses power,
with distance. The symbol α is commonly used to
define attenuation in decibels per kilometer.

of
Calculated as follow:

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Fig. 9: Comparison between a LED and a Laser diode (1)
A laser diode is manipulated with a highly
developed current, normally about 10 times larger than
-p b. Dispersion
Dispersion is defined as an inherited property of
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a normal LED. [23].Fig.9 shows the light output of a fiber which can be attributed to spreading of an optical
normal LED and that of a laser diode. pulse in the time domain due to the difference in
velocities of the different spectral components
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Optical Fiber / Cable

An optical fiber comptises three concentric layers associated with the optical pulse.
(Fig.10) [24]:
Light Detectors
• Core: This central section, made of silica or Detectors consist of several basic types of
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doped silica, is the light transmitting region of photodiodes, the most common being Positive Intrinsic
the fiber; Negative (PIN) and Avalanche Photo Diodes (APD).
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• Cladding: this is the first layer around the The light detectors serve to reverse the process
core. It is prepared with silica, but not of the accomplished by the light sources, converting optical
energy back into electrical energy [25].
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same composition as in the core.

• Coating: this is the first non-optical layer • PINs: generates a single electron from each
around the cladding. Coating typically photon received and therefore does not
comprises one or added layers of polymer provide a significant gain or increase in signal
strength.
• APDs are more sensitive that PIN diodes as
they use a strong electric field to accelerate the
electrons flow in the semiconductor.

Link Evaluation
Fig.10: Basic structure of an optical fiber To check and evaluate quality of an optical link; we
Currently, there are 2 commercially used modes: focused on the eye diagram parameter analysis. 4
Single-mode fiber and Multi-mode fiber. parameters are determined: jitter, eye opening Bit
• The single-mode fiber has a smaller core (in Error Rate (BER) and maximum Q factor.
diameter) which means only a single mode Eye height: indicates distance from the base to the
can pass-thru at a time. eye peak measured with voltage. The diagram of eye
• The Multi-mode allows multiple modes to height value is approximately 5.5 µV, whereas at
pass through due to its larger core. sensitivity is-18 dBm. The tolerable eye diagram
However, single mode transmission is costly business height value is about 10 µV).
due to smaller core diameter and costlier Lasers MaximumQ factor: refers especially to the quality
associated with it (Fig.11). of the created eye diagram to be interpreted. The
tolerable maximum Q factor is about 6 in actual
communication system to achieve BER value
corresponding to 1x10-9.
 Jitter: Deterministic jitter refers to the shifting that
FTTB
occurs on derivative and embedded time of the • Symmetric broadband services (e.g., group
received signal and is measured according to the software, content broadcast and e-mail, file
duration at the crossing point. It is measured in UI exchange);
(unit interval) and the maximum value is 0.2 UI. • POTS and ISDN: access network must be able
Eye area: refers to the distance between levels of bit to provide, in a flexible way, narrow-band
0 and bit 1 and the distance between right and left telephone services.
embedded derivatives time crossing. The width of this • Private line services. Access networks must
area is important in the process of differentiating bit 1 provide private line services at many rates.
and bit 0 as well as the sequence of the first and 4.2.2 FTTC and FTTCab Scenario
second bits. For this scenario, the next service categories have
4.2 Architecture of OANs been highligh:
• Asymmetric broadband services (e.g., digital
The optical section of a local access network
broadcast services, VOD and file download,
system can be either active or passive. Fig.18 shows
online-gaming);
the architectures considered, which range from FTTH,
• Symmetric broadband services (e.g., content
through FTTB/C to fiber to the cabinet (FTTCab).
broadcast, e-mail, file exchange, distance
The OAN is common to all architectures is illustrated

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learning and telemedicine);
in Fig. 12.
• POTS and ISDN. Access network must
provide services of narrow-band telephone

