Derrida Babel
Derrida Babel
Derrida Babel
Translation
Edited with an Introduction by
JOSEPH F. GRAHAM
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AlllDlrL"' --·•---
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165
166 Jacques Derrida Des Tours de Babel 167
in the land of Shine'ar. "Yes! A single people, a single lip for all:
They settle there. that is what they begin to do! ...
They say, each to his like: Come! Let us descend! Let us confound their lips,
"Come, let us brick some bricks. man will no longer understand the lip of his neighbor."
Jacques Derrida Des Tours de Babel 171
170
from the internal law of the original. The original requires trans dead or mortal, the dead man, or "dummy," of the text-but to
lation even if no translator is there, fit to respond to this injunc something else that represents the formal law in the immanence
tion, which is at the same time demand and desire in the very of the original text. Then the debt does not involve restitution of
structure of the original. This structure is the relation of life to a copy or a good image, a faithful representation of the original:
sur-vival. This requirement of the other as translator, Benjamin the latter, the survivor, is itself in the process of transformation.
compares it to some unforgettable instant of life: it is lived as The original gives itself in modifying itself; this gift is not an
unforgettable, it is unforgettable even if in fact forgetting finally object given; it lives and lives on in mutation: "For in its sur
wins out. It will have been unforgettable-there is its essential
vival, which would not merit the name if it were not mutation
significance, its apodictic essence; forgetting happens to this un
and renewal of something living, the original is modified. Even
forgettableness only by accident. The requirement of the un
for words that are solidified there is still a postmaturation."
forgettable-which is here constitutive-is not in the least im
Postmaturation (Nachreife) of a living organism or a seed:
paired by the finitude of memory, Likewise the requirement of
this is not simply a metaphor, either, for the reasons already
translation in no way suffers from not being satisfied, at least it
indi cated. In its very essence, the history of this language is
does not suffer in so far as it is the very structure of the work. In
deter mined as "growth," "holy growth of languages."
this sense the surviving dimension is an a priori-and death
4. If the debt of the translator commits him neither with re·
would not change it at all. No more than it would change the
gard to the author (dead insofar as his text has a structure of sur
requirement (Forderung) that runs through the original work
vival even if he is living) nor with regard to a model which must
and to which only "a thought of God" can respond or
be reproduced or represented, to what or to whom is he
correspond (entsprechen). Translation, the desire for translation,
commit ted? How is this to be named, this what or who? What is
is not thinkable without this correspondence with a thought of
the proper name if not that of the author finite, dead or mortal of
God. In the text of 1916, which already accorded the task of the
the text? And who is the translator who is thus committed, who
trans lator, his Aufgabe, with the response made to the gift of
perhaps finds himself committed by the other before having
tongues and the gift of names ("Gabe der Sprache," "Gebung
com mitted himself? Since the translator finds himself, as to the
des Na mens"), Benjamin named God at this point, that of a
sur vival of the text, in the same situation as its finite and mortal
correspon dence authorizing, making possible or guaranteeing
producer (its "author"), it is not he, not he himself as a finite and
the corre spondence between the languages engaged in
mortal being, who is committed. Then who? It is he, of course,
translation. In this narrow context, there was also the matter of
but in the name of whom or what? The question of proper
the relations be tween language of things and language of men,
names is essential here. Where the act of the living mortal seems
between the silent and the speaking, the anonymous and the
to count less than the sur-vival of the text in the translation
nameable, but the axiom held, no doubt, for all translation: "the
translated and translating-it is quite necessary that the sig nature
objectivity of this translation is guaranteed in God" (trans. M. de
of the proper noun be distinguished and not be so easily effaced
Gandillac, 91). The debt, in the beginning, is fashioned in the
from the contract or from the debt. Let us not forget that Babel
hollow of this "thought of God."
names a struggle for the sur-vival of the name, the tongue or the
Strange debt, which does not bind anyone to anyone. If the
lips.
