TAXATION

P
ICAP
Tax Practices
Eleventh edition published by
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© Emile Woolf International ii The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan

Certificate in Accounting and Finance
C
Tax Practices
Contents
Page
Chapter
1 System of taxation in Pakistan 1
2 Constitutional provisions on taxes 9
3 Ethics 23
4 Basic concepts of taxation 39
5 Salary 71
6 Income from property 93
7 Income from business - part one 101
8 Income from business - part two 115
9 Capital gains 131
10 Income from other sources 145
11 Losses, deductible allowances, tax credits and exemptions 153
12 Taxation of individual and association of persons 169
13 Foreign source income of a resident persons 179
14 Returns 187
15 Assessment, records and audit 201
16 Appeals, references and petitions 219
© Emile Woolf International iii The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan

Tax Practices
Page
17 Scope of sales tax law and rules for registration and deregistration 231
18 Determination of sales tax liability 257
19 Returns and records 271
Note: All practical/scenario based questions have been dealt with in accordance with the laws applicable
for tax year 2023.
© Emile Woolf International iv The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan

1
CHAPTER
Tax Practices
System of taxation in Pakistan
Contents
1 Objectives of tax laws
2 Basics of taxation laws
3 Introduction to different taxation laws of Pakistan
4 History of tax laws in Pakistan
© Emile Woolf International 1 The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan

Tax Practices
1 OBJECTIVES OF TAX LAWS

Section overview
n Definition of taxation
n Revenue & Non-revenue objectives
n Taxes as mean for development
1.1 Definition of taxation

Taxation is defined in many ways, common definition is as under:
q It is the process by which the sovereign, through its law making body, raises revenues in
order to use it for expenses of government.
q It is a means for the government in increasing its revenue under the authority of the law,
purposely used to promote welfare and protection of its citizenry.
q It is the collection of the share of individual and organizational income by a government

under the authority of the law.
1.2 Revenue & Non-revenue objectives

Taxes are primary revenue yielding tools of the Government of modern ages. The government
levies taxes in order to achieve following objectives:
q For collection of revenue to run and administer the Government;
q To use as a tool for implementation of its policies; and
q For fair distribution of wealth.

Aside from purely financing government operational expenditures, taxation is also utilized as a tool
to carry out the national objective of social and economic development.
q To strengthen anaemic enterprises by granting them tax exemptions or other conditions or

incentives for growth;
q To protect local industries against foreign competition by increasing local import taxes;
q As a bargaining tool in trade negotiations with other countries;
q To counter the effects of inflation or depression;
q To reduce inequalities in the distribution of wealth;
q To promote science and invention, finance educational activities or maintain and improve
the efficiency of local forces;
q To implement laws which eliminate discrimination among various elements in the

markets/businesses.
q To discourage certain undesirable sectors and activities.

Chapter 1: System of taxation in Pakistan
Illustration: Objectives of Taxation Laws

Explain what are the objectives of following tax laws:
Tax Law Objective

Tax on salary income Revenue Collection
Any amount transferred otherwise than banking Documentation of economy
channel will be deemed as income
Tax on moveable assets of the taxpayers Fair distribution of wealth
Tax Law Objective

Higher taxes on import of luxury goods Reduction in imports of unnecessary goods
and create good balance of trade
Allowability of expenditure of research & Promotion of research & developments
developments
Zero rating on Exports Promotion of Exports
Tax credit on Donations to approved institutions To promote culture of payment of donation
to only organised and regulated institutions
Tax credit on investments Promote investments in listed companies
Tax exemptions to software exports Promote software industry
1.3 Taxes as mean for development

Taxes are one of the main sources for development. This is not because revenue collected by the
state is used on developmental projects. Rather, taxes can be used in many different ways for
development of the country. Some examples are as under:
q The Government can declare some areas as free zone, industrial zone, and economic zone
and provide tax incentives to such areas. Such incentives could attract
businessman/industrialist who may opt to establish business concerns/industrial units that
would bring employment, opportunities and overall prosperity in these under developed
areas.
q Taxing the rich at higher rates while taxing the low income groups at lower tax rates.
q Imposition of high custom duty rates on luxury items. This promotes local manufacturing
industry.
q Tax credits on charitable donations to promote welfare activities.
q Tax exemptions to charity organisation/educational institutions to promote these activities.
q Exemption of tax to Agriculture sector to promote agriculture.

Tax Practices
2 BASICS OF TAXATION LAWS

Section overview
n Basics of tax laws
2.1 Basics of tax laws

Adam Smith’s in his famous book “Wealth of Nations” has elaborated following canons of Taxation:
q Equality
Tax payments should be proportional to income and applied equally to all concerned areas
q Certainty
Tax liabilities should be clear and certain
q Convenience of payment
Taxes should be collected at a time and in a manner convenient for taxpayer
q Economy of collection
Taxes should not be expensive to collect and should not discourage business.
Principles for levy of tax
Following are some broad principles for levy of taxes:
q The Benefit Principle
This principle holds that the individuals should be taxed in proportion to the benefits they
receive from the governments and that taxes should be paid by those people who receive
the direct benefit of government programs and projects out of the taxes paid.
q The Ability-to-Pay Principle
This principle holds that taxes should relate with the person’s income or the ability to pay,
that is, those with greater income or wealth who can afford to pay should be taxed. Similarly,
even rate of tax could increase with higher income.
q The Equal-Distribution Principle
Income, wealth and transaction may be taxed at a fixed percentage; that is, people who earn
more and spend more should pay more taxes, but not pay a higher rate of tax.
Kinds of taxes
q Proportional tax/Flat Tax
A tax system that requires the same percentage of income from all taxpayers regardless of
their earnings. A proportional tax applies the same tax rate across low, middle and high-
income taxpayers. The proportional tax is in contrast to a progressive tax, where taxpayers
with higher incomes pay higher tax rates than taxpayers with lower incomes. A proportional
tax is also called a flat tax.
q Regressive tax
A tax that takes a larger percentage from a person’s low-income than from another person’s
high-income. A regressive tax is generally a tax that is applied uniformly. This means that it
hits lower-income individuals harder.
q Progressive tax
A tax that takes a larger percentage from high-income earners than it does from low-income
earners. In other words, the more one earns, the more tax he would have to pay. The tax
amount is proportionately equal to someone’s status in the society. A rich man should pay
more than a poor man.

Characteristics of tax laws
Following are major characteristics of a taxation system:

q Tax is an enforced contribution
Tax payment is not voluntary in nature and the imposition is not dependent upon the will of
the person taxed.
q Tax is generally payable in cash (bank)
This means that payment by cheques, promissory notes, or in kind is not accepted.
q Tax is proportionate in character
Payment of taxes should be based on the ability to pay principle; higher income of the tax
payer, the bigger amount of the tax paid.
q Tax is levied (to impose; collect) on income, transactions or property
There are taxes that are imposed or levied on acts, rights or privileges.
q Tax is levied by the state which has jurisdiction over the person or property
As a general rule, only persons, properties, acts, right or transaction within the jurisdiction
of the taxing state are subjects for taxation.
q Tax is levied by the law making body of the state
This means that law must be enacted first by the Parliament in Pakistan.
q Tax is levied for public purposes
Taxes are imposed to support the government in implementation of projects and programs.
The principles of a sound tax system
q Fiscal adequacy
The sources of revenue taken as a whole should be sufficient to meet the expenditures of
the government, regardless of business, export taxes, trade balances and problems of
economic adjustments. Revenues should be capable of expanding or contracting annually
in response to variations in public expenditures.
q Equality or Theoretical Justice
Taxes levied must be based upon the ability of the citizen to pay.
q Administrative Feasibility
In a successful tax system, tax should be clear and plain to taxpayers, capable of
enforcement by the adequate and well-trained public officials, convenient as to the time and
manner of payment and not unduly burdensome to discourage business activity.
q Consistency or Compatibility with Economic Goals
Tax laws should be consistent with economic goals or programs of the government which
pertain to basic services intended for the masses.

Tax Practices
3 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENT TAXATION LAWS OF PAKISTAN

Section overview
n Brief overview of different direct and indirect taxes
3.1 Brief overview of different direct and indirect taxes

Federal taxes in Pakistan like most of the taxation systems in the world are classified into two broad
categories, viz., direct and indirect taxes. A broad description regarding the nature of administration
of these taxes is explained below:
DIRECT TAXES
Income Tax
Direct taxes primarily comprise of Income Tax. In the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, tax is levied
generally on the net income of a taxpayer earned during a tax year computed by applying the
specified tax rates as applicable to respective taxpayer.
For the purpose of the charge of tax and the computation of total income, all income is classified
under the following heads:
q Salary
q Income from property
q Income from business
q Capital gains; and
q Income from other sources
Capital Value Tax

Capital value tax on different transaction such as transfer of immoveable property, transfer of rights
etc.
INDIRECT TAXES
Following are the indirect taxes under the Pakistani Taxation System.
Custom Duty
Goods imported and exported from Pakistan are liable to rates of customs duties as prescribed in
Pakistan Customs Tariff. Customs duties in the form of import duties and export duties constitute
a major part of the total tax receipts. The rate structure of customs duty is determined by a large
number of socio-economic factors. However, the general scheme envisages higher rates on luxury
items as well as on less essential goods. The import tariff has been given an industrial bias by
keeping the duties on industrial plants and machinery and raw material lower than those on
consumer goods.
Federal Excise Duty

Federal Excise duties are levied on a limited number of goods produced or manufactured, and
services provided or rendered in Pakistan. On most of the items Federal Excise duty is charged on
the basis of value or retail price. Some items are, however, chargeable to duty on the basis of
weight or quantity. Classification of goods is done in accordance with the Harmonized Commodity
Description and Coding system which is being used all over the world. All exports are liable to Zero
per cent Federal Excise Duty.

Sales Tax
Sales tax is levied at various stages of economic activity:
q All taxable goods imported into Pakistan, payable by the importers;
q All taxable supplies made in Pakistan by a registered person in the course of furtherance of
any business carried on by him; and
q All taxable services provided in Pakistan.
There is an in-built system of input tax adjustment and a registered person can make adjustment
of tax paid at earlier stages against the tax payable by him on his supplies. Thus, the tax paid at
any stage does not exceed 18% of the total sales price of the supplies. In Pakistan, the government
has the flexibility to levy sales taxes at varying rates, which may be higher or lower than 18%.

Tax Practices
4 HISTORY OF TAX LAWS IN PAKISTAN

Section overview
n History of tax laws in Pakistan
4.1 History of tax laws in Pakistan

In Pakistan, Federal Government is empowered to levy and collect tax on the income of a person.
The history of modern income taxation dates back to the year 1860. The British Empire introduced
first formal Income Tax Act of 1860 in an effort to end the budgetary deficit faced due to the war of
independence of 1857. The tax was not intended to be permanent and was repealed in 1865.
The Income Tax Act of 1886 was a general income tax that had been imposed on traders by some
of the provinces. This Act of 1886 was a great improvement on earlier enactments. Its basic
scheme, by and large, survives till today. It introduced the definition of “agricultural income” which
is almost the same as in the Income Tax Ordinance 2001. This Act continued in force for 32 years.
The 1918 Act consolidated a number of wartime amendments. A graduated super tax on income
over Rs.50,000 and on the undistributed profits of the corporation and other entities was introduced
by the Super Tax Act of 1917 and continued in force through modifications by the Super Tax Act
of 1920. The Income Tax Act and the Super Tax Act were later on consolidated in another act i.e.
the Income Tax Act of 1922, which remained in force in Pakistan till 30th June 1979; when the new
law was promulgated i.e. the Income Tax Ordinance, 1979 with effect from 1st July 1979.
Income Tax Ordinance 1979 was amended through innumerable presidential ordinances, annual
finance acts/ordinances and statutory regulatory orders (SROs) and most of its lacunas were
removed over a long period of time. However, after approximately 23 years of its existence when
substantive amendments and judicial pronouncements made it a universally understandable and
acceptable piece of legislation for everybody, a new ordinance (i.e.) Income Tax Ordinance, 2001
was promulgated on 13th September 2001.

CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Constitutional provisions on taxes
Contents
1 Federal financial procedures
2 Provincial financial procedures
3 Distribution of revenues between federation and provinces
4 Federal legislative list

Tax Practices
1 FEDERAL FINANCIAL PROCEDURES

Section overview
n Introduction
n Federal consolidated fund and public account and expenditure to be charged to Federal
constitutional fund
1.1 Introduction
Constitution of Pakistan is the prime source for all legislations in Pakistan. It provides that tax shall
only be levied by or under the authority of Act of (Majlis-e-Shoora) Parliament (Article 77). The
Constitution distributes powers among Federation and Provinces. It provides procedures for levy
and collection of taxes as well as procedures for use of funds received from taxes or by the
Federation from any other source. This chapter is divided into three main areas which are as
follows:
q Federal Financial Procedures
q Provincial Financial Procedures
q Distribution of Revenues between Federation & Provinces
These areas are now explained in detail in the upcoming paragraphs.
1.2 Federal consolidated fund and public account and expenditure to be charged to
Federal constitutional fund
1.2.1 Federal consolidated fund and public account [Article 78]
q All revenues received by the Federal Government, all loans raised by that
Government and all monies received by it in repayment of any loan, shall form
part of a consolidated fund, to be known as the Federal Consolidated Fund.
q All other monies:
• received by or on behalf of the Federal Government; or
• received by or deposited with the Supreme Court or any other court

established under the authority of the Federation;
shall be credited to the Public Account of the Federation.
1.2.2 Custody of federal consolidated fund and public account [Article 79]
The custody of the Federal Consolidated Fund, the payment or monies into that Fund,
the withdrawal of monies there from, the custody of other monies received by or on
behalf of the Federal Government, their payment into, and withdrawal from, the Public
Account of the Federation, and all matters connected with or ancillary to the matters
aforesaid shall be regulated by Act of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) or, until provision
in that behalf is so made, by rules made by the President.
1.2.3 Annual budget statement [Article 80]
q The Federal Government shall, in respect of every financial year, cause to be

laid before the National Assembly a statement of the estimated receipts and
expenditure of the Federal Government for that year, in this Part, referred to as
the annual budget statement.

Chapter 2: Constitutional provisions on taxes
q The annual budget statement shall show separately:

• the sums required to meet expenditure described by the Constitution as
expenditure charged upon the Federal Consolidated Fund; and
• the sums required to meet other expenditure proposed to be made from

the Federal Consolidated Fund; and
q The annual budget statement shall distinguish expenditure on revenue account
from other expenditure.
1.2.4 Expenditure charged upon federal consolidated fund [Article 81]

The following expenditure shall be expenditure charged upon the Federal Consolidated
Fund:-
q the remuneration payable to the President and other expenditure relating to his
office, and the remuneration payable to-
• the Judges of the Supreme Court and the Islamabad High Court
• the Chief Election Commissioner;
• the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman;
• the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly;

• the Auditor-General;
q The administrative expenses, including the remuneration payable to officers and
servants, of the Supreme Court, the Islamabad High Court, the department of
the Auditor-General, the Office of the Chief Election Commissioner and of the
Election Commission and the Secretariats of the Senate and the National
Assembly;
q All debt charges for which the Federal Government is liable, including interest,
sinking fund charges, the repayment or amortisation of capital, and other
expenditure in connection with the raising of loans, and the service and
redemption of debt on the security of the Federal Consolidated Fund;
q Any sums required to satisfy any judgment, decree or award against Pakistan by
any court or tribunal; and
q Any other sums declared by the Constitution or by Act of Majlis-e-Shoora
(Parliament) to be so charged.
1.2.5 Procedure relating to annual budget statement [Article 82]

q So much of the Annual Budget Statement as relates to expenditure charged
upon the Federal Consolidated Fund may be discussed in, but shall not be
submitted to the vote of, the National Assembly.
q So much of the Annual Budget Statement as relates to other expenditure shall
be submitted to the National Assembly in the form of demands for grants, and
the Assembly shall have power to assent to, or to refuse to assent to, any
demand, or to assent to any demand subject to a reduction of the amount
specified therein;
However, for a period of ten years from the commencing day or the holding of the
second general election to the National Assembly, whichever occurs later, a demand
shall be deemed to have been assented to without any reduction of the amount
specified therein, unless, by the votes of a majority of the total membership of the
Assembly, it is refused or assented to subject to a reduction of the amount specified
therein.
q No demand for a grant shall be made except on the recommendation of the
Federal Government.

Tax Practices
1.2.6 Authentication of schedule of authorised expenditure [Article 83]

1) The Prime Minister shall authenticate by his signature a schedule specifying:
a) the grants made or deemed to have been made by the National Assembly
under Article 82, and
b) the several sums required to meet the expenditure charged upon the
Federal Consolidated Fund but not exceeding, in the case of any sum,
the sum shown in the statement previously laid before the National
Assembly.
2) The schedule so authenticated shall be laid before the National Assembly, but
shall not be open to discussion or vote thereon.
3) Subject to the Constitution, no expenditure from the Federal Consolidated Fund
shall be deemed to be duly authorised unless it is specified in the schedule so
authenticated and such schedule is laid before the National Assembly as stated
above.
1.2.7 Supplementary and excess grants [Article 84]

If in respect of any financial year it is found that:
a) the amount authorized to be expended for a particular service for the current
financial year is insufficient, or that a need has arisen for expenditure upon some
new service not included in the Annual Budget Statement for that year; or
b) any money has been spent on any service during a financial year in excess of the
amount granted for that service for that year;
the Federal Government shall have power to authorize expenditure from the Federal
Consolidated Fund, whether the expenditure is charged by the Constitution upon that
Fund or not, and shall cause to be laid before the National Assembly a Supplementary
Budget Statement or, as the case may be, an Excess Budget Statement, setting out
the amount of that expenditure, and the provisions of Articles 80 to 83 shall apply to
those statements as they apply to the annual budget statement.
1.2.8 Votes on account [Article 85]

Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions relating to financial
matters, the National Assembly shall have power to make any grant in advance in
respect of the estimated expenditure for a part of any financial year, not exceeding four
months, pending completion of the procedure prescribed in Article 82 for the voting of
such grant and the authentication of the schedule of authorized expenditure in
accordance with the provisions of Article 83 in relation to the expenditure.
1.2.9 Power to authorise expenditure when assembly stands dissolved [Article 86]
matters, at any time when the National Assembly stands dissolved, the Federal
Government may authorize expenditure from the Federal Consolidated Fund in respect
of the estimated expenditure for a period not exceeding four months in any financial
year, pending completion of the procedure prescribed in Article 82 for the voting of
grants and the authentication of the schedule of authorized expenditure in accordance
with the provisions of Article 83 in relation to the expenditure
1.2.10 Secretariats of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) [Article 87]

q Each House shall have a separate Secretariat:
q Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation
of posts common to both Houses.
q Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) may by law regulate the recruitment and the
conditions of service of persons appointed to the Secretarial staff of either
House.

q Until provision is made by Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) under clause (2), the

Speaker or, as the case may be, the Chairman may, with the approval of the
President, make rules regulating the recruitment and the conditions of service,
of persons appointed to the secretarial staff of the National Assembly or the
Senate.
1.2.11 Finance committees [Article 88]

q The expenditure of the National Assembly and the Senate within authorised
appropriations shall be controlled by the National Assembly or, as the case may
be, the Senate acting on the advice of its Finance Committee.
q The Finance Committee shall consist of the Speaker or, as the case may be, the
Chairman, the Minister of Finance and such other members as may be elected
thereto by the National Assembly or, as the case may be, the Senate.
q The Finance Committee may make rules for regulating its procedure.

Tax Practices
2 PROVINCIAL FINANCIAL PROCEDURES

Section overview
n Introduction
n Provincial consolidated fund and public account and expenditure to be charged to Provincial
consolidated fund
2.1 Introduction
Provincial Financial Procedures are almost the same as Federal Financial Procedures. However,
these are discussed in detail for clarity on the issue
2.2 Provincial consolidated fund and public account and expenditure to be charged to
Provincial consolidated fund
2.2.1 Provincial consolidated fund and public account [Article 118]
q All revenues received by the Provincial Government, all loans raised by that
Government, and all monies received by it in repayment of any loan, shall form
part of a consolidated fund, to be known as the Provincial Consolidated Fund.
q All other monies:
• received by or on behalf of the Provincial Government; or
• received by or deposited with the High Court or any other court established
under the authority of the Province;
Shall be credited to the Public Account of the Province.
2.2.2 Custody of provincial consolidated fund and public account [Article 119]
The custody of the Provincial Consolidated Fund, the payment of moneys into that
Fund, the withdrawal of monies therefrom, the custody of other monies received by or
on behalf of the Provincial Government, their payment into, and withdrawal from, the
Public Account of the Province, and all matters connected with or ancillary to the
matters aforesaid, shall be regulated by Act of the Provincial Assembly or, until
provision in that behalf is so made, by rules made by the Governor.
2.2.3 Annual budget statement [Article 120]
q The Provincial Government shall, in respect of every financial year, cause to be

laid before the Provincial Assembly a statement of the estimated receipts and
expenditure of the Provincial Government for that year, in this Chapter referred
to as the Annual Budget Statement.
q The annual budget statement shall show separately:
• The sums required to meet expenditure described by the Constitution as
expenditure charged upon the Provincial Consolidated Fund; and
• The sums required to meet other expenditure proposed to be made from
the Provincial Consolidated Fund;
and shall distinguish expenditure on revenue account from other expenditure.

2.2.4 Expenditure charged upon provincial consolidated fund [Article 121]

q The following expenditure shall be expenditure charged upon the Provincial
Consolidated Fund:
• The remuneration payable to the Governor and other expenditure relating
to his office, and the remuneration payable to:
- the Judges of the High Court; and

- the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Provincial Assembly;
- the administrative expenses, including the remuneration payable
to officers and servants, of the High Court and the Secretariat of
the Provincial Assembly;
• All debt charges for which the Provincial Government is liable, including
interest, sinking fund charges, the repayment or amortization of capital,
and other expenditure in connection with the raising of loans, and the
service and redemption of debt on the security of the Provincial
Consolidation Fund;
• Any sums required to satisfy any judgment, decree or award against the
Province by any court or tribunal; and
• Any other sums declared by the Constitution or by Act of the Provincial
Assembly to be so charged.
2.2.5 Procedure relating to annual budget statement [Article 122]

q So much of the Annual Budget Statement as relates to expenditure charged
upon the Provincial Consolidated Fund may be discussed in, but shall not be
submitted to the vote of, the Provincial Assembly.
q So much of the Annual Budget Statement as relates to other expenditure shall
be submitted to the Provincial Assembly in the form of demands for grants, and
that Assembly shall have power to assent to, or to refuse to assent to, any
demand, or to assent to any demand subject to a reduction of the amount
specified therein:
q No demand for a grant shall be made except on the recommendation of the
Provincial Government.
2.2.6 Authentication of schedule of authorised expenditure [Article 123]

q The Chief Minister shall authenticate by his signature a schedule specifying:
• The grants made or deemed to have been made by the Provincial
Assembly under Article, 122 and
• The several sums required to meet the expenditure charged upon the
Provincial Consolidated Fund but not exceeding, in the case of any sum,
the sum shown in the statement previously laid before the Assembly.
q The schedule so authenticated shall be laid before the Provincial Assembly, but
shall not be open to discussion or vote thereon.
q Subject to the Constitution, no expenditure from the Provincial Consolidated
Fund shall be deemed to be duly authorized unless it is specified in the schedule
so authenticated and such schedule is laid before the Provincial Assembly as
stated above.

Tax Practices
2.2.7 Supplementary and excess grants [Article 124]

If in respect of any financial year it is found that:
q the amount authorized to be expended for a particular service for the current
financial year is insufficient, or that a need has arisen for expenditure upon some
new service not included in the annual budget statement for that year; or
q any money has been spent on any service during a financial year in excess of
the amount granted for that service for that year;
the Provincial Government shall have power to authorize expenditure from the
Provincial Consolidated Fund, whether the expenditure is charged by the Constitution
upon that Fund or not, and shall cause to be laid before the Provincial Assembly a
Supplementary Budget Statement or, as the case may be, an Excess Budget
Statement, setting out the amount of that expenditure, and the provisions of Article 120
to 123 shall apply to those statements as they apply to the annual budget statement.
2.2.8 Votes on account [Article 125]

matters, the Provincial Assembly shall have power to make any grant in advance in
respect of the estimated expenditure for a part of any financial year, not exceeding
three months, pending completion of the procedure prescribed in Article 122 for the
voting of such grant and the authentication of the schedule of expenditure in
2.2.9 Power to authorise expenditure when assembly stands dissolved [Article 126]
matters, at any time when the Provincial Assembly stands dissolved, the Provincial
Government may authorize expenditure from the Provincial Consolidated Fund in
respect of the estimated expenditure for a period not exceeding four months in any
financial year, pending completion of the procedure prescribed in Article 122 for the
voting of grants and the authentication of the schedule of authorized expenditure in
2.2.10 Provisions relating to Provincial Assembly, etc., to apply to provincial assembly, etc.
[Article 127]
q Subject to the Constitution, the provisions of clauses (2) to (8) of Article 53,
clauses (2) and (3) of Article 54, Article 55, Articles 63 to 67, Article 69, Article
77, Article 87 and Article 88 shall apply to and in relation to a Provincial Assembly
or a committee or members thereof or the Provincial Government, but so that:
• any reference in those provisions to Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament), a
House or the National Assembly shall be read as a reference to the
Provincial Assembly;
• any reference in those provisions to the President shall be read as a
reference to the Governor of the Province;
• any reference in those provisions to the Federal Government shall be,
read as a reference to the Provincial Government;
• any reference in those provisions to the Prime Minister shall be read as a
reference to the Chief Minister.
• any reference in those provisions to a Federal Minister shall be read as a
reference to a Provincial Minister.
• any reference in those provisions to the National Assembly of Pakistan
shall be read as a reference to the Provincial Assembly in existence
immediately before the commencing day.

3 DISTRIBUTION OF REVENUES BETWEEN FEDERATION AND PROVINCES

Section overview
n Introduction
n National Finance Commission [Article 160]
n Natural gas and hydro-electric power [Article 161]
n Prior sanction of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which provinces are interested
[Article 162]
n Provincial taxes in respect of professions, etc. [Article 163]
n Grants out of consolidated fund [Article 164]
n Exemption of certain public property from taxation [Article 165]
n Power of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) to impose tax on the income of certain corporations, etc.
[Article165A]
3.1 Introduction
It is essential to know who authorises which revenues. Federation can only tax to the extent the
Constitution authorises it to legislate for collection of revenues. Similarly, Provinces can only
legislate for levy of taxes to the extent authorised in the Constitution of Pakistan. This part of the
chapter describes the mechanism for determination of distribution of revenue among Federation
and Provinces.
3.2 National Finance Commission [Article 160]

(1) Within six months of the commencing day and thereafter at intervals not exceeding five
years, the President shall constitute a National Finance Commission consisting of the
Minister of Finance of the Federal Government, the Ministers of Finance of the Provincial
Governments, and such other persons as may be appointed by the President after
consultation with the Governors of the Provinces
(2) It shall be the duty of the National Finance Commission to make recommendations to the
President as to:
a) the distribution between the Federation and the Provinces of the net proceeds of the
taxes;
b) the making of grants-in-aid by the Federal Government to the Provincial Governments;
c) the exercise by the Federal Government and the Provincial Governments of the
borrowing powers conferred by the Constitution; and
d) any other matter relating to finance referred to the Commission by the President.
(3) The taxes referred above are the following taxes raised under the authority of Majlis-e-
Shoora (Parliament), namely:
i. taxes on income, including corporation tax, but not including taxes on income consisting
of remuneration paid out of the Federal Consolidated Fund;
ii. taxes on the sales and purchases of goods imported, exported, produced, manufactured
or consumed;
iii. export duties on cotton, and such other export duties as may be specified by the
President;
iv. such duties of exercise as may be specified by the President; and
v. such other taxes as may be specified by the President.

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(3A) The share of the Provinces, in each Award of National Finance Commission shall not
be less than the share given to the Provinces in the previous Award.
(3B) The Federal Finance Minister and Provincial Finance Ministers shall monitor the
implementation of the Award biannually and lay their reports before both Houses of
Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) and the Provincial Assemblies.
(4) As soon as may be after receiving the recommendation, of the National Finance
Commission, the President shall, by Order, specify, in accordance with the
recommendations of the Commission, the share of the net proceeds of the taxes mentioned
above which is to be allocated to each Province, and that share shall be paid to the
Government of the Province concerned, and, notwithstanding the provision of Article 78 shall
not form part of the Federal Consolidated Fund.
(5) The recommendations of the National Finance Commission, together with an explanatory
memorandum as to the action taken thereon, shall be laid before both Houses and the
Provincial Assemblies.
(6) At any time before the above Order is made, the President may, by Order, make such
amendments or modifications in the law relating to the distribution of revenues between the
Federal Government and the Provincial Governments as he may deem necessary or
expedient.
(7) The President may, by Order, make grants-in-aid of the revenues of the Provinces in need
of assistance and such grants shall be charged upon the Federal Consolidated Fund.
3.3 Natural gas and hydro-electric power [Article 161]

q Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 78:
• the net proceeds of the Federal duty of excise on natural gas levied at well-head and
collected by the Federal Government, and of the royalty collected by the Federal
Government, shall not form part of the Federal Consolidated Fund and shall be paid to
the Province in which the well-head of natural gas is situated.
• the net proceeds of the Federal duty of excise on oil levied at well-head and collected by
the Federal Government, shall not form part of the Federal Consolidated Fund and shall
be paid to the Province in which the well-head of oil is situated.
• the net profits earned by the Federal Government, or any undertaking established or
administered by the Federal Government from the bulk generation of power at a hydro-
electric station shall be paid to the Province in which the hydro-electric station is situated.
Explanation: for the purposes of this clause "net profits" shall be computed by deducting
from the revenues accruing from the bulk supply of power from the bus-bars of a hydro-
electric station at a rate to be determined by the Council of Common Interests, the operating
expenses of the station, which shall include any sums payable as taxes, duties, interest or
return on investment, and depreciations and element of obsolescence, and over-heads, and
provision for reserves.
3.4 Prior sanction of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which provinces
are interested [Article 162]
No Bill or amendment which imposes or varies a tax or duty the whole or part of the net proceeds
whereof is assigned to any province, or which varies the meaning of the expression "agricultural
income" as defined for the purposes of the enactments relating to income-tax, or which affects the
principles on which under any of the foregoing provisions of this chapter monies are or may be
distributable to provinces, shall be introduced or moved in the National Assembly except with the
previous sanction of the President

3.5 Provincial taxes in respect of professions, etc. [Article 163]

A Provincial Assembly may by Act impose taxes, not exceeding such limits as may from time to
time be fixed by Act of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament), on persons engaged in professions, trades,
callings or employments, and no such Act of the Assembly shall be regarded as imposing a tax on
income.
3.6 Grants out of consolidated fund [Article 164]

The Federation or a Province may make grants for any purpose, notwithstanding that the purpose
is not one with respect to which Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) or, as the case may be, a Provincial
Assembly may make laws.
3.7 Exemption of certain public property from taxation [Article 165]

q The Federal Government shall not, in respect of its property or income, be liable to taxation
under any Act of Provincial Assembly and, subject to clause (2), a Provincial Government
shall not, in respect of its property or income, be liable to taxation under Act of Majlis-e-
Shoora (Parliament) or under Act of the Provincial Assembly of any other Province.
q If a trade or business of any kind is carried on by or on behalf of the Government of a
Province outside that Province, that Government may, in respect of any property used in
connection with that trade or business or any income arising from that trade or business, be
taxed under Act of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) or under Act of the Provincial Assembly of
the Province in which that trade or business is carried on.
q Nothing in this Article shall prevent the imposition of fees for services rendered.
3.8 Power of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) to impose tax on the income of certain

corporations, etc. [Article 165A]
q For the removal of doubt, it is hereby declared that Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) has, and
shall be deemed always to have had, the power to make a law to provide for the levy and
recovery of a tax on the income of a corporation, company or other body or institution
established by or under a Federal law or a provincial law or an existing law or a corporation,
company or other body or institution owned or controlled, either directly or indirectly, by the
Federal Government or a Provincial Government, regardless of the ultimate destination of
such income.
q All orders made, proceedings taken and acts done by any authority or person, which were
made, taken or done, or purported to have been made, taken or done, before the
commencement of the Constitution (Amendment) Order 1985, in exercise of the powers
derived from any law referred to in above paragraph, or in execution of any orders made by
any authority in the exercise or purported exercise of powers as aforesaid, shall,
notwithstanding any judgment of any court or tribunal, including the Supreme Court and a
High Court, be deemed to be and always to have been validly made, taken or done and-
shall not be called in question in any court, including the Supreme Court and a High Court,
on any ground whatsoever.
q Every judgment or order of any court or tribunal, including the Supreme Court and a High
Court, which is repugnant to the provisions stated above shall be, and shall be deemed
always to have been, void and of no effect whatsoever.

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4 FEDERAL LEGISLATIVE LIST

Section overview
n Introduction
n Powers of the Federation to legislate on taxes
n Powers of the Provinces to legislate on taxes
4.1 Introduction
Federal Legislative List defines the areas whereby Federal Government can legislate to collect
revenue. This is a long list, however, we herein discuss the areas which relate to taxation.
4.2 Powers of the Federation to legislate on taxes

Following entries in the Federal legislative list as contained in the Constitution of Pakistan relates
to taxes:
Entry No Taxes which can be imposed by the Federation

43. Duties of customs, including export duties.
44. Duties of excise, including salt, but not including alcoholic liquors, opium or other
narcotics;
47. Taxes on income other than agricultural income;
48. Taxes on corporations.
49. Taxes on the sales and purchases of goods imported, exported, produced,
manufactured or consumed, except sales tax on services.
50. Taxes on the capital value of the assets, not including taxes on immovable property.
51. Taxes on mineral oil, natural gas and minerals for use in generation of nuclear
energy.
52. Taxes and duties on the production capacity of any plant, machinery, undertaking,
establishment or installation in lieu of any one or more of them.
53. Terminal taxes on goods or passengers carried by railway, sea or air; taxes on their
fares and freights.
Keeping in view the above provisions, following laws are enacted by the Federal Government:
Legislative powers of Federation Laws enacted thereunder

Taxes on income other than agricultural income; Income Tax Ordinance, 2001
Taxes on corporations.
Taxes on mineral oil, natural gas and minerals for
use in generation of nuclear energy.
Taxes on the sales and purchases of goods Sales Tax Act, 1990, Federal Excise Act,
imported, exported, produced, manufactured or 2005, Customs Act, 1969
consumed, except sales tax on services
Taxes and duties on the production capacity of
any plant, machinery, undertaking, establishment
or installation in lieu of any one or more of them.
Taxes on the capital value of the assets, not Capital Value Tax levied through Finance
including taxes on immovable property. Act, 1989

4.3 Powers of the Provinces to legislate on taxes

All taxes other than the mentioned in above list of Federal legislative list as contained in the
Constitution of Pakistan are covered in the scope of legislation of Provinces. Accordingly, various
types of taxes are introduced by the Provinces:
q Sales tax on services
q Taxes on transfer of immoveable property
q Professional tax
q Tax on luxury houses
q Tax on registration of luxury vehicles etc.
q Property tax

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CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Ethics
Contents
1 Ethics
2 Ethics for tax legislators
3 Ethics for tax administrators
4 Ethics for tax practitioners
5 Ethics for taxpayers
6 Code of Ethics for Chartered Accountants as applicable to
Tax Services

Tax Practices
1 ETHICS
Section overview
n Ethics – meanings and application
1.1 Ethics – meanings and application

The word ethics is derived from the Greek word ethos, which means "character," and from the Latin
word mores, which means "customs." Aristotle was one of the first great philosophers to study
ethics. To him, ethics was more than a moral, religious, or legal concept. He believed that the most
important element in ethical behaviour is knowledge that actions are accomplished for the
betterment of the common good. He asked whether actions performed by individuals or groups are
good both for an individual or a group and for society. To determine what is ethically good for the
individual and for society, Aristotle said, it is necessary to possess three virtues of practical wisdom:
i. temperance,
ii. courage, and
iii. justice.

Chapter 3: Ethics
2 ETHICS FOR TAX LEGISLATORS

Section overview
n Ethics for tax legislators

n Canons of taxation
2.1 Ethics for tax legislators

"Legislative office is a public trust, and every effort to realise personal gain through official conduct
is a violation of that trust"
The constitution mandates the legislature to enact a code of ethics prohibiting conflicts between
the public duty and private interests of members of the legislature, disclosure of prohibited conduct
and financial interest (if any) and post-service restrictions. In addition, the constitution requires that
the legislature enact a code of ethics for all officials and employees of the state and its political
subdivisions
2.2 Canons of taxation

They are the basic principles (i.e.) rules set to build a 'Good Tax System'. Canons of Taxation were
first originally laid down by economist Adam in his famous book "The Wealth of Nations". These
canons of taxation were discussed in Chapter 1 in a summary. In this book, Adam Smith only gave
four canons of taxation, which are now known as the "Original or Main Canons of Taxation". These
are as follows:
1. Canon of Equity
The principle aims at providing economic and social justice to the people. According to this
principle, every person should pay to the government depending upon his ability to pay. Rich
people should pay higher taxes to the government, because without the protection of the
government authorities (Police, Defence, etc.) they would not have earned and enjoyed their
income. Adam Smith argued that the taxes should be proportional to income, i.e., citizens
should pay taxes in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under protection
of the State.
2. Canon of Certainty
According to Adam Smith, the tax which an individual has to pay should be certain, not
arbitrary. The taxpayer should know in advance how much tax he has to pay, at what time
he has to pay the tax, and in what form the tax is to be paid to the government. In other
words, every tax should satisfy the canon of certainty. At the same time a good tax system
also ensures that the government is also certain about the amount that would be collected
by way of tax.
3. Canon of Convenience
The mode and timing of tax payment should be as far as possible, convenient to the
taxpayers. For example, land revenue is collected at time of harvest and income tax is
deducted at source. Convenient tax system encourages people to pay tax and increases tax
revenue.
4. Canon of Economy
This principle states that there should be economy in tax administration. The cost of tax
collection should be lower than the amount of tax collected. It may not serve any purpose, if
the taxes imposed are widespread but are difficult to administer. Therefore, it would make
no sense to impose certain taxes, if they are difficult to administer.

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Additional Canons of Taxation Activities and functions of the government have increased
significantly since Adam Smith's time. Governments are expected to maintain economic stability,
full employment, reduce income inequality and promote growth and development. Tax system
should be such that it meets the requirements of growing state activities. Accordingly, modern
economists gave following additional canons of taxation.
5. Canon of Productivity: It is also known as the canon of fiscal adequacy. According to this
principle, the tax system should be able to yield enough revenue for the treasury and the
government should have no need to resort to deficit financing. This is a good principle to
follow in a developing economy.
6. Canon of Elasticity: According to this canon, every tax imposed by the government should
be elastic in nature. In other words, the income from tax should be capable of increasing or
decreasing according to the country’s requirement. For example, if the government needs
more income at a time of crisis, the tax should be capable of yielding more income through
increase in its rate.
7. Canon of Flexibility: It should be easily possible for the authorities to revise the tax
structure both with respect to its coverage and rates, to suit the changing requirements of
the economy. With changing time and conditions, the tax system needs to be changed
without much difficulty. The tax system must be flexible and not rigid.
8. Canon of Simplicity: The tax system should not be complicated. That makes it difficult to
understand and administer and results in problems of interpretation and disputes. In
Pakistan, efforts of the government in recent years have been to make the system simple.
9. Canon of Diversity: This principle states that the government should collect taxes from
different sources rather than concentrating on a single source of tax. It is not advisable for
the government to depend upon a single source of tax, it may result in inequity for a certain
section of the society and uncertainty for the government to raise funds. If the tax revenue
comes from diversified sources, then any reduction in tax revenue from one source for any
reason is bound to be small.

Chapter 3: Ethics
3 ETHICS FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS

Section overview
n Powers of tax administrators

n Pillars of tax administration
n Responsibilities of the tax implementing authorities
3.1 Powers of tax administrators

The tax administration is not responsible for tax policy and tax legislation but deals with current tax
system. Federal Board of Revenue is empowered under the law to monitor, assess, levy and collect
taxes as provided in the tax statutes. There are a number of occasions whereby they possess any
of the following powers:
q Assess taxes (including best judgment);
q Collect Revenue;
q Seize Property;
q Attach bank accounts;
q Commence legal (criminal/civil) proceedings against taxpayer
Such powers may be misused and can become abusive powers as exercise of that power can
result in the following against the taxpayer:
q Loss of property and income;
q Imprisonment
So, these powers can result in the loss of some of the fundamental human rights of the taxpayer.
Ethics tend to bring these powers within the principles of goodness and morality.
Illustration:
Mr. Zahid is running a textile unit and tax amounting to Rs. 5M is assessed against him. His bank
accounts balance is Rs. 10M. However, he has to fulfil his exports orders. In case he fails to fulfil
his orders, he would lose his customers and that orders. Considering his present critical financial
position, Zahid believes that tax recovery proceedings by recovery from bank account (Attachment
of bank account) would entail an irreparable loss to his organisation. So he files a request to FBR
for allowing him to pay the tax dues in instalments.
FBR staff has the power to allow him relief or recover this tax directly from his bank account. Justice
and equity demands that his request should be entertained so that his continuation and prosperity
of business would eventually result in payment of better taxes in future whereas recovery of tax
could jeopardise his business operations.
Illustration:
Income Tax Ordinance, sales tax law, Federal excise law empower tax authorities to select cases
for audit. This power can be misused by selecting some cases while leaving many unaudited. Thus,
despite the fact that law provides unfettered powers, these should be exercised on some ethical
and rational basis.