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with suitable timing for the introduction;
• xDSL backhaul.
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Within this scenario, the following service
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categories are considered:
• Asymmetric broadband services (e.g., digital
broadcast services, VOD, file download, etc.);
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• Symmetric broadband services (e.g., content

broadcast, e-mail, file exchange, distance
learning, telemedicine and online-gaming);
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• POTS and ISDN. The access network must be

able to provide, in a flexible way, narrow-band
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telephone services with appropriate timing for

the introduction.
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4.3 GPON
Fig.12: Network architecture
The differences in the FTTCab, FTTC, FTTB and The growing demand for higher speeds in the
FTTH network options are principally into the diverse access network, and the widespread use of both ATM
services supported. and Ethernet, spawned the idea of developing a PON
4.2.1 FTTB Scenario with capabilities beyond those of the BPON and
EPON architectures. A major aim of this idea was to
The FTTB scenario is divided into two scenarios, develop a versatile PON with a frame format that
one for multi-dwelling units and the other for could transmit variable length packets efficiently at
businesses. Each scenario has the following service gigabit per second rates. FSAN group began such an
categories. attempt in April 2001. The result was the ITU-T

FTTB for multi-dwelling units Recommendation series G.984.1 through G.984.4 for a
• Asymmetric broadband services (e.g., digital (GPON) [27].
broadcast services, video on demand(VOD) 4.3.1 Services
and file download, etc.); GPON is essential to support all currently well-known
• Symmetric broadband services (e.g., content services and innovative services being discussed for
broadcast, e-mail, file exchange, distance business customers and residential subscribers because
learning, telemedicine and online-gaming, of broadband capability
etc.); 4.3.2 Bitrate
• POTS and ISDN. Access network must GPON is intended to provide transmission speeds
supply, services of narrow-band telephone better than or equivalent to 1.2 Gbit/s. As a result,
with suitable timing for the introduction. GPON define 2 transmission speed combinations in
this way:
• 1.2 Gbit/s up, 2.4 Gbit/s down;
 • 2.4 Gbit/s up, 2.4 Gbit/s down. distance experiences a higher degree of split than the
The most important bit rate is 1.2 Gbit/s up, 2.4 remote ONUs.
Gbit/s down, constituting nearly all of the deployed
and planned deployment of the GPON systems.
4.3.3 Logical reach
Logical reach is the maximum distance between
ONU/ONT and OLT except for the limitation of the
physical layer, maximum logical attain is identified as
60 km in GPON.
4.3.4 Physical Reach
Physical reach is the maximum physical distance
between the ONU/ONT and the OLT. In GPON, two Fig. 13: Example of class B+ ODN supporting the
differential fiber reach of 40 km
options are defined for physical reach: 10 and 20 km.
It is assumed that 10 km is the maximum distance over 4.3.8 Mask of the eye diagram
which FP-LD can be used in the ONU for high bit
rates such as 1.25 Gbit/s or above.
4.3.5 Splitratio
A higher split ratio is associated with GPON,

of
especially for operators. Nevertheless, larger split ratio
leads to greater optical splitting that requires an

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improved power budget.
4.3.6 Physical layer requirements

Spectral Width -p
ITU-TG.984.2 identifies certain PMDspecifications
dedicated to OLT and ONU. For system operating of
re
GPON at 2488 Mbps down flow rate 1244 Mbps
upstream rate, 20 dB spectral size was originally fixed
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at 1 nm. In order to serve ONUs deployed 0-40 and

20-60 km [28].