structure of the work is "sur-vival," the debt does not engage in
From its height Babel at every instant supervises and sur
relation to a hypothetical subject-author of the original text-
prises my reading: I translate, I translate the translation by
184 Jacques Derrida Des Tours de Babel 185
in full detail, pass into its own language the mode of intention of
the original: thus, just as the debris become recognizable as nal when the two adjoined fragments, as different as they can be,
fragments of the same amphora, original and translations become complete each other so as to form a larger tongue in the course of
recognizable as fragments of a larger language." a sur-vival that changes them both. For the native tongue of
Let us accompany this movement of love, the gesture of this the translator, as we have noted, is altered as well. Such at
loving one (liebena) that is at work in the translation. It does not least is my interpretation-my translation, my "task of the
reproduce, does not restitute, does not represent; as to the es translator." It is what I have called the translation contract:
sential, it does not render the meaning of the original except at hymen or mar riage contract with the promise to produce a
that point of contact or caress, the infinitely small of meaning. child whose seed will give rise to history and growth. A
It extends the body of languages, it puts languages into marriage contract in the form of a seminar. Benjamin says as
symbolic expansion, and symbolic here means that, however much, in the translation the original becomes larger; it grows
little restitu tion there be to accomplish, the larger, the new rather than reproduces itself and I will add: like a child, its own,
vaster aggre gate, has still to reconstitute something. It is no doubt, but with the power to speak on its own which makes of
perhaps not a whole, but it is an aggregate in which openness a child something other than a product subjected to the law of
should not con tradict unity. Like the urn which lends its poetic reproduction. This promise signals a kingdom which is at
topos to so many meditations on word and thing, from once "promised and forbidden where the languages will be
Holderlin to Rilke and Heidegger, the amphora is one with reconciled and fulfilled." This is the most Babelian note in an
itself though opening itself to the outside-and this openness analysis of sacred writing as the model and the limit of all
opens the unity, renders it possible, and forbids it totality. Its writing, in any case of all Dichtung in its being-to-be-
openness allows receiving and giving. If the growth of language translated. The sacred and the being-to-be-trans lated do not
must also reconstitute without representing, if that is the lend themselves to thought one without the other. They
symbol, can translation lay claim to the truth? Truth-will that produce each other at the edge of the same limit.
still be the name of that which still lays down the law for a This kingdom is never reached, touched, trodden by transla tion.
translation? There is something untouchable, and in this sense the reconciliation
Here we touch-at a point no doubt infinitely small-the is only promised. But a promise is not nothing, it is not simply
limit of translation. The pure untranslatable and the pure trans marked by what it lacks to be fulfilled. As a prom ise, translation
ferable here pass one into the other-and it is the truth, "itself is already an event, and the decisive signature of a contract.
materially." Whether or not it be honored does not prevent the commitment
The word "truth" appears more than once in "The Task of the from taking place and from bequeathing its record. A translation
Translator." We must not rush to lay hold of it. It is not a matter that manages, that manages to promise reconcilia tion, to talk about
of truth for a translation in so far as it might conform or be faithful it, to desire it or make it desirable-such a translation is a rare and
to its model, the original. Nor any more a matter, either for the notable event.
original or even for the translation, of some adequation of the Here two questions before going closer to the truth. Of what
language to meaning or to reality, nor indeed of the representa tion does the untouchable consist, if there is such a thing? And why
to something. Then what is it that goes under the name of truth? does such a metaphor or ammetaphor of Benjamin make me
And will it be that new? think of the hymen, more visibly of the wedding gown?
Let us start again from the "symbolic." Let us remember the 1. The always intact, the intangible, the untouchable (un
metaphor, or the ammetaphor: a translation espouses the origi- beriihrbar) is what fascinates and orients the work of the trans
lator. He wants to touch the untouchable, that which remains of
192 ]acques Derrida Des Tours de Babel 193
task of the translator excludes the intended or leaves it between "present" (gegenwartig) only in the "knowledge of that dis
brackets. tance," in the Entfernung, the remoteness that relates us to it.
The mode of intention alone assigns the task of translation. One can know this remoteness, have knowledge or a presenti
Every "thing," in its presumed self-identity (for example, bread ment of it, but we cannot overcome it. Yet it puts us in contact
itself) is intended by way of different modes in each language and with that "language of the truth" which is the "true language"
in each text of each language. It is among these modes that the ("so ist diese Sprache der Wahrheit-die wahre Sprache"), This
translation should seek, produce or reproduce, a complemen tarity contact takes place in the mode of"presentiment," in the "inten
or a "harmony." And since to complete or complement does not sive" mode that renders present what is absent, that allows re
amount to the summation of any worldly totality, the value of
moteness to approach as remoteness, fort:da. Let us say that the
harmony suits this adjustment, and what can here be called the
translation is the experience, that which is translated or experi
accord of tongues. This accord lets the pure language, and the
enced as well: experience is translation.
being-language of the language, resonate, announcing it rather
The to-be-translated of the sacred text, its pure transferability,
than presenting it. As long as this accord does not take place, the
that is what would give at the limit the ideal measure for all
pure language remains hidden, concealed (ver borgen), immured
translation. The sacred text assigns the task to the translator, and
in the nocturnal intimacy of the "core." Only a translation can
it is sacred inasmuch as it announces itself as transferable,
make it emerge.