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3.2 Pillars of tax administration

In order to safeguard the interest of taxpayers and avoid abuse of powers by the tax administration,
following four pillars of Tax administration are defined:
1) Fairness
Strive to be impartial, fair, neutral and consistent in administering the law without regard to
race, social or economic circumstances.
2) Transparency
All Proceedings must be transparent and must be seen as transparent.
3) Equity
Best tax administration is not that which collects most revenue. Rather it depends on how
this revenue generation is actually accomplished. Whether all stakeholders are taxed fairly
or tax is collected from the poor/salaried class after failing to collect taxes from
entrepreneurs/businesses. Thus, equity demands that tax administrators should not achieve
their objectives in an irrational manner.
4) Accountability
There must be a strong system of accountability for wrong doers which should curb
corruption, nepotism and maladministration.
Under the four pillars, some of the ethical issues facing tax administration are:
1) Acceptance of gifts
2) Conflict of Interest
3) Selective application of the law/ or inconsistency in applying the law
4) Political influence
5) Confidentiality/secrecy
6) Discretion
7) Corruption
8) Lack of Autonomy
In order to avoid pitfalls of the abusive use of discretion, seven principles for structuring
discretion are defined which are as under:
q Open plans
q Open policy statements
q Open rules
q Open findings
q Open reasons
q Open precedents
q Fair informal procedure
3.3 Responsibilities of the tax implementing authorities

A concise code which can enlist responsibilities of Tax Administrators can be as under:
1) Obey all laws relating to taxation and grant no exemptions, credit or advantage to any
taxpayer that is not provided by the law;
2) Be dedicated to the highest ideals of honesty and integrity in all matters in order to maintain
the respect and confidence of the government and taxpayers;
3) Strive to be impartial, fair, neutral and consistent in administering the law without regard to
race, social status or economic circumstances;

Chapter 3: Ethics
4) Provide prompt, efficient and quality service to all stakeholders in an effort to exceed their
expectations;
5) Refrain from actively participating in partisan political activities;
6) Accurately record proceedings and maintain taxpayer information in the strictest confidence
and highest level of security;
7) Refrain from soliciting gifts for actions and non-actions;
8) Make reasonable effort to collect the proper amount of tax revenue due at the lowest
possible cost to the state, and in a manner that warrants the highest degree of confidence
in our integrity, efficiency, effectiveness and fairness;
9) Respond to valid taxpayer refund claims with the same diligence as employed in collection
of taxes;
10) Educate taxpayers on their rights and responsibilities to ensure the highest possible levels
of voluntary compliance to the laws.

Tax Practices
4 ETHICS FOR TAX PRACTITIONERS

Section overview
n Moral and Ethical principles governing tax practitioners
4.1 Moral and Ethical principles governing tax practitioners

There are five fundamental principles of ethics for tax practitioners. These are set out below:
1 Integrity
Tax Practitioners should be straightforward and honest in all professional and business
relationships. Integrity implies not just honesty but also fair dealing and truthfulness.
2 Objectivity
Tax practitioners should not allow bias, conflicts of interest or undue influence of others to
override their professional or business judgments.
3 Professional competence and due care
Tax Practitioners have a duty to maintain their professional knowledge and skill at such a
level that a client or employer receives competent service, based on current developments
in practice, legislation and techniques. Tax practitioners should act diligently and in
accordance with applicable technical and professional standards.
4 Confidentiality
Tax Practitioners should respect the confidentiality of information acquired as a result of
professional and business relationships and should not disclose such information to third
parties without authority or unless there is a legal or professional right or duty to disclose.
Confidential information acquired as a result of professional and business relationships
should not be used for the personal advantage of tax practitioners or third parties.
5 Professional behaviour
Tax practitioners should comply with relevant laws and regulations and should avoid any
action which discredits the profession.
They should behave with courtesy and consideration towards all with whom they come into
contact in their professional capacity.

Chapter 3: Ethics
5 ETHICS FOR TAXPAYERS

Section overview
n Morality behind tax compliance

n Ethics and morality for tax payers regarding taxation compliance
n Tax avoidance and evasion
5.1 Morality behind tax compliance

There are three approaches to ethics for tax compliance which are as under:
1. Utilitarianism, which tells us to aim for the greatest total happiness across the population. In
the economic sphere, we can interpret ‘happiness’ as the satisfaction of our desires; and so
utilitarianism as aiming for maximum satisfaction of desires.
2. Deontology, which bases ethics on the idea of duty.
3. Virtue ethics, which focus on the virtues we should have, and on what constitutes a virtuous
life. A broad conception of the virtues must be used here, encompassing not only virtues such
as honesty, but also virtues such as using one’s talents and leading a fulfilled life.
5.2 Ethics and morality for tax payers regarding taxation compliance
q For Taxpayers following utilitarian approach, the most important economic goals are to
ensure that goods and services are available to allow everyone to have a decent life, and to
ensure that these resources are distributed widely enough for all or most people to enjoy
them. Motivating citizens to pay taxes even at the highest rate. Moreover, their compliance
level would also be better as there is dire need for availability of resources for the vast
majority of masses and the country.
q Taxpayers preferring the deontologist ethical approach lay down absolute duties. Such duty
includes respect for other people’s property rights. This could be interpreted to mean that
there should be no tax at all, because tax is the forcible transfer of property from taxpayers.
On the other hand, the duty to respect property rights could be used to argue that any social
resources one uses should be paid for, even if one did not ask for those resources to be
provided. Thus in order not to be a thief, anyone who uses a public hospital, or even a public
road, should make sure that he or she pays tax to cover their use. So this approach
envisages that taxes are paid as a matter of obligation by the taxpayer for use of public
facilities.
q Virtue ethics can be a bit more helpful on the question of the fairness of taxation. One should
use one’s talents to the full. Financial incentives can encourage people to use their talents,
but very high taxation dampens those incentives by reducing take-home pay. Another virtue
is charity, either in the form of cash or time. The more take-home cash people have, the
more likely it is that they would be able to afford charitable donations; and also find time from
paid employment to perform charity work or other forms of civic service, as school trustees
or Mutawali of Masjid for example. A third virtue is independence. It is good to earn what
one needs rather than to depend on subsidies from others. Lower rates of taxation make
independence more easily achievable.
q Tax can be used for all sorts of purposes, and it is often clear what ethicists of any particular
kind would say about these purposes. We can start with the provision of law and order and
the more extensive public services such as healthcare and education.
q Utilitarians will approve of taxation for these purposes because they allow more goods and
services to be produced, and they also allow more non-materialistic desires to be satisfied.
Virtue ethicists will approve because these services enhance people’s opportunities to use
their talents and to lead prosperous lives.

Tax Practices
q When we turn to aid the poor, utilitarians would be prone to approve because it means
increased transfer of resources from the rich to the poor rendering them in a happier position.
Virtue ethicists will approve because with redistribution the poor can be helped to flourish
and develop virtues, and because looking after the less fortunate is itself a virtue (although
voluntary charity may be a greater virtue than forced payment). Deontologists can recognize
a duty to care for the poor.
q Taxation addressing the needs of all these ethical thoughts can attract better compliance.
Morality for citizens to pay taxes is justified as the State is responsible for providing a proper
infrastructure for a decent life. The State is also obliged to provide endow with a level playing
field to all the concerned so that talent on merit can be best explored and utilized. It therefore
becomes necessary that taxes be paid to the State in return for basic needs benefits peace
& prosperity, infrastructural development and economic growth etc.
5.3 Tax avoidance and evasion

In recent years, tax avoidance has been the subject of considerable public concern. It is compliance
with the law, though aggressive or abusive avoidance, as opposed to simple tax planning, will seek
to comply with the letter of the law, but to subvert its purpose.
Tax evasion occurs when someone acts against the law.
q Tax avoidance is generally the legal exploitation of the tax regime to one's own advantage,
to attempt to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law whilst
making a full disclosure of the material information to the tax authorities. Examples of tax
avoidance involve using tax deductions, changing one's business structure through
incorporation or establishing an offshore company in a tax haven.
q By contrast tax evasion is the general term for efforts by individuals, firms, trusts and other
entities to evade the payment of taxes by illegal means. Tax evasion usually entails
taxpayers deliberately misrepresenting or concealing the true state of their affairs to the tax
authorities to reduce their tax liability, and includes, in particular, dishonest tax reporting
(such as under declaring income, profits or gains; or overstating deductions.
Difference between ‘Tax Avoidance’ & ‘Tax Evasion’
TAX AVOIDANCE TAX EVASION
Where the payment of tax is avoided though by

Where the payment of tax is avoided through
complying with the provisions of law but
illegal means or fraud.
defeating the intension of the law.
Tax Avoidance is undertaken by taking Tax evasion is undertaken by employing unfair

advantage of loop holes in the law means & practices
Tax Avoidance is done through not malafied Tax Evasion is an unlawful way of paying lower
intention but complying the provision of law. taxes and defaulter may be punished.
Tax Avoidance looks like a tax planning and is Tax evasion is blatant fraud and is done after
done before the tax liability arises. the tax liability has arisen.
Example of tax avoidance is making use of Falsifying income tax return

donating to approved charity recognized by the
FBR, to claim a tax credit in future when
computing the tax liability.

Chapter 3: Ethics
Illustration:
Tax Law Objective

Mr.A earned Turnover of Rs. 10 M. However, he kept it as cash in Tax evasion , Criminal Act,
his bank locker and hid it from tax authorities. He paid all he cannot buy any asset or
related expenses from this cash. settle liabilities unless he
declares this income and
also pays tax due on it
Mr. B earned income of Rs, 10 M. However, he declared only so This too is tax evasion, a
much of income which is verifiable from the banks i.e. 6M, understatement is also an
remaining amount he has hidden in a separate bank account offence
Mr. C earned Rs. 10 M. However, he recorded 7M expenses Tax avoidance, which is
employing legal tactics to reduce his net income and offering the legally permissible.
remaining income of Rs. 3 Million for Taxes.
A utilitarian, concerned with aggregate welfare, might be quite relaxed about tax avoidance. After
all, when tax is avoided, wealth is not destroyed: it is merely kept in the private sector instead of
being transferred to the public sector. The main utilitarian concern would probably be that it would
result in an unintended distribution of the tax burden, as some of the burden would be shifted from
the rich onto people with modest incomes who cannot afford clever tax lawyers. That would reduce
their satisfaction more than it would increase the satisfaction of the better-off people who have
succeeded in reducing their tax burdens.
A virtue ethicist would perhaps dislike tax avoidance. It is, after all, hardly virtuous to exploit rules
knowing that one is exploiting them in unintended ways to redistribute the disadvantage away from
oneself. A deontologist would not positively favour tax avoidance, but might not condemn it either.
Deontologists can easily argue for a duty to obey the law: yet obeying the law is something the tax
planner takes care to do, in his own peculiar way.

Tax Practices
6 CODE OF ETHICS FOR CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS AS APPLICABLE TO TAX

SERVICES
Section overview
n Tax services
n Tax return preparation
n Tax calculations for the purpose of preparing accounting entries
The "Code of Ethics for Chartered Accountants (Revised 2019)" is based on the Handbook of the
International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, 2018 Edition of the International Ethics
Standards Board for Accountants, published by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) in
July 2018 and is used with permission of IFAC.
6.2 Tax Services

Providing tax services to an audit client might create a self-review or advocacy threat. This includes
requirements that prohibit firms and network firms from providing certain tax services to audit
clients in some circumstances because the threats created cannot be addressed by applying
safeguards.
Factors that are relevant in evaluating the level of threats created by providing any tax service to
an audit client include:
q The particular characteristics of the engagement.
q The level of tax expertise of the client’s employees.
q The system by which the tax authorities assess and administer the tax in question and the
role of the firm or network firm in that process.
q The complexity of the relevant tax regime and the degree of judgment necessary in
applying it.
6.2 Tax return preparation

Providing tax return preparation services does not usually create a threat. Tax return preparation
services involve:
q Assisting clients with their tax reporting obligations by drafting and compiling information,
including the amount of tax due (usually on standardized forms) required to be submitted to
the applicable tax authorities.
q Advising on the tax return treatment of past transactions and responding on behalf of the
audit client to the tax authorities’ requests for additional information and analysis (for
example, providing explanations of and technical support for the approach being taken).
Tax return preparation services are usually based on historical information and principally involve
analysis and presentation of such historical information under existing tax law, including
precedents and established practice. Further, the tax returns are subject to whatever review or
approval process the tax authority considers appropriate
6.2 Tax calculations for the purpose of preparing accounting entries

All Audit Clients
Preparing calculations of current and deferred tax liabilities (or assets) for an audit client for the
purpose of preparing accounting entries that will be subsequently audited by the firm creates a
self-review threat.
In addition to the factors in paragraph 6.1 above, a factor that is relevant in evaluating the level of
the threat created when preparing such calculations for an audit client is whether the calculation
might have a material effect on the financial statements on which the firm will express an opinion.

Chapter 3: Ethics
Audit Clients that are Not Public Interest Entities

Examples of actions that might be safeguards to address such a self-review threat when the
audit client is not a public interest entity include:
q Using professionals who are not audit team members to perform the service.
q Having an appropriate reviewer who was not involved in providing the service review the
audit work or service performed.
Audit Clients that are Public Interest Entities
A firm or a network firm shall not prepare tax calculations of current and deferred tax liabilities (or
assets) for an audit client that is a public interest entity for the purpose of preparing accounting
entries that are material to the financial statements on which the firm will express an opinion.
The examples of actions that might be safeguards in (to all audit clients) to address self-review
threats are also applicable when preparing tax calculations of current and deferred tax liabilities (or
assets) to an audit client that is a public interest entity that are immaterial to the financial statements
on which the firm will express an opinion.
Example:
A Pakistani audit firm is faced with the following situations:
Situation 1
ABC limited an audit client has requested your firm to prepare current and deferred tax working for
the purpose of preparing accounting entries that will be reviewed by your firm at the time of Audit.
ABC Ltd is not a public interest entity.
Situation 2
ABC limited an audit client has requested your firm to prepare current and deferred tax working for
the purpose of preparing accounting entries that will be reviewed by your firm at the time of Audit.
ABC Ltd is public interest entity.
Required:
With reference to the ICAP Code of Ethics, what are the threats presented by the events described
above. Also comment upon the safeguards to be taken to reduce the said threat (if any)
Answer
Situation 1
Preparing calculations of current and deferred tax liabilities (or assets) for an audit client for the
purpose of preparing accounting entries that will be subsequently audited by the firm creates a self-
review threat. The significance of the threat will depend on:
• The complexity of the relevant tax law and regulation and the degree of judgment necessary in
applying them;
• The level of tax expertise of the client's personnel; and
• The materiality of the amounts to the financial statements.
Safeguards
Safeguards shall be applied, when necessary, to eliminate the threat or reduce it to an acceptable
level. Examples of such safeguards include:
• Using professionals who are not members of the audit team to perform the service;
• If the service is performed by a member of the audit team, using a partner or senior staff
member with appropriate expertise who is not a member of the audit team to review the tax
calculations; or
• Obtaining advice on the service from an external tax professional.

Tax Practices
Situation 2
Except in emergency situations, in the case of an audit client that is a public interest entity, a firm
shall not prepare tax calculations of current and deferred tax liabilities (or assets) for the purpose
of preparing accounting entries that are material to the financial statements on which the firm will
express an opinion.
The preparation of calculations of current and deferred tax liabilities (or assets) for an audit client
for the purpose of the preparation of accounting entries, which would otherwise not be permitted
under this section, may be provided to audit clients in emergency or other unusual situations when
it is impractical for the audit client to make other arrangements. This may be the case when:
• only the firm has the resources and necessary knowledge of the client's business to assist the
client in the timely preparation of its calculations of current and deferred tax liabilities (or
assets), and
• a restriction on the firm's ability to provide the services would result in significant difficulties
for the client (for example, as might result from a failure to meet regulatory reporting
requirements).
Safeguards
• Those who provide the services are not members of the audit team;
• The services are provided for only a short period of time and are not expected to recur; and
• The situation is discussed with those charged with governance.
Example:
Bilal Azhar, ACA is Manager Taxation at a large tax consultancy firm and reports to Bader Ali, FCA
who is one of the partners of the firm.
Bilal Azhar is presently engaged in the preparation of the income tax return of Digital Systems
Limited (DSL), an IT company. During the review of the tax workings, he discovers that DSL has
charged certain expenses against which no supporting documents are available. He brings this
matter to the attention of Bader Ali who has responded him that since this is not an audit
engagement, it is not our responsibility to highlight such matters.
Required:
Briefly discuss how Bader Ali may be in breach of the fundamental principles of ICAP’s Code of
Ethics. Also, state the potential threats that Bilal Azhar may face in the above circumstances and
how he should respond.
Answer
In the given situation, Bader may be in breach of the following fundamental principles of Code of
Ethics for Chartered Accountants:
Professional behaviour
This principle imposes an obligation on all chartered accountants to comply with relevant laws and
regulations and avoid any action that discredits the profession. Bader has breached the
fundamental principle of professional behavior as his proposed suggestion in respect of ignoring
the appropriate adjustments to the income tax return would affect the good reputation of the
profession.
Integrity
The principle of integrity imposes an obligation on all chartered accountants to be straightforward
and honest in all professional and business relationships. Bader has breached the fundamental
principle of integrity as he has knowingly ignored the required adjustments to be made in the
income tax return which may render it materially false.

Chapter 3: Ethics
Potential threats:
Bilal may face intimidation threat from Bader as refusal to obey instruction may risk his job.
Safeguards
Identified threats are significant as Bilal is being instructed from the highest level of management.
In order to reduce the threat to an acceptable level, one or more of the following safeguards should
be applied:
• Discuss the matter with Bader and persuade him to follow code of ethics/contact the tax client
to make necessary adjustments.
• Consider informing appropriate authorities like a senior partner in the firm.
• Refuse to implement the given proposals.
• Seek legal advice.
• In case threat could not be reduced consider resigning from the job.

Tax Practices

CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Basic concepts of taxation
Contents
1 Scope of tax
2 Tax year
3 Computation of taxable income
4 Person
5 Residential status
6 Determination of tax liability
7 Different types of tax regimes
8 Women enterprises
9 Income tax authorities
10 Common rules

Tax Practices
1 SCOPE OF TAX
Section overview
n Scope of tax
1.1 Scope of tax

Income tax law deals with the levy of tax on the income of a person. The scope of income tax law
is defined in section 4 of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 in the following manner:
“Income tax shall be imposed for each tax year on every person who has taxable income, as per the
applicable tax rates”
Perusal of the aforesaid provision of law rises following questions in our minds:
i. What is a tax year?
ii. What is taxable income and how it is computed?
iii. Who is person?
iv. What are applicable rates of tax?
v. What is the procedure for levy of tax?
These primary questions are answered in the upcoming paragraphs.

Chapter 4: Basic concepts of taxation
2 TAX YEAR
Section overview
n Tax year (Sec 74)
2.1 Tax year (Sec 74)

There are three kinds of tax years as stipulated in Section 74 of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001:
q Normal tax year
q Special tax year
q Transitional tax year
Normal tax year

Normal tax year is a period of twelve months ending on the 30th day of June and is denoted by the
calendar year in which the said date falls.
Special tax year

Where a person’s income year is different from the normal tax year, or where, by an order, a person
has been allowed by the Commissioner to use a twelve months’ period different from normal tax
year, such income year or such period shall be that person’s special tax year and shall be denoted
by the calendar year relevant to normal tax year in which the closing date of the special tax year
falls.
The Board has authority to prescribe any special tax year in respect of any particular class of
taxpayer. For example, in respect of certain classes of assesses following special tax years are
specified by the Board.
Classes of persons Special tax year
Companies manufacturing sugar 1st October to 30th September
All persons exporting rice 1st January to 31st December
All banks & insurance companies 1st January to 31st December
A person using a special tax year may apply in writing to the Commissioner to allow him to use
normal tax year and the Commissioner may by an order, allow him to use normal tax year
The Commissioner shall grant permission only if the person has shown a compelling need to use
special tax year or normal tax year, as the case may be, and the permission shall be subject to
such conditions, if any, as the Commissioner may impose.
A change of tax year from normal to special or vice versa, granted by the Commissioner is subject
to withdrawal if in his opinion it is no longer feasible but not unless the person has been provided
an opportunity of being heard.
An order of the Commissioner for change of tax year shall take effect from such date, being the
first day of the special tax year or the normal tax year, as the case may be, as may be specified in
the order.
A person dissatisfied with the order may file a review application with the Board against the decision
of the Commissioner at the time of granting permission for a special tax year or withdrawal of the
same and the decision by the Board on such application shall be final.

Tax Practices
Transitional tax year

Where the tax year of a person changes as a result of an order by the Commissioner of Income
tax either from the normal tax year to special tax year or vice versa, the period between the end of
the last tax year prior to change and the date on which the changed tax year commences shall be
treated as a ‘transitional tax year’.
Example
The normal tax year of ABC Limited was the period from 01 July 2022 to 30 June 2023. On an
application by ABC Limited, Commissioner granted approval to adopt special tax year of 30
September each year. The period from 01 July 2023 to 30 September 2023 will be treated as
transitional tax year.
Exercise:
Determine the tax year in respect of each accounting periods mentioned below:
a) 1.09.2022 to 31.08.2023
b) 1.01.2023 to 31.12.2023
c) 1.04.2023 to 31.03.2024
d) 1.05.2023 to 30.04.2024
e) 1.07.2023 to 30.06.2024
Answer
For all the five cases mentioned above, relevant tax year will be 2024 i.e. calendar year relevant to
normal tax year [1.07.2023 to 30.06.2024) in which the closing date (31.08.2023, 31.12.2023,
31.03.2024, 30.04.2024, 30.06.2024) of special year falls.

3 COMPUTATION OF TAXABLE INCOME

Section overview
n Income [Sec 2(29)]

n Heads of income (Sec 11)
n Total income (Sec 10)
n Taxable income (Sec 9)
n Deductible allowances (Sec 60, 60A, 60B & 60D)
3.1 Income [Sec 2(29)]

The definition of term “income” uses the word “includes” therefore, it is inclusive definition and not
exhaustive. An inclusive definition is that which not only extends to those things which are included
in it, but also covers all such things which the term signifies according to its general and natural
meaning.
Definitions:
Sec 2(29), Income includes;
Any amount chargeable to tax under the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 (e.g. income from salary);
Any amount subject to collection or deduction of tax under final tax regime (e.g. exports and,
bonus shares etc.);
Any amount treated as income under any provision of the Ordinance (e.g. dividends, royalty,
and profit on debt etc.); and
Any loss of income
Sec 2(63), “Tax” means any tax imposed under Chapter II (i-e. Charge of Tax), and includes
any penalty, fee or other charge or any sum or amount leviable or payable under this
Ordinance
3.2 Heads of income (Sec 11)

For the purposes of the imposition of tax and the computation of total income, all incomes shall be
classified under the following heads, namely:
1. Salary;
2. Income from property;
3. Income from business;
4. Capital gains; and
5. Income from other sources
The income of a person under a head of income for a tax year shall be the total of the amounts
derived by the person in that tax year that are chargeable to tax under the head as reduced by the
total deductions, if any, allowed under the Ordinance to the person for that year under that head.
Illustration:
Sum of amounts chargeable to tax under any particular head xxx
Less:
Deductions (expenses) allowed in relevant head of income (xx)
__________________
Income under a particular head of income xxx

Tax Practices
If the total deductions allowed to a person for a tax year under a head of income exceed the total
amounts derived by the person in that tax year chargeable under that head, the person shall be
treated as sustaining a loss under that head for that tax year of an amount equal to the excess.
A loss for a head of income for a tax year shall be dealt with in accordance with Part VIII of Chapter
III of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 (Chapter 11 of this study text).
The income of a resident person is computed by taking into account amounts that are his
Pakistan-source income and amounts that are his foreign-source income.
On the other hand, income of a non-resident person is computed by taking into account only the
amounts that are his Pakistan-source income.
In view of aforesaid provisions of law, the equation to determine the taxable income is as under:
Tabulation
Source of Income Resident Non Resident

Pakistan source Chargeable Chargeable
Foreign source Chargeable Not Chargeable
Exercise:
Mr. Junaid has following incomes from different heads of income:
Amount
Salary 1,075,000
Income from Property 335,000
Income from Business 1,025,000
Capital Gains on Immovable Property 237,900
Income from other sources 90,000
Compute his taxable income.
Answer
Taxable income under normal tax regime of Mr. Junaid is the sum of all above sources of income
which is computed at Rs. 2,762,900.
3.3 Total income (Sec 10)

The total income of a person for a tax year shall be the sum of the
q Person’s income under all heads of income for that tax year; and
q Person’s income exempt from tax for that tax year under any of the provisions of Income
Tax Ordinance, 2001.
3.4 Taxable income (Sec 9)

The taxable income of a person for a tax year shall be the total income other than exempt income
of the person for the year reduced (but not below zero) by the sum of any deductible allowances
of the person for that tax year.
Total Income other than exempt xxx
Less: Deductible Allowances (Discussed below) (xxx)
Taxable Income xxx

3.5 Deductible allowances (Sec 60, 60A, 60B & 60D)
Definition:
Sec 2(16), “deductible allowance” means an allowance that is deductible from total income under
Part IX (i-e. deductible allowances) of Chapter III (i-e. Tax on taxable income);
Zakat (Sec 60)

A person is entitled to a deductible allowance for the amount of any Zakat paid by the person in a
tax year under the Zakat and Ushr Ordinance, 1980.
Where the Zakat has been deducted out of the profit on debt (which is chargeable under the head
“income from other sources”), such Zakat shall not be deducted out of the total income, rather, it
shall be allowed as a deduction while computing income from other sources.
Where the amount of Zakat is more than total income, the excess amount shall not be refunded or
carried forward or carried back.
Exercise:
Mr Z has received dividend Rs.100,000 which is subject to deduction of Zakat Rs.10,000 and tax
@15%. You are requested to compute amount of tax and zakat for Mr Z.
Answer:
Dividend 100,000
Tax @15% - 15,000
85,000
Zakat - 10,000
75,000
Worker’s welfare fund (Sec 60A)

A person shall be entitled to a deductible allowance for the amount of any Workers’ Welfare Fund
(WWF) paid by the person in the tax year under Workers’ Welfare Fund Ordinance, 1971 or under
any law relating to the Workers’ Welfare Fund enacted by Provinces after the Eighteenth
Constitutional Amendment Act, 2010. However, no deductible allowance will be allowed where any
amount is paid to provinces by trans-provincial organizations (a person having operations in more
than one province).
Worker’s participation fund (Sec 60B)

A person shall be entitled to a deductible allowance for the amount of any Workers’ Participation
Fund paid by the person in a tax year in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Profit
(Workers’ Participation) Act, 1968 under any law relating to the Workers’ profit participation Fund
enacted by Provinces after the eighteenth Constitutional Amendment Act, 2010. However, no
deductible allowance will be allowed where any amount is paid to provinces by trans-provincial
organizations (a company having operations in more than one province).
Deductible allowance for education expenses (Sec 60D)

q Every individual shall be entitled to a deductible allowance in respect of tuition fee paid by
the individual in a tax year provided that the taxable income of the individual is less than
Rs.1,500,000.

Tax Practices
q The amount of an individual‘s deductible allowance allowed for a tax year shall not exceed
the lesser of —
a) 5% of the total tuition fee paid by the individual in the year;
b) 25% of the person’s taxable income for the year; and
c) an amount computed by multiplying 60,000 with number of children of the individual.
q Any allowance or part of an allowance for a tax year that is not able to be deducted for the
year shall not be carried forward to a subsequent tax year.
q Allowance shall be allowed against the tax liability of either of the parents making payment
of the fee on furnishing national tax number (NTN) or name of the educational institution.
q Allowance shall not be taken into account for computation of tax deduction from Salary under
section 149.
Exercise:
Compute Total and Taxable Income of XYZ (Pvt.) Limited considering following data:
Aggregate income from all heads of income 1,000,000

Aggregate exempt income under 2nd Schedule of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 500,000
Workers Participation Fund paid under Companies Profit (Workers’ Participation) 100,000
Act, 1968
Answer
Total income
Aggregate income from all heads 1,000,000
Exempt Income under second schedule 500,000
1,500,000
Taxable income
Aggregate income from all heads 1,000,000
Less: WPPF as per Workers’ Participation Act, 1968 (100,000)
900,000

4 PERSON
Section overview
n Person [Sec 80]

n Taxpayer [Sec 2(66)]
4.1 Person [Sec 80]

We learnt from the preceding discussion that tax is chargeable on the taxable income of a person.
As per sub-section (1) of section 80, following are treated as person:
Definition: Person
§ an individual;
§ a company or association of persons incorporated, formed, organised or established in
Pakistan or elsewhere;
§ the Federal Government, a foreign government, a political subdivision of a foreign government,
or public international organisation.
Definitions of person includes different entities so these are defined and discussed hereunder:
Definition: Association of Persons

“Association of persons” includes a firm, a Hindu undivided family, any artificial juridical person
and anybody of persons formed under a foreign law, but does not include a company;
“Firm” means the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business
carried on by all or any of them acting for all.
Definitions:
Sec 2(8) “Board” means
• the Central Board of Revenue established under the Central Board of Revenue Act, 1924
(IV of 1924), and
• on the commencement of Federal Board of Revenue Act, 2007, the Federal Board of
Revenue established under section 3 thereof;
“Company” means:
§ a company as defined in the Companies Act, 2017
§ a Small company as defined in section 2 of the Income Tax Ordinance,2001
§ a body corporate formed by or under any law in force in Pakistan;
§ a modaraba;
§ a body incorporated by or under the law of a country outside Pakistan relating to incorporation
of companies;
§ a foreign association, whether incorporated or not, which the Board has, by general or special
order, declared to be a company for the purposes of this Ordinance;
§ a Provincial Government; or
§ a Local Government in Pakistan; or
§ a co-operative society, a finance society or any other society
§ a non-profit organisation
§ a trust, an equity or a body of persons established or constituted by or under any law for the
time being in force

Tax Practices
Definition: Company (continued)

“trust” means an obligation annexed to the ownership of property and arising out of the confidence
reposed in and accepted by the owner, or declared and accepted by the owner for the benefit of
another, or of another and the owner, and includes a unit trust; and
Sec 2(47) “Public company” means —
(a) a company in which not less than 50% of the shares are held by the Federal Government or
Provincial Government;
(b) a company in which not less than 50% of the shares are held by a foreign Government, or a
foreign company owned by a foreign Government;
(c) a company whose shares were traded on a registered stock exchange in Pakistan at any time
in the tax year and which remained listed on that exchange at the end of that year; or
(d) a unit trust whose units are widely available to the public and any other trust as defined in
the Trusts Act, 1882 (II of 1882);
“Unit trust” means any trust under which beneficial interests are divided into units such that the
entitlements of the beneficiaries to income or capital are determined by the number of units held.
Sec 2(45) “Private company” means a company that is not a public company
Sec 2(36) “Non-profit organization” means any person other than an individual which is
(i) established for religious, educational, charitable, welfare purpose for general public or
development purposes, or for the promotion of an amateur sport;
(ii) formed and registered under any law as a non- profit organization;
(iii) approved by the Commissioner for specified period, on an application made by such person
in the prescribed form and manner, accompanied by the prescribed documents and, on
requisition, such other documents as may be required by the Commissioner;
and none of the assets of such person are available for private benefit to any other person.
Sec 2(11A) “charitable purpose” includes;
• relief of the poor, education, medical relief and
• the advancement of any other object of general public utility
Sec 2(30AE), IT enabled services, include but not limited to inbound or outbound call centres,
medical transcription, remote monitoring, graphics design, accounting services, Human Resource
(HR) services, telemedicine centers, data entry operations, cloud computing services, data storage
services, locally produced television programs and insurance claims processing
Sec 2(41) “permanent establishment” in relation to a person, means a place of business through
which the business of the person is wholly or partly carried on, and includes –
(a) a place of management, branch, office, factory or workshop, [premises for soliciting orders,
warehouse, permanent sales exhibition or sales outlet,] other than a liaison office except where
the office engages in the negotiation of contracts (other than contracts of purchase);
(b) a mine, oil or gas well, quarry or any other place of extraction of natural resources;
[(ba) an agricultural, pastoral or forestry property;]
(bb) Where transactions are conducted through internet or any other electronic medium, with
or without having any physical presence
(c) a building site, a construction, assembly or installation project or supervisory activities
[connected] with such site or project [but only where such site, project and its 5 [connected]
supervisory activities continue for a period or periods aggregating more than ninety days within
any twelve-months period];
(d) the furnishing of services, including consultancy services, by any person or entity through
employees or other personnel engaged by the person for such purpose;

(e) a person acting in Pakistan on behalf of the person (hereinafter referred to as the “agent other
than an agent of independent status acting in the ordinary course of business as such, if the
agent –
(i) has and habitually exercises an authority to conclude contracts on behalf of the other person
or habitually concludes contracts or habitually plays the principal role leading to the
conclusion of contracts that are routinely concluded without material modification by the
person and these contracts are─
(a) in the name of the person; or
(b) for the transfer of the ownership of or for the granting of the right to use property
owned by that enterprise or that the enterprise has the right to use; or
(c) for the provision of services by that person; or
(ii) has no such authority, but habitually maintains a stock-in-trade or other merchandise from
which the agent regularly delivers goods or merchandise on behalf of the other person; or
(f) any substantial equipment installed, or other asset or property capable of activity giving rise to
income;
(g) a place of business that is used or maintained by a person if the person or an associate of a
person carries on business at that place or at another place in Pakistan and─ (i) that place or
other place constitutes a permanent establishment of the person or an associate of the person
under this sub-clause; or (ii) business carried on by the person or an associate of the person at
the same place or at more than one place constitute complementary functions that are part of
a cohesive business operation.
Sec 2(44A) “principal officer” used with reference to a company or association of persons includes;
(a) a director, a manager, secretary, agent, accountant or any similar officer; and
(b) any person connected with the management or administration of the company or association
of persons upon whom the Commissioner has served a notice of treating him as the principal
officer thereof
Exercise
(a) Briefly state, with reasons, whether or not you consider the below mentioned companies to be
a public company for tax purpose.
(i) PPL is a company incorporated under the Companies Act, 2017 and is not listed on
any stock exchange in Pakistan. 59 per cent of the shares in PPL are held by BBC Ltd,
a company incorporated in United Kingdom. United Kingdom holds 97% of the shares
in BBC Ltd.
(ii) XYZ Limited is a public company incorporated under the Companies Act, 2017 whose
shares were traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange from 01 August 2023 until 29
June 2024 on which date the company was delisted on the exchange.
(iii) The Provincial Government of NWFP holds 50% of the shares in ABC Ltd, a public
company under the Companies Act, 2017. ABC Ltd is not listed on any stock exchange
in Pakistan.
(iv) BRR is a public company under the Companies Act, 2017. 41% of the shares are held
by the Federal Government, 50% by the Government of Saudi Arabia and 9% by the
individuals and group companies. BRR is not listed on any stock exchange in Pakistan.
(b) Anderson Inc, a public company incorporated under the law of the United Kingdom relating to
the incorporation of companies, has been operating in Pakistan for over 50 years. The control
and management of the Pakistan branch for the accounting year ended 31 December 2023
was situated wholly outside Pakistan.
Required: Briefly state, with reasons whether Anderson Inc. will be assessed as a company for
Pakistan tax purposes for the relevant tax year.

Tax Practices
Answer
(a)
(i) A public company for Pakistan tax purposes, inter alia includes a company in which not
less than 50% of the shares are held by a foreign government or a foreign company owned
by a foreign government. 59% of the shares in PPL are owned by BBC Ltd, which is a foreign
company but BBC Ltd is not wholly owned by the United Kingdom (foreign government).
Therefore, PPL is not a public company for Pakistan tax purpose.
(ii) A company whose shares are traded on a registered stock exchange in Pakistan at any
time in the tax year and which remained listed on that exchange at the end of that year is
a public company for tax purpose.
Although the shares of XYZ Limited were traded on the Pakistan stock exchange during
the tax year 2024, XYZ Ltd did not meet the test of being a public company for tax purpose
since its shares were not listed on the Lahore stock exchange on 30 June 2024. XYZ Ltd is
therefore not a public company for tax purpose.
(iii) A company in which not less than 50% of the shares are held by the Federal Government
or Provincial Government is a public company for tax purpose. Since the Provincial
Government of NWFP holds 50% of the shares in ABC Ltd, ABC Ltd is a public company for
tax purpose
(iv) A public company for Pakistan tax purposes, inter alia means a company in which not less
than 50% of the shares are held by a foreign government, therefore, BRR is a public
company as 50% of the shares are held by Government of Saudi Arabia.
(b) As per section 80, a company mean a body incorporated by or under the law of a country
outside Pakistan relating to incorporation of companies. Therefore, Anderson Inc. will be
treated as company for Pakistan tax purpose.
4.2 Taxpayer [Sec 2(66)]
Definition:
Taxpayer means any person who:
§ derives an amount chargeable to tax under the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001;
§ may be a representative of a person who derives an amount chargeable to tax;
§ is required to deduct or collect tax under the Ordinance; or
§ is required to furnish a return of income or pay tax under the Ordinance;

5 RESIDENTIAL STATUS
Section overview
n Resident and non-resident persons (Sec 81)

n Resident individual (Sec 82)
n Resident company (Sec 83)
n Resident association of persons (Sec 84)
5.1 Resident and non-resident persons (Sec 81)

The determination of residential status of a person is necessary as the law explicitly provides that
a resident is taxable in respect of its worldwide income whereas the non-resident is taxable only in
respect of its Pakistan source income. The Ordinance lays down the method for determination of
residential status of a person in the following manner:
q A person shall be a resident in Pakistan for a tax year if the person is:
i. a resident individual, resident company or resident association of persons for the year;
or
ii. the Federal Government.
q A person shall be non-resident person for a tax year if the person is not a resident person
for that year.
A very important point to note from the above discussion is that residential and non-residential
status of any person is to be determined in respect of each tax year as it may vary from year to
year. A person can be resident in tax year 2023 (01 July 2022 to 30 June 2023) but may be a non-
resident in tax year 2024 (01 July 2023 to 30 June 2024).
5.2 Resident individual (Sec 82)

q An individual shall be a resident individual for a tax year if the individual:
a) is present in Pakistan for a period of, or periods amounting in aggregate to,183 days or
more in the tax year;
b) is an employee or official of the Federal Government or a Provincial Government posted
abroad in the tax year.
c) A citizen of Pakistan who is not present in any other country for more than 182 days
during the tax year or he is not a resident taxpayer of any other country.
Note: The amendment is made basically for those Pakistani citizens who do not stay in
one country for 182 days and remain non-resident for all the countries they reside during
the year.
Rule 14 of the Income Tax Rules, 2002 states the method for computing the number of days
of stay of an individual in Pakistan. The said rule read as under:
q The following rules apply for the purposes of section 82, which provides for the determination
of a person as resident individual.
• Part of a day that an individual is present in Pakistan (including the day of arrival in,
and the day of departure from, Pakistan) counts as a whole day of such presence;
• the following days in which an individual is wholly or partly present in Pakistan count
as a whole day of such presence, namely:
i. a public holiday;
ii. a day of leave, including sick leave;

Tax Practices
iii. a day that the individual’s activity in Pakistan is interrupted because of a strike,
lock-out or delay in receipt of supplies; or
iv. a holiday spent by the individual in Pakistan before, during or after any activity
in Pakistan; and
• A day or part of a day where an individual is in Pakistan solely by reason of being in
transit between two different places outside Pakistan does not count as a day present
in Pakistan.
5.3 Resident company (Sec 83)

A company shall be a resident company in Pakistan for a tax year if:
i. it is incorporated or formed by or under any law in force in Pakistan
ii. the control and management of its affairs is situated wholly in Pakistan at any time in the
year; or
iii. it’s a Provincial Government or Local Government in Pakistan.
5.4 Resident association of persons (Sec 84)

An association of persons shall be a resident association of persons for a tax year if the control
and management of the affairs of the association is situated wholly or partly in Pakistan at any time
in the year.
Exercise:
Explain the residential status of the following persons for the tax year 2024:
(i) Mr. Raza is working as Director Operations in the Ministry of Tourism. On 15 July 2023 he was
posted to Pakistan Embassy in Italy for two years.
(ii) Anderson LLC was incorporated as limited liability Company in UK. The control and
management of its affairs was situated wholly in Pakistan. However, with effect from 01
November 2023, the entire management and control was shifted to UK.
(iii) On 01 February 2024, Mr.Sameel a citizen of Pakistan was sent to Pakistan by his UK based
company to work on a special project. He left Pakistan on 23 August 2024.
(iv) BBL is a non-listed public company incorporated under the Companies Act, 2017. All the
shareholders of the company are individuals. The control and management of affairs of the
company during the year was outside Pakistan.
(v) Mr. Salman a property dealer in USA came to Pakistan on 01 February 2023. During his stay
upto 02 August 2023 in Pakistan, he remained in Peshawar upto 30 June 2023 and thereafter
till his departure from Pakistan, in Quetta. Assume that Commissioner has granted him
permission to use calendar year as special tax year.