Attenuation range
na

The EDR GPON system exploit opticals

components, preserve optical power levels via one of
the typical attenuation range classes: Class C+, Class
Fig. 14: Mask of the eye diagram for the downstream
ur

B+, Class C and It shall support the maximum fiber transmission signal
distance and the maximum differential fiber distance
Jo

as specified in table 1.
Table1: Physical medium dependent layer parameters of
ODN
Max Max differential
Attenuation Attenuation
physical fiber distance,
class range, (db)
reach, (km) (km)
Class B+ 13-28 40 40
Class C 15-30 40 40
Class C+ 17-32 60 40

4.3.7 ODN Topology

The ODN is based on ITU-T G.652 fiber and shall
possesses the topology, including the location and
degree of the power splitter and possible use of passive
optical attenuators, to guarantee that the minimum loss
is achieved for each ONU. The ODN obliging
differential fiber attain up40 km can use an unequal
cascade of splitters, in which the shortest fiber
branches experience the greatest degree of split. Fig.13
illustrates the case of Class B+ ODN sustaining 13-
28 dB attenuation range by maximum physical achieve
of 40 km also differential fiber attain of 40 km as an Fig. 15: Mask of the eye diagram for the upstream
example. In this example, the ONUs with shorter fiber transmission signal
 4.4 Comparison EPON B-PON GPON a standard model of FTTH access network which
GPON supports 128 ratio of splitting per OLT; refers the viability [30].
each splitter supports a maximum of 64 outputs to The global standards are not widely applicable
because country has its own distinctive underground
users of ONT. This brings a total of:
factors. Ground thermal line or freeze line need to be
Users Max= 128 (Splitters/OLT) * 64 (2) considered [31].
(users/Splitter) = 8192 (users/OLT) (3) The network particularly considered in this
Comparatively, the GPON standard allows paper is required to provide service (voice, Internet
increasing the number of ONTs associated with a Protocol Television (IPTV) and data) to Erriadh city,
similar header OLT. Proportions are comparisons of Tunisia. Due to the geographical separation of
BPON and EPON standards follow: locations and the number of users in each location,
FAT, OLT and ONT are used to connect these
Users GPON Max/ Users EPON Max = 8192 (4) locations to the network.
(Users/OLT) / 1024 (Users/OLT) = 8 times more 5.1.1 FTTx network Layers
GPON users than EPON (5)
An FTTx network can be regarded as having
various layers: fiber, passive infrastructure including
Users GPON Max/Users BPON Max = 8192 (6) ducts, active network including electrical equipment;

of
Users/OLT) / 2048 (Users/OLT) = 4 times more retail services, that supply internet connectivity and
GPON users than BPO (7) managed services such as IPTV; enclosures and some
other outside plant and of course end users.

ro
It is well known that GPON technology can The present technological structure has
reduce the cost of deployment, because it requires implications especially for the way that FTTx network
fewer installed OLTs to cover a given area. Regarding
the transmission rate, GPON also increaes the speed
-p
is operated and organized.
• Passive infrastructure includes all physical
of data transfer, as shown by the ratio between the
re
elements required to build the fiber network.
three standards as follow: This includes physical objects such as
RatioGPON/RatioEPON=2.488 Gbps/1.422Gbps= 2
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trenches, optical fiber, fiber en closures, patch

times more GPON speed than EPON panels, ducts and poles on which it is
deployed;
RatioGPON/RatioBPON= 2.488 Gbps/622 Mbps= 4 • Active network refers to equipment of the
na

times more GPON speed than BPON (8) electronic network needed to bring especially
It can transfer data faster as well as provides the passive infrastructure alive. This party in
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increased reliability because it has a protected charge of an actual layer will build, design and
transmission protocol level.The increase in distance operate the active network equipment part;
• Retail ervices come into play when the active
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between different ONTs and the OLT header is

