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    History Grade 12

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    Tokuma Aman
    1. The Zemne Mesafint was a period from 1769-1855 characterized by the downfall of central government authority, intense power struggles between the monarchy and nobility, feudal political disintegration as regional lords established foreign relations independently, absence of rule of law leading to instability, and economic decline due to endless wars. 2. Conditions that led to the Zemne Mesafint included the erosion of traditional monarchy power from wars and humiliation by Oromo warriors, the establishment of Gonder as a fixed capital neglecting outlying provinces, and Itge Mintewab's political marriages between her son and an Oromo chief's daughter to gain power. 3. It

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    History Grade 12

    Uploaded by

    Tokuma Aman
    1K views2 pages
    1. The Zemne Mesafint was a period from 1769-1855 characterized by the downfall of central government authority, intense power struggles between the monarchy and nobility, feudal political disintegration as regional lords established foreign relations independently, absence of rule of law leading to instability, and economic decline due to endless wars. 2. Conditions that led to the Zemne Mesafint included the erosion of traditional monarchy power from wars and humiliation by Oromo warriors, the establishment of Gonder as a fixed capital neglecting outlying provinces, and Itge Mintewab's political marriages between her son and an Oromo chief's daughter to gain power. 3. It

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    1. The Zemne Mesafint was a period from 1769-1855 characterized by the downfall of central government authority, intense power struggles between the monarchy and nobility, feudal political disintegration as regional lords established foreign relations independently, absence of rule of law leading to instability, and economic decline due to endless wars. 2. Conditions that led to the Zemne Mesafint included the erosion of traditional monarchy power from wars and humiliation by Oromo warriors, the establishment of Gonder as a fixed capital neglecting outlying provinces, and Itge Mintewab's political marriages between her son and an Oromo chief's daughter to gain power. 3. It

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1K views2 pages

    History Grade 12

    Uploaded by

    Tokuma Aman
    1. The Zemne Mesafint was a period from 1769-1855 characterized by the downfall of central government authority, intense power struggles between the monarchy and nobility, feudal political disintegration as regional lords established foreign relations independently, absence of rule of law leading to instability, and economic decline due to endless wars. 2. Conditions that led to the Zemne Mesafint included the erosion of traditional monarchy power from wars and humiliation by Oromo warriors, the establishment of Gonder as a fixed capital neglecting outlying provinces, and Itge Mintewab's political marriages between her son and an Oromo chief's daughter to gain power. 3. It

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Subject: History Grade 12

    The Zemne Mesafint (the Era of the Princes)


     It was a period from about 1769-1855, characterized by:-
     The downfall of central government/authority of the monarchy and relatively strong regional
    political power.
     Intense power struggle between the monarchy and the nobility for political power.
     Feudal political disintegration such as governors Shewa and lords of Tigray established
    foreign relations independently.
     Absence of rule of law, which brought about arbitrariness, lawlessness, instability, disorder
    and destructions.
     Economic decline because of endless wars.
     Foreign threat from the western frontiers of Ethiopia, like Egyptian invasion of the christian
    kingdom in 1821.
    Example:- When Mohammad Ali of Egypt extended Egypt's rule over the Sudan and invaded
    Ethiopia in 1821, Dejazmach Wube of Simen, Dejazmach Kinfu of Quara and
    Dejazmach Kassa Hailu(Half-brother of Kinfu) paid enormous sacrifices to save the
    independence of their country.
    Conditions that led to the Zemne Mesafint were:-
     The erosion of the traditional power and authority of the Christian monarchy by wars of
    Adal, humiliation from the Oromo warriors.
     the establishment of Gonder as a fixed capital, where kings remained to be in the city and
    neglected the provinces far from the center, which led to the rise of powerful regional lords
    like Ras Wolde Silassie of Tigray and rulers of Shewa.
     determination of Itge Mintewab to control political power by arranging political marriage
    between her son Iyasu the Little and the daughter of the Wello Oromo chief, which enabled
    the Wello Oromo to take a power base, to enjoy a leading role and to influence in their own
    right brought about revolts, disorder and instability between the Qaran born individuals
    reprsented by Mintewab and the Wello Oromos represented by Wabi(Bersabeh)- wife of
    Iyassu the little.
    Example: -The Yejju Oromo or Warra Sheh Dynasty/Ruling Family (r- 1786-1853) was
    established by the Wello Oromos, using their political marriage with Itge Mintewab of
    Quara as a power base.

    Activity one
    I. Write short and precise answers for the following questions.
    1. Mention some of the basic features of the Zemne Mesafint.
    2. What were the leading conditions of the birth of the Era of the Princes?
    3. Why was Itge Mintewab arranged political marriage between her son Iyassu the little and
    Bersabeh/ daughter of the Wello Oromo Chief,Amizo?
    4. Name the three Ethiopians who paid an enormous sacrificies against Egyptian invaders in
    1821.
    5. How was the Yejju Oromo /Warra Sheh ruling family established?

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