Answer
(i) Being an employee of Federal Government, Mr. Raza would be treated as resident
irrespective of number of days he stays in Pakistan.
(ii) A company shall be resident if control and management of the affairs of the company is
situated wholly in Pakistan at any time in the year. Therefore, company is resident
irrespective of the fact that it was incorporated in UK.
(iii) The stay of Mr. Sameel for the purpose of tax year 2024 is 150 days (28+31+30+31+30).
Since his stay in Pakistan is less than 183 days in tax year 2024, he is non-resident for tax
purposes. However, if he is not present in any other country for more than 182 days during
the tax year or he is not a resident taxpayer of any other country then he will be treated as
resident of Pakistan.
(iv) If a company is incorporated or formed by or under any law in force in Pakistan, it is treated
as a resident company. Such company cannot be treated as non-resident merely on the
basis that the control and management of the affairs of the company were situated abroad.
Therefore, BBL is a resident company.
(v) It is immaterial where he stayed in Pakistan. Number of days shall be counted from the day
of his arrival in Pakistan to the day of his departure in the following manner:
Accounting period 01 January 2023 to 31 December 2023 (Tax year 2024)
Month No. of days
February 2023 29
March 2023 31
April 2023 30
May 2023 31
June 2023 30
July 2023 31
August 2023 2
Total 184
Since he was present in Pakistan for 184 days, therefore, he is resident individual.

Tax Practices
6 DETERMINATION OF TAX LIABILITY

Section overview
n Computation of tax liability and tax rates (Sec 4 read with First Schedule)
6.1 Computation of tax liability and tax rates (Sec 4 read with First Schedule)
Definition: Sec 2(63)

Tax means any tax imposed under the Ordinance and includes any penalty, fee or other charge or
any sum or amount leviable or payable under the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001.
q Income tax shall be imposed on every person having taxable income for each tax year at the
applicable rates as mentioned in the first schedule to the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001.
q First Schedule of the Income Tax Ordinance,2001 prescribes different tax rates for different
classes of persons in the following manner:
Tax rates for salaried individual
Where the income of an individual chargeable under the head “salary” exceeds 75% of his taxable
income, the rates of tax to be applied shall be as set out in the following table, namely: —
Sr. No. Taxable Income Rate of Tax
Where the taxable income does not

1. 0%
exceed Rs. 600,000
Where taxable income exceeds Rs. 2.5% of the amount exceeding Rs. 600,000
2. 600,000 but does not exceed Rs.
1,200,000
Where taxable income exceeds Rs. Rs. 15,000 plus 12.5% of the amount
3. 1,200,000 but does not exceed Rs. exceeding Rs. 1,200,000
2,400,000
3,600,000
6,000,000
Rs. 1,095,000 plus 35% of the amount

Where taxable income exceeds Rs. exceeding Rs. 6,000,000
6.
6,000,000

Tax rates for non-salaried individuals and Association of Persons
Sr. No. Taxable Income (Rs.) Rate of Tax
Where the taxable income does

1. 0%
not exceed Rs.600,000
Where the taxable income

2. exceeds Rs.600,000 but does not
7.5% of the amount exceeding Rs.600,000
exceed Rs. 800,000
Where taxable income exceeds Rs. 15,000 plus 15% of the amount exceeding
3. Rs. 800,000 but does not exceed Rs. 800,000
Rs. 1,200,000
4. Rs. 1,200,000 but does not Rs, 1,200,000
exceed Rs. 2,400,000
5. Rs. 2,400,000 but does not Rs. 2,400,000
Where taxable income exceeds

Rs. 465,000 plus 30% of the amount exceeding
6. Rs. 3,000,000 but does not
Rs. 3,000,000
7.
Rs. 4,000,000 Rs. 4,000,000
Computation of income tax payable

The income tax payable shall be computed as under:
q Tax liability – Withholding (advance tax)
q Tax Liability = (Taxable Income x Rate of Tax) – Tax Credits / Tax reduction
If a taxpayer is allowed more than one tax credit for a year, the credits shall be applied in the
following order:
a. Any foreign tax credit; then
b. Any tax credit allowed for,
i. Charitable donations (Sec 61)
ii. Contribution to approved pension fund (Sec 63)
iii. Point of sale machine (Sec 64D)
iv. Certain person (Sec 65F)
v. Specified industrial undertakings (Sec 65G)
vi. Any tax reduction e.g. to full time teacher / researcher etc.

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Any such amount which is taxable as a separate block or under final tax regime (FTR) shall not be
included in the computation of taxable income under Normal tax regime (NTR) according to the
provisions of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001.
The computation of income under each head of income and tax credits is discussed in detail in the
ensuing chapters. However, the method for determination of tax liability and tax payable
(refundable) on taxable income is given hereunder:
Computation of tax
Gross tax XXX
Less: Tax reductions & credits (XX)
Net Tax XXX
Tax already paid including adjustments (XX)
Balance XXX
(a) Tax Refundable
(b) Tax Payable or
(c) Tax nil
Tax rebates and reductions available to a person are elaborated in respective chapters.

7 DIFFERENT TYPES OF TAX REGIMES

Section overview
n Normal Tax Regime (Net-income basis)

n Income subject to separate charge (Sec 5-8)
n Final Tax Regime (Gross income basis)
n Minimum Tax Regime
n Minimum tax on the income of certain persons [Sec 113]
In the foregoing paragraphs, we learnt about the computation of taxable income and tax liability, however,
certain incomes are excluded from the normal method of taxation as explained above and are subject to
tax separately under various provisions of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001. The mechanism for
determination of taxable income is categorised under three regimes are as under:
7.1 Normal tax regime (Net income basis)

Under the normal tax regime, certain rate of taxation on net income (income minus expenses)
applied to taxpayers. Tax is applied to taxable income as per 1st Schedule of the Income Tax
Ordinance, 2001 which shall be reduce by the amount of tax credits.
7.2 Income subject to separate charge (Sec 5 & 7B)
q Income subject to separate charge, are the incomes which do not form part of total income
or taxable income and are subject to tax on the basis of gross income.
q Section 5 and 7B of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 govern the taxation of such income
and these are:
(i) Dividend
(ii) Profit on debt upto Rs. 5 million for Individual and AOP (Discussed in Chapter 10)
q Following rules apply to income subject to separate charge:

(i) Tax imposed is a final tax
(ii) Such income is not chargeable to tax under any head of income in computing the
taxable income of the person
(iii) No deduction is allowed for any expenditure incurred in deriving such income
(iv) The amount of such income is not reduced by:
(a) Any deductible allowance
(b) The set off of any loss
(v) The final tax payable is not reduced by any tax credit allowed (foreign tax credit or tax
credits on donations, investments etc.)
(vi) The liability of the recipient of such income is discharged to the extent that:
(a) In the case of shipping and air transport income, the tax is paid in accordance
with relevant sections of the Ordinance; or
(b) In any other case, the final tax payable has been deducted at source.
Taxation of dividend, royalty and fee for technical services
Dividend
q Concept of accumulated profit in section 2(1) and taxation of dividend income is governed by
section 2(19), 5 and 8 of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 as below.

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Definitions:
Sec 2(1) “Accumulated profits” in relation to distribution or payment of, a dividend, include;
(a) any reserve made up wholly or partly of any allowance, deduction, or exemption admissible
under this Ordinance;- .
(b) for the purposes of sub-clauses (a), (b) and (e) of clause (19)”, all profits of the company
including income and gains of a trust up to the date of such distribution or such payment, as
the case may be; and
(c) for the purposes of sub-clause (c) of clause (19), includes all profits of the company including
income and gains of a trust up to the date of its liquidation.
Section 2(19) “Dividend”
(a) any distribution by a company of accumulated profits to its shareholders, whether capitalised
or not, if such distribution entails the release by the company to its shareholders of all or any
part of the assets including money of the company;
(b) any distribution by a company, to its shareholders of debentures, debenture-stock or deposit
certificate in any form, whether with or without profit, to the extent to which the company
possesses accumulated profits whether capitalised or not;
(c) any distribution made to the shareholders of a company on its liquidation, to the extent to
which the distribution is attributable to the accumulated profits of the company immediately
before its liquidation, whether capitalised or not;
(d) any distribution by a company to its shareholders on the reduction of its capital, to the extent
to which the company possesses accumulated profits, whether such accumulated profits have
been capitalised or not;
(e) any payment by a private company [as defined in the Companies Act, 2017] ] or trust of any
sum (whether as representing a part of the assets of the company or trust, or otherwise) by
way of advance or loan to a shareholder or any payment by any such company or trust on
behalf, or for the individual benefit, of any such shareholder, to the extent to which the
company or trust, in either case, possesses accumulated profits; or
(f) remittance of after tax profit of a branch of a foreign company operating in Pakistan;
(g) but does not include —
i. a distribution made in accordance with [sub-clause] (c) or (d) in respect of any share for
full cash consideration, or redemption of debentures or debenture stock, where the holder
of the share or debenture is not entitled in the event of liquidation to participate in the
surplus assets;
ii. any advance or loan made to a shareholder by a company in the ordinary course of its
business, where the lending of money is a substantial part of the business of the company;
iii. any dividend paid by a company which is set off by the company against the whole or any
part of any sum previously paid by it and treated as a dividend within the meaning of sub-
clause (e) to the extent to which it is so set off; and]
iv. remittance of after tax profit by a branch of Petroleum Exploration and Production (E&P)
foreign company, operating in Pakistan.
q Tax rates on gross amount of dividend received from a Company;

• 7.5% in case of dividend paid by Independent Power Producers where such dividend is
a pass through item under an Implementation Agreement or Power Purchase
Agreement or Energy Purchase Agreement and is required to be reimbursed by Central
Power Purchasing Agency (CPPA-G) or its predecessor or successor entity
• 15% in case of individuals, AOPs, mutual funds, Real Estate Investment Trusts and any
other person not covered by 7.5% and 25% categories.
• 25% in case of a person receiving dividend from a company where no tax payable by
such company, due to exemption of income or carry forward of business losses or claim
of tax credits.

q Dividend received is subject to deduction of tax at source by the person making the payment
of dividend.
q Tax deducted at source is treated final tax liability of the person receiving the dividend.
q Where any advance or loan is repaid by the shareholder of a private company, he shall be
entitled to a refund of the tax paid by him as a result of such loan or advance having been
treated as dividend.
Exercise:
(a) Omega (Pvt.) Limited is engaged in the business of trading and sale of fertilizers. The company
has extended loan of Rs. 2.5 million to one of its shareholders on 30 June 2023 when the
accumulated profits of the company were Rs. 1.8 million. Determine the amount to be treated
as dividend.
Required: Determine the amount to be treated as dividend.
(b) Robin Petroleum International (RPI), a company incorporated in Netherlands, is operating in
Pakistan as a branch. RPI has entered into an agreement with the Government of Pakistan
under which RPI has been given the right to explore and produce crude oil and natural gas in
specified areas of Sindh and Baluchistan.
Required: Explain the tax implications on RPI’s branch in Pakistan of the remittance of the after
tax profits of the branch to its head office in the Netherlands.
(c) Mr Z has received dividend Rs.75,000 net of Zakat Rs.10,000 and tax @15%.
Required: Determine the amount to be treated as dividend.
Answer
(a) The amount of loan to the extent of accumulated profits will be treated as dividend i.e. Rs.
1,800,000 [Ref: Sec 2(19)(e)]
(b) Remittance of after tax profit of a branch of a foreign company operating in Pakistan is
considered as dividend as per section 2(19)(f) of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001.
However, remittance of after tax profit by a branch of Petroleum Exploration and Production
(E&P) foreign company operating in Pakistan is excluded from the definition of dividend.
As the Pakistan branch of RPI is a branch of an E & P foreign company operating in Pakistan,
the remittance of the after tax profits of RPI’s branch in Pakistan would not be considered to
be dividend income.
(c) Total taxable dividend is Rs.100,000 i.e. (75,000+10,000)/85%
Royalty
q Concept of royalty is governed by section 2(54), of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001.
Definition: Sec 2(54) Royalty

“royalty” means any amount paid or payable, however described or computed, whether periodical
or a lump sum, as consideration for;
(a) the use of, or right to use any patent, invention, design or model, secret formula or process,
trademark or other like property or right;
(b) the use of, or right to use any copyright of a literary, artistic or scientific work, including films
or video tapes for use in connection with television or tapes in connection with radio
broadcasting, but shall not include consideration for the sale, distribution or exhibition of
cinematograph films;
(c) the receipt of, or right to receive, any visual images or sounds, or both, transmitted by
satellite, cable, optic fibre or similar technology in connection with television, radio or
internet broadcasting;

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(d) the supply of any technical, industrial, commercial or scientific knowledge, experience or
skill;
(e) the use of or right to use any industrial, commercial or scientific equipment;
(f) the supply of any assistance that is ancillary and subsidiary to, and is furnished as a means
of enabling the application or enjoyment of, any such property or right as mentioned in sub-
clauses (a) through (e); and
(g) the disposal of any property or right referred to in sub-clauses (a) through (e);
Fee for technical services

q Concept of fee for technical services is governed by section 2(23), of the Income Tax
Ordinance, 2001.
Definition: Sec 2(23) Fee for technical services

Any consideration, whether periodical or lump sum, for the rendering of any managerial, technical
or consultancy services including the services of technical or other personnel, but does not include:
Consideration for services rendered in relation to a construction, assembly, or like project
undertaken by the recipient; or
Consideration which would be the income of the recipient chargeable under the head “salary”
7.3 Final tax regime (Gross income basis)

q Under the final tax regime, the concept of income-based taxation has been shifted to
transaction-based taxation, whereby income of a certain category of persons (i.e.
commercial importers, sale of goods, execution of contracts, etc.) was considered as final
tax liability in respect of income of such persons. It is also called presumptive tax regime.
q Income subject to final tax are those which are subject to collection or deduction of tax at
source and the tax so collected or deducted at source is treated as final tax on the income
arising from such transactions.
q The tax collected or deducted on such transactions is commonly known as non-adjustable
tax collected or deducted at source. The taxation of income subject to final tax is governed
by Section 169 of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001.
q All transactions subject to collection or deduction of tax at source do not fall under income
subject to final tax. Different set of rules apply for each nature of income
q Where the tax collected or deducted at source is not treated as final tax the income arising
from such transactions is chargeable to tax under the respective heads of income (Salary,
Income from Property, Business, Capital Gains or Other Sources) and forms part of the
taxable income. The tax collected or deducted on such transactions is commonly known as
adjustable tax collected or deducted at source.
q Following rules apply to the income subject to final tax:
(i) Such income is not chargeable to tax under any head of income in computing the
taxable income;
(ii) No deduction is allowed for any expenditure incurred in deriving the income
(iii) The amount of the income is not reduced by
(a) Any deductible allowance; or
(b) The set off of any loss
(iv) The tax deducted is not reduced by any tax credit
(v) There is no refund of the non-adjustable tax collected or deducted at source unless
such tax is in excess of the amount of final tax for which the taxpayer is chargeable
and
(vi) An assessment is treated to have been made and the person shall be required to
furnish a return of income in respect such income.

q Various incomes which are treated as final tax liability of the person under the Income Tax
Ordinance, 2001 are:
(i) Exports u/s 154 (option to be taxed under MTR is available)
(ii) Prizes and winnings under section 156
7.4 Minimum Tax Regime

q Under the minimum tax regime, tax already deducted at source is treated as minimum tax
which is then compared with liability under the normal tax regime. In case liability under
normal tax regime is greater than tax already deducted, the person is required to pay liability
under normal tax regime. In case tax already deducted is greater than liability under normal
tax regime, then same is treated as final tax.
q Certain types of incomes are subject to minimum tax under the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001
to assure that certain portion of tax is paid by the taxpayer irrespective of quantum of income.
q Various incomes which are treated as minimum tax under the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001
are:
(i) Minimum tax under section 113 on turnover.
(ii) Commercial importer under section 148(7).
(iii) Tax deduction at source @ 11% from gross amount of service rendered under section
153 for all persons other than a company.
(iv) Minimum tax under section 154(5) on exports.
(v) Tax collected upto the electricity bill amount of Rs.360,000 per annum for a person
other than company under section 235.
7.5 Minimum tax on the income of certain persons [Sec 113]

(1) This section shall apply to a resident company, an individual (having turnover of hundred
million rupees or above in the tax year 2017 or in any subsequent tax year) and an
association of persons (having turnover of hundred million rupees or above in the tax year
2017 or in any subsequent tax year)] where, for any reason whatsoever allowed under this
Ordinance, including any other law for the time being in force—
(a) loss for the year;
(b) the setting off of a loss of an earlier year;
(c) exemption from tax;
(d) the application of credits or rebates; or
(e) the claiming of allowances or deductions (including depreciation and amortization
deductions) no tax is payable or paid by the person for a tax year or the tax payable
or paid by the person for a tax year is less than 1.25% of the amount representing the
person‘s turnover from all sources for that year:
(2) Explanation: For the purpose of this sub-section, the expression tax payable or paid does
not include tax already paid or payable in respect of deemed income which is assessed as
final discharge of the tax liability under section 169 or under any other provision of this
Ordinance; and
(3) Where this section applies:
(a) the aggregate of the person‘s turnover as defined in subsection (3) for the tax year
shall be treated as the income of the person for the year chargeable to tax;
(b) the person shall pay as income tax for the tax year (instead of the actual tax payable
under this Ordinance), minimum tax ranging from 0.2% to 1.25% for different
categories of Persons;
where minimum tax paid exceeds the actual tax payable under Part I, clause (1) of
Division I or Division II of the First Schedule, the excess amount of tax paid shall be

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carried forward for adjustment against tax liability under the aforesaid Part of the
subsequent tax year.
Provided that the amount under this clause shall be carried forward and adjusted against
tax liability for three tax years immediately succeeding the tax year for which the amount
was paid.
Provided that if minimum tax is paid due to the fact that no tax is payable or paid for the year
(due to taxable loss etc.), the entire amount of minimum tax paid shall be carried forward for
three years.
(4) turnover means,-
(a) the gross sales or gross receipts, exclusive of Sales Tax and Federal Excise duty or
any trade discounts shown on invoices, or bills, derived from the sale of goods, and
also excluding any amount taken as deemed income and is assessed as final
discharge of the tax liability for which tax is already paid or payable;
(b) the gross fees for the rendering of services for giving benefits including commissions;
except covered by final discharge of tax liability for which tax is separately paid or
payable;
(c) the gross receipts from the execution of contracts; except covered by final discharge
of tax liability for which tax is separately paid or payable; and
(d) the company‘s share of the amounts stated above of any association of persons of
which the company is a member.
Explanation: For the removal of doubt, it is clarified that the definition of turnover covers
receipts from all business activities in line with expression “turnover from all sources”
including but not limited to receipts from sale of immoveable property where such receipt is
taxable under the head Income from Business.
Exercise:
ABC & Co. is an AOP with annual turnover under normal tax regime of Rs. 116,000,000 during the
tax year 2024. If the taxable profit of the AOP is Rs. 1,570,000. Compute the tax liability of the AOP
for the tax year 2024.
Answer
Turnover tax u/s 113 @ 1.25% on Rs. 116,000,000 1,450,000

Income tax under normal tax regime
Taxable Income 1,570,000
Tax on Taxable Income (Rs. 75,000 + 20% x [1,570,000 – 149,000
1,200,000]
The AOP has to pay higher of minimum tax under section 113 or income tax as computed above
under normal tax regime. As the turnover tax is higher than tax computed under normal tax regime
therefore the same is to be paid by the AOP (i. e.) Rs. 1,450,000.
The difference Rs1,301,000 (1,450,000-149,000) shall be carried forward for next 3 years.

8 TAXATION OF WOMEN ENTERPRISES

Section overview
n Women enterprise and its taxation (Clause 19 Part III of Second Schedule)
8.1 Women enterprise and its taxation (Clause 19 Part III of Second Schedule)
Definition
Woman enterprise means a start-up established on or after first day of July 2021 as sole
proprietorship concern owned by a woman or an AOP all of whose members are women or a
company whose 100% shareholding is held or owned by women
Taxation
Tax payable by women enterprise on profits and gains derived from business chargeable to tax
under the head income from business shall be reduced by 25%, However, this benefit will not be
available to business that is formed by the transfer or reconstitution or splitting up of an existing
business.

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9 INCOME TAX AUTHORITIES

Section overview
n Income tax authorities
9.1 Income tax authorities

The income tax law provides a complete organisational set up for levy and recovery of income tax
which are described in section 207 as under:
(a) Federal Board of Revenue;
(b) Chief Commissioner Inland Revenue;
(c) Commissioner Inland Revenue;
(d) Commissioner Inland Revenue (Appeals);
(e) Officer of Inland Revenue i.e.
(i) Additional Commissioner Inland Revenue;
(ii) Deputy Commissioner Inland Revenue;
(iii) Assistant Commissioner Inland Revenue;
(iv) Special audit panel;
(v) Inland Revenue Officer;
(vi) Inland Revenue Audit Officer or any other Officer;
(f) District Taxation officer;
(g) Assistant Director Audit
(h) Superintendent Inland Revenue;
(i) Inspector Inland Revenue; and
(j) Auditor Inland Revenue.
This section is out of syllabus and is not examinable. This organizational setup is being given to
provide better understanding while students studying other examinable sections of the Ordinance
where these authorities have been mentioned.

10 COMMON RULES
Section overview
n Apportionment of deductions (Sec 67)

n Fair market value (Sec 68)
n Receipt of income (Sec 69)
n Recouped expenditure (Sec 70)
n Currency conversion (Sec 71)
n Cessation of source of income (Sec 72)
n Rules to prevent double derivation and double deductions (Sec 73)
In addition to foregoing basic concepts, understanding of common rules is necessary for determination
and computation of taxable income and tax liability.
10.1 Apportionment of deductions (Sec 67)

q This concept implies that an expenditure, deduction and allowance which relates to the
following, shall be apportioned on any reasonable basis taking into account the relative
nature and size of the activities to which the amount relates:
(i) the derivation of more than one head of income; or
(ii) derivation of taxable income and any class of income subject to Final Tax Regime.
(iii) the derivation of income chargeable to tax under any head of income and to some other
purpose
Rules for apportionment of expenditures, deductions and allowances (Rule 13)

Common expenditure, deductions and allowances means any expenditure, deductions and
allowances that is not clearly allocable to any particular class or classes of incomes. Rules
regarding apportionment of such expenses, deductions and allowances are given as follows:
q Any expenditure, deduction or allowance that is incurred for particular class of income
(chargeable income, FTR income or exempt income) shall be allocated/apportioned
to that class only.
q Any common expenditure shall be apportioned amongst each class of income
according to the following formula:
q Amount of expense x Gross receipts for the class of income
Gross receipts for all class of income
Note: Gross receipts means net off receipts or turnover of sales tax of FED paid.
q While allocating common expenditure, deductions and allowances (particularly selling
expenses) the nature and source of each class of income must be taken into account.
q The basis determined for allocation of expenditure, deductions and allowances should
be certified by a Chartered Accountant or a Cost and Management Accountant. This
certificate shall be accepted by CIR unless there is significant variations (10% +
beyond the limits) from allocation under the rules.
q Where in case of certain transaction the net gain, brokerage, commission and other
income is taken as turnover, then the gross profit from business shall be taken as
gross receipts for the purpose of apportionment of expenditures.
q For the purpose of these rules a person may have following classes of incomes:

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Pakistan source incomes as well as Foreign source income further classified as:
(i) Salary
(ii) Income from property
(iii) Income from business – Non-speculation
(iv) Income from business - speculation
(v) Capital gains
(vi) Income from other source
(vii) Income chargeable to tax as separate block
(viii) Income exempt from tax e.g. agriculture income
(ix) Income chargeable to tax under final tax regime.
10.2 Fair market value (Sec 68)

q Fair market value (FMV) of any property, or rent, asset, service, benefit or perquisite at a
particular time shall be the price which the property, or rent, asset, service, benefit or
perquisite would ordinarily fetch on sale or supply in the open market at that time.
q The fair market value of any property, or rent, asset, service, benefit or perquisite shall be
determined without having regard to any restriction on transfer or to the fact that it is not
otherwise convertible to cash.
q Where the price referred above is not ordinarily ascertainable, the Board may, from time to
time, by notification in the official gazette determine the fair market value of the immoveable
property of the area and areas as may be specified in the notification.
q Where the fair market value of any immoveable property of an area or areas has not been
determined by the board in the notification referred as above, the fair market of such
immoveable property shall be deemed to be the value fixed by the district officer (revenue)
or provincial or any other authority authorize in this behalf for the purposes of stamp duty.
Exercise:
XYZ purchased a second hand car from M/s ABC Ltd, an associated company. The cost of that car
is Rs.500,000 in the books of ABC Ltd whereas written down value of the said car is Rs.350,000.
One of the car dealers told the company that the value of the said car in the market is Rs. 250,000.
Required
What is the value of the car as per the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001?
Answer
Value of the Car as per the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 is its fair market value i-e Rs.250,000.
10.3 Receipt of income (Sec 69)

Method for recognition of receipt of income is elaborated in section 69 of the Ordinance in the
following way:
A person shall be treated as having received an amount, benefit, or perquisite if it is:
i. actually received by the person;
ii. applied on behalf of the person, at the instruction of the person or under any law; or
iii. made available to the person.

Exercise:
Mr. Bashir, an employee of M/s Honda Atlas Motors Limited visited different clients for recovery of
its bills and he received following response:
a) M/s. Honda Forts Ltd one of the clients paid him a sum of Rs. 96,500 after deducting a tax
of Rs.3,500.
b) Modern Motors has stated that it already paid a sum of Rs.35,000 being the bills of M/s
Honda Atlas to M/s Sarhad Motors at the instructions of M/s Honda Atlas.
c) City Flyers (Pvt.) Limited has adjusted a sum of Rs. 55,000 against the travelling tickets
purchased by M/s Honda Atlas Motors Limited from their office and paid the balance amount
of Rs. 45,000.
d) Hameed Sons said that they recorded their sum payable in its financial records, however, its
settlement will be made in due course.
M/s. Honda Atlas Motors Limited is interested to know the amount of receipts which are liable to
be added to the taxable income.
Answer
M/s HONDA ATLAS MOTORS LIMITED
Name of client Receipts to be included in income Remarks
Honda Forts limited 100,000 Sum actually received
Modern Motors 35,000 Paid on the instructions of the
person
City Flyers (Private) 100,000 Sum actually received Rs 45,000
Ltd and sum of Rs.55,000 applied on
behalf of the recipient
Hameed sons 0 No sum received
Total 235,000
10.4 Recouped expenditure (Sec 70)

Any amount received subsequently in respect of deduction previously allowed as deduction will be
added in the income in the year of receipt, as provided in section 70 below:
Where a person has been allowed a deduction for any expenditure or loss incurred in a tax year in
the computation of the person’s income chargeable to tax under a head of income and,
subsequently, the person has received, in cash or in kind, any amount in respect of such
expenditure or loss, the amount so received shall be included in the income chargeable under that
head for the tax year in which it is received.
Exercise:
M/s ABC claimed deduction of following finance charges against the income of preceding years:
Year Amount of finance charges

200W 150,000
200X 75,000
200Y 85,000
The aforesaid mark-up remained payable to the bank and could not be paid due to adverse liquidity
position of ABC. On 15 May 2024, the bank agreed to waive off mark up to the extent of Rs.250,000
under a rescheduling agreement. M/s ABC interested to know that what is the tax exposure on such
waiver of mark up and in case said amount is taxable then how the said sum is added to preceding
years income.

Tax Practices
Answer
The aforesaid amount of Rs. 250,000 is taxable in the hands of ABC in the year of Waiver i.e. tax
year 2024 and it will not be included in the preceding years.
10.5 Currency conversion (Sec 71)

Every amount taken into account under the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 shall be in Rupees.
If an amount is in a currency other than rupees, the amount shall be converted to the rupee at the
State Bank of Pakistan rate applying between the foreign currency and the Rupee on the date the
amount is taken into account for the purposes of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001.
Exercise:
Mr. XYZ received a sum of US Dollars 500 from his client on 14 April 200X and he paid a sum of
Euro 250 for expenses incurred in respect of the said assignment on 15 April 2024. The exchange
rate prescribed by the State bank of Pakistan on the dates of transactions are as under:
Date Currency Dollar/ Euro Pak Rs. Conversion
14 April, 2024 Dollar 1 Rs. 290/Dollar
15 April, 2024 Euro 1 Rs. 300/Euro
Answer
MR. XYZ
COMPUTATION OF TAXABLE INCOME
TAX YEAR 2024
Description Amount in Rs.
Receipt $ 500 x Rs.290/Dollar 145,000
Expenses Euro 250 x Rs.300/Euro (75,000)
Income 70,000
10.6 Cessation of source of income (Sec 72)

q This section applies where any income is derived by a person in a tax year from any
business, activity, investment or other source that has ceased either before the
commencement of the year or during the year.
q In such a case the income derived before the business, activity, investment or other source
ceased, shall be chargeable to tax as if the source of such income had not ceased.
Exercise:
Explain the tax treatment in respect of the following:
On 21 March 2022, there was a fire in the shop of Mr. Imran and the entire stock of honey valued
at Rs.100,000 (at cost) was destroyed. Imran’s insurance company refused to entertain the claim
for Rs. 100,000 for the loss of the stock-in-trade. Imran ceased doing business as and from 30 June
2022. In the return of income furnished for the tax year 2022, Imran claimed the Rs. 100,000 as
a deductible business loss in computing his income under the head ‘Income from business’. The
loss was allowed as a deductible charge in that tax year. During the tax year 2024, the insurance
company, on receiving a legal notice from Imran, made a payment of Rs.75,000 against the claim
for the loss of stock-in-trade which Imran accepted in full settlement.

Answer
Law specifically provides that if there is any income that has been derived by a person in a tax year
from a business, activity, investment or other source that has either ceased before the
commencement of that year or during the year and if that income would have been taxable had
there been no cessation, then the provision of the tax statute would apply as if there was no
cessation (Ref: Sec 72)
In other words, section 72 deems the business activity, investment or other source to have been
carried on by the person in the tax year in which the income was derived despite the cessation of
the business activity, investment or other source. The above amount shall be offered for tax in the
return under the head “Income from business”.
10.7 Rules to prevent double derivation and double deductions (Sec 73)
q If any amount is chargeable to tax on the basis that it is receivable, the amount shall not be
chargeable again on the basis that it is received.
q If any amount is chargeable to tax on the basis that it is received, the amount shall not be
chargeable again on the basis that it is receivable.
q If any expenditure is allowable as deduction on the basis that it is payable, the expenditure
shall not be allowed as deduction again on the basis that it is paid.
q If any expenditure is allowable as deduction on the basis that it is paid, the expenditure shall
not be allowed as deduction again on the basis that it is payable.

Tax Practices

CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Salary
Contents
1 Salary and its components
2 Determination/computation of value of perquisites
3 Determination/computation of other components of salary
4 Employee share scheme
5 Computation of income chargeable under the head ‘salary’

Tax Practices
1 SALARY AND ITS COMPONENTS

Section overview
n Definition and scope of salary [Sec 12(2)]

n Basis of chargeability
n Deductions not allowed [Sec 12(4)]
n Termination of employment [Sec 12(6)]
n Relief where salary is received in arrears [Sec 12(7)(8)]
n Tax free salary to employee [Sec 12(3)]
n Amount or Perquisite when treated received [Sec 12(5)]
1.1 Definition and scope of salary [Sec 12(2)]

q Salary means any amount received by an employee from any employment, whether of a
revenue or capital nature, and includes:
(i) any pay, wages or other remuneration including leave pay, overtime, bonus,
commission, fees, gratuity, work condition supplements (such as for the un-pleasant
or dangerous working conditions):
(ii) any perquisite whether convertible into money or not;
(iii) any allowance provided to employee including cost of living, rent, utilities, education,
entertainment, travelling etc. excluding allowance solely expended in the performance
of duties of employment;
Note: Any allowance solely expended in the performance of employee’s duty does not
include:
(a) allowance which is paid in monthly salary on fixed basis or percentage of
salary; or
(b) allowance which is not wholly, exclusively, necessarily or actually spent on
behalf of the employer
(iv) any expenditure reimbursed by employer other than expenditure incurred solely in the
performance of duties of employment
(v) profits in lieu of, or in addition to, salary including:
(a) consideration received for entering into an employment agreement or for
agreement to any condition of employment or changes to the employment
conditions or to a restrictive covenant to any past, present or future
employment.
(b) amount received on the termination of employment, including golden
handshake payments.
(c) amount received from provident fund except for a contribution made by the
employee in respect of which the employee was not entitled to a deduction.
(vi) any pension or annuity or any supplement to a pension or annuity received /
receivable from employer;
(vii) any amount of gain earned under “Employee Share Scheme”;
(viii) amount of tax chargeable on employee’s salary and borne by employer.

Chapter 5: Salary
Definitions:
Sec 2(20), “Employee” means any individual engaged in employment.
Sec 2(21), “Employer” means any person who engages and remunerates an employee
Sec 2(22), “Employment” includes:
q a directorship or any other office involved in the management of a company;
q a position entitling the holder to a fixed or ascertainable remuneration; or
q the holding or acting in any public office;
q An employee’s salary income, wherever received is taxed in Pakistan to the extent it relates
to employment exercised in Pakistan. However, salary received by Pakistan Government
employee is taxable in Pakistan whether employment is exercised in Pakistan or abroad.
1.2 Basis of chargeability

Taxable on receipt basis [Section 12(1)]
q Salary is taxable on receipt basis i.e. any salary received by an employee in a tax year shall
be chargeable to tax.
q A person shall be treated as having received an amount, benefit, or perquisite if it is
(i) actually received by the person
(ii) applied on behalf of the person, at the instruction of the person or under any law
(iii) made available to the person. [Section 69]
Exercise
Mr. Bilal, a citizen of Pakistan, is working with PMX (Pvt.) Limited as their head of treasury for the
last 15 years. He has provided you with the following information for the year ended June 30, 2024.
(i) His salary was Rs. 300,000 per month (inclusive of all allowances) till June 30, 2023, which
was increased to Rs. 400,000 per month effective from 1 July 2023.
(ii) Salary and allowances are deposited into each employee’s bank account on the 8th working
day of the following month.
(iii) On 31 December 2023, Bilal opted for early retirement and final settlement was made on 8
January 2024.
Required:
Compute Mr. Bilal’s taxable income for the tax year 2024.
Answer
Mr. BILAL
INCOME YEAR ENDED ON 30-06-2024 Rs.
TAX YEAR 2024
Salary for month of June received on 8 July 300,000
Six month salary from July 2023 to
December 2023 (400,000 x 6) 2,400,000
Total taxable salary 2,700,000
Note:
Salary is taxed on receipt basis. As salary is transferred on the 8th working day following the end of
the month, salary for the month of June 2023 will be taxable in the tax year 2024.

Tax Practices
Who is salaried person for the purposes of tax rate?

A salaried taxpayer means a taxpayer whose salary income constitutes more than 75% of his
taxable income.
1.3 Deductions not allowed [Sec 12(4)]

In computing the income under the head salary, no deduction shall be allowed for expenses
incurred by the employee in earning such income.
1.4 Termination of employment [Sec 12(6)]

q If an employee has received compensation on the termination of employment, the employee
may, by notice to Commissioner, elect for the amount to be taxed at the rate computed as:
Total tax paid or payable for three preceding tax years

x 100
Total taxable income for three preceding tax years
q The option should be exercised by the due date of furnishing return of income.
Exercise:
MFD Ltd paid a sum of Rs. 500,000 under the Golden Hand shake scheme to Mr. X in addition to
the taxable salary of Rs. 1,600,000 in the tax year 2024. The past three years assessed tax results
of his assessment are as under:
Tax Year Taxable Income Tax Liability (Assumed)
2023 1,450,000 159,500
2022 1,200,000 120,000
2021 800,000 60,000
Total 3,450,000 339,500
Mr. X is interested to know the options available to him for taxation of Golden Hand shake
scheme for the tax year 2024.
Answer1
Taxation under Normal Manner (Option 1)
Particulars Amount is Rs.
Taxable Salary 1,600,000
Sum received under Golden Hand shake Scheme 500,000
Taxable income 2,100,000
Total Tax liability of Rs 2,100,000 [Rs.15,000 +12.5% of (2,100,000- 127,500

1,200,000)]

Chapter 5: Salary
Taxation under section 12(6) (Option II)
Particulars Amount in Rs.
Taxable income as computed aforesaid 1,600,000
Tax on salary exceeding Rs. 1,200,000 but does not exceed Rs. 2,400,000 65,000
[15,000 + 12.5% (1,600,000 – 1,200,000) of the amount exceeding
1,200,000]
Tax on Rs. 500,000 x 339,500/3,450,000 49,203
Total Tax liability 114,203
Note: As tax under option II is lower than the tax under option I, therefore, it is better to exercise
option II (in view of Mr.X i-e. tax payer)
1.5 Relief where salary is received in arrears [Sec 12(7) & (8)]
q In case of receipt of amount under salary which is paid in arrears and is expected to be
charged at rate higher than the rate which would have been charged if the amount was
received in its relevant tax year, the employee may by a notice to the Commissioner elect
for tax rate applicable in the tax year in which such salary was earned.
q The above option shall be exercised by the due date for furnishing employee’s return of
income for the tax year in which the amount was received or such later date as may be
extended by the Commissioner.
1.6 Tax free salary to employee [Sec 12(3)]
Exercise
The employer of Mr.Usman has undertaken to bear the amount of tax on his salary income of
Rs. 2,000,000. Compute tax liability of Mr.Usman for the year. For the sake of simplicity assume
that he is liable to pay tax @ 15% of his taxable income instead of rate mentioned in the first
schedule.
Where an employer agrees to pay the tax chargeable on an employee‘s salary, then the amount so
paid shall be treated as an additional benefit to the employee. The salary income of the employee
shall be grossed up by the amount of tax payable by the employer
Answer
Salary income 2,000,000
Add tax paid by employer (2,000,000 x 15%) 300,000
Taxable salary 2,300,000
Tax liability for the year @ 15% 345,000
Less tax already paid by employer on Usman’s behalf (300,000)
Net tax payable 45,000
In the above example employee is still paying tax of Rs. 45,000. The question that arises is that
whether the extra tax of Rs. 45,000 is recoverable by the employee from the employer.

Tax Practices
It will be a question of fact in each case to determine whether the extra tax, being the difference of
the tax paid by the employer and that calculated on the gross salary, is recovered or recoverable
by the employee from his employer. If it is not so recoverable, the matter is simple, as the gross
income of the employee in that case will consist of the salary plus the amount paid by the employer
as tax, and will be assessed in the hands of the employee, the extra tax, if any being borne by the
employee himself. (As illustrated in the above exercise).
However, if the extra tax is also borne by the employer, the gross salary and the rate applicable
have to be worked out again by making addition in two or three or four steps. This is illustrated in
the following exercise:
Illustration:
Gross taxable
Particulars Tax Difference
Income
Salary income 1,550,000
Tax on salary exceeding Rs. 1,200,000 but does not 58,750 58,750
exceed Rs. 2,400,000 (i.-e Rs.15,000 + 12.5% of the
amount exceeding Rs.1,200,000)
Salary income after addition u/s 12(3) in income due to 1,608,750

payment of tax of Rs. 58,750 by the employer
Tax on the Revised income after including effect of tax 66,093 7,344
Rs. 15,000 + [12.5% x (1,608,750 - 1,200,000)]
Salary income after addition u/s 12(3) in income due to 1,616,094

payment of tax of Rs. 7,344 by the employer
Tax on the Revised income after including effect of tax 67,012 918
Rs. 15,000 + [12.5% x (1,616,094 - 1,200,000)]
In the above illustration, tax is being added to the taxable income in 2 steps. Ideal solution is to
keep on adding the differential tax amount until it becomes zero.
1.7 Amount or Perquisite when treated received [Sec 12(5)]

An amount or perquisite shall be treated as received by an employee from any employment
regardless of whether the amount or perquisite is paid or provided:
(i) By the employee’s employer, an associate of the employer, or by a third party under an
arrangement with the employer or an associate of the employer;
(ii) By a past employer or a prospective employer; or
(iii) To the employee or to an associate of the employee or to a third party under an agreement
with the employee or an associate of the employee.