increased according to the following ratios: and passive layers are in place. They present
ReachGPON/ReachBPON = 60 km / 20 km= 3 times the layer where fundamental internet
more GPON reach than BPON (9) connectivity as well as other managed
services, for example IPTV, are packaged and
ReachGPON/ReachEPON = 60 km / 10 km= 6 times presented to businesses and consumers.
5.1.2 Network elements
more GPON reach than EPON (10)
Finally, the analytical data compared among The design of an FTTx network or link
standards shows that identify standard GPON up to requires accomplishing and establishing the following
four times quiker, permits up to six times the distance parameters:
between ONTs and OLT, and also support up to eight • · Highest transmission distance;
times more additional users. • · Optical attenuation balance designed for the
system;
V. DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF A WDM GPON NETWORK • · Type of fiber and connector;
PON will supply to end usersn and so tends to • · Attenuation with union or splice;
be used in designs of pure PON, not including active • · Maximum reflection (backward);
network elements [29]. • · Range of mechanical lifetime or aging.
5.1 Design of GPON FTTH access network
Types of Optical fiber
The best choice of optical fiber is defined by
Design of FTTH access network is known to
different parameters, with optical attenuation and
be challenging; it requires compromise on many
restrictive dispersion being the most important. In an
factors involving scalability, size and cost. There is no
FTTX network, SM fibers are always used.

Number of fibers per user Table2: Residential /30 Mbit/s for all applications
Point systems are mainly focused on the use of Application Bandwidth
two fibers per link, the first dedicated to upstream and Internet Access THD 10 Mbps
the other to downstream. Retail services may be HDTV 12 Mbps
divided up as defined in market segments of the IP Telephony (VOIP) 2 Mbps
project: Games Online 2 Mbps
• Business; Total 26 Mbps
Table3: Business /40 Mbit/s for all application
• Residential;
Service/Application Typical Bandwidth
• Public sector.
a. Residential Internet Access THD 10 Mbps
Typical residential services comprise: Video Conference 7 Mbps
• Internet access; IP Telephony (VOIP) 2 Mbps
• Basic telephony (using VOIP); FTP 10 Mbps
• IPTV. Cloud 10 Mbps
A retail package that consists of all three Total 39Mbps
elements is called “triple play”. Table Table 4: University/ 35 Mbit/s for all application
b. Business
Service/Application Typical Bandwidth

of
Various big enterprises are already hooked
into optical fiber networks because they have high Internet Access THD 10 Mbps

ro
reliability, high bandwidth and high security IP Telephony (VOIP) 2 Mbps
requirements that far exceed those of residential sector. FTP 10 Mbps
These large businesses are not usually connected Cloud 10 Mbps
directly to the same equipments (infrastructure) as
residential customers.
-p Total/Cl
Table 5: Bank/40 Mbit/s for all application
32Mbps
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c. Public sector Application Bandwidth
The public sector is very important when Internet Access THD 10 Mbps
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drawing up a plan for an FTTH network. Schools,

Video Conference 05Mbps
libraries, hospitals, doctor’s surgeries and local
government buildings all require connectivity. These IP Telephony (VOIP) 02 Mbps
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organizations can become anchor tenants on the Security camera 02 Mbps

network. FTP 10 Mbps

Project description Cloud 10 Mbps
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This proposes a model of passive optical Total/ Cl 40 Mbps

infrastructure designed for a neutral operator who
makes their puts its fiber optical network accessible to
Study zone description
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various cable operators and manipulators in the A zone survey is necessary to identify needs. Fig.
market. The present model includes deploying WDM 16 shows the object street for project.
GPON beginning with local exchange to diverse areas
in which end users will enjoy all services that only an
optical fiber network can supply. The project will
consider the following information:
• Planning and Design of the chosen
architecture of network for deployment of
FTTx network built on WDM PON networks;
• Providing all components essential to deploy
an appropriate passive optical infrastructure of
an FTTx network, involving from OLT to
optical jack (ONT) in the house.