Emerge and above all develop, make grow. Always according simply transferable, to-be-translated, which does not always
to the same motif (in appearance organicist or vitalist), one could mean im mediately translatable, in the common sense that was
then say that each language is as if atrophied in its isolation, dismissed from the start. Perhaps it is necessary to distinguish
meager, arrested in its growth, sickly. Owing to translation, in here be tween the transferable and the translatable.
other words to this linguistic supplementarity by which one lan Transferability pure and simple is that of the sacred text in
guage gives to another what it lacks, and gives it harmoniously, which meaning and liter ality are no longer discernible as they
this crossing of languages assures the growth of languages, even form the body of a unique, irreplaceable, and untransferable
that "holy growth of language" "unto the messianic end of histo event, "materially the truth." Never are the call for translation,
ry." All of that is announced in the translation process, through the debt, the task, the assigna tion, more imperious. Never is
"the eternal sur-vival of languages" ("am ewigen Fortleben der there anything more transfera ble, yet by reason of this
Sprachen") or "the infinite rebirth [Aufleben] of languages." indistinction of meaning and literality (Wiirtlichkeit), the pure
This perpetual reviviscence, this constant regeneration (Fort transferable can announce itself, give itself, present itself, let
and Auf-leben) by translation is less a revelation, revelation it itself be translated as untranslatable. From this limit, at once
self, than an annunciation, an alliance and a promise. i interior and exterior, the translator comes to receive all the signs
This religious code is essential here. The sacred text marks the of remoteness (Entfernung) which guide him on his infinite
limit, the pure even if inaccessible model, of pure trans course, at the edge of the abyss, of madness and of silence: the
ferability, the ideal starting from which one could think, evalu last works of Holderlin as transla tions of Sophocles, the
ate, measure the essential, that is to say poetic, translation.
[
' collapse of meaning "from abyss to abyss," and this danger is
not that of accident, it is trans ferability, it is the law of
translation, the to-be-translated as law, the order given, the
order received-and madness waits on both sides. And as the
Translation, as holy growth of languages, announces the mes
task is impossible at the approaches to the
sianic end, surely, but the sign of that end and of that growth is
204 Jacques Derrida Des Tours de Babel 205
209
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!'esprit ou l'histoire et non pas depuis la seule "corporalite muniquer. Pas plus que !'original, et Benjamin maintient a l'abri
organique." II ya vie au moment ou la "survie" (!'esprit, l'histoi re, de toute contestation possible ou mena ante, la dualite rigou
les oeuvres) excede la vie et la mort biologique: "C'est en reuse entre I'original et la version, le traduit et le traduisant,
reconnaissant bien plut6t la vie ii tout ce dont ii ya histoire et qui meme s'il en deplace le rapport. Et ii s'interesse a la traduction
n'en est pas seulement le theatre qu'on rend justice ace concept de textes poetiques ou sacres qui livrerait ici I'essence de la
de vie. Car c'est ii partir de l'histoire, non de la nature ... qu'il traduction. Tout I'essai se deploie entre le poetique et le sacre,
224 Appendix Appendix 225
personnalite a la fois par la composition et I'expression comme le droit positif tel qu'il se formule si laborieusement et parfois si
les adaptations, II suffit que l'auteur, tout en suivant pas a pas
le developpernent d'une oeuvre preexistante, ait fait acte
personnel
clans J'expression: !'article 4 en fait foi, puisque, clans une enu
meration non-exhaustive des oeuvres derivees ii situe a 1a
place d'honneur les traductions. "Traduttore, traditore," disent
volon
tiers les Italiens, en une boutade, qui, comme toute m€daille, a
un avers et un revers: s'il est de mauvais traducteurs, qui
multi
plient les contre-sens, d'autres sont cites gr.ice a la perfection de
leur t.1che, Le risque d'une erreur ou d'une imperfection a
pour contrepartie la perspective d'une version authentique, qui
impli que une parfaite connaissance des deux langues, une
foison de choix judicieux, et partant un effort createur. La
consultation d'un dictionnaire ne suffit qu'aux candidats
mediocres au bac calaureat: le traducteur consciencieux et
competent "met du sien" et cree tout comme le peintre qui fait
la copie d'un mo dele.-La verification de cette conclusion est
fournie par la com paraison de plusieurs traductions d'un seul