Chapter 5: Salary
2 DETERMINATION/COMPUTATION OF VALUE OF PERQUISITES

Section overview
n Introduction to valuation of perquisites

n Conveyance [Sec 13(3) and Rule 5]
n Accommodation [Sec 13(12) and Rule 4]
n Utilities and services of domestic servants [Sec 13(5) & (6)]
n Interest Free / Concessional Loan [Sec 13(7), (8) & (14)]
n Obligations / waiver / settlement [Sec 13(9), (10)]
n Self-hiring of property [Sec 15(5)]
n Transfer of property or provision of services to employees [Sec 13(11)]
n Any other perquisite [Sec 13(13)]
2.1 Introduction to valuation of perquisites

The term ‘perquisites’ may be defined as the casual emolument, fee or profit attached to an office
or position in addition to salary or wages. Perquisite may be cash (such as utility) or in kind (such
as accommodation or motor vehicle provided by the employer to an employee).
Section 13 of the Ordinance contains provisions relating to determination of value of perquisites.
The said provisions describe the methods for determination of value of perquisites which are
detailed below.
2.2 Conveyance [Sec 13(3) and Rule 5]

In case where motor vehicle is provided by an employer to an employee (including director), the
amount chargeable to tax under the head salary shall be determined as follows:
Partly for personal and If owned: 5% of the cost of vehicle to the employer; or
official use
If leased: 5% of fair market value (FMV) of motor vehicle at the
commencement of lease
For personal use only If owned: 10% of the cost of vehicle to the employer; or
If leased: 10% of FMV of motor vehicle at the commencement of
lease
For office use only No addition
Provision of a motor vehicle and its running and maintenance are two different perquisites and
dealt with under different rules.
2.3 Accommodation [Sec 13(12) and Rule 4]

If accommodation or housing is provided by an employer to an employee (including director), the
amount chargeable to tax under the head salary shall include higher of the following:
• Amount that would have been paid in case if such accommodation was not provided; and
• 45% of the minimum of time scale (MTS) of the basic salary or the basic salary if there is no
MTS.
• Where house rent allowance is admissible @ 30%, the value taken for the purpose shall be an
amount not less than 30% of minimum of the time scale of basic salary or the basic salary
where there is no time scale

Tax Practices
Minimum of time scale is the amount from where the salary scale of a particular employee starts
e.g. (4,900-800-8,500) means salary of the employee starts with Rs. 4,900 with increment of Rs.
800 per annum etc. subject to maximum increased salary upto Rs. 8,500.
Exercise:
Case No 1
(1) Minimum time scale 250,000-25,000-450,000
(2) Basic salary 140,000 p.m
(3) Bonus 1,000,000 p.a
Free accommodation whose rental value is Rs 1,000,000
Determine the taxable Income?
Solution
Value under Rule 4
= 1,350,000 [i.e. 250,000 x 12 x 45%] or Rs. 1,000,000 whichever is higher.
His taxable income will be:
Basic salary 1,680,000
Bonus 1,000,000
Addition under rule 4 1,350,000
Case No 2
(i) Basic Salary 160,000 p.m.
(ii) Accommodation [annual rental value Rs. 1,200,000]
(iii) Bonus 1,200,000 p.a.
(iv) Dearness allowance 30,000 p.m.
Determine taxable income
Solution
Value of perquisite under Rule 4
= Rs.864,000 [i.e. 160,000 x 12 x 45%]
Total income chargeable
Accommodation under Rule 4 [higher of Rs.1,200,000 or Rs.864,000] 1,200,000
Bonus 1,200,000
Dearness allowance 360,000
Case No 3
Mr X, an employee of ABC Ltd. was residing in a rented house at monthly rent of Rs. 50,000/-. On
1st July 2022 his employer agreed to pay Rs. 25,000/- for his rent and converted it into an
accommodation. All his other emoluments remained same which are as under:
Basic salary 200,000 p.m
Bonus 300,000 p.a
Conveyance allowance 30,000 p.m
What will be his taxable salary?

Chapter 5: Salary
Solution
Value of accommodation
[Rs.2,400,000 x 45% = 1,080,00 or Rs.600,000 whichever is higher]
His taxable salary would be as under
Bonus 300,000
Value of accommodation 1,080,000
Conveyance allowance 360,000
________
Taxable salary 4,140,000
Note:
It is assumed in all above cases that annual rental value is equal to the amount that would have
been paid by employer if such accommodation is not provided.
2.4 Utilities and services of domestic servants [Sec 13(5) & (6)]
Definition: Utilities
“Utilities” includes electricity, gas, water and telephone. [(Section 13(14)(c)]
The amount chargeable to tax under the head salary shall include the FMV of utilities as reduced
by any payment made to the employer for such utilities.
Domestic servants [Section 13(5)]
In case services of housekeeper, gardener, driver, or other domestic assistant is provided by an
employer to the employee, the amount chargeable to tax under the head salary shall include the
amount of total salary paid to housekeeper, gardener, driver, or other domestic assistant as
reduced by any payment made by the employee to the employer for such services.
2.5 Interest Free / Concessional Loan [Sec 13(7), (8) & (14)]
q Where a loan is given to an employee on or after 1.7.2002 (i.e. tax year 2003), then the
amount to be included in salary income of the employee in the following manner:
• If no interest is payable by the employee - the amount of interest computed at the
benchmark rate,
• If interest is payable at less than benchmark rate - the interest amount computed at
the benchmark rate less the actual amount of interest paid by the employee,
q The above provision shall not apply
• Loans of Rs. 1,000,000 or less.
Where such benefit is extended by the employer due to waiver of interest by such employee
on his accounts maintained with the employer e.g. Provident Fund etc.
q Benchmark rate for tax year 2003 is 5% and increased by 1% for each successive year but
not exceeding 10% per annum for any tax year. Hence for tax year 2009 onwards,
benchmark rate is 10%
q Where an amount has been included in salary of an employee in connection with above
loan, and the employee uses the loan wholly or partly for acquiring any asset or property
producing income chargeable to tax under any head of income, the amount of interest on
such loan shall be allowed as deduction against income from such asset. In this regard, an
amount equal to benchmark rate shall be allowed as deduction. However, where interest
charged by the employer is higher than the benchmark rate, the whole amount paid by the
employee shall be allowed as deduction.

Tax Practices
Exercise
Mr. A is granted a loan of Rs. 1,500,000 by his employer ABC Ltd on 1 July 2022. The loan is subject
to interest rate of 2% per annum. Compute the amount of perquisite relevant to the interest for the
tax year 2024.
Answer Rs.
Interest chargeable at Benchmark Rate => 1,500,000x 10% 150,000
Less: Interest charged to the loan by ABC Ltd => 1,500,000 x 2% (30,000)
Balance perquisite to be added in the income of Mr. A 120,000
2.6 Obligations waiver / settlement [Sec 13(9), (10)]

q Any obligation waived of which an employee owed to the employer shall be included in the
salary income of the employee, equal to the amount waived.
q Any repayment by the employer to another person on account of an obligation of the
employee shall be included in the salary income of the employee equal to the amount repaid.
2.7 Self-hiring of property [Sec 15(5)]

q Where an employee or his spouse is the owner of any such building that is given on rent to
the employer and the employer has provided the same building to the employee against his
entitlement for a rent free accommodation, then it will have following effect
• Receipt of rent of building is chargeable to tax under the head income from property.
Any rent received by the employee or his spouse shall be property income of the
recipient and be treated accordingly.
• The building is provided by the employer to his employee as a rent free
accommodation. It will be a perquisite and added in the salary income of the employee
as per the rule stated in paragraph 2.3 above.
Exercise
An employer owns a residential house and has provided the same to one of its employees for no
rent. Explain the tax implications in respect of this transaction.
Answer
The fair market rent or 45% of minimum of time scale / basic salary whichever is higher will be
added to employee’s taxable salary. The employer will not be considered to have earned any rental
income from this property and accordingly there will be no tax consequences for him. [Ref: S 15(5)
and Rule 4]
2.8 Transfer of property or provision of services to employees [Sec 13(11)]

If any property is transferred or any services are rendered by an employer to an employee, the
amount chargeable to tax to the employee under the head salary for that year shall include the fair
market value of the property or services determined at the time the property is transferred or the
services are provided, less any payment made by the employee for the property or services.
2.9 Any other perquisite [Sec 13(13)]

The amount calculated as below shall be included in the income of the employee;
Fair market value of the perquisite xxx
Less: Payment made by the employee if any (xx)
Amount to be included in salary income xxx

Chapter 5: Salary
3 DETERMINATION/COMPUTATION OF OTHER COMPONENTS OF SALARY

Section overview
n Retirement benefits schemes

n Other benefits
n Reduction in tax liability - Part II of the Second Schedule
n Salary earned outside Pakistan by citizen of Pakistan [Sec 51(2)]Foreign source salary (Sec 102)
3.1 Retirement benefits schemes

Retirement benefits generally include payments on account of gratuity, provident fund and pension.
In some cases, employees are encouraged to retire voluntarily and are offered payments under
the Golden handshake schemes.
Gratuity
Definition: Section 2(3), “approved gratuity fund” means a gratuity fund approved by the
Commissioner in accordance with Part III of the Sixth Schedule;
q Gratuity received from approved gratuity fund is fully exempt. Gratuity received from
approved scheme and unapproved fund or scheme is exempt upto the following limits:
Gratuity type Tax treatment

Government employees Fully exempt
Gratuity Fund approved by the Fully exempt
Commissioner Inland Revenue
Gratuity Scheme approved by the Exempt upto Rs. 300,000
Board
Unapproved gratuity scheme/fund Exempt upto 75,000 or 50% of the amount
receivable whichever is lower
To be taxed at average rate of last 3 years
q Exemption in respect of unapproved gratuity shall not apply in the following cases:
(i) Any payment not received in Pakistan
(ii) Any payment received by a director of a company who is not a regular employee of
such company
(iii) Any payment received by a non-resident
(iv) Any gratuity received by an employee who has already received any gratuity from the
same or other employer.
Pension
Definition: Section 2(3C), “Approved Pension Fund” means Pension Fund approved by Securities
and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) under Voluntary Pension System Rules, 2005, and
managed by a Pension Fund Manager registered with the SECP under Voluntary Pension System
Rules, 2005;
q Pension received by the citizen of Pakistan from the former employer shall be exempt from
tax except where the person continues to work for the same employer or an associate of the
employer. Where a person receives more than one pension, the exemption shall apply to
higher of such pensions.

Tax Practices
q For a person over 60 years of age, all such pensions are exempt irrespective of the above
mentioned conditions (Circular 28 of 1991)
q Pension received in respect of services rendered by a member of Armed Forces of Pakistan
or Federal Government or a Provincial Government is exempt from tax.
Provident Fund (PF)
Provident fund is categorized into the following three categories:
(i) Government provident fund
(ii) Recognized provident fund
(iii) Unrecognized provident fund
Provisions regarding taxability in respect of employer/employee contribution, interest credited and
accumulated balance thereon is as follows:
Event Government PF Recognized PF Unrecognized PF
Employee’s No treatment No treatment No treatment
Contribution
Employer’s Exempt Limit on employer’s yearly No treatment
Contribution contribution is Rs.150,000 or
1/10th of (basic salary +
dearness allowance)
whichever is lower
Interest Exempt Yearly interest is exempt No treatment
credited higher of:
during the • 16% interest rate on
year accumulated balance; or
• 1/3rd of (basics salary +
dearness allowance).
Payment of Exempt Exempt Only the employer’s
accumulated contribution and interest on
balances accumulated balance is
taxable in the year of receipt.
q Salary for the purpose of provident fund includes basic salary + dearness allowance. All
other allowances are excluded.
q There is no treatment of employee contribution as the amount is paid from salary and the
same is already included in his salary.
Benevolent fund
Any benevolent grant paid from a Benevolent Fund to employees or members of their families in
accordance with the provisions of the Central Employee Benevolent Fund and Group Insurance
Act, 1969 is exempt from tax. (Clause 24 Part I of the Second Schedule)
3.2 Other benefits

Certain Perquisites without by virtue of employment (Clause 53A Part I of 2nd Sch.)
The following perquisites received by an employee by virtue of his employment are exempt from
tax.
(i) Free or subsidized food provided by hotels and restaurants to its employees during duty
hours
(ii) Free or subsidized education provided by an educational institution to the children of
employees
(iii) Free or subsidized medical treatment provided by a hospital or clinic to its employees
(iv) Any other perquisite for which the employer does not have to bear any marginal cost, as
notified by the Board

Chapter 5: Salary
Medical allowance and reimbursement (Clause 139 Part I of 2nd Sch.)

q Medical facility or the reimbursement received by an employee is exempt where such
provision or reimbursement is in accordance with the terms of employment provided that the
NTN of the hospital or clinic is provided and employer also certifies and attests the medical
bills.
q Medical allowance is exempt upto 10% of basic salary (The same is fully taxable if it is
provided in addition to the exempt medical facility provided by the employer, whether availed
by the employee or not)
Leave Encashment (Clause 19 Part I of 2nd Sch.)

Any amount received on encashment of leave preparatory to retirement is exempt, if it is received
by a Government employee & member of Armed Forces of Pakistan).
Worker’s Profit Participation Fund (WPPF) (Clause 26 Part I of 2nd Sch.)

Amount received from WPPF as worker is fully exempt.
Commutation of pension (Clause 12 Part I of 2nd Sch.)

Commutation of pension received from government or any pension scheme approved by the Board
is fully exempt.
3.3 Reduction in tax liability (Clause 2 Part III of 2nd Schedule)
Full time teacher or researcher

The tax payable by a full time teacher or a researcher, employed in a non-profit education or
research institution duly recognized by Higher Education Commission, a Board of Education or a
University recognized by the Higher Education Commission, including government training and
research institution, shall be reduced by an amount equal to 25% of tax payable on his income
from salary.
3.4 Salary earned outside Pakistan by citizen of Pakistan [Sec 51(2)]

Where a citizen of Pakistan leaves Pakistan during a tax year and remains abroad during that tax
year, any salary income earned by him outside Pakistan (only during that tax year) shall be exempt
from tax.
3.5 Foreign source salary (Sec 102)

Foreign source salary received by a resident shall be exempt if the individual has paid foreign
income tax in respect of that salary i.e. the employer has withheld income tax in respect of foreign
source salary and has paid the same to the revenue authority of that foreign country in which the
employment was exercised.
Exercise
Being a tax consultant, you are required to explain the tax implications/taxable income under the
appropriate head in respect of each of the following independent situations:
(i) As part of remuneration package, a company provides for reimbursement of telephone costs
on actual basis to its employees.
(ii) Actual expenditure incurred by an employee in relation to travelling and daily allowances is
less than the amount of allowances paid by the employer.
(iii) Mr. Hamid, a citizen of Pakistan was working with Zee (Pvt.) Ltd for last 15 years when he
opted for early retirement on 31 October 2023. He was due Rs. 5 million as a gratuity under
the gratuity scheme of Zee (Pvt.) Limited. The scheme was not approved by the FBR. Due to
cash constraints, the gratuity though due to Hamid on 31 October 2023 was not paid to
Hamid. 0n 30 April 2024 at the request of Zee (Pvt.) Limited, Kee (Pvt.) Ltd- an associated
company of Zee (Pvt.) Ltd transferred the equivalent of Rs. 5 million in US Dollars into
Hamid's US dollar account in UAE in lieu of gratuity due from Zee (Pvt.) Limited.

Tax Practices
(iv) A company has taken health insurance cover for its employees. The insurance company
reimburses employees for actual cost of medical services for themselves and their
dependents.
(v) ABC Ltd has provided scholarship to one of his employees for higher studies abroad.
(vi) Mr. A has leased a car and pays for its lease rentals from his own sources. He uses the car
for business purpose. What will be the treatment of lease rentals paid and expenditure
incurred on vehicle running and maintenance?
(vii) A partner in a firm is entitled to a fixed remuneration each month. Would this constitute his
salary income?
(viii) Mr. Azhar is 65 years old and his taxable salary for the tax year is Rs. 943,000. Mr. Azhar has
obtained a housing loan from a local bank. How the tax reduction for senior citizenship and
deductible allowance for mark-up paid on loan will be calculated.
(ix) Mr. Aslam is 67 years old and employed as research scholar in a recognized non-profit
institution. His taxable salary for the tax year is Rs. 654,000. Azhar is of the view that he is
entitled to both reductions i.e. in respect of senior citizen allowance as well as for full time
teacher allowance.
(x) Mr. Sarmad has purchased a generator amounting to Rs. 1,000,000 from an interest free
loan taken from his employer. He rented the generator at an annual rental value of Rs.
250,000. Total expense of Rs. 25,000 was expanded on repair, transport and maintenance
of the generator.
Answer
(i) Reimbursements of telephone expenses by the company will be treated as taxable benefits
of employees in case the facility is used for private purposes. There will be no tax
consequences to the extent the facility is used for official purpose. [Ref: Sec 13]
(ii) Travelling and daily allowance spent to the extent for performance of duty will be exempt
provided it is not paid with monthly salary or on fixed basis. Any amount given in excess of
actual spending will be fully taxable.
(iii) Since gratuity scheme is not approved, amount exempt from tax should be 50% of the
amount received or Rs. 75,000, whichever is less. However, since the payment is received
outside Pakistan, the said exemption is not available. The whole amount is chargeable to tax.
(Ref. Proviso to Clause 13(iv) of part 1)
(iv) Reimbursement of actual medical expenditure by an employer is tax exempt. (Clause 139
Part I of 2nd Schedule). On a similar basis, there will be no tax implications on reimbursement
by the insurance company on behalf of the employer, or any tax consequences for the
employees on payment of health insurance premium by the employer.
(v) Scholarship granted to the employee will be exempt from tax provided the employer and the
employee are not associates (Ref: Sec 47, discussed in chapter 11 as well)
(vi) Expenditure incurred by an employee to earn salary income including travelling expenses and
lease rental payments is not tax deductible. (Ref: Sec 12(4))
(vii) The remuneration paid by a firm to a partner is considered his share in the firm’s profit as
partner is not an employee of the firm.
(viii) Mr. Azhar is entitled to deductible allowance relating to housing loan has already allowed
against his total income. Further the tax reduction for senior citizen is no more available.
(Calculation is explained in detail in chapter 11 of study text).
(ix) Yes, Mr. Aslam will be entitled to 25% tax reduction for full time teacher or researcher will be
applied on the amount of tax liability attributable to his salary income only. Further the tax
reduction for senior citizen is no more available.
Annual rental 250,000
Repair, transport and maintenance (25,000)
Taxable income from other source 225,000
Note
N-1 Loan amount is Rs.1,000,000, so no amount will be added in salary for interest on loan
received from employer. However mark up at not less than benchmark rate of 10% as deduction
shall be allowed against income as such.

Chapter 5: Salary
4 EMPLOYEE SHARE SCHEME

Section overview
n Definition
n Taxability at grant of right or option
n Taxability at issue of shares
n Taxability at issue of shares subject to restriction on transfer
n Taxability at disposal of right or option
n Cost of shares
4.1 Definition
Employee share scheme means any agreement under which a company may issue shares to:
(i) an employee of the company; or
(ii) an employee of an associated company; or
(iii) the trustee of a trust and under the trust deed the trustee may transfer the shares to an
employee of the company or employee of an associated company
4.2 Taxability at grant of right or option

When an employee is granted an option or right to acquire shares under an employee share
scheme, no amount is chargeable to tax. It is so for the reason that no benefit is derived by the
employee by a mere grant of option.
4.3 Taxability at issue of shares

When an employee is issued with shares as a result of exercise of option under an employee share
scheme, the amount chargeable to tax to the employee under the head salary shall be computed
in the following manner:
(i) Fair market value of shares xxx
(ii) Consideration paid for the grant of right or option to acquire shares (xxx)
(iii) Consideration paid for the purchase of shares (xxx)
Taxable salary xxx
4.4 Taxability at issue of shares subject to restriction on transfer

q If the shares issued to an employee under an employee share scheme, are subject to a
restriction on transfer, no amount shall be chargeable to tax until the earlier of the time the
employee:
(i) has free right to transfer the shares; or
(ii) disposes off the shares; and
q The amount chargeable to tax shall be computed as follows:
Fair market value of shares at the time the employee
has free right to transfer or dispose of the shares xxx
Any consideration paid for shares (xxx)
Any consideration paid for grant of right
or option to acquire the shares (xxx)
Taxable salary xxx

Tax Practices
4.5 Taxability at disposal of right or option

As stated in paragraph 4.2 above, when an employee is granted an option or right to acquire shares
under an employee share scheme, no amount is chargeable to tax. However if, instead of
exercising, such right or option is disposed off by the employee, amount chargeable to tax under
the head salary shall be worked out as under:-
Consideration received for the disposal of right or option xxx
Less: Employees cost in respect of the right or option (xxx)
Taxable salary xxx
4.6 Cost of shares

After an amount has been charged to tax under the head salary as a result of situations mentioned
in paragraph 4.3 and 4.4 above, the cost of shares acquired under the employees share scheme,
shall be computed in the following manner:
Consideration paid for shares xxx
Consideration paid for the grant of any right or option xxx
Taxable amount representing gain calculated on the
Issue of shares by company to employee under
Employees share scheme (paragraph 4.3 / 4.4) xxx
Cost of shares (generally for the purpose of computing xxx
Exercise
Mr. Ahsan has been the Chief Financial Officer of XYZ Limited for the last 5 years. He was offered
5,000 shares on 1 June 2022 by XYZ Limited at a price of $ 1 per share. The market value on that
date was $5 per share. The shares were transferrable on completion of one year of service, from
the date of issue of shares.
The market price of the shares as on 1 June 2022 was $8 per share. On 17 September 2023, Mr.
Ahsan sold all shares at $9. He also paid a commission of $10 to the brokerage house.
The relevant exchange rates are as follows:
01 June 2022 $1=100
01 June 2023 $1=101
17 September 2023 $1=102
Required:
Calculate the amount to be included in the taxable income of Mr. Ahsan for tax years 2022, 2023
and 2024. Also specify the head of income under which the income would be classified.

Chapter 5: Salary
Answer
Tax Year 2022
As Mr.Ahsan did not have any right to transfer the shares in tax year 2022, therefore, nothing will
be included in the taxable income:
Tax Year 2023:
Following will be included in the income of the Mr. Ahsan under the head Salary in tax year 2023.
Market value on removal of restriction on transfer of shares (5000x8x101) 4,040,000
Less cost of shares: amount paid by Mr.Ahsan (5,000x1x100) 500,000
Amount to be included under the head salary 3,540,000
Tax Year 2024: [Capital Gains]
Following will be included in the income of Mr.Ahsan under the head capital
gain
Consideration received on sale of shares (5,000x102x9) 4,590,000
Less cost of shares (500,000 + 3,540,000) (4,040,000)
Less commission (10x102) (1,020)
Capital gain 548,980

Tax Practices
5 COMPUTATION OF INCOME CHARGEABLE UNDER THE HEAD ‘SALARY’

The method for determination of taxable income under the head “Salary” is exemplified in the following
exercise:
Exercise:
Mr. Mobeen is a chartered accountant and working as finance manager of XYZ (PVT) Limited. During
the financial year 2024, his emolument package includes followings:
q Pay Rs. 100,000 p.m.
q Bonus Rs. 100,000.
q Leave encashment Rs. 50,000.
q Mr. Mobeen is provided with a car of 1,300cc. The said car was purchased in the last year for
a consideration of Rs.1,000,000. Running and maintenance cost of the said vehicle is borne
by employer. The said vehicle is being used partly for the private and partly for business use.
q Mr. Mobeen is provided with a furnished accommodation of 1000 square yards in Lahore and
company bears rent of Rs. 60,000 p.m. of the said accommodation.
q The company also bears the cost of utility bills of Mr. Mobeen home. The sum of total bills of
electricity, gas and water aggregates to Rs. 200,000.
q The salary paid in respect of the cook and guard appointed on the residence of Mr. Mobeen
aggregates to Rs. 10,000 p.m.
q According to the terms of employment, the company bears all the medical expenses of Mr.
Mobeen. Total expenses incurred on this account aggregates to Rs. 75,000.
q The company also provided air tickets and other expenses worth Rs. 85,000 for Mr. Mobeen
and his family trip to UAE for summer leaves.
q During the year, Mr. Mobeen was deputed to Islamabad for the month of December, 2023 in
order to resolve certain administrative issues. He was paid a fixed relocation allowance of Rs.
35,000 in addition to his normal salary.
q The company granted Mr. Mobeen an interest free loan for a sum of Rs.1,500,000 on 1
January, 2024.
q In July 2019, Mr. Mobeen was granted an option to acquire 1000 shares of Alpa (Pvt.) Limited
(Parent Company of his employer). The option was exercisable on completion of three years’
employment with the Company. He paid an amount equivalent of Rs. 100,000 to acquire the
option whereas the fair market value of such option at that time was Rs. 150,000. On July 4,
2023 he paid a sum equivalent of Rs. 200,000 to acquire the said shares which were issued
to him on July 21, 2023 when the market value of the shares was equivalent of Rs. 350 per
share. Mr. Mobeen disposed off the shares on June 21, 2024. The sales proceeds received
amounted to Rs. 375,000.
q Mr. Mobeen tendered his resignation to the company on June 29, 2024 and he was paid a
sum of Rs. 120,000 on account of gratuity from the unapproved gratuity fund on the said
date.
q Mr. Mobeen accepted the offer of M/S ABC (Pvt.) Limited to join that organisation and he
received a sum of Rs. 75,000 as inducement allowance on account of leaving the past
employer.
Required:
Compute the taxable income and tax liability of Mr. Mobeen for the tax year 2024.

Chapter 5: Salary
Answer
MR. MOBEEN
COMPUTATION OF TAXABLE INCOME & TAX LIABILITY
Resident Individual
Tax year 2024
Particulars Gross Exempt Taxable Remarks
Pay 1,200,000 0 1,200,000
Bonus 100,000 0 100,000
Leave 50,000 0 50,000

encashment
Car 1,300cc 50,000 0 50,000 5% of 1,000,000
Accommodation 720,000 0 720,000 720,000 or 45% of

the basic salary
whichever is higher
Utilities 200,000 0 200,000
Cook and Guard 120,000 0 120,000
Medical 75,000 75,000 0
Leave fare 85,000 0 85,000

assistance
Relocation 35,000 35,000 Fixed allowance fully

Allowance taxable
Mark up on 75,000 0 75,000 10% x 6/12 x

interest free loan 1,500,000
Employee share 50,000 0 50,000 350,000-200,000-

scheme 100,000
Gratuity 120,000 60,000 60,000 Lesser of 75,000 or

50% is exempt
Inducement 75,000 0 75,000

Allowance
Taxable Salary 2,955,000 170,000 2,820,000

income
Capital gain 25,000 25,000

(Rs.375,000-
350,000)
Total taxable 2,845,000

income
Taxon Rs.2,845,000 (Rs.165,000 + 22.5% of 265,125

(Rs.2,845,000 – 2,400,000)

Tax Practices
Exercise
Mr. Arshad is an employee of a public listed company. He submitted the following data for
computation of his taxable income for the tax year 2024:
Basic pay per annum 480,000
Bonus 240,000
Dearness allowance 50,000
Rent Free unfurnished accommodation 75,000
Watchman wages paid by employer 36,000
Gardner wages paid by employer 24,000
Sweeper wages paid by employer 6,000
Employer’s contribution towards recognised provident fund 24,000
Interest on Provident fund balance @ 18% 18,000
Company maintained car for official and private use 1300CC. The said car was acquired three
years earlier. The cost of acquisition of vehicle was Rs. 850,000.
Reimbursement of medical expenditure 50,000
Utilities bills paid by the company

Telephone 12,000
Electricity bills paid by employer 15,000
Gas Bills paid by employer 6,000
Water bills paid by employer 9,000
Leave fare assistance (for the first time) 50,000
Commission income for securing a contract paid by the employer 30,000
Due to some health issue, he resigned from the job and following further sums were paid to him:
Provident Fund recognised 150,000
Gratuity Fund unrecognised 70,000
Mr. Arshad bought another car from a relative for a consideration of Rs.285,000 whereas the book
value of the said car was Rs. 435,200. He immediately sold the car at Rs. 600,000.
Required:
Compute the taxable income of Mr.Arshad for the tax year 2024.

Chapter 5: Salary
Answer
MR ARSHAD
TAX YEAR 2024
Exempt/Not
Nature of Receipt Gross amount Taxable
taxable
Basic Pay 480,000 0 480,000

Bonus 240,000 0 240,000
Dearness allowance 50,000 0 50,000
Rent Free unfurnished 216,000 0 216,000
Accommodation [actual rent is lower
than 45% of basic so higher value of
45% of basic is adopted]
Watchman salary 36,000 0 36,000

Gardner salary 24,000 0 24,000
Sweeper salary 6,000 0 6,000
Employer contribution To PF 24,000 24,000 0
Interest on PF Higher of: 1/3rd of 18,000 18,000 0
salary or income up to 16%
Company maintained car (850,000 x 42,500 0 42,500

5%)
Re-imbursement of medical 50,000 50,000 0

expenses
Utilities bills [electricity, gas and 30,000 30,000

water]
Telephone bills 12,000 12,000

Leave fare assistance 50,000 0 50,000
Commission 30,000 0 30,000
Provident fund Recognised 150,000 150,000 0
Gratuity fund 70,000 35,000 35,000
Sale of car (600,000-285,000) 315,000 315,000
Taxable income = 1,566,500

Tax Practices

CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Income from property
Contents
1 Income from property
2 Deductions allowed

Tax Practices
1 INCOME FROM PROPERTY

Section overview
n Principles of taxation
1.1 Principles of taxation

The chargeability of income under the head “Income from Property” is elaborated in section 15 of
the Ordinance. The said section states that:
The rent received or receivable by a person for a tax year, other than rent exempt from tax shall
be chargeable to tax in that year under the head “Income from Property”.
Definition: Sec 2(49); 15, Rent

“Rent” means any amount received or receivable by the owner of land or a building as consideration
for the use or occupation of, or the right to use or occupy, the land or building, and includes any
forfeited deposit paid under a contract for the sale of land or a building.
q Where rent received or receivable is less than fair market rent for the property, the person
shall be treated as having received the fair market rent for the period the property is let on
rent in the tax year. However, this shall not apply in the case of self-hiring where fair market
rent is already included in the income of the lessee, chargeable to tax under the head
“Salary”.
q Where any amount is included in rent received or receivable by any person for the lease of
a building together with plant and machinery or provision of amenities, utilities or any other
service connected with the renting of the building, such amount shall be chargeable to tax
under Income from Other Sources.
Exercise:
In respect of each of the independent situations mentioned below, Calculate the amount which will
be treated as rent chargeable to tax under the head “Income from Property” for the tax year 2024.
(i) Mr. Bilal received rent of Rs. 50,000 per month during the tax year 2024 when the fair market
rent of the property was Rs. 60,000 per month.
(ii) 0n August 2023 Mr. Islam received Rs. 345,000 as rent for leasing out factory, land, building
and machinery
(iii) ABC Limited owns a residential house and has provided the same to one of its employees for
no rent. Fair market value of the rent was Rs. 1,000,000.
(iv) On 1 July 2023 Mr. Hamza received two years advance rent of Rs. 1,500,000
(v) Mr. Usman owns 75 acres of agriculture land in Mirpur. He did not cultivate the land himself
and during the tax year 2024 received annual rent of Rs. 2,500,000 from the tenant
cultivating the land.
Answer
(i) Where rent received or receivable is less than fair market rent for the property, the person shall
be treated as having received the fair market rent (FMR) for the period the property is let on rent
in the tax year. Therefore, income from property will be (Rs. 60,000 x 12 months)
(ii) It will be chargeable to tax under the head “income from other source”
(iii) Employee
a. The fair market rent or 45% of basic salary whichever is higher will be added to employee’s
taxable salary.

Chapter 6: Income from property
b. Employer (ABC Ltd)

c. The employer will not be considered to have earned any rental income from this property
and accordingly there will be no tax consequences for him.
(iv) Rent relating to a tax year, whether received or receivable, is chargeable to tax in that tax year.
Therefore, rent received in advance amounting to Rs. 750,000 (Rs. 1,500,000/2) will be
charged to tax in the tax year (TY 2024) to which it relates.
(v) Land is used for agriculture purpose. Any rent received by the owner of such land is treated as
agriculture income and exempt from tax. To claim the exemption, it is not essential that the
land should be used for agriculture purpose by the owner himself.
Income of joint owners (Section 66)

Multiple ownership with shares individually ascertainable
Where any property chargeable under section 15 is owned by two or more persons and their
respective shares in that property are definite and ascertainable, net rental income will be
proportionately allocated to each owner. Each owner will pay tax on such income as per their
applicable rates.
Multiple ownership with shares not individually ascertainable
Where any property chargeable under section 15 is owned by two or more persons and their
respective shares in that property are not definite and ascertainable, the property will be considered
as being jointly owned by an association of persons (AOP) and taxable income and tax payable
thereon will be computed as per the principles of taxation for AOP.
Note: Same concept will applicable in all other heads except income from business.

Tax Practices
2 DEDUCTIONS ALLOWED
Section overview
n Deductions chargeable under the head “income from property (Sec 15A)
n The treatment of non-adjustable amounts
2.1 Deductions chargeable under the head “Income from Property (Sec 15A)
q Income from property is chargeable to tax under the Normal Tax Regime (NTR) in case of
individual and AOP.
In computing the income of a person chargeable to tax under the head “Income from
Property” for a tax year, a deduction shall be allowed for the following expenditures or
allowances, namely:-
a) In respect of repairs to a building, an allowance equal to one-fifth of the rent chargeable
to tax in respect of the building for the year, computed before any deduction allowed
under this section;
b) any premium paid or payable by the person in the year to insure the building against the
risk of damage or destruction;
c) any local rate, tax, charge or cess in respect of the property or the rent from the property
paid or payable by the person to any local authority or government in the year, not being
any tax payable under this Ordinance;
d) any ground rent paid or payable by the person in the year in respect of the property;
e) any profit paid or payable by the person in the year on any money borrowed including
by way of mortgage, to acquire, construct, renovate, extend or reconstruct the property;
f) where the property has been acquired, constructed, renovated, extended, or
reconstructed by the person with capital contributed by the House Building Finance
Corporation or a scheduled bank under a scheme of investment in property on the basis
of sharing the rent made by the Corporation or bank, the share in rent and share towards
appreciation in the value of property (excluding the return of capital, if any) from the
property paid or payable by the person to the said Corporation or the bank in the year
under that scheme;
g) where the property is subject to mortgage or other capital charge, the amount of profit
or interest paid on such mortgage or charge;
h) any expenditure, not exceeding four per cent of the rent chargeable to tax in respect of
the property for the year computed before any deduction allowed under this section,
paid or payable by the person in the year wholly and exclusively for the purpose of
deriving rent chargeable to tax under the head, “Income from Property” including
administration and collection charges;
i) any expenditure paid or payable by the person in the tax year for legal services acquired
to defend the person’s title to the property or any suit connected with the property in a
court; and
j) where there are reasonable grounds for believing that any unpaid rent in respect of the
property is irrecoverable, an allowance equal to the unpaid rent where—
i. the tenancy was bona fide, the defaulting tenant has vacated the property or steps
have been taken to compel the tenant to vacate the property and the defaulting
tenant is not in occupation of any other property of the person;
ii. the person has taken all reasonable steps to institute legal proceedings for the
recovery of the unpaid rent or has reasonable grounds to believe that legal
proceedings would be useless; and

iii. the unpaid rent has been included in the income of the person chargeable to tax
under the head “Income from Property” for the tax year in which the rent was due
and tax has been duly paid on such income.
• Where any unpaid rent allowed as a deduction is wholly or partly recovered,
the amount recovered shall be chargeable to tax in the tax year in which it is
recovered.
• Where a person has been allowed a deduction for any expenditure incurred in
deriving rent chargeable to tax under the head “Income from Property” and the
person has not paid the liability or a part of the liability to which the deduction
relates within three years of the end of the tax year in which the deduction was
allowed, the unpaid amount of the liability shall be chargeable to tax under the
head “Income from Property” in the first tax year following the end of the three
years.
• Where an unpaid liability is chargeable to tax as a result of the application of
above point and the person subsequently pays the liability or a part of the
liability, the person shall be allowed a deduction for the amount paid in the tax
year in which the payment is made.
• Any expenditure allowed to a person under this section as a deduction shall not
be allowed as a deduction in computing the income of the person chargeable
to tax under any other head of income.
The provisions of Income from business relating to deduction allowed shall apply in the same
manner as they apply in determining the deductions allowed in computing the income of a person
chargeable to tax under the head “Income from Business”.
2.2 The treatment of non-adjustable amounts
q The treatment of non-adjustable advances received in relation to buildings is explained in
section 16 of the Ordinance in the following manner:
q Where the owner of building receives an advance which is not adjustable against rent, the
whole of advance shall be treated as rent chargeable to tax under the head income from
property in the year of receipt and following nine tax years in equal proportion i.e. 1/10th of
such un-adjustable advance shall be included in the income of the taxpayer under the head
“income from property” commencing from the tax year in which the advance is received.
Note: No treatment is required in case of adjustable advance against rent because the same will
be automatically included in the computation of rent.
q If advance is refunded in any year before the expiry of 10 years such advance shall not be
included in the income from the tax year in which it is refunded or thereafter.
q After vacancy, if the property is let out again against another non-adjustable advance, new
advance less the portion of previous advance already charged to tax shall be chargeable
equally in 10 tax years, commencing from the tax year in which the advance is received from
the succeeding tenant.
Exercise:
Mr A had let out the property to Mr. B for a sum of Rs.150,000 per month in July 2022. Mr B has
paid a sum of Rs. 500,000 as non-adjustable advance. After the expiry of two years, Mr B vacated
the premises and Mr A returned the advance to Mr B. Thereafter, Mr C acquired the possession on
the same rental amount. However, the amount of non-adjustable advance was increased to
Rs.600,000. Compute the gross income from the said property for the years 2023 and 2024 before
allowing the admissible deductions.

Tax Practices
Answer
Income from Property for tax year 2023
Particulars Amount
Rent 150,000 x 12 1,800,000
Add Un adjustable Advance 500,000/10 50,000
Total Gross rental Income without deductions 1,850,000
Income from Property for the year 2024
Particulars Amount
Rent 150,000 x 12 1,800,000
Add: Un-adjustable Advance 600,000
Less: Already recognised income in the last two years (Rs. 100,000
50,000 x 2 years)
Balance Chargeable advance in 10 years 500,000/10 50,000
Total Gross rental Income without deductions 1,850,000
Exercise:
Mr. Mobeen owns a property at Gulberg, Lahore. The said property was rented out to Mr. Asad at a
rent of Rs. 175,000 per month. Mr. Asad left the premises on 31 January 2024. Mr. Asad had paid
a sum of Rs. 300,000 as un-adjustable advance in tax year 2021. Mr. Mobeen returned the said
advance on his departure. The said property remained vacant in the month of February, 2024.
Thereafter Mr. Gulzar has taken the possession of the said property at a monthly rent of Rs. 220,000.
New tenant has paid a sum of Rs. 350,000 as security. Mr. Mobeen incurred following expenses in
connection with the said rented property.
Description Amount in Rs.
Insurance premium payable 180,000
Property tax paid 80,000
Salary of employee appointed for collection of rent 60,000
Bank charges in connection with collection of rent 20,000
Fee to lawyer for the execution of rent agreements 50,000
His income from salary is Rs 500,000 and from business is Rs. 100,000. He paid Zakat of Rs. 45,000
during the year under Zakat and Ushr Ordinance.
You are required to compute the taxable income of Mr. Mobeen for tax year 2024.