Application challenge
Bandwidth required for all applications per Fig. 16: Survey zone
type of user is determinate to satisfy quality of service
and cost. Approximate bandwidth calculation are
provided in tables 2, 3, 4 and 5.
 Table6: Result of survey
Solution 2 shown in fig. 17 can satisfy all users in term
Type Total
of Number Services
Bandwidth Distance
bandwidth
of application but the security is a problem .Many
residence
$Mbit/s Max.
Mbit/s
solutions exist. A protection splitter use two fiber and
a ring design is one solution. Because the cost is hig
VoIP, high, we chose to separate each category of user’s in
Residential 150 Data, 30 1,4 km 4 500 one splitter. This solution offers security in that one
IPTV splitter is down the other category is not affect. The
FTTH GPON design for residential users is shown in
VoIP, Fig.16.
University 7 Data, 35 1,4 km 245
cloud

VoIP,
Data,
surveilla
Bank 6 -nce 40 1,4 km 240
video,
cloud,

of
FTP

ro
VoIP,
Data,
surveilla
Business 10
-nce
video,
40 1,4 km 400 -p
re
cloud

Total 5 385
lP
na
ur
Jo
 of
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-p
re
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na
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Fig. 16: solution 1 FTTH GPON for residential users.

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 10
m

10 m

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20
m

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10 m
10
lP

m
na

40
m
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Fig.17: Solution 2 FTTH GPON

The same work is for other seven buildings on the left of street.
The network design for bank and university is shown in Fig.18. The bandwidth for all is 40 and 35
Mbit/s and so the network design use a 1:64 splitter. In this case I don’t use all ports in another extension or
demand we can use instance of port.
 of
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-p
re
lP
na
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Fig. 18: Solution for bank and university users

is 3 dB in this system. Table 2 show the diverse values

Design validation of losses, and the equivalent power received by ONTs.
To evaluate feasibility and performances of These losses were calculated according to the
the proposed design of FTTH network as well as that parameters in table (3). The locations considered in
every user in network receives satisfying power, the table (3) were chosen because they are the most
total optical power loss between the GPON port of the remote in the network; and therefore represent the
OLT and that of the ONT should be considered. This worst case power loss of the network in Fig. 8. The
loss can be summarized by the following equation: calculation showed in this table that the worst case of
݈‫ ݈ܾ݈݁ܽܿ = ݏݏ݋‬+ ݈‫ ݎ݁ݐݐ݈݅݌ݏ‬+ ݈‫ ݈݁ܿ݅݌ݏ‬+ ݈ܿ‫ݎ݋ݐܿ݁݊݊݋‬ received power well exceeds -26 dB ONT sensitivity
(11) (Table 7)
Table 7 presents the definition and value of
each parameter in equation 1. The power received by
the ONT at the receiver buildings is:
Power received = Power transmitted- loss (12)
Where the power transmitted is the power
emitted by the GPON interface in the OLT card which
 Table 7: Parameters contributing to the optical power loss in GPON FTTH access networks.
Parameter Description Value
The loss of optical signal power through the fiber
ܲ஼௔௕௟௘ cable, is measured in dB / km. OTDR is used to 0.21dB/km
measure the exact value of this parameter
Refers to the insertion loss of the splitter, which varies 8 dB for level 1 splitter
according to the splitting rate. The values used for this
ܲௌ௣௟௜௧௧௘௥ 14 dB for level 2
parameter are obtained from the data sheets of the
corresponding splitter splitter
Represent the loss introduced due to splicing, and is
ܲ௦௣௟௜௖௘ measured by the fusion splicing machine. The value 0.003dB
shown represents the maximum loss achieved
This is the loss introduced by coupling of the
ܲ௖௢௡௡௘௖௧௢௥ 0.2dB
connectors.
Table 8: Calculations of the optical power budget to validated the design

ONU- OLT- ONU- Closure

FO Connector Loss Splicing Laser Received
Splitter Splitter OLT # of splicing

of
ONU loss coupling splitter loss power Power
Distance Distance Distance closures loss
(dB) loss (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB)
(m) (m) (m) (dB)

ro
Eden
310 3000 3310 0,6951 1 8 0,12 4 0,012 -7 -16,8271
Deco
Sakly 350 3000 3350 0,7035 1
-p 8 0,12 4 0,012 -7 -16,8355
re
IHE 410 3000 3410 0,7161 1 8 0,12 4 0,012 -7 -16,8481
lP