et meme texte: chacune pourra differer des autres, sans
qu'aucune contienne un contre-sens; la variete des modes
d'expression d'une meme pen see demontre, par la possibilite
d'un choix, que la tache du tra
ducteur donne prise a des manifestations de personnalite. [Le
droit d'auteur en France, Paris: Dalloz, 1978]
meme motif (d'apparence organiciste ou vitaliste), on dirait alors traduire; ce qui ne vent pas toujours dire immediatement tra
que chaque langue est comme atrophiee clans sa solitude, mai gre, duisible, au sens commun qui fut ecarte des le debut. Peut-etre
arretee clans sa croissance, infirme. Grace ii la traduction, faut-il distinguer ici entre le traductible et le traduisible. La
autrement dit ii cette supplementarite linguistique par laquelle traductibilite pure et simple est celle du texte sacre clans lequel
une langue donne a l'autre ce qui lui manque, et le lui donne le sens et la litteralite ne se discernent plus pour former le corps
harmonieusement, ce croisement des langues assure la crois d' un evenement unique, irrempla9able, intransferable "mate
sance des langues, et meme cette "sainte croissance des riellement la verite." Jamais l'appel ii la traduction, la dette, la
langues" "jusqu'au terme messianique de l'histoire." Tout cela tache, I'assignation ne sont plus imperieuses. Jamais il n'y a
s'annonce plus traductible, mais en raison de cette indistinction du sens et
clans le processus traducteur, a travers "I'eternelle survie des de la litteralite (Wortlichkeit), le traductible pur peut
langues" ("am ewigen Fortleben der Sprachen") ou "la renais s'annoncer, se donner, se presenter, se laisser traduire comme
sance [Aufleben] infinie des langues." Cette perpetuelle intraduisible. Depuis cette limite, ii la fois interieure et
revivis cence, cette regenerescence constante (Fort- et Auf- exterieure, le traduc teur en vient ii recevoir tous !es signes de
leben) par la traduction, c'est moins une revelation, la I'eloignement (Entfer nung) qui le guide en sa demarche infinie,
revelation elle-meme, qu'une annunciation) une alliance et au bard de I'abime, de la folie et du silence: les dernieres
une promesse. oeuvres de Holderlin comme traductions de Sophocle,
Ce code religieux est ici essentieL Le texte sacre marque la I'effondrement du sens "d'abime en abime," et ce danger n'est
limite, le modele pur, meme s'il est inaccessible, de la traduc pas celui de !'accident, c'est la traduc tibilite, c'est la loi de la
tibilite pure, !'ideal a partir duquel on pourra penser, evaluer, traduction, l'il-traduire comme loi, I'ordre donne, I'ordre re9u-et
mesurer la traduction essentielle, c'est ii dire poetique. La la folie attend des deux cotes. Et com me la tache est impossible
traduc tion, comme sainte croissance des langues, annonce le aux abords du texte sacre qui vous I'assigne, la culpabilite
terme messianique, certes, mais le signe de ce terme et de cette infinie vous absout aussitot.
crois sance n'y est "present" (gegenwiirtig) que clans le "savoir de C'est ce qui se nomme ici desormais Babel: la loi imposee par
cette distance," clans l'Entfernung, l'eloignement qui nous y le nom de Dieu qui du meme coup vous prescrit et vous interdit
rapporte. Cet eloignement, on pent le savoir, en avoir le savoir de traduire en vous montrant et e_n vous derobant la limite. Mais
ou le pressentiment, on ne peut le vaincre. Mais il nous met en ce n'est pas seulement la situation babelienne, pas seulement
rapport avec cette "langue de la verite" qui est le "veritable une scene ou une structure. C'est aussi le statut et I'evenement
langage" ("so isl diese Sprache der Wahrheit-die wahre du texte babelien, du texte de la Genese (texte ii cet egard
Sprache"). Cette mise en rapport a lieu sur le mode du unique) comme texte sacre. II releve de la Joi qu'il raconte et
"pressentiment," sur le mode "intensif' qui se rend present ce qu'il traduit exemplairement. II fait la Joi dont ii parle, et
qui est absent, laisse venir l'eloignement comme d'abime en abime il deconstruit la tour, et chaque tour, !es tours
eloignement,fort:da. Disons que la traduc tion est !'experience, en tous genres, selon un rythme.
ce qui se traduit ou s'eprouve aussi: I'experi ence est traduction. Ce qui se passe clans un texte sacre, c'est I'evenement d'un
L'il-traduire du texte sacre, sa pure traductibilite, voila ce qui pas de sens. Et cet evenement est aussi celui ii partir duquel on
donnerait a la limite la mesure ideale de toute traduction. Le peut penser le texte poetique ou litteraire qui tend ii racheter le
texte sacre assigne sa tache au traducteur, et il est sacre en tant sacre perdu et s'y traduit comme clans son modele. Pas-de-
qu'il s'annonce comme traductible, simplement traductible, ii- sens, cela
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