Answer
MR. MOBEEN
COMPUTATION OF TAXABLE INCOME AND TAX LIABILITY
TAX YEAR 2024
Particulars Gross amount Remarks
Income from salary 500,000
Income from property 1,359,560 See Note No. 1 below
Income from Business 100,000
Total Income 600,000
Less: Deductible Allowance Zakat (paid from (45,000)

income cover under NTR)
Taxable Income 2,514,560
Tax on Income Rs. 2,514,560 (as a non-salaried 343,640

individual (Rs. 315,000 + 25% x (Rs. 2,514,560-
2,400,000)

Tax Practices
INCOME FROM PROPERTY:

Particulars Rupees Remarks
Rent (175,000 x 7) + (220,000 x 4) 2,105,000
Un-adjustable amount 26,000 The un-adjustable amount received from

the new tenant is reduced by the previously
[350,000 –(300,000/10 x3 years)] /10 taxed amount. U/S 16 (3)
Chargeable Rent 2,131,000
Less: admissible deductions Under section 15A
Repair & maintenance allowance 426,200 1/5th of Rent chargeable to tax U/S 15A(a)
Insurance premium payable 180,000 U/S 15A(b)
Property tax paid 80,000 U/S 15A(c)
Collection and admin expenses 85,240 The salary of the employee, bank charges
for rent collection, and lawyer's fees for
executing rent agreements will be eligible
for deduction under U/S 15A(h), whichever
is lower: the actual expenditure incurred or
4% of the rent chargeable to tax.
Actual Expenditures Rs. 60,000 +20,000+
50,000 = Rs.130,000 OR
Rs. 85,240 (4% x 2,131,000)
Net taxable income from property 1,359,560

CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Income from business – part one
Contents
1 Income from business
2 Deductions against business income
3 Tax accounting

Tax Practices
1 INCOME FROM BUSINESS

Section overview
n Distinction of business with the employment

n Income from business
n Important aspects of income from business
n Speculation business
1.1 Distinction of business with the employment

Business denotes an activity with the objective of producing / earning profits. Income from illegal
business is also taxable under the income tax law. There is a clear distinction between the income
from business and employment. Following tests were used to decide whether activity was business
or employment.
a) Whether the assesse is doing his own work or is working for other i-e. for remuneration.
b) Whether the assesse works part time or full time. If an assesse is working for a number of
persons, it indicates that the assesse is carrying on a business, though from the fact that he is
doing the work only for one person, it does not necessarily follow that the relationship between
them is that of a master (employer) and servant (employee).
c) If the work is done by a Company or a Firm, that again would be an indicator that it is a
business.
d) Another test might well be as to the capacity in which the work was being done. Whether the
assesse is dealing with his own goods / services (independently) or the goods belonging to
someone else / services (dependently).
1.2 Income from business
Definitions “Business” [Sec 2(10)]

Includes any trade, commerce, manufacture, profession, vocation or adventure or concern in the
nature of trade, commerce, manufacture, profession or vocation, but does not include employment;
Section 18 of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 outlines the scope of income under this head in the
following manner: Income from business
The following incomes of a person for a tax year shall be chargeable to tax under the head “Income
from Business”, excluding incomes covered under Final Tax Regime:
q The profits and gains of any business carried on by a person at any time in the year;
q Any income derived by any trade, professional or similar association from the sale of goods
or provision of services to its members;
Note: For the removal of doubt, it is clarified that income derived by co-operative societies
from the sale of goods, immoveable property or provision of services to its members is
and has always been chargeable to tax under the provisions of this Ordinance
q Any income from the hire or lease of tangible movable property;
q The fair market value of any benefit or perquisite, whether convertible into money or not,
derived by a person in the course of, or by virtue of, a past, present, or prospective business
relationship. The word benefit includes any benefit derived by way of waiver of profit on debt
or the debt itself under circular/scheme issued by the State Bank of Pakistan.
q Any management fee derived by a management company (including a modaraba
management company).
q Profit on debt where the person’s business is to derive such income (e.g. banks and financial
institutions). In other cases, it will be chargeable to tax under the head “Income from other
sources”)

Chapter 7: Income from business – part one
q Lease rentals derived by a scheduled bank, investment bank, development finance

institution, modaraba or a leasing company.
q Any amount distributed by a mutual fund or a private equity and venture capital fund, out of
its income from profit on debt, to a banking company or a non-banking finance company
shall be chargeable to tax under the head income from business and not under the head
income from other source.
1.3 Important aspects of income from business

General principles relating to taxation of business income are summarized below:
q A resident person is taxed on his worldwide business income whereas a non-resident person
is liable to tax in respect of his income to the extent it is Pakistan-sourced.
q Income may be recorded using the cash or accrual basis of accounting. Companies are,
however, required to follow the accrual system of accounting for its business income.
q Expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively for the purpose of business is generally
allowable in tax except for certain specific provisions of law which are discussed later in the
chapter.
q The profits which are taxed under section 18 are the real profits and not notional profits.
Therefore, gain arising from revaluation/impairment of fixed assets / investments or
unrealized gain or loss arising from revaluation of foreign currency related debtors and
creditors is not taxable as these are not real profits and can only be taxed when these are
actually realised.
q Profits can arise only out of the trading (revenue) receipts. Capital receipts are not taxable
unless expressly made taxable under the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001.
q Those profits and gains of a business are chargeable to tax which are carried on by the
taxpayer at any time during the tax year. However, following receipts are taxable even if the
taxpayer does not carry on business during the tax year:
• Recovery in cash or kind against a deduction/loss allowed previously against business
income [section 70]
• Gain on sale of depreciable assets [Section 22(8)]
• Recovery made out of bad debts allowed in preceding years [Section 29(3)]
• Trading liabilities or any portion thereof which is found not to have been paid within
the expiration of three years of the end of the tax year in which it was allowed [Section
34(5)]
• Sum received after discontinuance of a business [Section 72(a) & (b)]
1.4 Speculation business

Speculation business is defined in section 19(2) of the Ordinance in the following manner:
q Speculation business” means any business in which a contract for the purchase and sale of
any commodity (including stocks and shares) is periodically or ultimately settled otherwise
than by the actual delivery or transfer of the commodity, but does not include a business
in which:
• a contract in respect of raw materials or merchandise is entered into by a person in the
course of a manufacturing or mercantile business to guard against loss through future
price fluctuations for the purpose of fulfilling the person’s other contracts for the actual
delivery of the goods to be manufactured or merchandise to be sold;
• a contract in respect of stocks and shares is entered into by a dealer or investor therein
to guard against loss in the person’s holding of stocks and shares through price
fluctuations; or
• a contract is entered into by a member of a forward market or stock exchange in the
course of any transaction in the nature of jobbing (arbitrage) to guard against any loss
which may arise in the ordinary course of the person’s business as such member.

Tax Practices
Tax implications for speculation business

Where a person carries on a speculation business:
q that business shall be treated as distinct and separate from any other business carried on
by the person;
q this part shall apply separately to the speculation business and the other business of the
person;
q Apportionment of deductions shall apply as if the profits and gains arising from a speculation
business were a separate head of income (Sec 67);
q any profits and gains arising from the speculation business for a tax year computed in
accordance with this part shall be included in the person`s income chargeable to tax under
the heading “Income from Business”
q any loss of the person arising from the speculation business sustained for a tax year shall
be set off only against the income of the person from any other speculation business of the
person chargeable to tax for that year;
q if a speculation loss sustained by a person for a tax year is not wholly set off, then the amount
of the loss not set off shall be carried forward to the following tax year and applied against
the income of any speculation business of the person in that year and so on, but no
speculation loss shall be carried forward to more than six tax years immediately succeeding
the tax year for which the loss was first computed.
Exercise: Speculation Business

M/s XYZ Enterprises deals in cloth trading. Total revenue from cloth trading was Rs. 10,000,000
during the year 20YY. The gross profit from the trading business was amounting to Rs. 2,000,000.
During the year, the price fluctuations were very high in cloth market. Considering this trend, M/s
XYZ Enterprises also made forward purchasing of cloth to reap the benefit of price fluctuations. In
April 20YY, The enterprises agreed to purchase Bengali cloth of 20,000 bundles at the rate of 100
per bundle, the delivery of which was expected in June 20YY. The seller agreed to purchase the same
goods at the rate ruling at the date of sale. In June the price of Bengali cloth has been increased to
Rs. 120 per bundle. M/s XYZ Enterprises disposed of that cloth of 20,000 bundles to the seller at
the market prevailing rate without taking any delivery of stocks, Total revenue from sale of cloth
aggregates to Rs. 2,400,000, Therefore, the Enterprise earned income of Rs. 400,000.
Total administrative and general expenses of Rs. 1,000,000 were incurred during the year 20YY.
Compute the taxable income and tax liability.
It is worth mentioning that carry forward loss of the Enterprise was Rs. 1,000,000 in respect of
business. Whereas speculation loss was Rs. 250,000.
Answer
Particulars Speculation Business Trading Business Total

Gross Revenue 2,400,000 10,000,000 12,400,000
Gross Profit 400,000 2,000,000 2,400,000
Expenditure 193,548 806,452 1,000,000
(1,000,000 x
2,400,000/12,400,000)
Net income 206,452 1,193,548 1,400,000
Carry forward loss 250,000 1,000,000 1,250,000
Taxable Income/ (loss) for the year *(43,548) 193,548
*Speculation loss carried forward
** Loss of speculation business cannot be set off with trading business.

2 DEDUCTIONS AGAINST BUSINESS INCOME

Section overview
n Deductions admissible – general provisions

n Inadmissible deductions
n Deductions admissible – special provisions
2.1 Deductions admissible – general provisions

Section 20 of the Ordinance prescribes general principles with respect to admissibility of
deductions the said section states that:
q A deduction shall be allowed for any expenditure incurred by the person in the year wholly
and exclusively for the purposes of business. Wholly and exclusively does not mean
necessarily. It is the business to decide whether any expenditure should be incurred in the
course of its business. Such expenditure may be incurred voluntarily and without any
necessity and if it is incurred for the promotion of business and to earn profits, the business
can claim deduction.
q Deduction equal to the difference of the amount of actual cost of animals used for the
purposes of business or profession (otherwise than as stock in trade) and the amount
realized in respect of carcasses or animals shall be allowed where the animals have died or
become permanently useless for such purposes.
2.2 Inadmissible deductions
Section 21 of the Ordinance provides that no deduction shall be allowed in computing the income
of a person under the head “Income from Business” for:
q Any cess, rate or tax paid or payable by the person in Pakistan or a foreign country that is
levied on the profits or gains of the business or assessed as a percentage or otherwise on
the basis of such profits or gains;
Note: In case where sales tax/federal excise duty paid by a taxpayer is not charged by him
to his customer, such sales tax/federal excise duty paid shall be allowed as deduction.
q Any amount of tax deducted at source under the provisions of the Income Tax Ordinance,
2001 from an amount derived by the person;
q Any expenditure from which the person is required to deduct or collect tax under the Income
Tax Ordinance, 2001, unless the person has paid or deducted and paid the tax:
Provided that disallowance in respect of purchases of raw materials and finished goods under this
clause shall not exceed 20% of purchases of raw materials and finished goods:
Provided further that recovery of any amount of tax under sections 161 or 162 shall be considered
as tax paid.
q any amount of commission paid or payable in respect of supply of products listed in the Third
Schedule of the Sales Tax Act, 1990, where the amount of commission paid exceeds 0.2%
of gross amount of supplies thereof unless the person to whom commission is paid or
payable, as the case may be, is appearing in the active taxpayer list under this Ordinance.
q Any entertainment expenditure in excess of such limits or in violation of such conditions as
may be prescribed;
Limits prescribed for allowing any expenditure on entertainment are as under (Rule 10).
Expenditure should be incurred in deriving income from business chargeable to tax and should
not be in excess of following limits or in violation of condition specified:
(a) Such expenditure is:
(i) Incurred outside Pakistan on entertainment in connection with business transactions:
or

Tax Practices
(ii) Allocated as head office expenditure; or

(b) Incurred in Pakistan on the entertainment of foreign customers & suppliers;
(c) Incurred on the entertainment of customer & clients at the person’s business premises
(d) Incurred on the entertainment at the meeting of shareholders, agents, directors or
employees
(e) Incurred on entertainment at the opening of branches.
Note: All these people (who are entertained) should be related directly to the person’s business.
q Any contribution made by the person to a fund that is not a recognized provident fund,
approved superannuation fund, or approved gratuity fund or approved pension fund;
q An amount in excess of fifty percent of total contribution made by a person (employer) to
approved gratuity fund, approved pension fund or an approved superannuation fund.
q Any contribution made by the person to any provident or other fund established for the
benefit of employees of the person, unless the person has made effective arrangements to
secure that tax is deducted from any payments made by the fund in respect of which the
recipient is chargeable to tax under the head "Salary";
q Any fine or penalty paid or payable by the person for the violation of any law, rule or
regulation;
q Any personal expenditures incurred by the person;
q Any amount carried to a reserve fund or capitalised in any way;
q Any profit on debt, brokerage, commission, salary or other remuneration paid by an
association of persons to a member of the association;
q Any salary paid or payable exceeding Rs. 32,000 per month other than by a crossed cheque
or direct transfer of funds to the employee’s bank account or through digital means;
q Any expenditure paid or payable of a capital nature. However, depreciation or amortization
shall be allowed in respect of a depreciable asset, intangible or pre-commencement
expenditure; and
q Any expenditure in respect of sales promotion, advertisement and publicity in excess of 10%
of turnover incurred by pharmaceutical manufacturers.
q Expenditure upto 8%, claimed by a person who, where required, fails to integrate his
business with the FBR through approved fiscal electronic device and software, will be
disallowed.
q Any expenditure for a transaction, paid or payable under a single account head which, in
aggregate, exceeds Rs. 250,000, made other than by a crossed cheque drawn on a bank
or by crossed bank draft or crossed pay order or any other crossed banking instrument
showing transfer of amount from the business bank account of the taxpayer:
However, online transfer of payment from the business account of the payer to the business
account of payee as well as payments through credit card shall be treated as transactions
through the banking channel, subject to the condition that such transactions are verifiable
from the bank statements of the respective payer and the payee:
It is important to note that the above provisions shall not apply in the case of:
• expenditures not exceeding Rs. 25,000;
• expenditures on account of:
- utility bills;
- freight charges;
- travel fare;
- postage; and
- payment of taxes, duties, fee, fines or any other statutory obligation
q any expenditure on account of utility bill in excess of such limits and in violation of such
conditions as may be prescribed; and

q any expenditure attributable to sales made to persons required to be registered but not
registered under the Sales Tax Act, 1990 by an industrial undertaking computed according to
the following formula, namely:—
(A/B) x C
where—
A is the total amount of deductions claimed under this Part;
B is the turnover for the tax year; and
C is the total amount of sales exclusive of sales tax and federal excise duty to persons
required to be registered but not registered under the Sales Tax Act, 1990 where sales equal
or exceed Rs. 100 million per person:
Provided that disallowance of expenditure under this clause shall not exceed 10% of total
deductions claimed under this Part:
Provided further that the Board may, by notification in the official Gazette, exempt persons
or classes of persons from this clause on the basis of hardship.
Exercise:
Following payments of expenses are made otherwise than through crossed cheque.
Head Of Account Amount
Rent to Mr. X for Lahore office rented premises 720,000
Air Tickets purchased 520,000
One month salary of Mr Ali only 125,000
Repair of car 420,000
Electricity bill 950,000
Telephone bill 270,000
Professional tax 200,000
Audit fee 350,000
Tax consultant fee 550,000
Compute the addition under Section 21(l) & (m) of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001
No addition is required on account of payments relating to Air Ticketing, Electricity, Telephone and
Professional Tax. The balance addition under section 21(l) is computed as under:
Nature of payment Amount

Rent paid to Mr. X for Lahore office rented premises 720,000
Payment of Salary to Mr. Ali u/s 21(m) 125,000
Bill paid for repair of car 420,000
Paid audit fee 350,000
Paid tax consultant 550,000
Addition under Section 21(l) & (m) 2,165,000
2.3 Deductions admissible – Special provisions

q Any expenditure incurred by the person in the year wholly and exclusively for the purposes
of business.
q Animals used for the purposes of the business or profession otherwise as stock in trade.
q Depreciation of tangible fixed assets where they have a useful life of more than one year.
q Initial allowance on eligible depreciable assets.

Tax Practices
q Amortization of intangibles where they have a useful life of more than one year.
q Pre-commencement expenditure.
q First year allowance
q Scientific research expenditures
q Employee training facilities expenditure.
q Profit on debt if it is related to taxable business income.
q Entertainment expenditures in the limits as prescribed
q Bad debts written off in the accounts subject to fulfilment of certain conditions.
Deductions in respect of depreciation, initial allowance, first year allowance, accelerated
depreciation to alternate energy projects, amortization and, pre-commencement expenditures are
discussed in detail in chapter 8 of the study text whereas deductions on account of scientific
research expenditure, employee training, profit on debt and bad debts are discussed below:
Scientific research expenditure (Sec 26)

q A person shall be allowed a deduction for scientific research expenditure incurred in
Pakistan in a tax year wholly and exclusively for the purpose of deriving income from
business chargeable to tax.
Definitions
q “Scientific research” means any activity undertaken in Pakistan in the fields of natural or
applied science for the development of human knowledge;
q “Scientific research expenditure” means any expenditure incurred by a person on scientific
research undertaken in Pakistan for the purposes of developing the person’s business,
including any contribution to a scientific research institution to undertake scientific research
for the purposes of the person’s business, other than expenditure incurred:
• in the acquisition of any depreciable asset or intangible;
• in the acquisition of immovable property; or
• for the purpose of ascertaining the existence, location, extent or quality of a natural
deposit; and
• “Scientific research institution” means any institution certified by the Board as
conducting scientific research in Pakistan.
Employee training and facilities (Sec 27)

q A person shall be allowed a deduction for any expenditure (other than capital expenditure)
incurred in a tax year in respect of:
• any educational institution or hospital in Pakistan established for the benefit of the
person’s employees and their dependents;
• any institute in Pakistan established for the training of industrial workers recognized,
aided, or run by the Federal Government or a Provincial Government or a Local
Government; or
• The training of any person, being a citizen of Pakistan, in connection with a scheme
approved by the Board for the purposes of this section.
Profit on debt, financial costs and lease payments (Sec 28)
q Following amounts incurred in a tax year shall be allowed as deduction in computing income
under the head Income from Business:
• Profit on debt if and to the extent the proceeds of debt are utilized for business purpose.
• Lease rentals of an asset to a scheduled bank, financial institution, an approved
modaraba or leasing company or a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) on behalf of the
Originator.

Provided that for the purpose of determining the deduction on account of lease rentals the cost of
a passenger transport vehicle not plying for hire to the extent of principal amount shall not
exceed two and a half million rupees;
• Financial cost of securitization of receivables by an originator in respect of SPV
• Share of profit under musharika scheme to a bank
• Share of profit to a certificate holder under a musharika scheme approved by SECP and
Religious Board under Modaraba Ordinance
• On funds borrowed from a modaraba or participation term certificate holders
• By a bank to a person maintaining PLS account or a deposit with the bank
• SBP shares of profit by House Building Finance Corporation, National Development
Leasing Corporation or Small and Medium Enterprises Bank on any investment or credit
line provided by the SBP.
Exercise:
XYZ Limited engaged in the business of manufacturing and sale of chemicals has incurred the
following expenditures for tax year:
(i) Rs. 150,000 given as a scholarship to Mr. Sameel, a citizen of Pakistan, for his technical
training in connection with a scheme approved by the Federal Board of Revenue under the
relevant provision of the law. Mr. Sameel is not an employee of XYZ Ltd.
(ii) Maintenance of XYZ’s shares records has been outsourced. The total expenditure incurred
was Rs. 400,000, including the fee paid of Rs. 245,000 to increase the company’s authorized
capital.
(iii) Contribution of Rs. 200,000 to unrecognized provident fund. XYZ Ltd, in its accounting
system, has ensured that when any payment is made from the fund to an employee, tax
would be deducted at source from the amount of the payment, if the amount is chargeable
to tax as the salary income of the employee.
(iv) Rs. 50,000 paid as motor vehicle tax on the company’s vehicles.
(v) Rs. 500,000 paid for the valuation of the assets of another company which XYZ Ltd intended
to acquire.
(vi) Rs. 45,000 paid as a penalty imposed by the Commissioner for late filing of the annual return
of income for the tax year 2023.
(vii) New computer purchased for Rs. 300,000 on 20 June 2024 for which installation could not
be made until 15 July 2024.
(viii) Compulsory annual fee of Rs. 200,000 paid in cash, to the Engineering Development Board
established by the Federal Government.
(ix) Donation in kind to a relief fund runs by the Government of Sindh.
(x) Rs. 1,530,000 out of travelling expenses, being the travel and hotel expenses for XYZ’s
technical manager’s visit to Japan. The travel to Japan was entirely for business purposes. It
was necessary for the firm’s technical manager to travel to Japan for the purpose of selecting
a second-hand mixing machine, so as to ensure that the machine was compatible with the
company’s existing plant.
(xi) Cash flow statement shows that an amount of Rs. 2 million has been paid as legal and
professional charges to one of the company consultants. The said amount was overdue since
tax year 2016. XYZ Ltd has claimed this amount as an expense in tax year 2024 also.
(xii) XYZ Limited entered into a forward contract for the purchase of raw materials used in its
business of manufacturing edible oils to guard against loss through price fluctuations. On the
date of maturity of the forward contract, XYZ Ltd did not take delivery of the raw materials
but the contract was settled by a payment of Rs. 950,000.
Required
Being tax consultant of the company you are required to explain the admissibility/inadmissibility of
the above along with reason keeping in view the provisions of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001

Tax Practices
Answer
(i) Since the scholarship has been granted to a Pakistani citizen for his technical training under
a scheme approved by the Federal Board of Revenue, the expenditure is admissible. The
beneficiary of the scholarship does not need to be an employee of the taxpayer. [S.27(c)]
(ii) The fee paid (Rs. 245,000) to increase in XYZ’s authorized capital is capital expenditure in
nature, hence not allowable. The remaining expenditure being of revenue in nature is
admissible
(iii) A contribution made to an unrecognized provident fund is not deductible u/s 21(e) of the ITO,
2001 although admissible expenses u/s 21(f) as the employer has made effective
arrangements to ensure that tax would be deducted from any payments made by the fund in
respect of which the recipient is chargeable to tax under the head ‘Salary’
(iv) Motor vehicle tax is for the purposes of business and revenue in nature. Further, it does not
fall in the list of inadmissible deductions, therefore, it is admissible. [S.20(1) read with
S.21(a)]
(v) Expenses incurred at Rs. 500,000 relate to the acquisition of another company. The expense,
therefore, being capital in nature, is disallowed. [S.21(n)]
(vi) A penalty of Rs. 45,000 paid for the late filing of a return of income is an inadmissible
expense on either of the following two grounds:
(a) A penalty for the late filing of a return of income is included in tax as defined in the
Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 (the ‘Ordinance’). Tax is an inadmissible deduction under
the law. [S.21(a)]
(b) It was imposed for violation of the provisions of the Ordinance, hence not admissible.
[S.21(g)]
(vii) The purchase of the computer is a capital expenditure and cannot be treated as an expense.
Since it was not utilized during the year ending on 30 June 2024, it is not eligible for any
depreciation or initial allowance either.
(viii) Any expenditure, in aggregate, under a single accounting heading in excess of Rs. 250,000
other than by crossed bank cheque or crossed bank draft or any other banking instrument is
not deductible with certain exceptions. One of the exceptions is any fee expenditure. Hence,
the Rs. 200,000 paid, in cash, to the Engineering Development Board established by the
Federal Government is allowable and no adjustment is required. [2nd proviso to S.21(l)]
(ix) A donation in kind to a relief fund run by the Government of Sindh is not for the purpose of
business, hence not allowable as expenditure. However, it is eligible for tax credit under the
law. [S.20(1) & 61]
(x) The expenditure of Rs. 1,530,000 incurred solely to secure the purchase of a mixing machine,
is capital expenditure and is not deductible. Rs. 1,530,000 should be added to the cost of the
mixing machine for tax purposes and tax depreciation shall be computed accordingly
(xi) Where a person has been allowed a deduction for any expenditure incurred in deriving income
chargeable to tax under the head Income from Business and the person has not paid the
liability or a part of the liability to which the deduction relates within three years of the end of
the tax year in which the deduction was allowed, the unpaid amount of the liability shall
become chargeable to tax under the head Income from Business in the first tax year following
the end of those three years.
However, if the person subsequently pays the liability or a part of the liability, the person shall
be allowed a deduction for the amount paid in the tax year in which the payment is made.
[Ref: S 34(5) and 34(6)]
Therefore, amount will be added back to the taxable income of the taxpayer in tax year 2020,
whereas it will be again allowed as an expense in tax year 2024.
(xii) The forward contract entered into by XYZ Ltd for the purchase of raw materials used in its
business of manufacturing edible oils is in the nature of a hedging contract which was entered
into to guard against loss from future price fluctuations. Such contracts have specifically been
excluded from the definition of speculative business. Therefore, the Rs. 950,000 paid to
settle the forward contract is an expenditure incurred in the normal course of business and is
a deductible expenditure.

Bad debts (Sec 29)

q A person shall be allowed a deduction for a bad debt in a tax year if the following conditions
are satisfied, namely:
• The amount of the debt was:
- previously included in the person’s income from business chargeable to tax; or
- in respect of money lent by a financial institution in deriving income from
business chargeable to tax;
• The debt or part of the debt is written off in the accounts of the person in the tax year;
and
• There are reasonable grounds for believing that the debt is irrecoverable.
q The amount of the deduction allowed to a person for a tax year shall not exceed the amount
of the debt written off in the accounts of the person in the tax year.
q Where a deduction is allowed in a tax year for a bad debt written off and in a subsequent tax
year the person receives in cash or kind any amount in respect of that debt, a computation
shall be made as under:
a- b
Here
(a) is amount received against the written off debt; and
(b) is the difference between whole amount of bad debt and bad debt allowed as a
deduction under Income Tax Ordinance, 2001.
If (a) is greater than (b), the difference shall be treated as income of the person. In other
case, where (a) is less than (b) the difference shall be treated as bad debts for the year in
which the amount is received.
Exercise:
Ms. Shagufta is running a business in the name of Al Nafay Business Solutions. In the tax year 2023,
she claimed bad debts of Rs. 1,000,000 and Rs. 1,500,000 from its clients Mr. Junaid and Mr.
Nawaz. She was allowed deduction of bad debts of Rs. 750,000 and Rs. 800,000 with respect of
receivable from Mr. Junaid and Mr. Nawaz in Tax year 2023. During 2024, she received following
sums from these two debtors:
Mr. Junaid Rs.900,000
Mr. Nawaz Rs. 500,000
Work out the amount to be added/allowed on account of bad debts in the tax year 2024.
Solution:
Mr Junaid Mr Nawaz
Bad Debts Claimed in 2023 A 1,000,000 1,500,000
Allowed in 2023 B 750,000 800,000
Receipts during 2024 C 900,000 500,000
Actual Bad Debts D=A-C 100,000 1,000,000
Tax Treatment:
Tax Income / (Expenses) B-D 650,000 (200,000)
Reversal of Accounting Income E 900,000 500,000
The accounting profit will be reduced by Rs. 1,400,000 (Rs. 900,000 + Rs. 500,000). Regarding
receipts from Mr. Junaid, Rs. 650,000 will be treated as income (being the difference between
Allowed and Actual Rs. 750,000 - Rs. 100,000). On the other hand, further bad debts of Rs. 200,000
will be allowed as a tax expense (i.e., the difference between allowed and actual: Rs. 800,000 -
Rs.1,000,000) against receipts from Mr. Nawaz.

Tax Practices
3 TAX ACCOUNTING
Section overview
n General accounting
n Method of accounting (Sec 32)
n Cash Basis Accounting (Sec 33)
n Accrual Basis Accounting (Sec 34)
n Valuation of stock in trade (Sec 35)
3.1 General accounting

The question arises how to compute the income under this head of income. Therefore, it is
essential to know the method of accounting required by the law in order to ascertain the actual
income of a taxpayer:
3.2 Method of accounting (Sec 32)

q A person’s income chargeable to tax shall be computed in accordance with the method of
accounting regularly employed by such person.
q A company shall account for income chargeable to tax under the head “Income from
Business” on an accrual basis, while other persons may account for such income on cash
or accrual basis.
q The Board may prescribe that any class of persons shall account for income chargeable to
tax under the head “Income from Business” on a cash or accrual basis.
q An application may be made by a person, in writing, for a change in the person’s method of
accounting to the Commissioner. The Commissioner may by an order, in writing approve
such an application but only if he is satisfied that the change is necessary to clearly reflect
the person’s income chargeable under the head “Income from Business”.
q If a person’s method of accounting has changed, the person shall make adjustments to items
of income, deduction, or credit or to any other items affected by the change so that no item
is omitted and no item is taken into account more than once.
3.3 Cash Basis Accounting (Sec 33)

A person accounting for income chargeable to tax under the head “Income from Business” on a
cash basis shall derive income when it is received and shall incur expenditure when it is paid.
3.4 Accrual Basis Accounting (Sec 34)

q A person accounting for income chargeable to tax under the head “Income from Business”
on an accrual basis shall derive income when it is due to the person and shall incur
expenditure when it is payable by the person.
q An amount shall become due to the person when the person becomes entitled to receive it
or is liable to pay it even if the time for receipt / payment is postponed or the amount is
payable by instalments.
q An amount shall become payable by a person when all the events, that determine liability,
have occurred and the amount of the liability can be determined with reasonable accuracy.
q If the liability or a part of the liability for which the deduction claimed is not paid within three
years from the end of the tax year in which the deduction was allowed, the unpaid amount
of the liability shall be chargeable to tax under the head “Income from Business” in the first
tax year following the end of the three years.
q If an unpaid liability which is charged to tax as above is subsequently paid in full or in part,
the person shall be allowed a deduction for the amount paid in the tax year in which the
payment is made.

q Where a person has been allowed a deduction in respect of a trading liability and such
person has derived any benefit in respect of such trading liability, the value of such benefit
shall be chargeable to tax under head “Income from Business” for the tax year in which such
benefit is received.
3.5 Valuation of stock in trade (Sec 35)

q The cost of stock-in-trade disposed of by the person in the year shall be computed in
accordance with the following formula, namely:
(A + B) – C
Where:
A is the opening value of the person’s stock-in-trade for the year;
B is cost of stock-in-trade acquired by the person in the year; and
C is the closing value of stock-in-trade for the year.
q The opening value of stock-in-trade of a person for a tax year shall be:
(i) the closing value of the person’s stock-in-trade at the end of the previous year; or
(ii) where the person commenced to carry on business in the year, the fair market value of
any stock-in-trade acquired by the person prior to the commencement of the business.
This fair market value shall be determined at the time the stock is ventured in the
business.
q The closing value of a person’s stock-in-trade for a tax year shall be the lower of cost or net
realisable value of the person’s stock-in-trade on hand at the end of the year.
q A person accounting for income chargeable to tax under the head “Income from Business”
on a cash basis may compute the person’s cost of stock-in-trade on the prime-cost method
or absorption-cost method, and a person accounting for such income on an accrual basis
shall compute the person’s cost of stock-in-trade on the absorption-cost method.
q Where particular items of stock-in-trade are not readily identifiable, a person may account
for that stock on the first-in-first-out method or the average-cost method but, once chosen,
a stock valuation method may be changed only with the written permission of the
Commissioner and in accordance with any conditions that the Commissioner may impose.
In this section:
Definitions
q “Absorption-cost method” means the generally accepted accounting principle under

which the cost of an item of stock-in-trade is the sum of direct material costs, direct labour
costs, and factory overhead costs;
q Prime-cost method” means the generally accepted accounting principle under which the
cost of stock-in-trade is the sum of direct material costs, direct labour costs, and variable
factory overhead costs;
q “Direct labour costs” means labour costs directly related to the manufacture or production
of stock-in-trade;
q “Direct material costs” means the cost of materials that become an integral part of the
stock-in-trade manufactured or produced, or which are consumed in the manufacturing or
production process;
q “Factory overhead costs” means the total costs of manufacturing or producing stock-in-
trade, other than direct labour and direct material costs;
q “First-in-first-out method” means the generally accepted accounting principle under
which the valuation of stock-in-trade is based on the assumption that stock is sold in the
order of its acquisition;

Tax Practices
q “Average-cost method” means the generally accepted accounting principle under which
the valuation of stock-in-trade is based on a weighted average cost of units on hand;
q “Stock-in-trade” means anything produced, manufactured, purchased, or otherwise
acquired for manufacture, sale or exchange, and any materials or supplies to be consumed
in the production or manufacturing process, but does not include stocks or shares; and
q “Variable factory overhead costs” means those factory overhead costs which vary
directly with changes in volume of stock-in-trade manufactured or produced.

CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Income from business – part two
Contents
1 Depreciation
2 Intangibles
3 Pre-commencement expenditures
4 Assets

Tax Practices
1 DEPRECIATION
Section overview
n Depreciable assets and general principles relating to depreciation (Sec 22)

n Initial allowance (Sec 23)
1.1 Depreciable assets and general principles relating to depreciation (Sec 22)
q Section 22 of the Ordinance deals with the depreciation in the following manner: A person
is allowed a deduction for the depreciation of the person’s depreciable assets used in the
person’s business in the tax year.
q The term depreciable asset is defined in sub-section (15) of section 22 of the Ordinance in
the following manner:
Definitions: Depreciable Asset

“Depreciable asset” means any tangible movable property, immovable property (other than
unimproved land), or structural improvement to immovable property, owned by a person that:
• has a normal useful life exceeding one year;
• is likely to lose value as a result of normal wear and tear, or obsolescence; and
• is used wholly or partly by the person in deriving income from business chargeable to tax,
but shall not include any tangible movable property, immovable property, or structural improvement
to immovable property in relation to which a deduction has been allowed under another section of
this Ordinance for the entire cost of the property or improvement in the tax year in which the
property is acquired or improvement made by the person; and
Provided that where a depreciable asset is jointly owned by a taxpayer and an Islamic financial
institution licensed by the State Bank of Pakistan or Securities and Exchange Commission of
Pakistan, as the case may be, pursuant to an arrangement of Musharika financing or diminishing
Musharika financing, the depreciable asset shall be treated to be wholly owned by the taxpayer.
“Structural improvement” in relation to immovable property, includes any building, road, driveway,
car park, railway line, pipeline, bridge, tunnel, airport runway, canal, dock, wharf, retaining wall,
fence, power lines, water or sewerage pipes, drainage, landscaping or dam.
q Depreciation shall be allowed on the written down value (WDV) of the asset at the beginning
of the year at the rates specified in Third Schedule, as given below:
Sr. No Type of Asset Rate
I. Building (all types). 10%
Furniture (including fittings) and machinery and plant (not otherwise
II. specified), Motor vehicles (all types), ships, technical or professional 15%
books.
Computer hardware including printer, monitor and allied items,
III. Machinery & Equipment used in manufacture of IT Products, aircrafts 30%
and aero engines.
In case of mineral oil concerns the income of which is liable to be
IV. computed in accordance with the rules in Part-I of the Fifth Schedule.
q Offshore platform and production Installations. 20%
A ramp built to provide access to persons with disabilities not exceeding
V. 100%
Rs. 250,000 each.
q Depreciation is allowed on proportional basis if the asset was also used for the purpose
other than deriving business income in a tax year.

Chapter 8: Income from business – part two
q Full year depreciation will be allowed in the year of acquisition whereas no depreciation will
be allowed in the year of disposal.
q The written down value of a depreciable asset of a person at the beginning of the tax year
shall be:
(a) where the asset was acquired in the tax year, the cost of asset to the person as
reduced by any initial allowance in respect of the asset under section 23; or
(b) in any other case, the cost of the asset to the person as reduced by the total
depreciation deductions (including any initial allowance under section 23) allowed to
the person in respect of the asset in previous tax years.
Explanation,- For the removal of doubt, it is clarified that where any building, furniture,
plant or machinery is used for the purposes of business during any tax year for which
the income from such business is exempt, depreciation admissible under sub-section
(1) shall be treated to have been allowed in respect of the said tax year and after
expiration of the exemption period, written down value of such assets shall be
determined after reducing total depreciation deductions (including any initial
allowance under section 23) in accordance with clauses (a) and (b) of this sub-
section.
Example:
First year Rupees in ‘000’

Cost of building 500,000
Depreciation on (Rs. 500,000 @ 10% ) (50,000)
Written down value carried forward 450,000
Second year Rupees in ‘000’
WDV Brought forward 450,000
Depreciation @ 10% 45,000
WDV carried forward 405,000
Third year Rupees in ‘000’
Depreciation @ 10% (40,500)
WDV carried forward 364,500
q WDV of the asset, in case asset is used partly for business and partly for non-business
purpose, shall be computed on the basis that the asset has been solely used to derive
business income. It means that depreciation allowed as well as disallowed shall be deducted
from the cost of the asset in arriving at the WDV. However, the WDV of the asset shall be
increased by the amount of depreciation disallowed on account of non-business use at the
time of disposal.
Example:
Computer equipment partly for business use and partly for non-business Rs. in ‘000
Used for business purpose 80%
Used for private purpose 20%
Annual depreciation @ 30% (100,000 x 30%) 30,000
Fair proportional depreciation deduction for business purpose (80% of Rs. 24,000
30,000)
WDV carried forward (WDV minus annual depreciation i.e. 100,000 - 30,000) 70,000

Tax Practices
q The total deductions allowed to a person on account of depreciation and initial allowance
during the period of ownership of a depreciable asset shall not exceed the cost of the asset.
q Where a person disposes of a depreciable asset in any tax year, no depreciation deduction
shall be allowed in that year. Further, on disposal
(i) if the consideration received exceeds the written down value of the asset at the time
of disposal, the excess shall be chargeable to tax in that year under the head “Income
from Business”;
(ii) If the consideration received is less than the written down value of the asset at the
time of disposal, the difference shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the
person’s income chargeable under the head “Income from Business” for that year.
q An asset owned by a financial institution or leasing company and leased to another person
is treated as used in the financial institution or leasing company’s business and the
depreciation deductions allowed to a leasing company, investment bank, a modaraba, a
scheduled bank or a development financial institution in respect of assets owned by them
and leased to another person shall be deductible only against the lease rental income
derived in respect of such assets.
q The cost of a depreciable asset being a passenger transport vehicle not plying for hire shall
not exceed seven and half million rupees.
q In case of disposal of such vehicle, sale consideration of the passenger transport vehicle
shall be computed according to the following formula: -
Cost of vehicle on which
Depreciation is allowed*
Actual cost of vehicle X Amount received on disposal of vehicle
*(i.e.) Rs. 7.5 Million
q The cost of immovable property or a structural improvement to immovable property shall not
include the cost of the land.
q For computing gain on disposal of immoveable property, the consideration received shall be
treated as the cost of the property if the consideration exceeds its cost (Gain on disposal
shall be equal to the depreciation previously allowed).
q Where a depreciable asset that has been used by a person in Pakistan is exported or
transferred out of Pakistan, the person shall be treated as having disposed of the asset at
the time of the export or transfer for a consideration received equal to the cost of the asset.
(Gain on disposal shall be equal to the depreciation allowed).
Example:
During the tax year 2024, CFG (Pvt.) Limited disposed off the following assets:
(a) Immoveable property was sold for Rs. 150 million. The cost of the property was Rs. 100
million. Upto tax year 2023, tax depreciation of Rs. 30 million had been allowed on the
immoveable property.
(b) A machine used in the business in Pakistan, was exported to USA. The export proceeds
amounted to Rs. 45 million. The cost and written down value of the machinery was Rs. 35
million and 28 million respectively.
(c) Two buses were disposed off for Rs. 2.5 million. They were acquired in tax year 2022. The
tax written down value of buses at the beginning of the tax year 2024 was Rs. 2.4 million.
The trucks were being used partly i.e. 60% for business purpose. Tax rate of depreciation is
15%.
Required
Calculate tax gain on loss on disposal of above assets

Answer
(a) Rs. In Million
Sale Proceed 150
Cost (Note) 150
Depreciation allowed (30)
WDV at the time of disposal (120)
Gain on disposal 30
Note: For computing gain on disposal of immoveable property, the consideration received shall be
treated as the cost of property if the consideration exceeds its cost (Gain on disposal shall be equal
to the depreciation allowed).
(b) Rs. In Million
Consideration received equal to actual cost 35
WDV at the time of disposal (28)
Gain on disposal 7
For computing gain on disposal of depreciable asset by way of export that has been used previously
in Pakistan, the consideration received shall be treated as the cost of asset (Gain on disposal shall
be equal to depreciation allowed)
(c) Rs. In Million
Sale proceed 2.5
Less: WDV at beginning of the year (2.4)
Depreciation not allowed
(2.4/0.85 x 0.15 x 0.40) (0.17)
Loss on disposal (0.07)
WDV of the asset, in case asset is used partly for business and party for non-business purpose, shall
be computed on the basis that the asset has been solely used to derive business income. It means
that depreciation allowed as well as disallowed shall be deducted from the cost of the asset in
arriving at the WDV. However, the WDV of the asset shall be increased by the amount of
depreciation disallowed on account of non-business use at the time of disposal.
1.2 Initial allowance (Sec 23)

The aforesaid provision elucidates that the written down value shall be computed after deduction
of initial allowance. The provision regarding initial allowance is contained in section 23 of the
Ordinance and the said section states that:
1) A person who places an eligible depreciable asset into service in Pakistan for the first
time in a tax year shall be allowed an initial allowance provided the asset is used by the
person for the purposes of his business for the first time or the tax year in which commercial
production is commenced, whichever is later.
Definition: Eligible Depreciable Asset

“Eligible depreciable asset” means a depreciable asset other than:
a. any road transport vehicle unless the vehicle is plying for hire;
b. any furniture, including fittings;
c. any plant or machinery that has been used previously in Pakistan; or
d. any plant or machinery in relation to which a deduction has been allowed under another section
of the Ordinance for the entire cost of the asset in the tax year in which the asset is acquired.
e. Immoveable property or structural improvements to the immoveable property.
2) The amount of initial allowance of a person shall be computed at the rate of 25% for plant
and machinery. The rules contained in section 76 shall apply in determining the cost of an
eligible depreciable asset.