UPS 470 3000 3470 0,7287 1 8 0,12 4 0,012 -7 -16,8607

Law
560 3000 3560 0,7476 1 8 0,12 3 0,009 -7 -16,8766
na

Faculty

Eemar 410 3000 3410 0,7161 1 8 0,12 4 0,012 -7 -16,8481

ur

Kitchen 450 3000 3450 0,7245 1 8 0,12 4 0,012 -7 -16,8565

770 3000 3770 0,7917 1 8 0,12 4 0,012 -7 -16,9237

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Bank

Post 1030 3000 4030 0,8463 1 8 0,12 4 0,012 -7 -16,9783

Bank 1250 3000 4250 0,8925 1 8 0,12 4 0,012 -7 -17,0245

ISET 1450 3000 4450 0,9345 1 8 0,12 3 0,009 -7 -17,0635

Literature
1600 3000 4600 0,966 1 8 0,12 3 0,009 -7 -17,095
Faculty

The calculated optical power budget is comfortable for , several signal channels, various structure of
this solution. Received power is good for network and topology and nonlinear devices, which make their
analysis and design quite complex and requires high-
all users signals are correctly received
intensity work. OptiSystem allows analysis and design
VI. EVALUATION SOLUTION of these systems to grow efficiently and quickly.
OptiSystem is an original optical communication
7.1 Optisystem software
system and simulation package developed by the
Systems of optical communication are becoming
Optiwave company and aimed to meet the academic
increasingly complex. In fact, these systems often
needs of researchers, system designers and optical
include non-Gaussian noise sources
communications engineers.
 7.2 Network Setup and Design
It included testing, designing and optimizing all types
This section explains the simulation in
of optical network physical layer of broadband
OptiSystem in which all required parameters are
functions for example virtual optical connection. It is
strongly based on properties of standardized GPON.
characterized by vast database of passive and active
Fig. 21shows the first evaluation of an FTTH GPON
components, intenerating power, loss, wavelength and
network.
other related parameters. The parameters let the user
One transmitter and one receiver used at the OLT then
optimize and scan specific device-of technical
distributed to eight ONUs via a 1x8 bidirectional
parameters upon the system performance.
passive optical splitter. An integrated optical circulator
OptiSystem has an efficient simulation detaches downstream and upstream signals, whereas
environment system of classification definitions and optical delay is used to make some correction timing
valid components. Models of communication of fiber for circulation.
optic systems are founded on actual system-level Figs.19 and 23 illustrate block diagrams of the
simulator. Its performance can be attached to the transmitter and the receiver respectively. In order to
device user interface library and can be greatly analyze the performance of the signal in both
expanded to become a widely used tool. [14] downstream and upstream directions the network
construction is shown in the following figures.

of
ro
-p
re
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na
ur
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Fig.19: Transmitter

Fig.20: Optical Fiber

 Fig. 21: Fiber properties

of
ro
-p
Fig. 22: Splitter
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lP
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ur
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Fig. 23: Receiver

in order to convert the electrical signal to an optical
The transmitter generates a sequence of numbers one. At the receiver, an APD used to convert the
constructs the data signal. Then a non Return to Zero optical signal to an electrical signal, and then the
(NRZ) pulse generator creates a sequence of NRZ signal is filtered by low pass Bessel filter to regenerate
pulses coded by an input digital signal. A continuous the desired signal. A BER: analyzer is operated for
wave (CW) laser generates a CW optical signal; and data analysis. Descriptions of the components used
the laser is continuously pumped and continuously are given in table 9:
emits light.
The CW laser and the pulse output of the NRZ
generator pass to a MZM (Mach-Zehnder Modulator)
 Table 9: Component used in simulation