Tax Practices
3) An initial allowance allowed to a lessor in respect of assets owned by him and leased to
another person shall be deductible only against the lease rental income derived in respect
of such assets.
Definition: Sec 2(29C), Industrial Undertaking

“Industrial undertaking” means —
a) an undertaking which is set up in Pakistan and which employs,—
i. ten or more persons in Pakistan and involves the use of electrical energy or any other form
of energy which is mechanically transmitted and is not generated by human or animal
energy; or
ii. twenty or more persons in Pakistan and does not involve the use of electrical energy or
any other form of energy which is mechanically transmitted and is not generated by
human or animal energy:
and which is engaged in—
i. the manufacture of goods or materials or the subjection of goods or materials to any
process which substantially changes their original condition; or
ii. ship-building; or
iii. generation, conversion, transmission or distribution of electrical energy, or the supply of
hydraulic power; or
iv. the working of any mine, oil-well or any other source of mineral deposits;
v. from the 1st day of May, 2020, a person directly involved in the construction of buildings,
roads, bridges and other such structures or the development of land, to the extent and for
the purpose of import of plant and machinery to be utilized in such activity, subject to such
conditions as may be notified by the Board;
vi. from the first day of July, 2020 a resident company engaged in the hotel business in
Pakistan;
vii. telecommunication companies operating under the license of Pakistan
Telecommunication Authority (PTA)
Example: Depreciation
Opening tax WDV of plant and machinery 1,000,000
Purchase of plant during the year eligible for initial allowance 500,000
Tax WDV of disposals during the year 200,000
Compute the tax depreciation and initial allowance on the above assets for the tax year 2024.
Answer
Particulars WDV Depreciation
Opening WDV 1,000,000
Tax WDV on disposal of P & M as no depreciation is
(200,000)
charged in the year of disposal
Balance WDV--- A 800,000
Additions during the year 500,000
Initial Allowance @ 25% (125,000) 125,000
Balance WDV--- B 375,000
WDV for Normal Depreciation (A+B) 1,175,000
Normal Depreciation (1,175,,000 x 15%) 176,250
Total Depreciation (125,000 +176,250) 301,250

2 INTANGIBLES
Section overview
n Introduction
n Intangibles eligible for amortisation [Sec 24]
n Method for computation of amortisation charge
n Gain/loss on disposal
2.1 Introduction
The nomenclature of this term gives the impression that it only includes the cost of non-physical
assets. However, definition of this term under the tax law is far wider than this general impression.
The definition of intangible is given in section 24 of the Ordinance in the following manner:
Definition:
“Intangible” means any patent, invention, design or model, secret formula or process, copyright,
trade mark, scientific or technical knowledge, computer software, motion picture film, export
quotas, franchise, licence, intellectual property, or other like property or right, contractual rights
and any expenditure that provides an advantage or benefit for a period of more than one year
(other than expenditure incurred to acquire a depreciable asset or unimproved land)but shall not
include self-generated goodwill or any adjustment arising on account of accounting treatment in
the manner as may be prescribed.
The above definition reveals that it also includes any expenditure that provides an advantage or
benefit for a period of more than one year. Therefore, amortisation of any cost which has useful
life of a period exceeding one year is allowed.
2.2 Intangibles eligible for amortisation [Sec 24]
q A person shall be allowed an amortisation deduction in a tax year for the cost of the person’s
intangibles:
(i) that are wholly or partly used by the person in the tax year in deriving income from
business chargeable to tax; and
(ii) that has a normal useful life exceeding one year.
q The terms cost as used in the aforesaid provision is defined in the following manner in the
Ordinance:
Definition:
“cost” in relation to an intangible, means any expenditure incurred in acquiring or creating the
intangible, including any expenditure incurred in improving or renewing the intangible
q No amortisation deduction shall be allowed if a deduction has been allowed under any other
section of the Ordinance for the entire cost of the intangible in the tax year in which it was
acquired.
q The total deductions allowed to a person in the current tax year and all previous tax years in
respect of an intangible shall not exceed the cost of the intangible.
2.3 Method for computation of amortisation charge

q The amortization deduction of a person for a tax year shall be computed according to the
following formula, namely:
A/B
Where:
A is the cost of the intangible; and
B is the normal useful life of the intangible in whole years.

Tax Practices
q An intangible which does not have an ascertainable useful life, shall be treated as if it had
a normal useful life of twenty five years.
q If an intangible is used in a tax year partly in deriving income from business chargeable to
tax and partly for another use, the deduction allowed for that year shall be restricted to the
fair proportional part of the amount that would be allowed if the intangible were wholly used
to derive income from business chargeable to tax.
q Where an intangible is not used for the whole of the tax year in deriving income from
business chargeable to tax, the deduction allowed under this section shall be computed
according to the following formula, namely:
A x B/C
Where:
A is the amount of amortization computed in accordance with the above provisions
B is the number of days in the tax year the intangible is used in deriving income from
business chargeable to tax; and
C is the number of days in the tax year.
2.4 Gain/loss on disposal

q Where, in any tax year, a person disposes of an intangible, no amortisation deduction shall
be allowed for that year and:
(i) if the consideration received by the person exceeds the written down value of the
intangible at the time of disposal, the excess shall be income of the person chargeable
to tax in that year under the head “Income from Business”; or
(ii) if the consideration received is less than the written down value of the intangible at
the time of disposal, the difference shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the
person’s income chargeable under the head “Income from Business” in that year.
q For the purpose of calculating any gain or loss on disposal of intangible:
(i) the written down value of an intangible at the time of disposal shall be the cost of the
intangible reduced by the total deductions allowed to the person under this section in
respect of the intangible or, where the intangible is not wholly used to derive income
chargeable to tax, the amount that would be allowed under this section if the intangible
were wholly so used; and
(ii) the consideration received on disposal of an intangible shall be discussed in heading
4.4 in this chapter determined in accordance with section 77 of the Ordinance.
An intangible that is available for use on a day (including a non-working day) is treated as
used on that day.
Exercise:
Briefly explain the tax treatment in respect of each of the following independent situations for the
Tax year 2024:
(i) Aiza (Pvt.) Ltd has revalued its Building in accordance with International Accounting
Standards and consequently charged depreciation on the revalued amount.
(ii) Aiza (Pvt.) Ltd during the year has opened an overseas office in France and has claimed
initial allowance and depreciation on eligible depreciable assets purchased by the office.
(iii) Uzair Limited has charged impairment in respect of one of its depreciable assets. The
Commissioner is of the view that impairment expense will not be allowed as an expense.
(iv) Uzair Limited has discontinued a major product line of its business and envisages selling off
the machinery related to this product line over a period of one to two years to get the right
price. Uzair Ltd wants to claim depreciation on the idle machinery until disposed of.
(v) Ms. Sana sells a number of personal vehicles in a tax year and makes a significant amount
of profit in the process. She is of the view that the said income is exempt from tax.

(vi) XYZ Ltd has recorded a gain on revaluation of its foreign currency balances at the year end.
The gain comprises of both realized and unrealized amount.
(vii) On May 2024, Ms. Sana purchased a vehicle not plying for hire amounting to Rs. 4,210,000
to be used solely for the purpose of her business. While preparing the tax return she has
claimed initial allowance and depreciation as per the prescribed rates given in the Income
Tax Ordinance, 2001 for the full year on Rs. 4,210,000.
(viii) In April 01, 2024 Mr. Azhar purchased accounting software amounting to Rs. 5 million for
his business. The software has a useful life of 30 years. Mr. Azhar has charged full year
amortization on straight line basis over the useful life of the software.
(ix) Entertainment expense payable amounting to Rs. 210,000 has been debited to profit & loss
account of ABC Ltd. The company has not deducted any tax on the said expense.
(x) ABC (Pvt.) Ltd has charged depreciation according to the rates admissible under the tax law
amounting to Rs. 125,000 on machinery taken on a lease from a scheduled bank in August
2018. Lease rentals paid during the tax year 2024 amounted to Rs. 220,000. The leased
machinery was transferred to owned assets on maturity on 30 April 2024. On maturity the
accounting WDV of the assets was Rs. 500,000, market value was Rs. 800,000 whereas
residual value of the asset was Rs. 50,000.
Answer
(i) Deduction for depreciation is associated with tax written down values of assets calculated
with reference to specific provisions. Accounting revaluation of assets has no bearing on tax
written down value of assets. Consequently, depreciation will be allowed on tax written down
values of building without taking into account the effect of revaluation. [Ref: S 22(5)]
(ii) Initial allowance is only available on assets used in Pakistan. Accordingly, the company will
not be entitled for deduction on account of initial allowance on assets purchased by the
branch for use in business outside Pakistan. The company will however be allowed to claim
normal depreciation on all depreciable assets. [Ref: S 23(1) and S 22]
(iii) The contention of the Commissioner is correct. Charge for impairment of fixed assets is not
a tax deductible expense. As the impairment charge will be ignored for tax purpose, the
written down value of assets will not be reduced by the charge and depreciation will be
calculated as if no impairment has taken place.
(iv) One of the criteria for an asset to qualify as ‘depreciable asset’ is that it should be used partly
or wholly for deriving business income. As the product line has been discontinued and the
machinery is no more in use, therefore, it ceases to qualify as a ‘depreciable asset’.
Accordingly, no deduction will be allowed for depreciation. [Ref: S 22 and S 75(3A)]
(v) Income from sale of personal motor vehicles is not taxable under the head Capital Gains. If
the vehicles are bought and sold with the motive of trade, the resultant gain will constitute
business income. However, vehicle intended for personal use are excluded from the
definition of capital assets. [Ref: S 37(5)(d)]
(vi) Unrealized gain on revaluation of foreign currency balances is notional income in nature and
is not liable to tax. Foreign exchange gains will be included in the taxable income for the tax
year in which realized.
(vii) Normal depreciation should be charged on full value of Rs. 4,210,000. As vehicle is not an
eligible depreciable asset, therefore, initial allowance cannot be claimed.
(viii) Amortization should be allowed for 91 days over the useful life of 25 years only. [Sec
24(4), 24(6)]
(ix) Tax is required to be deducted only at the time of payment. Since the expense is still payable,
therefore, company has rightly claimed the said expense.
(x) In case of assets taken on finance lease, lease rentals are an admissible deduction instead
of depreciation. Further, as the asset was transferred during the tax year 2024, therefore,
full year depreciation will be allowed on the residual value of the asset if the residual value
has not been claimed as lease rentals. No initial allowance will be allowed as the asset was
already in use. [S. 22, S.28(1)(B) & S 23]

Tax Practices
3 PRE-COMMENCEMENT EXPENDITURE
Section overview
n Pre-commencement expenditure (Sec 25)
3.1 Pre-commencement expenditure (Sec 25)

Section 25 of the Ordinance deals with the admissibility of pre-commencement expenditure and
the said section states that:
q A person shall be allowed a deduction for any pre-commencement expenditure @ 20% per
annum on straight line basis.
q The term pre-commencement expenditure is defined in section 25 of the Ordinance in the
following manner:
Definition:
“Pre-Commencement Expenditure” means any expenditure incurred before the commencement of
a business wholly and exclusively to derive income chargeable to tax, including the cost of feasibility
studies, construction of prototypes, and trial production activities, but shall not include any
expenditure which is incurred in acquiring land, or which is depreciated or amortised under section
22 or 24 of the Ordinance.
q The total deductions allowed under this section in the current tax year and all previous tax
years in respect of an amount of pre-commencement expenditure shall not exceed the
amount of the expenditure.
q No deduction shall be allowed under this section where a deduction has been allowed under
another section of this Ordinance for the entire amount of the pre-commencement
expenditure in the tax year in which it is incurred.

4 ASSETS
Section overview
n Disposal of assets (Sec 75)

n Acquisition of assets (Sec 75)
n Purchase of assets through banking channel (Sec 75A)
n Cost (Sec 76)
n Consideration received (Sec 77)
4.1 Disposal of assets (Sec 75)

q An asset shall be treated to have been disposed off at the time the owner parts with the
ownership of the asset. This shall include when the asset is
(i) sold, exchanged, transferred or distributed; or
(ii) cancelled, redeemed, relinquished, destroyed, lost, expired or surrendered.
q The transmission of an asset by succession or under a will shall be treated as a disposal of
the asset by the deceased at the time asset is transmitted.
q The application of business assets (including stock or depreciable asset) to personal use
shall be treated as a disposal of the asset by the owner of the asset at the time the asset is
so applied.
q Where a business asset is discarded or ceases to be used in business, it shall be treated to
have been disposed off.
q A disposal shall include the disposal of a part of an asset.
4.2 Acquisition of assets (Sec 75)

q A person shall be treated as having acquired an asset at the time the person begins to own
the asset, including at the time the person is granted any right.
q The application of a personal asset to business use shall be treated as an acquisition of the
asset by the owner at the time the asset is so applied
4.3 Purchase of assets through banking channel (Sec 75A)
No person shall purchase (otherwise than by a crossed cheque or through demand draft or pay
order or any other crossed banking instrument showing transfer of amount from one bank
account to another bank account);
(a) immovable property having fair market value greater than five million Rupees; or
(b) any other asset having fair market value more than one million Rupees
In case the transaction is not undertaken by the banking channel as specified above then;
i. such asset shall not be eligible for any allowance (i-e. depreciation, initial allowance,
amortisation and pre-commencement expenditure etc.)
ii. such amount shall not be treated as cost in terms of section 76 for computation of any
gain on sale of such asset
4.4 Cost (Sec 76)

The cost of acquisition under different situations is explained in section 76 of the Ordinance in the
following manner:
q The cost of an asset purchased by a person shall be the sum of the following amounts,
namely:-

Tax Practices
(i) consideration given for the asset, which shall include:

(a) fair market value of any consideration given in kind; plus
(b) any cash or cash equivalent paid as consideration.
(ii) any incidental expenditure incurred by the person in acquiring and disposing of the
asset; and
(iii) any expenditure incurred by the person to alter or improve the asset
Example: Cost
Example – Purchase of a moulding machine in exchange for old machine
Particulars Rs. In ‘000’
Purchase price paid – Cheque drawn on business bank account 100,000
+Bringing to present location – Transportation freight paid in cash 5,000
+Making fit for intended use – Installation expenditure paid 10,000
+Non-cash benefit given – Fair market value of old moulding Machine 25,000
+Debt incurred – Bank paid to the supplier against loan repayable in ten monthly
instalments 75,000
Cost of the moulding machine for the purposes of depreciation deduction 215,000
q The cost of a personal asset treated as acquired by the business shall be the fair market
value of the asset determined at the date it is applied to business use.
q The cost of an asset produced or constructed by a person shall be the total costs incurred
by the person in producing or constructing the asset plus any expenditure incurred by the
person on the alteration, improvement or disposal of such asset.
Example: Cost
Example – Boiler Produced in house by the entity for its factory Rs. In ‘000’
Cost incurred to produce
Material 50,000
Wages 7,500
Consumables (Welding rods etc.) 3,000
Fuel and power (electricity, gas, etc.) 2,000
Factory overheads 1,500
Cost of the boiler for the purposes of depreciation deduction 64,000
q Cost of depreciable asset acquired by the lessee on maturity or pre-mature termination of

finance lease agreement is the residual value or bargain purchase price as the case may
be.

Example: Cost
Motor vehicle Rs.
Cost at the time acquired 1,000,000
Finance obtained under finance lease 1,000,000
Bargain purchase price:
Before payment of 7th installment 1,000,000
After payment of 7th but before payment of 11th installment 750,000
Residual value on maturity of lease 70,000
Monthly lease rentals 60,000
No. of installments 22
Answer
Cost of motor vehicle for the purpose of depreciation deduction
Before payment of 7 installments 1,000,000
After paying 7 installments 750,000
On maturity of lease i.e. after paying 22 installments 70,000
q If an asset has been acquired by a person with a loan denominated in a foreign currency
and, before full and final repayment of the loan, there is an increase or decrease in the
liability of the person under the loan as expressed in rupees, the amount by which the liability
is increased or reduced shall be added to or deducted from the cost of the asset, as the case
may be.
Explanation: Difference, if any, on account of foreign currency fluctuation, shall be taken into
account in the year of occurrence for the purposes of depreciation.
In determining whether the liability of a person has increased or decreased, account shall be taken
of the person’s position under any hedging agreement relating to the loan.
q Where a part of an asset is disposed of by a person, the cost of the asset shall be
apportioned between the part of the asset retained and the part disposed of in accordance
with their respective fair market values determined at the time the person acquired the asset.
q Where the acquisition of an asset by a person is the derivation of an amount chargeable
to tax, the cost of the asset shall be the amount so charged plus any amount paid by the
person for the asset.
q Where the acquisition of an asset by a person is the derivation of an amount exempt from
tax, the cost of the asset shall be the exempt amount plus any amount paid by the person
for the asset.
q The cost of an asset does not include the amount of any grant, subsidy, rebate, commission
or any other assistance (other than a loan repayable with or without profit) received or
receivable by a person in respect of the acquisition of the asset, except to the extent to which
the amount is chargeable to tax under this Ordinance.
q The Board may prescribe rules for determination of cost for any asset.

Tax Practices
Example:
Burewala Express Limited (BEL) is in the business of manufacturing and sale of component parts for
automobile assembly industry. On 1 January 2022, BEL took a loan of US$ 500,000 from GHI Bank,
USA, which was utilized for purchasing the plant. The loan is repayable in 5 equal instalments in US
Dollars. The rate of exchange on 1 January 2022 was US$ 1 equal to Rs.196 and the loan liability
was recorded in the books of account of BEL at Rs. 98,000,000 (US$ 500,000 x Rs.196). Other
relevant information is as follows:
1. The Project was completed in June 2023, but was only commissioned for use on 31 July 2023.
The total amount spent by BEL on the plant was Rs.200,000,000
2. On 1 July 2023, the Government of Pakistan (GOP) voluntarily paid BEL Rs.10,000,000 as a
subsidy in respect of the plant installed in the Project.
3. The first instalment of US$ 100,000 towards repayment of the US Dollar loan was paid to GHI
Bank on 30 June 2024 when the exchange rate was US$ 1= Rs.198.
Required:
Calculate the initial allowance, depreciation and written down value of the plant on 30 June 2024 for
preparing the tax return for tax year 2024.
Answer
Description Note Amount
Cost of the plant 200,000,000
Subsidy 1 (10,000,000)
Exchange fluctuation 2 200,000
Cost of the plant 190,200,000
Less: Initial allowance @ 25% (47,550,000)
Written down value 142,650,000
Less: Depreciation @ 15% (21,397,500)
Written down value 121,252,500
Notes:
N-1:
In determining the cost of an asset for tax purposes the actual amount spent by a person in acquiring
an asset is required to be reduced by the amount of any grant, subsidy, rebate, commission or any
other assistance received or receivable by the person in respect of the acquisition of the asset except
where the said amount received is chargeable to tax [S.76 (10)]. Further the amount of Rs. 10 million
is not income for tax purpose but is a capital receipt on the grounds that
(a) The amount was voluntarily paid by GOP without any consideration
(a) The company did not ask for the subsidy
(b) Amount received did not arise out of any legal or contractual obligation
(c) The amount is not traceable nor even remotely connected to any source of income
N-2:
An amount of Rs. 200,000 will be added to the cost of the asset due to the depreciation of the
Pakistani Rupee from Rs. 98 to Rs. 100 against the dollar.
Where a person has acquired an asset with a foreign currency loan (repayable in foreign currency)
and before the loan is fully repaid, there is an increase or decrease in the loan liability of the person
in terms of Pakistan rupees, due to a change in the rate of exchange of the foreign currency, the
amount by which the liability has increased or decreased is to be added to or reduced from the cost
of the asset. In other words, the cost of the asset acquired with the foreign currency loan is
recomputed for tax purposes [S.76(5)].

4.5 Consideration received (Sec 77)

Section 77 contains provisions relating to consideration received’ in connection with disposal of
assets. These are described below:
q The consideration received by a person on disposal of an asset shall be the aggregate of:
(i) amount received by the person for asset or the fair market value thereof, whichever
is higher; plus
(ii) the fair market value of any consideration received in kind determined at the time of
disposal.
q If an asset has been lost or destroyed by a person, the consideration received for the asset
shall include any compensation, indemnity or damages received by the person under:
(i) an insurance policy, indemnity or other agreement;
(ii) a settlement; or
(iii) a judicial decision.
q The consideration received for an asset treated as disposed of when applied to personal
use or is discarded or ceased to be used shall be the fair market value of the asset
determined at the time it is applied to personal use or discarded or ceased to be used in
business, as the case may be.
Example: Consideration
Example – Personal computer applied to business use Rs. In ‘000’
Purchase price paid – At the time it was acquired in June 2022 50,000
Fair market value today when applied to business use 35,000
Cost of computer for the purposes of depreciation deduction 35,000
Example – Structural improvement to immovable property (building) applied to Rs. In ‘000’

business use
Purchase price paid – At the time it was acquired in June 2017 500,000
Fair market value today when applied to business use 700,000
Cost of Structural improvement to immovable property (building) for the purposes

of depreciation deduction 700,000
q The consideration received by a scheduled bank, financial institution, modaraba, or leasing

company approved by the Commissioner in respect of an asset leased by the company to
another person shall be the residual value received by the leasing company on maturity of
the lease agreement subject to the condition that the residual value plus the amount realized
during the term of the lease towards the cost of the asset is not less than the original cost of
the asset.
q Where two or more assets are disposed of by a person in a single transaction and the
consideration received for each asset is not specified, the total consideration received by
the person shall be apportioned among the assets disposed of in proportion to their
respective fair market values determined at the time of the transaction.
q The Board may prescribe rules for determination of consideration received for any asset.

Tax Practices

CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Capital gains
Contents
1 Capital gains and capital asset
2 Computation of capital gain
3 Deduction of losses in computing income chargeable under
the head capital gains
4 Capital gain on immoveable property and securities

Tax Practices
1 CAPITAL GAINS AND CAPITAL ASSET

Section overview
n Capital Gain and Basis of Chargeability

n Capital Asset
n Disposal of Asset
1.1 Capital Gain and Basis of Chargeability

As per Section 37 of the Income Tax Ordinance 2001 a gain arising on the disposal of a capital
asset by a person in a tax year, other than a gain that is exempt from tax shall be chargeable to
tax in that year under the head “Capital Gains”.
A person maintaining his books of accounts on cash basis will generally calculate capital gain when
he will receive cash but section 37 categorically says that such income shall be added in the taxable
income of the tax year in which disposal arises (takes place). For example, if disposal takes place
in the tax year 2023 and cash is received in tax year 2024, taxpayer will have to include the gain
in the tax year 2023 although cash is received in tax year 2024.
The understanding of aforesaid provision of law is very much linked with the knowledge of the
following two terms:
q Capital Asset
q Disposal
1.2 Capital Asset

This term is defined in sub-section (5) of section 37 of the Ordinance in the following manner:
Definition: Capital Asset

Capital asset means property of every kind held by a person, whether or not connected with a
business, but does not include:
q any stock-in-trade, consumable stores or raw materials held for the purpose of business;
q any property with respect to which the person is entitled to a depreciation deduction under
section 22 or amortization deduction under section 24; or
q any movable property held for personal use by the person or any member of person’s family
dependent on the person excluding capital assets mentioned under section 38(5) i.e.
painting, sculpture, drawing or other work of art, jewellery, rare manuscript, folio, book,
postage stamp, first day cover, coin, medallion or an antique.
Definition: Bonus shares

Sec 2(9), “bonus shares” includes bonus units in a unit trust
Common examples of capital assets are ordinary shares, right shares, bonus shares, Modaraba
Certificates, Participation Term Certificates, Term Finance Certificates, Musharika Certificates,
PTC Vouchers, goodwill, patent, copyrights etc.
1.3 Disposal of Asset

The legislature intentionally used the word “disposal” and avoided using the words “sale”. The
reason to use this term is that the term “disposal” has a wider connotation than sale. The term
“disposal” has been defined in section 2(18) read with section 75.

Chapter 9: Capital gains
Section 75 says that a person who holds an asset shall be treated as having made a disposal of
the asset at the time the person parts with the ownership of the asset, including when the asset is:
q sold, exchanged, transferred or distributed; or
q cancelled, redeemed, relinquished, destroyed, lost, expired or surrendered.
The transmission of an asset by succession or under a will shall be treated as a disposal of the
asset by the deceased at the time asset is transmitted.
The application of a business asset to personal use shall be treated as a disposal of the asset by
the owner of the asset at the time the asset is so applied.
Where a business asset is discarded or ceases to be used in business, it shall be treated to have
been disposed of.
A disposal shall include the disposal of a part of an asset.
It is important to note that a:
q “Business asset” means an asset held wholly or partly for use in a business, including
stock-in-trade and a depreciable asset; and
q “Personal asset” means an asset held wholly for personal use.

Tax Practices
2 COMPUTATION OF CAPITAL GAIN

Section overview
n Computation of gain/loss on disposal of capital asset

n Determination of cost of capital asset
n Exemption on Capital gain
2.1 Computation of gain/loss on disposal of capital asset

q Capital gain arising on the disposal of a capital asset by a person shall be computed by the
formula:
Capital Gain = A–B
Where:
A is the consideration received on disposal of the asset; and
B is the cost of the asset.
q Gain is taxable under the normal tax regime (NTR). Further, 100% gain will be taxable
even if capital asset has been held by a person for more than one year.
2.2 Determination of cost of capital asset

Sub sections (4) of section 37 the Ordinance explicate the cost of capital asset in two situations
in the following manner:
q No amount shall be included in the cost of a capital asset for any expenditure incurred by a
person:
• that is deductible from income earned under any other head of income; or
• any expenditure which is not a deductible expense under section 21-‘Deductions not
allowed’.
2.3 Exemption on Capital Gain

q As per clause 114B Part I of the Second Schedule, Capital gain is exempt where person is
dependent of Shaheed belonging to Pakistan Armed Forces (PAFs) or a person who dies
during service of PAFs or Federal or Provincial Governments.
q As per clause 9A Part III of the Second Schedule, Capital Gain Tax rates have been reduced
by 50% of the above rates in case of the first sale of immovable property acquired or allotted
to ex-servicemen and serving personnel of Armed Forces or ex-employees or serving
personnel of Federal and Provincial Governments, being original allottees of the immovable
property, duly certified by the allotment authority.
q Moreover, in case of any capital gain arising after completion of three years from date of
acquisition of immoveable property the amount of tax payable shall be reduced by seventy
five percent.

3 DEDUCTION OF LOSSES IN COMPUTING INCOME CHARGEABLE UNDER

THE HEAD CAPITAL GAINS
Section overview
n Deduction of losses
n Treatment of capital loss
3.1 Deduction of losses

Section 38 of the Ordinance stipulates the provisions regarding deduction of losses in computing
the amount chargeable to tax under the head “Capital Gains” is explained as follows;
q Loss sustained on the disposal of another capital asset (capital loss) shall be deducted from
capital gain.
q No loss shall be deducted on the disposal of a capital asset where a gain on the disposal of
such asset would not be chargeable to tax.
q The loss arising on the disposal of a capital asset by a person shall be computed in
accordance with the following formula, namely:
Capital Loss = A – B
Where:
A is the cost of the asset; and
B is the consideration received by the person on disposal of the asset.
q No loss shall be recognized on the disposal of the following capital assets, namely:—
• A painting, sculpture, drawing or other work of art;
• Jewellery;
• A rare manuscript, folio or book;
• A postage stamp or first day cover;
• A coin or medallion; or
• An antique.
In other words, loss on the disposal of the above capital assets shall not be deductible from
capital gain [38(5)(f)].
3.2 Treatment of capital loss

Treatment of ‘adjustment’ and ‘carry forward’ of capital losses is explained in section 59 of the
Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 in the following manner:
A capital loss sustained by a person during a tax year shall not be set-off against income of same
person under any other head of income for the same tax year.
The amount of capital loss which cannot be set-off shall be carried forward up to six tax years
immediately succeeding the tax year for which the loss was first computed.
In the subsequent years, this loss can only be set-off against the capital gain for that tax year.
Where a person has a loss carried forward for more than one tax year, the loss of earliest tax year
shall be set-off first. (Treatment for capital loss been discussed in detail in chapter 11 of this Study
Text)

Tax Practices
4 CAPITAL GAIN ON IMMOVEABLE PROPERTY AND SECURITIES

Section overview
n Capital gain on immoveable property [Section 37(1A)]’

n Taxation on deemed income (Sec 7E)
n Capital gain on sale of securities (Sec 37A)
n Special provision relating to capital gain tax
4.1 Capital gain on immovable property [Section 37(1A)]

A gain arising on the disposal of immoveable property (open plot or constructed property)
situated in Pakistan by a person in a tax year shall be chargeable to tax as separate block on the
basis of holding period as under:
Open Constructed
S.no Holding period Flats
plot property
1. Where holding period does not exceed one year 15% 15% 15%
2. Exceeds one year but does not exceed 2 years 12.5% 10% 7.5%
3. Exceeds 2 years but does not exceed 3 years 10% 7.5% 0%
4. Exceeds 3 years but does not exceed 4 years 7.5% 5% -
5. Exceeds 4 years but does not exceed 5 years 5% 0% -
6. Exceeds 5 years but does not exceed 6 years 2.5% - -
7. Exceeds 6 years 0% -
Purchase of immoveable property in cash (Sec 75A)

In case any immovable property having fair market value (FBR value or DC rate whichever is higher)
greater than five million rupees is purchased in cash, then it will have following implications:
(i) Such amount shall not be treated as cost for computation of any gain on disposal (sale value
will be treated as capital gain)
(ii) Such person shall pay a penalty of 5% of the FBR value or DC rate whichever is higher.
Exercise
On 15 January 2024, Mr.A sold a shop situated in Karachi for Rs. 15,000,000. He had purchased
this shop in July 2023 for Rs. 19,000,000 out of which Rs. 6,000,000 was paid in cash.
Answer
Cash exceeding Rs.5 million will not be considered as cost. Therefore, gain of Rs. 15-13= 2 million
will be chargeable to tax. Mr.A will also have to pay penalty of Rs.6 x 5%= 0.3 million.
Exercise
Mr. B purchased an open plot on 22.09.2023 which cost him Rs.2,000,000. The plot was sold on
25.03.2024 at Rs.8,000,000. Another constructed property was acquired on 05.09.2023 at
Rs.6,000,000 and sold at Rs.12,000,000 on 23.05.2024. Assuming that both properties were
acquired and sold as per value notified by the Board, the capital gain and tax thereon will be
calculated as under:

Answer
As holding period of both plot and constructed property is upto one year, therefore 100% gain will
be taxable @ 15%
Total capital gain Rs.6m+6m = 12,000,000
Tax liability @ 15% = 1,800,000
As total capital gain is more than 10 million but less than 15 million, it will be taxed at 10% and
tax payable will be Rs.120,000
Exercise
Mr. Y purchased an open plot on 22.05.2022 at a cost of Rs.4,000,000. The plot is sold on
25.06.2024 at Rs.7,000,000. Another constructed property is acquired on 08.09.2022 at
Rs.9,000,000 and sold at Rs. 14,000,000 on 25.06.2024. Assuming that both properties were
acquired and sold as per value notified by the Board, the capital gain and tax thereon is calculated
as under:-
Answer
Gain on sale of plot = 7,000,000 - 4,000,000 = Rs.3,000,000
As the holding period of plot is more than two but less than 3 years, it will be taxable @ 10%.
Gain on sale of constructed property = 14,000,000 - 9,000,000 = Rs.5,000,000
As the holding period of the constructed property is more than one but less than 2 years, it will be
taxable @ 10%.
Total capital gain = Rs.3,000,000 + Rs.5,000,000 = Rs.8,000,000
Tax liability @ 10% = 800,000
4.2 Taxation on deemed income (Sec 7E)

q A resident person owning capital assets in Pakistan will be taxed on deemed income
arising from capital assets for tax year 2022 and onwards.
q An exclusionary definition of ‘capital asset’ has been provided, which effectively means that
such tax is leviable only in respect of ‘immovable property’ (e.g. house, any building,
manufacturing plant etc.) situated in Pakistan owned by resident persons.
q Deemed income shall be computed as 5% of the Fair Market Value (as determined by the
FBR under section 68 i.e. FBR Value or DC Rate) of capital assets situated in Pakistan
held on the last day of the tax year.
q The rate of tax on such income is prescribed as 20%. This translates into an effective tax
at 1% of Fair Market Value of capital assets.
q For the purposes of such tax; however, following immovable properties shall stand
excluded from the scope of such tax:
(i) One immovable property owned by the resident person;
(ii) Any property from which income is chargeable to tax under the Ordinance and tax leviable
is paid thereon (for example property subject to rental income):
(iii) Immovable property in the first tax year of acquisition where withholding tax under section
236K has been paid at the time of purchase;
(iv) Where the fair market value of the capital assets in aggregate excluding the capital assets
mentioned in clauses (i) to (iii) above and (v) to (ix) below does not exceed Rs 25 million;
Provided that the exclusins mentioned at clauses (i) to (iv) above shall not apply in case of
a person not appearing in the active taxpayers' list, other than persons who are not required
to file return covered in rule 2 of the Tenth Schedule;

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(v) Self-owned business premises from where the business is carried out by the persons
appearing on the active taxpayers’ list at any time during the year:
(vi) self-owned agriculture land where agriculture activity is carried out by person excluding
farmhouse and land annexed thereto;
Note: Farmhouse means a house constructed on a total minimum area of 2000 square yards
with a minimum covered area of 5000 square feet used as single dwelling unit.
(vii) immovable property allotted to:
(a) a shaheed or dependents of a shaheed belonging to Pakistan Armed Forces.
(b) a person or dependents of the person who dies while in the service of Pakistan
armed forces or Federal or provincial government.
(c) a war wounded person while in service of Pakistan armed forces or Federal or
provincial government or
(viii) an ex-serviceman and serving personnel of armed forces or ex-employees or serving
personnel of Federal and provincial governments, being original allottees of the capital asset
duly certified by the allotment authority; Immovable property owned by a provincial
government or a local government; or
(ix) Immovable property owned by a local authority, a development authority, builders and
developers for land development and construction.
If the tax liability under section 7E is not discharged, then the registrar or the person registering the
transfer is required not to register the transfer of the subject property.
4.3 Capital gain on sale of securities (Sec 37A)

Section 37A of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 and Rules 13A-13N of the Income Tax Rules,
2002 contain provisions regarding taxation of capital gain on sale of securities.
Definitions:
Security
Security means share of a public company, voucher of Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation,
Modaraba Certificate, an instrument of redeemable capital, unit of exchange traded fund, debt
securities and derivative products.
Derivative Products
“Derivative products” means a financial product which derives its value from the underlying security
or other asset, may be traded on stock exchange of Pakistan and includes deliverable future
contracts, cash settled future contracts, contracts of rights and options.
“Debt Securities” means
(a) Corporate Debt Securities such as Term Finance Certificates (TFCs), Sukuk Certificates
(Sharia Compliant Bonds), Registered Bonds, Commercial Papers, Participation Term
Certificates (PTCs) and all kinds of debt instruments issued by any Pakistani or foreign
company or corporation registered in Pakistan; and
(b) Government Debt Securities such as Treasury Bills (T-bills), Federal Investment Bonds (FIBs),
Pakistan Investment Bonds (PIBs), Foreign Currency Bonds, Government Papers, Municipal
Bonds, Infrastructure Bonds and all kinds of debt instruments issued by Federal Government,
Provincial Governments, Local Authorities and other statutory bodies.
The gain arising on the disposal of a security by a person shall be computed in accordance with
the following formula:
Gain = A – B
Where-
A is the consideration received by the person on disposal of the security; and
B is the cost of acquisition of the security.

However, normal tax liability as applicable under section 37 shall apply on disposal of following:
(i) of a listed company made otherwise than through registered stock exchange and which are
not settled through NCCPL;
(ii) through initial public offer during listing process except where the detail of such disposal is
furnished to NCCPL for computation of capital gains and tax thereon under section 37A.
In case of a Market-Based Transaction involving any security, a notional expense equal to 0.5%
of the sale proceeds and 0.5% of the security's cost will be applied instead of actual charges like
brokerage, commission, levy, and other related incidental expenses. This notional deduction,
however, does not apply to open-ended mutual funds' units or future contracts initiated by PMEX
members.
For clarification, a "Market-Based Transaction" refers to a transaction conducted at a registered
stock exchange in Pakistan or on the platform of the National Clearing Company of Pakistan Ltd
(NCCPL).
q Capital gain arising on disposal of securities shall be chargeable to tax at the following
rates:
Tax year 2024 - Where securities acquired on or after 01 July 2022
Rate of Tax for

Holding period
active taxpayers
Less than one year 15%
More than one year but less than two years 12.5%
More than two years but less than three years 10%
More than three years but less than four years 7.5%
More than four years but less than five years 5%
More than five year but less than six years 2.5%
More than 6 years 0%
Tax year 2024 - Where securities acquired between 01 July 2013 to 30 June 2022
Rate of Tax for

Holding period
active taxpayers
Irrespective of the holding period 12.5%
Tax year 2024 - Where securities acquired before 01 July 2013
Rate of Tax for

Holding period
active taxpayers
Irrespective of the holding period 0%
Capital gain rate for future commodity contracts entered into by members of Pakistan Mercantile
Exchange will be 5% regardless of date of acquisition.
Gain on disposal of immovable property and securities shall be treated as a separate block of
income and taxable at above respective prescribed tax rates.
q On the other hand, gain on disposal of capital assets will be added to the normal income of
the taxpayer and taxable on the basis of the tax rates applicable to such person.
q The holding period shall reckon from the date of acquisition to the date of disposal.
q Capital gain arising on the disposal of any security shall be computed on the basis of First
in First out (FIFO) inventory accounting method. However, FIFO method shall not apply in
respect of sale of shares purchased on the same trading day. In that case gain or loss shall
be computed by applying the average method.

Tax Practices
q Loss sustained by a person on disposal of securities shall be set off only against the gain of
the person from disposal of any other securities chargeable. Such loss from tax year 2019
can only be carried forward upto three tax years immediately succeeding the tax year for
which the loss was first computed.
Capital loss adjustment disallowed (Rule 13 F)

Capital loss adjustment as mentioned above shall not be admissible in the following cases, namely
Wash Sale
Where capital loss realized on disposal of a specific security by an investor is preceded or followed
in one month’s period by purchase of the same security by the same investor or its related parties,
thus maintaining his portfolio.
Cross Trade
Where coordinated reshuffle of securities between two related accounts of the same investor or
between two related brokerage houses is undertaken and securities accumulating unrealized losses
are sold to related accounts to artificially realize capital losses in one account without actually selling
the securities to an outsider.
Tax Swap sale
Where the investor having realized loss on a particular security does not repurchase the same
security but chooses another similar security in the same sector thus not only minimizing or
eliminating altogether liability on account of tax on capital gain, but also maintaining the portfolio
broadly at the same risk return profile.
The above provisions shall not apply to a banking company or an insurance company.
Payment of tax on capital gain (Rule 13H)
Every investor shall calculate tax on capital gain arising on securities held for a period upto six
months, and above six months to one year, after the end of each tax year at the prescribed rates.
Every investor other than individual shall e-file statement of advance tax on capital gain on the
prescribed format within seven days after the end of each quarter with the tax authority.
The liability to pay the due tax on capital gain shall lie on the investor who held the securities during
the period for which tax on capital gain is to be paid.
4.3 Special provision relating to capital gain tax

q Capital gains on disposal of listed securities and tax thereon shall be computed, determined,
collected and deposited in accordance with the provisions of section 37A read with rules laid
down in the Eighth Schedule.
q Provisions of section 37A and Eight Schedule of the Income Tax Ordinance,2001 shall not
apply to the following persons, namely:
• a banking company
• an insurance company
Exercise
Briefly explain the income tax implications in respect of each of the following independent
situations for the tax year 2024
(i) 1 January 2024: Ilyas entered into a contract for the sale of his 250 Square Yards plot in
Islamabad to Mr. Sohail for a consideration of Rs. 50,000,000. Sohail paid Rs. 5,000,000 at
the time of the contract for sale. However, he failed to pay the balance of the amount by 30
April 2024 and Ilyas forfeited the Rs. 5,000,000 in accordance with the terms of the contract.
Subsequently, the plot was sold for Rs. 49,000,000 to Mr Mumtaz on 30 June 2024. Ilyas
had inherited the house on 25 June 2018, on which date the fair market value of the plot
was estimated at Rs. 45,000,000 . His father had originally purchased the plot for
Rs.39,000,000 in 1 July 2001.

(ii) 15 February 2024 Bilal discarded a machine which he had imported from China for Rs.
1,000,000 on 1 January 2024 to start the business. However, the machine was badly
damaged during the shipment, rendering it unfit for use. The shipping company paid him Rs.
850,000 as damages. The scrap value of the machine on the date it was discarded was
estimated to be Rs. 200,000. The documentation charges incurred in connection with the
claim for damages were Rs. 25,000
(iii) On March 01, 2024 Mr. Aleem sold 10,000 shares in Pakistan Telecommunication Limited,
a company listed on Karachi Stock Exchange for Rs. 300,000. He had purchased these shares
on July 01, 2023 for Rs. 200,000. Brokerage and other expenses on sale transaction were
Rs. 1,500. Mr. Aleem is a in the active taxpayers list under the Income tax Law.
The disposal is made otherwise than through registered stock exchange and which are not
settled through NCCPL.
How tax would be changed if Mr Saleem disposed these share through registered stock
exchange and which are settled through NCCPL?
(iv) On June 15, 2024 Imran sold his personal car for Rs. 1,500,000. The car has been originally
purchased for Rs. 1,200,000 on September 13, 2021.
(v) Mr. Salman sold his antique watch for Rs. 150,000 in tax year 2024. The watch had been
gifted to him by his mother back in 2010. Its fair market value at the time of gift was Rs.
250,000. His mother originally purchased the watch for Rs.50,000.
Answer
(i) Transaction with Mr. Sohail
The amount of Rs. 5,000,000 forfeited by Ilyas in accordance with the terms of the contract
for the sale of his plot to Sohail is to be treated as rent received [s.15(2)] and taxed under the
head Income from Property.
Transaction with Mr. Mumtaz
Consideration for the sale of the plot on 30 June 2024 49,000,000
Cost on 25 June 2018, the date of inheritance by (39,000,000)
Capital gains 10,000,000
Capital gain on disposal of plot after six years 10 m x 0 = 0
(ii) Disposal of machine

Since Bilal was not entitled to claim depreciation on this machine, the machine falls within
the definition of a capital asset. [S.37(5)(b)] Discarding an asset is also treated as a disposal
of the asset. [S.75(3A)] The capital gain is determined as:
Consideration received 15 February 2024
Rs.
Damages from the shipping company
850,000
Scrap value of the machine 200,000
1,050,000
Cost of the machine on 1 January 2024
Purchase price of the machine 1,000,000
Documentation charges incurred 25,000
(1,025,000)
Capital gain 25,000

Tax Practices
Full amount of capital gain is taxable. [S.37(3)]

(iii) Sale of shares [Public Ltd. Company] Rs.
Consideration received 300,000
Less Cost: Original cost (200,000)
Brokerage & Commission (1,500)
Capital Gain 98,500
Although it is a public company but disposal is made otherwise than through registered
stock exchange and which are not settled through NCCPL.
However, if disposal is made through registered stock exchange and which are settled through
NCCPL then the gain shall be computer as follows:
Consideration received 300,000
Less Cost: Original cost (200,000)
Notional Expenses @0.5% of Purchase and cost price (2,500)
Capital Gain 97,500
The above capital gain is taxed at the rate of 15% as a separate block of income as security
was acquired after 1 July 2022 and disposed of within one year.
(iv) Sale of personal car
A moveable asset in the personal use of the taxpayer is not a capital asset. Capital receipts
are exempt from taxation unless the government chooses to tax them. Since personal assets,
such as cars, are not subject to taxation under the law, they also fall under the exempt
category.
(v) Antique
The gain shall be calculated as follows:
Sale price of antique watch 150,000
Less: Cost of his mother (gifted) Ref: Sec 79(3)(b) (50,000)
Capital gains 100,000
Exercise
Mr. Mobeen owns different assets. The detail of these assets along with mode and value of
acquisition and nature of transactions is as under:
q On 15 June, 2024, Mr. Mobeen sold 5,000 shares of M/s ABC (Pvt.) Limited for a sum of Rs.
625,000. These shares were gifted to him by his friend on 13 September, 2023 on which
date the fair market value of the shares was Rs 525,000. His friend has originally purchased
these shares in tax year 2020 for a sum of Rs 500,000.
q Mr. Mobeen has also 10,000 shares of XYZ Limited, a listed company, which were
transferred to him through inheritance from father date to be specified 01/07/2023. His
father was original allottee of these shares at Rs.10 per share. FMV of these shares at the
time of inheritance was Rs. 12 per share. Mr. Mobeen sold 2,000 shares out of them at Rs.
30,000 on 30 January 2024 through NCCPL. The break-up value of these shares as per
balance sheet of the company was Rs. 15 per share; however, the price ruling in the market
on the date of sale was Rs. 20 per share. Ignore notional cost.
q Mr. Mobeen has also paid a sum of Rs. 60,000 for purchase of dining table set on 15 January
2010 for his personal use. He sold the said set to Mr. Gufran for a sum of Rs. 90,000 on 27
June, 2024.
q Mr. Mobeen also has a habit of collection of postage stamps. His collection includes 2,000
stamps of different countries and occasions. He collected these stamps in many years. The
cost of these stamps aggregates to Rs. 275,000. However, due to paucity of space in the
home, he is not able to continue this habit therefore he sold these stamps for a sum of
Rs.740,000 in a stamp exhibition.
You are required to compute the taxable income and tax liability of Mr. Mobeen for tax year 2024?

Answer
MR MOBEEN
TAX YEAR 2024
STATUS: RESIDENT PERSON
Taxable
Particulars Consideration Cost Gain Remarks
Gain
Capital Gains
Sales of 625,000 525,000 100,000 100,000 For assets acquired by gift from
shares relatives (there is no
acquisition cost for the person
acquiring the asset), the
original cost of the transferor at
the time of its acquisition is
treated to be the cost of the
asset [(Ref: Sec 79 (3)(b)].
Since friends do not fall under
the category of relatives, the
fair market value should be
considered, which is the same
value at which his friend was
taxed during the disposal.
Sale of 40,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 U/s 37A, any gain on disposal
Inherited of securities through NCCPL
listed shares acquired after 01 July 2022 is
taxable as separate block of
income@ 15%. Assuming him
as in the list of ATL under the
Income tax Law.
Sale of dining 90,000 60,000 30,000 Nil Any movable property for
table set personal use, except for
painting, sculpture, drawing,
jewellery, rare manuscript,
folio, book, postage stamps,
first day cover, coin, medallion
or an antique, is not chargeable
to tax.
Sale 740,000 275,000 465,000 465,000 No loss is recognizable on sale
consideration of stamps; however, any gain is
of postage fully taxable.
stamps
Total Capital Gain 610,000
Tax on capital gain (without Nil Rs. 590,000 taxable at normal
listed securities taxable as tax rates applicable to
SBI) business. The tax rate for non-
salaried individual up to
Listed Securities CG 20,000 Rs.600,000 is 0%, so it is
3,000 exempt from tax.
@ 15%
Total Tax 3,000

Tax Practices

10
CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Income from other sources
Contents
1 Description
2 Admissible deductions

Tax Practices
1 DESCRIPTION
Section overview
n Introduction to the ‘income from other sources

n Scope, basis of chargeability and contents
n Important aspects of taxability
n Special provisions relating to different incomes covered under income from other sources
1.1 Introduction to the ‘income from other sources

This is a residuary head of income, all kinds of income, which are not covered within the ambit of
other heads of income, are covered under this head of income. Section 39 of the Ordinance
elaborates its scope in the following manner:
1.2 Scope, basis of chargeability and contents

q Income of every kind received by a person in a tax year, if it is not included in any other
heading, other than income exempt from tax under this Ordinance, shall be chargeable to
tax in that year under the heading “Income from Other Sources.
q As may be seen from above, income from other sources is chargeable to tax on ‘receipt
basis’. Thus, any income from other sources which is accrued for a tax year but is not
received is not chargeable in that tax year.
q Income from other sources may include the following namely:
(i) Dividend
(ii) Royalty;
(iii) Profit on debt;
(iv) Additional payment on delayed refund under any tax law;
(v) Ground rent;
(vi) Rent from the sub-lease of land or a building;
(vii) Income from the lease of any building together with plant or machinery;
(viii) Income from provision of amenities, utilities or any other service connected with
renting of building;
(ix) Income deemed u/s 111- unexplained assets or income;
(x) Any annuity or pension;
(xi) Any prize bond, or winnings from a raffle, lottery, prize on winning a quiz or cross-
word puzzle;
(xii) Any other amount received as consideration for the provision, use or exploitation of
property, including from the grant of a right to explore for, or exploit, natural resources;
(xiii) The fair market value of any benefit, whether convertible to money or not, received in
connection with the provision, use or exploitation of property; and,
(xiv) Any amount received by a person as consideration for vacating the possession of a
building or part thereof, reduced by any amount paid by the person to acquire
possession of such building or part thereof. This income shall be taxable in 10 years
from the year of receipt in equal proportion.
(xv) Any amount received by a person from Approved Income Payment Plan or Approved
Annuity Plan under Voluntary Pension System Rules, 2005.

Chapter 10: Income from other sources
(xvi) any amount or fair market value of any property received without consideration or
received as gift, other than gift received from: an ancestor, a descendant of any of the
grandparents, or an adopted child, of the individual, or of a spouse of the individual or
a spouse of the individual or of any person specified above.
Note 1: Any gift received in cash even from above persons will be taxable under IFOS.
(xvii) Any amount received as a loan, advance, deposit for issuance of shares or gift by a
person in a tax year from another person other than a banking company or financial
institution or not through a crossed cheque drawn on a bank or a banking channel or
not from a person holding a National Tax Number. However, advance for the sale of
goods or supply of services is outside the scope of this clause.
(xviii) Income arising to the shareholder of a company, from the issuance of bonus shares
q Where any profit on debt derived from National Savings Deposit Certificate including DSCs
is paid to a person in arrears and as a result his income is chargeable to higher rate of tax
than would have been applicable if the amount had been paid in the tax year to which it
relates, he may by a notice in writing to the Commissioner by the due date for furnishing
persons return of income, elect for the amount to be taxed at the rates that would have been
applicable if the amount had been paid in the tax year to which it relates.
1.3 Important aspects of taxability

Income, which does not fall under any other head of income, would fall within this heading of
income. Therefore, the kinds of income elaborated above from (i) to (xviii) if fall within any other
head of income, then the same may not be included again under this head of income. For example,
sole business of the banks is earning profit on debt and it is therefore, classified as “income from
business” in their hands, hence, the said income cannot be classified as “Income from other
sources” again. Section 39(5) of the Ordinance therefore, specifically inserted to clarify this position
and the said section stipulates that:
Therefore, it is imperative to decide the classification of an income under a specific head of income
after considering the scope of activities of the taxpayer.
For example: The sole business of a company is to manage its investment in different subsidiaries
of a group. Then the ultimate income of the said company would be dividend income and capital
gains from sale of shares. The income of the company from dividends then would be chargeable
to tax under the head income from business and not under the head income from other sources.
However, on the other hand, in case a manufacturing company earns dividend income in addition
to income arising from sale of manufactured goods, then the said dividend income would be
chargeable to tax under the head income from other sources.
1.4 Special provisions relating to different incomes covered under income from other
sources
Now we will discuss the key aforesaid incomes and their manner of taxation one by one in the
ensuing paragraphs:
1.4.1 Dividend
Dividend income is generally taxable under final tax regime in respect of all taxpayers
including companies.
Definition: Section 2(19) “Dividend” includes —

any distribution by a company of accumulated profits to its shareholders, whether
capitalised or not, if such distribution entails the release by the company to its
shareholders of all or any part of the assets including money of the company;
(i). any distribution by a company, to its shareholders of debentures, debenture-
stock or deposit certificate in any form, whether with or without profit, to the
extent to which the company possesses accumulated profits whether capitalised
or not;

Tax Practices
(ii). any distribution made to the shareholders of a company on its liquidation, to the
extent to which the distribution is attributable to the accumulated profits of the
company immediately before its liquidation, whether capitalised or not; any
distribution by a company to its shareholders on the reduction of its capital, to
the extent to which the company possesses accumulated profits, whether such
accumulated profits have been capitalised or not; any payment by a private
company as defined in the Companies Act, 2017 or trust of any sum (whether as
representing a part of the assets of the company or trust, or otherwise) by way of
advance or loan to a shareholder or any payment by any such company or trust
on behalf, or for the individual benefit, of any such shareholder, to the extent to
which the company or trust, in either case, possesses accumulated profits; but
does not include —
(iii). a distribution made in accordance with sub-clause (c) or (d) in respect of any
share for full cash consideration, or redemption of debentures or debenture
stock, where the holder of the share or debenture is not entitled in the event of
liquidation to participate in the surplus assets;
(iv). any advance or loan made to a shareholder by a company in the ordinary course
of its business, where the lending of money is a substantial part of the business
of the company;
(v). any dividend paid by a company which is set off by the company against the
whole or any part of any sum previously paid by it and treated as a dividend within
the meaning of sub-clause (e) to the extent to which it is so set off; or
(vi). remittance of after tax profit by a branch of Petroleum Exploration and
Production (E&P) foreign company, operating in Pakistan.
(vii). remittance of after tax profit of a branch of a foreign company operating in
Pakistan;
Exercise
Mr.Mobeen declared the following particulars:
q Income from salary Rs. 1,750,000.
q Received a dividend warrant of Rs. 19,500 from a listed company. The amount is net of
income tax @ 15% and Zakat of Rs.500.
You are required to compute the taxable income and tax liability of Mr. Mobeen.
Answer
MR. MOBEEN
STATUS: RESIDENT PERSON
Gross Tax
Particulars Taxable Remarks
amount liability
Salary 1,750,000 1,749,500 83,687 As a salaried case tax is calculated
income (1,750,000-500) as:
Rs.83,687= 15,000 + 12.5% x
(1,749,500 -1,200,000)
Income from other source:
Dividend 23,530 23,530 3,530 Taxable income: Amount before
income Zakat deduction (19,500 + 500 =
20,000) grossed up 20,000/85 =
23,530
Tax liability is Rs. 3,530 =15% x
23,530

1.4.2 Profit on debt

The term profit on debt is defined in section 2(46) of the Ordinance in the following
manner:
Definition: Profit on debt

q any profit, yield, interest, discount, premium or other amount, owing under a debt,
other than a return of capital; or
q any service fee or other charge in respect of a debt, including any fee or charge
incurred in respect of a credit facility which has not been utilized;
This definition not only explains the term for the recognition of income but it also gives
the basis of ascertaining the nature of profit on debt as “admissible expenditure”. We
already clarified the basis for taxation of profit on debt with the example of a bank; the
same matter is elucidated in section 18 in the following manner:
q Any profit on debt derived by a person where the person’s business is to derive
such income shall be chargeable to tax under the head “Income from Business”
and not under the head “Income from Other Sources”.
q Where a lessor, being a scheduled bank or an investment bank or a development
finance institution or a modaraba or a leasing company has leased out any asset,
whether owned by it or not, to another person, any amount paid or payable by the
said person in connection with the lease of said asset shall be treated as the
income of the said lessor and shall be chargeable to tax under the head “Income
from Business”.
q Any amount received by a banking company or a non-banking finance company,
where such amount represents distribution by a mutual fund or a Private Equity
and Venture Capital Fund out of its income from profit on debt, shall be chargeable
to tax under the head “Income from Business” and not under the head “Income
from Other Sources”.
The aforesaid provisions of law only specify head of income under which certain types of
income would be assessed and subsequently subjected to tax. However, except in case
of a company, profit on debt is covered within final tax regime as contained in section
169 read with section 151 of the Income Tax Ordinance 2001. Such income would not
be included in any head of income.
For Individuals and AOP’s
i. Profit on debt upto Rs. 5 million is taxable as separate block @ 15% under section 7B if
received from prescribed persons mentioned in section 151(1) i.e. from banks, any
government, national saving scheme etc.
ii. Any profit on debt exceeding Rs. 5 million would be taxable under normal tax regime under
the head income from other source at applicable slab rates.
• The withholding agents shall deduct tax at the rate of 15% of the yield for non-
corporate taxpayers.
• Payment on account of interest on loan through loan agreement is not subject to tax
deduction and therefore the same is taxable under the normal tax regime in case of all
persons (individual, AOP, Company) under the head income from other source.
• Similarly, in case of individual, profit on debt on behbood saving certificates/pensioners
benefit account is taxable under NTR with maximum tax rate @ 5%.
1.4.3 Some examples of amounts covered under income from other sources
Following are examples of some amounts which are covered under the head of income
from other sources and are part of syllabus:
q Rent from the sub-lease of land or a building

Tax Practices
An arrangement in which a lessee of land or a building, against an agreed rent,

sub-leases the said land or building.
q Income from provision of amenities, utilities or any other service connected with
renting of building.
q An amount received as consideration for vacating the possession of building or
part thereof, reduced by any amount paid by the person to acquire possession of
such building or part thereof. The amount so received shall be chargeable to tax
under the head “Income from Other Sources” in the tax year in which it was
received and the following nine tax years in equal proportion.

2 ADMISSIBLE DEDUCTIONS
Section overview
n Admissible deductions
2.1 Admissible deductions

q In computing the income under the head "Income from Other Sources", the following
allowances and deductions shall be made, namely:
(i) Any expenditure paid for earning Income from Other Sources other than expenditure
of capital nature. It is important to note that as the basis of chargeability of income
from other sources is ‘receipt basis’, therefore the basis for allow ability of deductions
is ‘paid basis’.
(ii) In the case of profit on debt not falling under final tax regime, any Zakat paid (at the
time of receipt of profit) by the person under Zakat & Usher Ordinance, 1980.
(iii) In the case of income from sub-lease of land or a building or from lease of building
together with machinery or plant, deduction for depreciation on plant, machinery and
building u/s 22 and initial allowance on plant and machinery only u/s 23.
q No deduction is allowable to a person under this head to the extent that the expenditure is
deductible in computing the income of the person under another head of income.
q The provisions of section 21 - Deductions not allowed shall apply in determining the
deductions allowed to a person under this head in the same manner as they apply in
determining the deductions allowed in computing the income of the person under the head
"Income from Business".
q Expenditure is of a capital nature if it has a normal useful life of more than one year.
Exercise
On 13 September 2023, Azhar purchased a building which had been previously used as a factory
in the Sundar Industrial Estate for Rs. 5,000,000 and installed in the building an item of second
hand plant previously used in Pakistan, costing Rs. 3,000,000. Azhar leased the Sundar property
consisting of the building together with the plant on 1 January 2024 to Mr. Atif for a composite
rent of Rs. 400,000 per month payable in advance.
Azhar is also the owner of a residential building in Gulberg which was let out to Beta Limited on 1
August 2023 for a monthly rent of Rs. 250,000. Rent for the two years was received in advance
on 1 August 2023 after deduction of tax at the prescribed rate.
Following expenses were incurred by Azhar on the two properties during the tax year 2024:
Description Sundar Industries Gulberg
Repair to building 140,000 63,000
Repair to plant 50,000 -
Rent Collection charges 5,000 5,000
Insurance 48,000 20,000
Total 243,000 88,000
Required:
Please calculate Mr. Azhar's taxable income for the tax year 2024, considering the relevant head
of income, and provide explanations regarding how both properties are treated for taxation?

Tax Practices
MR. AZHAR
TAX YEAR: 2024
Head of income
Description Note Other Source Income from
Property
Rent (400,000x 6)/(250,000x11) 1&2 2,400,000 2,750,000
Less: Deductions
Repair to building/allowance 3 140,000 550,000
Repair to plant 50,000 -
Rent Collection Charges 5,000 5,000
Insurance 48,000 20,000
Depreciation: Plant 4 450,000

Building 500,000
1,193,000
Taxable income (3,382,000) 1,207,000 2,175,000
Notes:
N-1: Rent received in advance
Rent is not chargeable to tax on receipt basis. Rent relating to a tax year, whether Received or
receivable, is chargeable to tax in that tax year. Therefore, rent received in advance amounting to
Rs.3,000,000 (250,000x 12) will be charged to tax in the tax year (TY 2025) to which in relates.
N-2: Income from lease of building with plant
A composite rent of Rs. 2,400,000 (400,000x6) was received as consideration for the lease of the
Sundar Industrial property consisting of building together with the plant installed in the building.
Such income after permissible deductions is chargeable to tax as "Income from Other Sources" of
the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001. Further all the Expenditure incurred in deriving such expense
(along with depreciation and initial allowance) will be allowed.
N-3: Repair expense/allowance
In case of income from other source, actual expense incurred will be allowed as deduction, whereas
in case of income from property, 1/5th repair allowance will be allowed.
N-4: Depreciation for full year computed as the assets are already in use and brought forward.
Building Plant
Cost 5,000,000 3,000,000
Rate of depreciation 10% 15%
Total 500,000 450,000

11
CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Losses, deductible allowances, tax

credits and exemptions
Contents
1 Treatment of losses
2 Deductible allowances and tax credits
3 Exemptions and tax concessions

Tax Practices
1 TREATMENT OF LOSSES
Section overview
n Set-off of losses
1.1 Set-off of losses

While computing income of a person under a head of income, if the total deductions allowed to a
person under the head exceed the total amounts chargeable to the person under that head, then
the said person is said to have sustained a loss under the said head of income.
The income tax law includes comprehensive provisions which stipulate the mechanism for
adjustment of the loss under a head against the income under other heads of income and against
the income for the ensuing years. Sections 56 to 58 of the Ordinance deal with this issue and the
said sections are discussed below:
Set-off of losses (Sec 56)
q If a person sustains a loss under any head of income in a tax year, the same can be set-off
against the income from any other head of income except for “income under the heads
‘salary’ ’. For example, a business loss can be set-off against income under the head
“Income from other source” or any other head of income. However, the following are
exception to the said rule:
(i) Loss in speculation business cannot be set-off against any other income.
(ii) Capital loss cannot be set-off against any other income.
(iii) Losses cannot be adjusted against FTR (Final Tax Regime) income, and losses
will not be incurred on FTR income..
(iv) Loss in a case where the income would have been an exempt income e.g. loss of
agriculture income cannot be set-off against any taxable income.
q No loss except loss under the head “Income from Business” (including income from
speculation business) and “Capital gain” can be carried forward.
q If a person sustains loss under the head “Income from Business” in addition to loss under
any other head, the loss under the head “Income from Business” shall be set-off last.
Exercise:
For tax year 2024, taxable income/(loss) of Mr. Bilal under various heads of income is as follows:
Rs.
Salary 500,000
Dividend Income 125,000
Income from property 250,000
Income from business 300,000
Loss from capital gain 100,000
Loss from income from other source 100,000
Loss from speculation business 100,000
Required:
Calculate the total income of Mr. Bilal after making adjustment of losses and income under
keeping in view the provisions of Income Tax Ordinance, 2001? You are also requested to support
your answer with explanations?

Chapter 11: Losses, deductible allowances, tax credits and exemptions
Answer
Note Amount
Income from salary 1 500,000
Income from property 2 250,000
Income from business 3 200,000
Loss from speculation and capital gain 4 -
Dividend Income 5 -
Total income under NTR 950,000
Note 1
No loss is allowed to be adjusted against income from salary
Note 2
Income from property is chargeable to tax under normal tax regime
Note 3
Income from business amounting to Rs. 300,000 will be adjusted against loss under the head
income from other source amounting to Rs. 100,000.
Note 4
Loss from speculation business and capital gain will be carried forward. These losses cannot be set-
off against any other head of income. However, it is pertinent to mention here that although
speculation losses and capital gain losses cannot be set-off against income in any other head but
vice versa is not prohibited. For instance, loss under the head income from business can be set-off
against any profit of speculation business in the same tax year.
Note 5
Dividend Income is chargeable to tax under section 5 on the gross amount. No loss is allowed to be
adjusted.
Carry forward of business losses (Sec 57)

q If business loss (other than depreciation, amortization and speculation loss) sustained in a
tax year cannot be fully set-off in that year with income under any other head, it can be
carried forward to subsequent tax years.
q In subsequent years, this loss can only be set-off against the person’s income under the
head “Income from Business”.
q No loss shall be carried forward to more than six tax years immediately succeeding the tax
year in which the loss was first computed. If a person has a business loss carried forward
for more than one tax years, the loss of earliest tax year shall be set-off first.
q Where a loss, referred above relating to a tax year commencing on or after the First day, of
July, 2020 is sustained by a resident company engaged in the hotel business in Pakistan
the said loss shall be carried forward for a period of eight years.
q The loss attributable to deductions allowed under depreciation, initial allowance, first year
allowance, accelerated depreciation and amortisation that has not been set off against
income, shall be set off against 50% of the person's balance income chargeable under the
head "income from business" in the following tax year, after setting off loss under the head
“income from business” and so on until completely set off. Such loss shall be set off against
100% of the said balance income if the taxable income for the year is less than Rs. 10 million.
q While computing person’s taxable income, the deductions available for depreciation, initial
depreciation, first year allowance, accelerated depreciation and amortisation shall be taken
into account last.

Tax Practices
Exercise:
The business loss of a company for a tax year amounts to Rs. 900 million arrived at as follows:
Rs. Million
Gross Revenue 2,000
Less Expenses:
Tax depreciation 100
Initial Allowance 200
Amortization of intangibles 100
Other deductions 2,500
Business loss for the year (900)
Required:
Calculate the business loss and depreciation/amortization loss. Also mention the number of years
for which the said loss can be carried forward.
Answer
The tax loss of Rs. 900 million will be considered as made up of Rs. 100 million on account of
depreciation, Rs. 200 million on account of initial allowance, Rs. 100 million on account of
amortization of intangibles and the balance amount of Rs. 500 million on account of other
deductions. Accordingly, tax loss of Rs. 900 million will be carried forward as follows:
On account of: Rs. In "Million"
Depreciation + initial allowance + amortization 400
Business loss 500
900
Loss under the head income from business can be carried forward for a maximum period of six
years immediately succeeding the tax year in which it was first computed.
Depreciation, initial allowance and amortization loss not set off shall be set off against 50% of the
person's balance income chargeable under the head "income from business" after setting off
business loss, in the following tax year and so on until completely set off. Such loss shall be set off
against 100% of the said balance income if the taxable income for the year is less than Rs. 10
million.
Carry forward of speculation business losses (Sec 58)

q If a person sustains a loss in a tax year from any speculation business (as defined in section
19), he can set off such loss only against profits of any other speculation business carried
on by him during the same tax year.
q If any loss cannot be so set-off, either wholly or partly, such portion of loss can be carried
forward up to six tax years immediately succeeding the tax year in which it was sustained.
q In the subsequent years too, the speculation loss can be set-off against income of any
speculation business only. It means that loss from speculation business cannot be adjusted
against income under any other head.
q If a person has a speculation loss carried forward for more than one tax years, the loss of
earliest tax year shall be set-off first.
Carry forward of capital losses (Sec 59)
q A capital loss sustained by a person during a tax year cannot be set-off against income of
that person under any other head of income, for that tax year.

q The amount of capital loss which cannot be set-off shall be carried forward up to six tax
years immediately succeeding the tax year in which the loss was sustained.
q In the subsequent years too, capital loss can be set-off against capital gain only. It means
that capital loss cannot be adjusted against income under any other head.
q If a person has a capital loss carried forward for more than one tax year, the loss of earliest
tax year shall be set-off first
Limitations on set off and carry forward of losses (Sec 59A)
q An AOP whose profits are chargeable to tax under Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 shall be
entitled to a set off or carry forward and set-off any loss of AOP against the income of AOP
in the manner explained above.
q Any members of an AOP shall not be entitled to set off or carried forward and set off loss of
AOP against his income.
q Any person who has succeeded in the business of another person otherwise than by
inheritance, shall not be entitled to set off or carry forward and set off loss of predecessor.
q Subject to sub-section (4) of section 57, sub-section (12) of section 22 and sub-section (6),
where in computing the taxable income for any tax year, full effect cannot be given to the
loss relating to deductions of depreciation, initial depreciation, first year allowance,
accelerated depreciation and amortisation allowed owing to there being no profits or gains
chargeable for that year or such profits or gains as mentioned in sub-section (4) of section
57, being less than the said loss, the loss or part of the loss, as the case may be, shall be
set off against 50% of the person’s income chargeable under the head “income from
business” for the following year or if there is no “income from business” for that year, be set
off against 50% of the person’s income chargeable under the head “income from business”
for the next following year and so on for succeeding years. Business loss, speculation loss
and capital loss cannot be carried forward and set off unless these are determined by an
order made or treated as made under sections 120, 121 or 122 of the Income Tax Ordinance,
2001.

Tax Practices
2 DEDUCTIBLE ALLOWANCES AND TAX CREDITS

Section overview
n Deductible allowances
n Tax credits
2.1 Deductible allowances

As discussed in Chapter 4, according to section 9 of the Income Tax Ordinance 2001, taxable
income of a person for a tax year shall be the total income other than exempt income of the person
reduced (but not below zero) by the sum of any deductible allowances of the person for that tax
year.
As per sections 60, 60A, 60B, 60C and 60D of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, a person is entitled
to following deductible allowances
(i) Zakat
(ii) Workers’ welfare fund
(iii) Workers’ participation fund
(iv) Education expenses
These deductible allowances are discussed in chapter 4 of this study text.
2.2 Tax credits

While computing the tax liability of a person, the person may be allowed to reduce certain amounts
from the gross amount of his tax liability on fulfilment of certain conditions. These reductions are
termed as ‘tax credits’.
If at the time of calculating income tax payable, a person has more than one type of tax credits
available, these tax credits shall be applied in the following order:
(i) Foreign tax credit (will be discussed in chapter 13 of this study text.)
(ii) Tax credit on donations, investment, etc.,
(iii) Quarterly advance tax and tax deducted/collected at source
Following are the tax credits available under Part X Chapter III of the Ordinance, for;
q Charitable donations (Sec 61)
q Contribution to approved pension fund (Sec 63)
q Certain person (Sec 65F)
q Specified industrial undertakings (Sec 65G)
q Point of sale machines (Sec 64D)
Now we discuss them one by one hereunder:
Charitable donations, voluntary contribution and subscription (Sec 61)
A person is entitled to a tax credit in respect of any sum paid, or any property given by the person
in the tax year as a donation, voluntary contribution or subscription to:
¯ any board of education or any university in Pakistan established by, or under, a Federal or
a Provincial law;
¯ any educational institution, hospital or relief fund established or run in Pakistan by Federal
Government or a Provincial Government or a local Government; or
¯ any non-profit organization or any person eligible for tax credit under section 100C of the
ITO, 2001.

¯ Entities, organizations and funds mentioned in the thirteenth (13th) schedule

¯ Note: No deductible allowance is now allowed on donation paid to any second schedule
institution. All those institutions previously mentioned in second schedule have now been
consolidated in new schedule namely thirteenth (13th) schedule. Donation made to these
entities would now entitle the donor for a tax credit.
q The amount of a person’s tax credit allowed for a tax year shall be computed according to
the following formula, namely:
Tax Credit = (A/B) x C
Where:
A is the amount of tax assessed to the person for the tax year before allowance of
any tax credit
B is the person’s taxable income for the tax year; and
C is the lesser of:
a) the total amount of the person’s donations including the fair market value of
any property given; or
b) where the person is:
- an individual or association of persons, 30% of the taxable income of
the person for the year; or
- a company, 20% of the taxable income of the person for the year.
Provided that where any sum is paid or any property is given to an associate by a
donor, clause (b) of component C shall be, in the case of—
i. an individual or association of persons, 15% of the taxable income of the
person for the year; or
ii. a company, 10% of the taxable income of the person for the year.
q The fair market value of any property given as donation shall be determined at the time it is
given.
q An amount paid by a person as a donation shall be taken into account only if it is paid by a
crossed cheque drawn on a bank.
Exercise
Mr. Hamza made a total contribution of Rs. 150,000 as donation to an approved institution
mentioned in 13th schedule. His total income from business during the tax year 2024 is
Rs.1,800,000. Calculate Hamza’s taxable income and tax liability?
Answer
(a)
In this case donation will be allowed as tax credit:
Tax liability
Rs.75,000 + [(1,800,000 – 1,200,000) x 20%] 195,000
Gross Tax 195,000 A
Eligible amount for tax credit- W-1 (Rs.150,000)
Tax credit (195,000/1,800,000 x 150,000) (16,250) B
Tax liability for the year 178,750 A-B
W-1
Amount of charitable donations (1) 150,000
30% of taxable income (2) 495,000
Eligible amount lower of 1 or 2 150,000

Tax Practices
Contribution to an Approved Pension Fund (Sec 63)

q An eligible person as defined in sub-section (19A) of section 2 deriving income chargeable
to tax under the head “Salary” or the head “Income from Business” shall be entitled to a tax
credit for a tax year in respect of any contribution or premium paid in the year by the person
in approved pension fund under the Voluntary Pension System Rules, 2005.
q As per section 2(19A) Eligible Person”, for the purpose of Voluntary Pension System Rules,
2005, means an individual Pakistani who holds a valid National Tax Number or
Computerized National Identity Card or National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis
issued by the National Database and Registration Authority:
Provided that the total tax credit available for the contribution made to approved employment
pension or annuity scheme and approved pension fund under Voluntary Pension System
Rules, 2005, should not exceed the limit prescribed or specified in section 63.
q The amount of a person’s tax credit allowed for a tax year shall be computed according to
the following formula, namely: -
Tax Credit = (A/B) x C
Where;
A is the amount of tax assessed to the person for the tax year, before allowance of any
tax credit
B is the person’s taxable income for the tax year; and
C is the lesser of -
• the total contribution or premium paid by the person in the year; or
• 20% of the eligible person’s taxable income for the relevant tax year;
q The transfer by the members of approved employment pension or annuity scheme or
approved occupational saving scheme of their existing balance to their individual pension
accounts maintained with one or more pension fund managers shall not qualify for tax credit
under this section.
Tax credit for point of sale machine (Sec 64D)
All Tier 1 retailers are required to integrate with Board's Point of Sale online real time reporting
system. In order to encourage integration with point of sale real time reporting system of FBR, tax
credit for POS machines has been introduced through introduction of new section 64D.
As per section 64D, a person who is required to integrate with FBR’s computerized system for
real time reporting of sale or receipt is entitled to a tax credit in respect of the amount invested in
purchase of point of sale machine.
The tax credit will be allowed for the tax year in which the point of sale machine is installed,
integrated and configured with the FBR’s computerized system, at the lower of
i. amount actually invested in purchase of point of sale machine; or
ii. PKR 150,000/ machine
The term ‘point of sale machine’ is defined as a machine meant for processing and recording the
sale transactions for goods or services, either in cash or through credit and debit cards or online
payments in an internet enabled environment.
Miscellaneous provisions and tax credits for members of AOP (Sec 65)
q Where the above mentioned tax credits are allowed to a person who is also a member of an
association of persons who is chargeable to tax u/s 92(1), the amount of taxable income
shall include the share of person in the profit of the AOP (which is otherwise exempt) and
tax payable shall be an amount payable on taxable income including shares in the profit of
AOP.

q If any tax credit as mentioned above, is not fully credited due to the credit being in excess
of tax payable, the excess amount shall not be refunded, carried forward to a subsequent
tax year or carried back to a preceding tax year
q However, if the person is the member of an AOP the amount of tax credit which cannot be
applied as above by the member, can be claimed by the association of which he is member,
in the same year. For this purpose, a copy of written agreement between the member and
the association shall be furnished along with the return of association.
Final tax and minimum taxes shall be determined after deducting tax credits undersections 65B,
65D and 65E of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001.
Tax credits available for tax year 2024
(i) Tax credit for certain persons (Sec 65F)
Income of the following taxpayers shall be allowed a tax credit equal to one hundred per cent
of the tax payable including minimum tax and final taxes upon fulfilment of certain
conditions/limitations:
(i) Persons engaged in coal mining projects in Sindh supplying coal exclusively to power
generation projects;
(ii) A start-up as defined in Clause (62A) of Section 2 for the tax year in which the startup is
certified by the Pakistan Software Export Board and for the following two years;
It may be noted that the above persons were provided exemption from tax under the Second
Schedule, however, by virtue of Section 65F, they are now entitled to tax credit subject to the
following conditions:
(i) Annual return of income has been filed:
(ii) Tax required to be deducted or collected has been deducted or collected and deposited
in the government treasury;
(iii) Withholding tax statements for the relevant tax year have been filed, where the person is
a withholding agent; and
(iv) Monthly sales tax returns for the tax periods corresponding to the relevant tax year have
been filed.
(ii) Tax credit for specified industrial undertakings (Sec 65G)
Section 65G provides for tax credit of 25% of eligible investment amount made by eligible
persons. This tax credit will be available against normal tax payable including minimum tax
and final taxes, if any. Unadjusted amount of tax credit may be carried forward to two
subsequent tax years.
Eligible investment means any investment made in the purchase and installation of new
machinery, buildings, equipment, hardware and software except self-created software and
used capital goods.
Eligible persons means:
(a) Green field industrial undertaking as defined in clause 27(A) of section 2 engaged in:
(i) the manufacture of goods or materials or the subjection of goods or materials to any
process which substantially changes their original condition or
(ii) Ship building
(b) Industrial undertaking set up by the 30th day of June 2023 and engaged in the
manufacture of plant, machinery, equipment and items with dedicated use (no multiple
use) for generation of renewable energy from sources like solar and wind for a period of
five years beginning from the date such industrial undertaking is set up.
In case of greenfield industrial undertaking it is provided that the said tax credit would be available
to such undertakings which are incorporated between 30 June 2019 and 30 June 2024 and are
not formed by the splitting up or reconstitution of an undertaking already in existence.

Tax Practices
Greenfield industrial undertaking”means-

(a) a new industrial undertaking which is:
(i) setup on land which has not previously been utilized for any commercial, industrial or
manufacturing activity and is free from constraints imposed by any prior work;
(ii) built without demolishing, revamping, renovating, upgrading, remodeling or modifying
any existing structure, facility or plant;
(iii) not formed by the splitting up or reconstitution of an undertaking already in existence
(iv) using any process or technology that has not earlier been used in Pakistan and is so
approved by the Engineering Development Board; and
(b) is approved by the Commissioner
As regards industrial undertaking engaged in the manufacture of plant, machinery, equipment
and items with dedicated use (no multiple uses) for generation of renewable energy from
sources like solar and wind, they are require to be setup by 30 June 2023. It is interesting to
note that the scheme of tax credit under Section 65G provides a period of maximum three tax
years during which the tax credit would be available for adjustment.
However, in respect of the above industrial undertakings, a period of five years beginning from
the date of setup of such industrial undertaking has been prescribed.

3 EXEMPTIONS AND TAX CONCESSIONS

Section overview
n Covered in various sections (Sec 41-55)

n Covered in the Second Schedule (Sec 53)
3.1 Covered in various sections (Sec 41-55)

Agriculture income (Sec 41)
q Agriculture income means an income, which satisfies the following conditions:
(i) The income is derived from land. The income may be in the form of rent or revenue;
(ii) The land must be used for agriculture purpose and be situated in Pakistan;
q Agricultural Income derived by a person during the tax year shall be exempt from tax.
q Various sources of agriculture income are:
a. Income of the cultivator or receiver of rent-in-kind from the sale of agriculture produce
without performing any further process.
b. Income from the performance of any process by the cultivator or receiver of rent-in-
kind, generally employed to render the produce fit to be taken to market.
c. Income from building shall also be agriculture income, subject to the following
conditions
(a) Building is owned and occupied by the cultivator or receiver of rent-in-kind;
(b) Building is situated in the immediate vicinity of the land used for agricultural
purposes;
(c) Building is required as a dwelling house, a store house or other out building by
the cultivator or the receiver of rent-in-kind due to his connection with the
agriculture land.
Agriculture produce as raw material (Rule-11)

q Where a person who is a cultivator or receiver of agricultural produce as rent in kind uses
agriculture produce as raw materials in his business, then the income chargeable to tax
under the head income from business shall be computed as follows:
Total income xxx
Market value of agricultural produce used in
the business as raw material (xxx)
xxxx
q Only the market value of agriculture produce is deducted. No further deduction shall be
allowed in respect of any expenditure incurred by a taxpayer as cultivator or as a receiver of
rent in kind.
q The market value shall be calculated as follows:
(i) where the agricultural produce is ordinarily sold in the market in its raw state or after
application of any process ordinarily employed by a cultivator or receiver of agricultural
produce as rent-in-kind to render it fit to be taken to market, the market price for the
produce at the time it is used as raw materials in the person’s business
(ii) in any other case, the sum of the following amounts, namely
a. the expenses of cultivation; and
b. the land revenue rent paid for the area in which the produce is grown.