NRZ Pulse Generator Generates NRZ coded signal

CW Laser Generates a CW optical signal

Separates upstream and

Circulator Bidirectional
downstream signals

Adds delay to make the

Optical Delay bidirectional signals pass at the
same time
Allows optical signals to travel
Bidirectional Optical Fiber in both directions at the same
time

of
Splits the signal into required
1xN Bidirectional Splitter number of signal streams to

ro
transmit it to ONUs

APD Photo detector

-p Convert an optical signal to an
electrical signal
re
lP

Filters the signal with a Bessel

Low pass Bessel Filter
frequency transfer function
na

Measures the performance of

BER Analyzer the system based on the signal
before and after propagation
ur
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VII. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

8.1 Residential solution . Distance between OLT and splitter is less than 20
In all eye diagrams in table 10, the eye is open. km and so there is no attenuation. The distance
noise is small and so why transmission is good and between splitter and ONU is less than 2 km.
user’s will be satisfied. Min. BER in all case is 0, with
no error in transmission. The optical amplifier with
5dB gain gives a good solution.
Table 10: Simulation results
ONU BER Analyzer Q factor

IHE+B7
B4
B3
B2
B1

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na
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-p
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 B5

of
UPS+

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B6

-p
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B8
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8.2 Business solution

Fig. 24: Transmitter

Fig. 25: Optical fiber.
Fig. 26: Splitter Fig. 27: ONU

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Fig. 28: Receiver

Fig. 29: Spectrum for wave transmission


Eye diagram
In all eye diagrams in Table 11, the eye is open. Distance between OLT and splitter then 20 km that’s
noise is small and so transmission is good and user’s why no attenuation. The distance between splitter and
will be satisfied. Min. ber in all cases is 0, and there is ONU is less than 2 km as shown in table 11.
no error in transmission. An optical amplifier with 5dB
gain gives for good solutions.
Table 11: Simulation results business solution

No noise
Min. BER =0
EEMAR Eye diagram is open ->
good transmission
Jitter is near 0

of
ro
-p
re
No noise
Min. BER =0
lP

KITCHEN Eye diagram is open ->

good transmission
Jitter is near 0
na
ur
Jo

No noise
Min. BER =0
BANK Eye diagram is open -
>good transmission
Jitter is near 0
 No noise
Min. BER =0
The Post
Eye diagram is open ->
good transmission

of
No noise

ro
Min. BER =0
Bank Eye diagram is open -
-p >good transmission
Jitter is near 0
re
lP
na
ur

No noise
Min. BER =0
Jo

ISET Eye diagram is open ->

good transmission
Jitter is near 0

No noise
Min. BER =0
Faculty of Literature Eye diagram is open -
>good transmission
Jitter is near 0
 No noise
Min. BER =0
EDEN DECO Eye diagram is open -
>good transmission
Jitter is near 0

of
ro
No noise
Min. BER =0
SAKLY -p Eye diagram is open ->
good transmission
re
Jitter is near 0
lP
na
ur
Jo

No noise
Min. BER =0
IHE Eye diagram is open -
>good transmission
Jitter is near 0
 No noise
Min. BER =0
Law Faculty Eye diagram is open ->
good transmission but
Q.factor is great
Jitter is near 0

GPON provides a good solution for the This study can be extended to NG-PON2, a
operator. Design and implementation can reduce multi-channel PON system, which not only increases

of
maintenance cost and provide innovative services. the available capacity on the fiber by a factor of four,
The solution can gives bandwidth for more users but also through support of tunability of customer’s

ro
than a copper network with quality of service. The ONUs provides unparalleled advantages to both
distance between splitter and OLT can reach 60 km operators and users.
more than a copper network and can satisfy 128
users
-p ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research presented in this paper is due to the
re
VIII. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS support of many people. We wish to express our
In order to reduce costs, a GPON is deployed at gratitude to the SYSCOM ENIT members for their
lP

the telecommunication operator. One of the many help and assistance.

benefits of this technology is the ability to support
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