Tax Practices
Diplomatic and United Nations Exemptions (Sec 42)

q Income of an individual entitled to privileges under the Diplomatic and Consular Privileges
Act, 1972 or United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act, 1948 shall be exempt from tax
under this ordinance to the extent provided for in these acts.
q Any pension received by a person being citizen of Pakistan from United Nations or its
specialized agencies by virtue of the person’s former employment, if the salary from such
organization was exempt from tax under the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001.
Foreign Government Officials (Sec 43)
q Salary received by an employee of foreign government working in Pakistan shall be exempt
from tax if:
(i) The employee is a citizen of foreign country and not a citizen of Pakistan.
(ii) The services performed are similar to those performed by employees of Federal
Government in foreign countries; and
(iii) The foreign government grants similar exemptions to employees of Federal
Government of Pakistan performing similar services in such foreign country.
Exemptions under International Agreements (Sec 44)
q Any Pakistan source income shall be exempt if Pakistan is not permitted to tax it under a tax
treaty.
q Any salary received by an individual (who is not a citizen of Pakistan) shall be exempt from
tax under the Ordinance to the extent provided for in an Aid Agreement between the Federal
Government and a Foreign Government or Public International Organization, where:
(i) the individual is either not a resident individual or a resident individual solely by reason
of the performance of services under the Aid Agreement;
(ii) if any Aid Agreement is with a foreign country, the individual is a citizen of that country;
and
(iii) the salary is paid by the foreign government or public international organization out of
funds or grants released as aid to Pakistan in pursuance of such Agreement.
q Any income received by a person engaged as a contractor, consultant, or expert on a project
in Pakistan. This income shall be exempt from tax to the extent provided for in a bilateral or
multilateral agreement between the Federal Government and a foreign government or public
international organization, where:
(i) the project is financed out of grant funds in accordance with the agreement;
(ii) the person is either a non-resident person or a resident person solely by reason of the
performance of services under the agreement; and
(iii) the income is paid out of the funds of the grant in pursuance of the agreement.
q The Federal Government is empowered to grant exemption on income of any person on a
case-to-case basis through a notification in the Official Gazette in respect of an official
development assistance financed loans and grant-in-aid, subject to such conditions and
limitations as may be specified.
Exemption under foreign investment (Promotion and Protection) Act, 2022 (Sec 44A)
q In December 2022, ‘Foreign Investment (Promotion and Protection) Act, 2022 [‘FIPPA’] was
passed with a view to attract, encourage, and protect, large scale investments in Pakistan.
Through section 3 of FIPPA, the Federal Government has been empowered to notify any
investment, sector, industry or project as ‘Qualified Investment’ by listing it in the First
Schedule to FIPPA. Presently, the Reko Diq Project in the Province of Balochistan, including
the Reko Diq Mining Company (Private) Limited and its associated companies, have been
listed in the First Schedule to the FIPPA as Qualified Investment.

q The FIPPA further elaborately defines the term ‘Investment Incentive’ to include inter alia exemptions
from and reduction/concessions in the rates of any Federal, Provincial or local duties, charges, taxes,
levies, fees and cesses as may be mutually agreed by an investor and a concerned government
through an investment agreement.
q The Second and Third Schedules to FIPPA, as passed by the parliament on December 13, 2022,
contained a list of certain amendments in the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, Sales Tax Act, 1990,
Federal Excise Act, 2005 and the Customs Act, 1969 vis-à-vis the Reko Diq Project, Reko Diq
Minining Company (Private Limited) and its associated companies. Whilst as a result of the above
enactment already passed by the Parliament, the respective amendments have already been made
and consequently all concessions and exemptions envisaged in FIPPA have been legally
enforceable. However, in order to avoid procedural hassle relating to implementation of these
concessions with regard to FBR’s system, all income tax concessions are now incorporated in
Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 in the following manner:
(i) Taxes on income (including capital gains), advance tax, withholding taxes, minimum
and final taxes under this Ordinance shall, for the period and to the extent provided in
the Second and Third Schedules to the Foreign Investment (Promotion and
Protection) Act, 2022 in respect of qualified investment as specified at Sr. No.1 of the
First Schedule to the said Act or investors, be exempt or subject to tax at the rate and
in the manner specified under the said Act.
(ii) All investors and shareholders of the qualified investment, their associates and
companies specified in the Second and Third Schedules to the said Act including third
party lenders on account of any loan shall also be exempt from taxes and other
provisions of this Ordinance or subject to tax at the rate and in the manner specified
under the said Act for the period and to the extent provided in the Second and Third
Schedules to the said Act.
(iii) Provisions of this Ordinance relating to Anti-Avoidance, for the period and to the extent
specified in the said Act including sections 106, 106A, 108, 109 and 109A, shall not
apply to the persons and amounts mentioned in (i) and (ii).
(iv) Rates of depreciation, initial allowance and pre-commencement expenditure under
sections 22, 23 and 25 as on the 20th day of March, 2022 shall continue to be
applicable for thirty years as provided in the Third Schedule to the said Act in respect
of persons mentioned in (i) and (ii) above.
(v) For the purpose of this section, the terms defined under the Second and Third
Schedules to the said Act shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Ordinance.
President’s Honours (Sec 45)
Any allowance attached to any Honour, Award or Medal as well as any monetary award granted
to a person by President of Pakistan shall be exempt.
Profit on Debt (Sec 46)
Any profit received by a non-resident person on a security issued by a resident person shall be
exempt from tax if:
(i) the persons are not associates;
(ii) the security was widely issued outside Pakistan for the purposes of raising a loan outside
Pakistan for use in a business carried on by the resident person in Pakistan;
(iii) the profit was paid outside Pakistan; and
(iv) the security is approved by the Board for the purposes of this section.
Scholarship (Sec 47)
Any scholarship granted to a person to meet the cost of the person’s education shall be exempt
from tax if it is not paid directly or indirectly by an associate.
Support Payments under an Agreement to Live Apart (Sec 48)
Any amount received by a spouse as support payment under an agreement to live apart shall be
exempt from tax.

Tax Practices
Federal Government, Provincial Government, and Local Government] income (Sec 49)
q The income of the Federal Government shall be exempt from tax under this Ordinance.
q The income of a Provincial Government or a Local Government in Pakistan shall be exempt
from tax under this Ordinance, other than income chargeable under the head “Income from
Business” derived by a Provincial Government or Local Government from a business carried
on outside its jurisdictional area.
q Any payment received by the Federal Government, a Provincial Government or a Local
Government shall not be liable to any collection or deduction of advance tax.
q Exemption under this section shall not be available in the case of corporation, company, a
regulatory authority, a development authority, other body or institution established by or
under a Federal law or a Provincial law or an existing law or a corporation, company, a
regulatory authority, a development authority or other body or institution set up, owned and
controlled, either directly or indirectly, by the Federal Government or a Provincial
Government, regardless of the ultimate destination of such income as laid down in Article
165A of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
Foreign-source income of short-term resident individuals (Sec 50)
q The foreign-source income of an individual, shall be exempt if:
(i) the person is a resident individual solely by reason of the individual’s employment and
(ii) the person’s stay in Pakistan does not exceed three years.
q This exemption shall not be available to:
(i) any income derived from a business of the person established in Pakistan; or
(i) any foreign source income brought into or received in Pakistan by the person.
Foreign Source Income of Returning Expatriates (Sec 51)
q Foreign Source Income of a Citizen of Pakistan shall be exempt from tax in the year in which
the person became resident and following one tax year. For this purpose, the individual must
not remained resident in any of the four preceding tax years from the year in which the
person became resident.
q Where a citizen of Pakistan leaves Pakistan during a tax year and remains abroad during
that tax year, any salary income earned by him outside Pakistan (only during that tax year)
shall be exempt from tax.
Exemptions and tax provisions in other laws (Sec 54)
No provision contained in any other law providing for:
(i) an exemption from any tax imposed under the Ordinance
(ii) a reduction in the rate of tax imposed under the Ordinance
(iii) a reduction in tax liability of any person under the Ordinance
(iv) an exemption from the operation of any provision of the Ordinance,

shall have legal effect unless it is also provided for in the Ordinance
Limitation of exemption (Sec 55)
Where any income is exempt from tax under the Income Tax Ordinance 2001, the exemption shall
be, in the absence of a specific provision to the contrary contained in the Ordinance, limited to the
original recipient of that income and shall not extend to any person receiving any payment wholly
or in part out of that income.

3.2 Covered in the Second Schedule (Sec 53)

q The income or classes of income, or person or classes of persons specified in Second
Schedule shall be:
(i) exempt from tax under the Ordinance, subject to any conditions and to the extent
specified therein (Part I of the schedule)
(ii) at such rates, which are less than the rates specified in the First Schedule (Part II of
the schedule)
(iii) allowed a reduction in tax liability under the Ordinance subject to certain conditions
specified (Part III of the schedule)
(iv) exempted from the operation of any provision of the Ordinance subject to any
condition specified (Part IV of the schedule)
q Where any income is exempt from tax under any provision of Second Schedule, it shall be
included in the total income, however, the tax shall not be payable in respect of such income.
This inclusion shall be made where it is required by the relevant clause of Second Schedule
and shall be subject to such conditions as may be specified in the said clause.
q The Federal Government or Board with the approval of the Federal Minister-in-charge may,
from time to time, pursuant to the approval of the Economic Coordination Committee of the
Cabinet is empowered to make such amendment in the Second Schedule as the
Government thinks fit. The amendment may include:
(i) adding any clause or condition therein;
(ii) omitting any clause or condition therein, or
(iii) making any change in any clause or condition therein.
q The amendments shall be effective from such tax year (as notified by the Government)
beginning on any date before or after the commencement of the financial year in which the
notification is issued.
q The Federal Government shall place before the National Assembly, all amendments made
to the Second Schedule in a financial year.
Reduction in tax liability (Part III of 2nd Schedule)
Clause no. Subject Reduction in tax liability
2 Full time The tax payable by a full time teacher or a researcher, employed
teacher or in a non-profit education or research institution duly recognized by
researcher Higher Education Commission, a Board of Education or a
University recognized by the Higher Education Commission,
including government research institution, shall be reduced by an
amount equal to 25% of tax payable on his income from salary.
Provided that this clause shall not apply to teachers of medical

profession who derive income from private medical practice or who
receive share of consideration received from patients.

Tax Practices

12
CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Taxation of individual and association of

persons
Contents
1 Principles of taxation of Individuals
2 Association of Persons (AOP) and its taxation
3 Income splitting and tax liability in certain cases

Tax Practices
1 PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION OF INDIVIDUALS

Section overview
n Taxation of individuals – classification

n Principle of taxation of individuals
n Taxation of certain individuals
1.1 Taxation of individuals - classification

In order to calculate the taxable income and tax liability, individuals are broadly categorized as:
(i) Salaried individuals – Salary income exceeds 75% of the taxable income (See section 2.4)
(ii) Non-Salaried Individuals – Either no salary income or salary income is less than 75% of the
taxable income. It is explained in section 2.4 of this Chapter.
a) Tax rates for salaried individual
Where the income of an individual chargeable under the head “salary” exceeds 75% of his
taxable income, the rates of tax to be applied shall be as set out in the following table, namely:—
Sr. No. Taxable Income Rate of Tax
Where the taxable income does not

1. 0%
exceed Rs. 600,000
Where taxable income exceeds Rs. 2.5% of the amount exceeding Rs. 600,000
2. 600,000 but does not exceed Rs.
1,200,000
2,400,000
3,600,000
6,000,000
Where taxable income exceeds Rs. Rs. 1,095,000 plus 35% of the amount
6.
6,000,000 exceeding Rs. 6,000,000
1.2 Principle of taxation of individuals

Section 86 of the Ordinance deals with the taxation of individuals and the said section stipulates
that taxable income and tax liability of each individual shall be determined separately.
1.3 Taxation of certain individuals

Deceased individual:
Although the section 86 of the Ordinance states that every person shall be charged to tax
separately, however, there are certain exceptions to this general provision.

Chapter 12: Taxation of individual and association of persons
Section 87 of the Ordinance deals with the taxation of income of a deceased individual:
Legal representative is a person who in law represents the estate of a deceased person. Any
person to whom the estate of the deceased person passes on his death or who intermeddles with
such estate is also treated as legal representative.
q Legal representative is liable for:
(i) any tax that the deceased would have become liable for if he had not died; and
(ii) any tax payable in respect of the income of deceased’s estate.
q Liability of the legal representative shall be limited to the extent to which deceased estate is
capable of meeting the liability.
q Any proceedings taken against the deceased before his death shall be treated as taken
against the legal representative and may be continued against him from the stage at which
the proceedings stood on the date of deceased death.
q Any proceedings which could have been taken against the deceased if he had survived may
be taken against the legal representative.
The aforesaid provision of law clearly states that the income of a deceased person is taxable in the
hands of its legal representative and the said representative is liable to pay tax on such income to
the extent of estate of the said deceased person capable for meeting the tax liability.
Authors (Sec 89)

According to section 89 of the Ordinance, where the time taken by an author of a literary or artistic
work to complete the work exceeds twenty-four months, the author may elect to treat any lump
sum amount received by him in a tax year on account of royalties as having been received in that
tax year and the preceding two tax years in equal proportions.
Income of a minor child (Sec 91)
Definition: Sec 2(33), Minor child

“Minor child” means an individual who is under the age of eighteen years at the end of a
tax year.
Section 91 of the Ordinance states the procedure for levy of tax on the income of a minor child in
the following manner:
q Any income of a minor child for a tax year chargeable under the head "Income from
Business" shall be chargeable to tax as the income of the parent of the child with the
highest taxable income for that year.
q The above provisions shall not apply to the income of a minor child from a business
acquired by the child through an inheritance.

Tax Practices
2. ASSOCIATION OF PERSONS (AOP) AND ITS TAXATION
SECTION OVERVIEW
n Association of persons
n Basic principles for taxation of AOP
n Individual as a member of AOP
n Tax rates for non-salaried individuals and AOP
2.1 Association of persons
“Association of persons” includes a firm, a Hindu undivided family, any artificial juridical person
and anybody of persons formed under a foreign law, but does not include a company.
Sec 2(32), “member” in relation to an association of persons, includes a partner in a firm;
“Firm” means the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business
carried on by all or any of them acting for all.
2.2 Basic principles for taxation of AOP

q An association of persons is considered a separate entity from its members (partners).
Accordingly, the AOP is liable to tax separately from the members of the association.
q An AOP is treated as tax resident for a tax year if the control and management of its affairs
is situated wholly or partly in Pakistan at any time during that tax year.
q A resident AOP is taxable on its worldwide income.
q If the AOP has paid tax for a tax year, the amount received by a member of the association
in the capacity as member out of the income of the association shall be exempt from tax.
However, such share of member is included in income of the member for determination of
tax rate i.e. for rate purpose (discussed below in detail).
q If at least one of the members of an AOP is a company, the share of such company or
companies shall be excluded for the purpose of computing the total income of the AOP and
the company or companies shall be taxed separately at the rates applicable to the
companies, according to their share.
q The AOP is entitled to set off and carry forward its losses as per normal procedure. However,
share of loss from AOP is neither adjustable against the income of its members nor it is
considered for rate purpose.
q Where a change occurs in the constitution of a firm during a tax year, the firm’s income is
apportioned amongst the members on a time basis.
q The responsibility for filing the tax return of a firm for any tax year rests with the persons who
are members in the firm on the date the firm is required to file its tax return.
q Where a firm dissolves or discontinues carrying on business, any tax payable by the firm is
recoverable from any person who was a member in the firm at the time of dissolution or
discontinuance of business. Tax payable can also be recovered from legal heirs of the
deceased partners.

2.3 Individual as a member of AOP

If, for a tax year, an individual has taxable income besides exempt share of profit from AOP, then
the amount of tax payable on the taxable income of the individual shall be computed in accordance
with the following formula:
(A/B) x C
Where
A is the amount of tax that would be assessed to the individual for the year if the amount or
amounts exempt from tax (i.e. share of profit from AOP) were chargeable to tax
B is the taxable income of the individual for the year if the amount or amounts exempt from tax
under (i.e. share of profit from AOP) were chargeable to tax; and
C is the individual‘s actual taxable income for the year
Key points for solving AOP numerical
Following points should be kept in mind when solving AOP numerical:
• Any profit on debt, brokerage, commission, salary or other remuneration paid by an
association of persons to a member of the association is not allowed as an expense; hence
it should be added back to the taxable income of AOP.
• FBR has clarified that it is the profit before tax of AOP that will be included in the taxable
income of its members for rate purpose.
• Share of loss from AOP is neither adjustable against income of its members nor it is
considered for rate purpose.
• If an AOP has any income that falls under final tax regime (FTR) then members share from
such income shall not be added in the taxable income of the member. Section 4(4) read
with Section 169(2) clearly states that income falling under FTR is not to be included in any
taxable income.
• If AOP has any exempt income, the share received in the capacity as member out of the
income of association shall remain exempt.
2.4 Tax rates for non-salaried individuals and AOP

Sr. No. Taxable Income (Rs.) Rate of Tax
Where the taxable income does
1. 0%
not exceed Rs.600,000
Where the taxable income
2. exceeds Rs.600,000 but does not
7.5% of the amount exceeding Rs.600,000
exceed Rs. 800,000
Where taxable income exceeds Rs. 15,000 plus 15% of the amount
3. Rs. 800,000 but does not exceed exceeding Rs. 800,000
Rs. 1,200,000
4. Rs. 1,200,000 but does not exceeding Rs, 1,200,000
5. Rs. 2,400,000 but does not exceeding Rs. 2,400,000
Rs. 465,000 plus 30% of the amount
exceeding Rs. 3,000,000
Rs. 765,000 plus 35% of the amount
exceeding Rs. 4,000,000

Tax Practices
The following examples will explain the salaried and non-salaried status and tax liability of four
individual having salary and other taxable income:
Individuals Mr. A Mr. B Mr. C Mr. D
Taxable Salary 900,000 100,000 600,000 900,000
Taxable Other income 100,000 1,000,000 400,000 250,000
Total Taxable Income 1,000,000 1,100,000 1,000,000 1,150,000
Percentage of Salary to
taxable Income 90% 9.09% 60% 78.26%
Status Salaried Non-Salaried Non-Salaried Salaried
Tax liability 10,000 60,000 45,000 13,750
The above examples shows that the taxable income of Mr D is higher than Mr. B and Mr. C but even
though his tax liability is low due to his status as salaried case.
Exercise
Associated Consultants is a joint venture (JV) of Mr. Ghulam Rasool and Consultancy Enterprises, a
sole proprietorship of Mr. Ahsan. The JV is not registered with registrar of firms. The proportion of
interest of the members in the JV is 70:30 between Mr. Ghulam Rasool and Mr. Ahsan respectively.
The JV is engaged in the providing of accounting, taxation and other services to different
departments. During the year, total Income of the JV under the normal tax regime was
Rs.2,000,000 against the total revenue of Rs.30,000,000. It is worth mentioning that Mr. Ahsan
earned following income during the year:
Salary from Joint Venture = Rs. 450,000
Profit on debt from joint venture = Rs. 400 000
Compute the taxable income and tax liability of the Joint Venture for tax year 2024 (Ignore the
minimum tax provision.)
Answer
Profit as per accounts 2,000,000
Add Inadmissible deductions
Salary paid to members 450,000
Profit on debt paid to members 400 000
Tax on taxable income (Rs. 2,850,000) of JV i.e. Rs. 315,000 + 25% on income
427,500
exceeding Rs. 2.4m
Share of members out of profits of JV
Nature of income Mr.Ghulam Rasool Mr.Ahsan Total
Share in Profit 70% 30% 100%
Salary received - 450,000 450,000
Profit on debt received - 400,000 400,000
600,000
1,400,000
Balance Share (30% x 2,000,000
(70% x 2,000,000)
2,000,000)
Income in hands of members of AOP 1,400,000 1,450,000 2,850,000

Exercise:
Mr. Rizwan and Mr. Wajahat are two lawyers and working together as a firm in the name and style
of “Rizwan Wajahat Associates”. During the year, the firm has earned aggregate profit of Rs.
300,000. The aforesaid profit includes following deductions:
Salaries to Partners
§ Mr.Rizwan Rs. 100,000
§ Mr.Wajahat Rs. 150,000
Expenses on which tax has not been deducted Rs. 40,000
Payments exceeding Rs. 50,000
[made otherwise than crossed cheques] Rs.60,000
Profit on debt to Rizwan Rs. 50,000
Both partners have equal sharing in the firm. Mr. Rizwan has no other income. Mr. Wajahat is also
running a business of printing and advertising services. He earned income of Rs. 150,000 from the
said business.
Required:
a) Determine the tax liability of the firm, and its members for the tax year 2024.
b) Assume that the income of Mr Wajahat is Rs.1,000,000/- then what would be his taxable
income and tax lability?
Answer
Tax liability of the Firm
For the Tax Year 2024
Particulars Amount (Rs)
Profit as per accounts 300,000
Add
Partners salaries (100,000+150,000) 250,000
Inadmissible expenses due to non-deduction of tax 40,000
Payments otherwise than banking channel (within Rs.250,000) -
Profit on debt payable to a partner 50,000
Total taxable income 640,000
Tax liability i.e7.5% on sum exceeding Rs. 600,000 ( 3,000)
Profit after tax deduction of AOP 637,000
Distribution of taxable income
Particulars Mr. Rizwan Mr. Wajahat Total
Share in Profit 50% 50% 100%
Salaries paid to partners 100,000 150,000 250,000
Profit on debt 50,000 - 50,000
Balance share after tax 170,000 170,000 340,000
(50% x (50% x
3400,000) 3400,000)
Income in hands of members of AOP 320,000 320,000 640,000
Note: In the absence of information Minimum Tax liability u/s 113 has not been considered.

Tax Practices
Computation of individual tax liability

Tax liability of Mr. Rizwan
As Mr. Rizwan has no other source of income, therefore, his income is not chargeable to tax any
further.
Tax liability of Mr. Wajahat (Advertising Income Rs.150,000)
Share from AOP (Exempt, but included for rate purpose) Rs. 320,000
Add: Income from printing and advertising income Rs. 150,000
Total Rs.470,000
Tax on income Rs. Nil
Note:
As income of Wajahat is below Rs. 600,000 even after addition of AOP share, therefore, no tax shall
be payable.
(b) Tax liability of Mr. Wajahat (Advertising Income Rs.1,000,000)
Share from AOP (Exempt, but included for rate purpose) Rs. 320,000
Add: Income from printing and advertising income Rs. 1,000,000
Taxable Income including share from AOP Rs. 1,320,000
Tax on Taxable Income (Non-Salaried Case)
15,000 + 15% x (1,320,000-800,000) = Rs. 93,000
Tax on taxable income (Excluding share from AOP)
(93,000 / 1,320,000 x 1,000,000) 70,455

3 INCOME SPLITTING AND TAX LIABILITY IN CERTAIN CASES

Section overview
n Transfers of assets (Section 90)

n Change in constitution of an AOP (Section 98A)
n Discontinuance of business or dissolution of an AOP (Section 98B)
n Succession to business otherwise than on death (Section 98C)
3.1 Transfers of assets (Section 90)

Tax in relation to property income is generally payable by the person who owns the property.
However, in certain cases, transfer of rented property may be considered as a tax avoidance
measure. To avoid such practice, relevant provisions provided in the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001
are as follows:
q Where any property is transferred to another person but asset remains the property of
transferor, rental income of such property will be treated as income of the transferor
q In case of revocable transfer, property income is treated as income of the transferor.
However, the said rule will not apply in case transfer is irrevocable during the lifetime of the
transferee and transferor drives no direct or indirect benefit from the income
q Where property is transferred by a person to his spouse or minor child (other than a married
daughter) or to another person for the benefit of spouse or minor child, property income will
be treated as income of the transferor. However, in case transfer is for
(a) Adequate consideration
(b) In connection with an agreement to live apart
Property income will not be treated as income of the transferor.
q If the property has been acquired by the transferee with funds provided by the transferor,
the transfer will not be considered as made for adequate consideration. The transfer will also
not be accepted if it is not evidenced by registration or mutation, wherever required.
3.2 Change in constitution of an AOP (Section 98A)

Where a change occurs in the constitution of a firm during a tax year, the firm’s income is
apportioned for rate purposes amongst the partners on a time basis (Sec-98A). The responsibility
for filing the tax return in this case rests with the persons who are partners in the firm on the date
the firm is required to file its tax return.
3.3 Discontinuance of business or dissolution of an AOP (Section 98B)

Where an AOP dissolves or discontinues carrying on business, any tax payable by the firm is
recoverable from any person who was a partner in the firm at the time of dissolution or
discontinuance of business. Tax payable can also be recovered from legal heirs of the deceased
partners.
3.4 Succession to business otherwise than on death (Section 98C)

q Where a person carrying on any business or profession has been succeeded in any tax year
by any other person (hereafter in this section referred to as the “predecessor” and
“successor” respectively), otherwise than on the death of the predecessor, and the
successor continues to carry on that business or profession:
(a) the predecessor shall be liable to pay tax in respect of the income of the tax year in
which the succession took place upto the date of succession and of the tax year or
years preceding that year; and

Tax Practices
(b) the successor shall be liable to pay tax in respect of the income of such tax year after
the date of succession.
q Notwithstanding anything mentioned above, where the predecessor cannot be found, the
tax liability in respect of the tax year in which the succession took place upto the date of
succession and of the tax year or years preceding that year shall be that of the successor in
like manner and to the same extent as it would have been that of the predecessor, and all
the provisions of this Ordinance shall, so far as may be, apply accordingly.
q Where any tax payable under this section in respect of such business or profession cannot
be recovered from the predecessor, it shall be recoverable from the successor, who shall be
entitled to recover it from the predecessor.

13
CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Foreign source income

of a resident persons
Contents
1 Taxation of foreign source income of resident persons
2 Other provisions with respect to foreign source income

Tax Practices
1 TAXATION OF FOREIGN SOURCE INCOME OF RESIDENT PERSONS

Section overview
n Principles of taxation of foreign source income of resident persons

n Computation of income
n Foreign tax credit
n Foreign tax losses
1.1 Principles of taxation of foreign source income of resident persons

As discussed in Chapter 4 of the study text, a resident person is liable to tax in respect of his
worldwide income meaning thereby that he pays tax on his Pakistan-sourced income as well as
his foreign-sourced income. Accordingly, where a resident person carries out business outside
Pakistan, income derived from such foreign operations is chargeable in Pakistan.
1.2 Computation of income

q Foreign sourced income is computed separately from Pakistan-sourced income.
Consequently, expenditure incurred in deriving foreign-sourced income is deductible only
from foreign-sourced income and not deductible against Pakistan-sourced income and vice
versa.
q Foreign sourced income is computed separately for each head of income. Accordingly,
foreign-sourced income under the head “income from other source” will be computed
separately from foreign-sourced income chargeable under any other head of income.
q Foreign-sourced business income is computed using the same principles as these apply to
computation of Pakistan-sourced business income.
q Foreign losses are not adjustable against Pakistan-sourced income
1.3 Foreign tax credit

Section 103 of the Ordinance lays down different aspects of foreign tax credit in the following
manner:
1) In case a resident taxpayer derives foreign source income chargeable to tax in respect of
which he has paid foreign income tax, the taxpayer shall be allowed a tax credit of an amount
equal to the lesser of:
a) the foreign income tax paid; or
b) the Pakistan tax payable in respect of the income.
2) The Pakistan tax payable in respect of foreign source income shall be computed by applying
the average rate of Pakistan income tax applicable to the taxpayer for the year against the
taxpayer’s net foreign source income for the year.
3) If a taxpayer has foreign income under more than one head of income, this principle shall
apply separately to each head of income.
4) Income derived by a taxpayer from carrying on a speculation business shall be treated as a
separate head of income.
5) If a person has more than one type of tax credits available to him, these shall be applied in
the following order:
a) Foreign tax credit u/s 103
b) Tax credit/rebate on donations, investment, enlistment, etc.,
c) Advance tax and tax deducted/collected at source

Chapter 13: Foreign source income of a resident persons
6) Any tax credit or part of a tax credit allowed for a tax year which is not credited shall not be
refunded, carried back to the preceding tax year, or carried forward to the following tax year.
7) A foreign tax credit shall be allowed only if the foreign income tax is paid within two years
after the end of the tax year in which the foreign income to which the tax relates was derived
by the resident taxpayer.
Definition: Average rate of Pakistan Income Tax

q “average rate of Pakistan income tax” in relation to a taxpayer for a tax year, means the
percentage that the Pakistani income tax (before allowance of the tax credit under this
section) has of the taxable income of the taxpayer for the year;
q “foreign income tax” includes a foreign withholding tax; and
q “net foreign-source income” in relation to a taxpayer for a tax year, means the total foreign-
source income of the taxpayer charged to tax in the year, as reduced by any deductions
allowed to the taxpayer for the year that:
• relate exclusively to the derivation of the foreign-source income; and
• are reasonably apportioned to the derivation of foreign-source income in accordance
with section 67.
Note: Section 67 provides the method for apportionment of expenditure relevant to different
sources of incomes
1.4 Foreign tax losses

1) Section 104 of the Ordinance deals with treatment of foreign losses and it states that:
Deductible expenditures incurred by a person in deriving foreign source income chargeable
to tax under a head of income shall be deductible only against that income.
2) If the total deductible expenditures exceed the total foreign source income for a tax year
chargeable to tax under a head of income (hereinafter referred to as a “foreign loss”), the
foreign loss shall be carried forward to the following tax year and set off against the foreign
source income chargeable to tax under that head in that year, and so on, but no foreign loss
shall be carried forward to more than six tax years immediately succeeding the tax year for
which the loss was computed.
3) Where a taxpayer has a foreign loss carried forward for more than one tax year, the loss for
the earliest year shall be set off first.
q Section 67-Apportionment of deductions shall apply for the purposes of this section on the
basis that:
• income from carrying on a speculation business is a separate head of income; and
• foreign source income chargeable under a head of income including a speculation
business is a separate head of income.
Exercise:
KL is an Association of Persons having two partners, Mr. K and Mr. L sharing profit and loss equally.
During the tax year 2024, KL’s Pakistan source income amounted to Rs. 2,500,000 and tax payable
thereon amounted to Rs.722,500.
Following are the details of its foreign source incomes, tax paid thereon for the tax year 2024 and
foreign losses brought forward from tax year 2023:
Foreign income / Foreign losses

Heads of income Foreign tax paid
(loss) brought forward
Speculation business 500,000 125,000 (250,000)
Non-speculation business (1,000,000) - -

Tax Practices
Foreign income / Foreign losses

Heads of income Foreign tax paid
(loss) brought forward
Income from other source 1,250,000 187,500 -
Capital gain 750,000 75,000 (1,500,000)
Tax credit amounting to Rs.100,000 relating to income from other source remained unadjusted
during the last tax year.
Required:
Calculate KL’s total tax payable and foreign tax losses to be carried forward to the next year (if any)
Answer
Foreign source Total
Pakistan Pakistan
Particulars source Non- Capital Other and
Income Speculation foreign
Speculation gain source
source
Net income for the
year 2,500,000 500,000 (1,000,000) 750,000 1,250,000
Brought forward
losses (250,000) - (1,500,000) -
Income after B/F
losses 2,500,000 250,000 (1,000,000) (750,000) 1,250,000
Losses carried
forward (1,000,000) (750,000)
Balance income 2,500,000 250,000 1,250,000 4,000,000
Pakistan income tax:

Upto Rs. 4,000,000 765,000
Gross Tax 765,000
Average tax rate
19.125% =
(765,000 /
4,000,000 x 100)
Foreign tax (A) 125,000 - 75,000 187,500
Proportionate
Pakistan Income 47,812 239,062
Tax on foreign (250,000 x (1,250,000
source income (B) 19.125%) - - x 19.125%)
Foreign tax credit-
Lower of A or B 47,812 - - 187,500 (235,312)
Net tax payable - - 529,688
Unadjusted foreign tax credit cannot be refunded, carried back to preceding year or carried forward
to the following year.

2 OTHER PROVISIONS WITH RESPECT TO FOREIGN SOURCE INCOME

Section overview
n Foreign source income of a short term resident individuals

n Foreign source income of returning expatriates
n Foreign source salary income of a resident person
n Exemptions to certain foreign residents or foreign source income of residents
2.1 Foreign source income of a short term resident individuals

Section 50 of the Income Tax Ordinance states that:
1. Foreign source income of an individual shall be exempt from tax in Pakistan if he is:
• a resident individual solely by reason of the individual’s employment; and
• present in Pakistan for a period or periods not exceeding three years,
2. The above exemption shall not apply to:
• any income derived from a business of the person established in Pakistan; or
• any foreign-source income brought into or received in Pakistan by the person.
2.2 Foreign source income of returning expatriates

Section 51 of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 states that:
q Any foreign source income derived by a citizen of Pakistan in a tax year who was not a
resident individual in any of the four tax years preceding the tax year in which the individual
became a resident shall be exempt from tax in the tax year in which he became a resident
individual and in the following tax year.
q If a citizen of Pakistan leaves Pakistan during a tax year and remains abroad during that tax
year, any foreign source salary earned by him outside Pakistan during that tax year shall be
exempt from tax.
2.3 Foreign source salary income of a resident person

Section 102 of the Ordinance states that:
q Any foreign-source salary received by a resident individual shall be exempt from tax if the
individual has paid foreign income tax in respect of the salary.
q A resident individual shall be treated as having paid foreign income tax if tax has been
withheld from his foreign source salary by his employer and paid to the revenue authority of
the foreign country in which the employment was exercised.
2.4 Exemptions to certain foreign residents or foreign source income of residents

Following exemptions are available to foreigners or the foreign source income of residents which
are discussed in detail in Chapter 11 of this study text:
§ Diplomatic and United Nations exemptions.
§ Foreign government officials
§ Exemption under international agreements

Tax Practices
Exercise:
Mr. Akhtar has served in South Africa (SA) for last five years. He was Chief Engineer at a
multinational Company in SA. He returned to Pakistan in September 2022. Detail of his income for
the tax year 2024 is as under:
1. His emoluments for the last July to September converted into Pak Rupees are as under:
Particulars Amount
Pay 1,500,000
Expatriate allowance 680,000
Medical allowance 320,000
Total 2,500,000
2. Mr. Akhtar spent his whole income for personal expenses and balance amount was invested
in a Consultancy business. He was a member in an engineering consulting AOP of South
Africa. His investment in the firm still exists and during the tax year 2024, he earned income
equivalent to Rs. 750,000 after paying tax of Rs. 125,000. He has not drawn any sum from
the share of his profit.
3. Mr. Akhtar also received rent in Pakistan of his apartment situated in SA. The rental income
earned and received aggregates to Rs.1,200,000.
4. Mr. Akhtar received pension amounting to Rs. 250,000 during the year from his employer at
SA. This pension was paid to his son in South Africa to meet his educational expenses.
5. Mr. Akhtar deposited his cumulative pension in the SA special bonds and earned profit on
debt amounting to Rs. 325,000 during the year from the said investment. Mr. Akhtar opted
to invest the profit in the said bonds in order to avoid reduction in interest rates which are
applicable on fresh investments.
6. In Pakistan, Mr. Akhtar joined Gatron International Limited on 1O October 2023 and received
following salary income from the company:
Particulars Amount
Basic Pay 2,800,000
Utilities allowance 280,000
Medical allowance 280,000
Total 3,360,000
7. South African Revenue Authorities raised a tax demand against Mr. Akhtar equivalent to
Rs.25,000 on the rental income in view of claim of inadmissible expenses there against and
Mr. Akhtar paid this demand in August 2024
You are required to compute Pakistan tax liability of Mr. Akhtar for the tax year 2024. It is
worthwhile to mention here that the nationality of Mr.Akhtar is not confirmed, therefore, it is
desired that the Pakistan tax of Mr.Akhtar should be worked out considering that:
(a) Mr. Akhtar is Pakistani National
(b) Mr. Akhtar is SA National

Answer
MR. AKHTAR
Situation Number 1
Mr.Akhtar is Pakistani National Person
As per information provided, he remained outside Pakistan since last five years, therefore, foreign
source income of Mr.Akhtar is exempt from levy of tax under section 51 of the Ordinance and tax
liability on the Pakistan source income is as under:
Particulars Gross Income Exempt Taxable

Basic Pay 2,800,000 2,800,000
Utilities allowance 280,000 280,000
Medical allowance 280,000 280,000
Total taxable income 3,080,000
Tax (Rs. 165,000 + 22.5%% of the amount exceeding Rs. 2,400,000) 318,000
Situation Number 2
Mr.Akhtar is a national of South Africa
Under section 50 of the Ordinance, the foreign source income of a short term resident individual is
not taxable in Pakistan if it is not received in Pakistan. Therefore, Income of Mr. Akhtar is only
taxable to the extent it is received in Pakistan. The bare perusal of the question reveals that
Mr.Akhtar received only rental income in Pakistan from abroad. Therefore, the same will be taxed
with the Pakistan source income.
Particulars Notes Taxable Amount

Income from salary As in Situation 1 3,080,000
Foreign source rental income 1,200,000
Tax Liability (Non-Salaried Case)
Tax (Rs. 765,000 + 35% of the amount exceeding Rs. 4,000,000) 863,000

Tax Practices

14
CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Returns
Contents
1 Tax return
2 Persons liable to file a tax return
3 Method of filing of tax return
4 Revision of tax return
5 Due date for filing of tax return
6 Filing of wealth statement
7 Filing of tax return on discontinuance of business
8 Extension of time for furnishing of tax return

Tax Practices
1 TAX RETURN
Section overview
n Introduction to the tax return
1.1 Introduction to tax return

A tax return is the prescribed document made for a tax year which is prepared by the taxpayer in
order to declare his taxable income and tax liability thereon to the FBR. Income tax rules, 2002
prescribe the forms to be used for returns of income.
Tax return allows a taxpayer to calculate his tax liability, schedule tax payments or request refund
for the overpayment of taxes. In Pakistan, tax returns must be filed annually with reportable income,
including salary, income from property, business income, dividends, capital gains and income from
other sources.
Definitions:
Sec 2(30AC), “Iris” means a web based computer programme for operation and management of
Inland Revenue taxes and laws administered by the Board

Chapter 14: Returns
2 PERSONS LIABLE TO FILE A TAX RETURN

Section overview
n Persons liable to file a tax return

n Business bank account (Section 2(10A), 21, 114A)
n Persons not liable to file tax return
n Powers to call returns and statements
n Power to enforce filing of returns
2.1 Persons liable to file a tax return

The following persons are required to furnish a return of income for a tax year:
(i) Every company;
(ii) Every person (other than a company) whose taxable income for the year exceeds the
maximum amount that is not chargeable to tax; or
(iii) Any non-profit organisation
(iv) Every person whose income for the year is subject to final taxation under any provision of
the Ordinance;
(v) persons or classes of persons notified by the Board with the approval of the Minister in-
charge
In addition to the above, return is also required to be filed by the person who,-
(i) has been charged to tax in respect of any of the two preceding tax years;
(ii) claims a loss carried forward for a tax year;
(iii) owns immovable property with a land area of 500 square yards or more or owns any flat
located in areas falling within the municipal limits existing immediately before the
commencement of local government laws in the provinces; or areas in a cantonment; or the
Islamabad capital territory.
(iv) owns immoveable property with a land area of five hundred square yards or more located in
a rating area;
(v) owns a flat having covered area of two thousand square feet or more located in a rating
area;
(vi) owns a motor vehicle having engine capacity above 1000 CC;
(vii) has obtained National Tax Number or
(viii) is the holder of commercial or industrial connection of electricity where the amount of annual
bill exceeds Rs.500,000.
(ix) Is a resident person registered with any chamber of commerce and industry or any trade or
business association or any market committee or any professional body including Pakistan
Engineering Council, Pakistan Medical and Dental Council, Pakistan Bar Council or any
Provincial Bar Council, Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan or Institute of Cost
and Management Accountants of Pakistan.
(x) is a resident person being an individual required to file foreign income and assets statement
under section 116A; or
(xi) every individual whose income under the heading ‘Income from business’ exceeds
Rs.300,000 but does not exceed Rs. 400,000 is also required to file tax return.

Tax Practices
2.2 Business bank account (Section 2(10A), 21, 114A)

q Business bank account” means a bank account utilized by the taxpayer for business
transaction declared to the Commissioner through original or modified registration form
prescribed under section 181.
q Only businesses i.e. sole proprietor, AOP or companies are required to declare through FBR
e-portal.
q Every taxpayer shall declare to the Commissioner the bank account utilized by the taxpayer
for business transactions.
Legal implications for not declaring a bank account
An expense incurred for business purpose shall be inadmissible while computing income from
business under section 21.
2.3 Persons not liable to file tax return

Under section 115, the following persons are granted immunity from the aforesaid provision of filing
of tax return:
q Following persons:
- a widow;
- an orphan below the age of twenty-five years;
- a disabled person; or
- a non-resident person.
Shall not be required to furnish a return of income for a tax year solely by reason of:
1) owning immovable property with a land area of 500 square yards or more or any flat located in
areas falling within the municipal limits, existing immediately before the commencement of local
government laws in the provinces; or areas in a cantonment; or the Islamabad capital territory.
2) owns immoveable property with a land area of five hundred square yards or more located in a
rating area;
3) owns a flat having covered area of two thousand square feet or more located in a rating area;
4) owns a motor vehicle having engine capacity above 1000 CC;
2.4 Powers to call returns and statements
Section 114 empowers the Commissioner of income tax to call for return, the Commissioner may,
by notice in writing, require a person, or a person’s representative, as the case may be, to furnish
a return of income by the date specified in the notice for a period of less than twelve months, where:
• the person has died;
• the person has become bankrupt or gone into liquidation;
• the person is about to leave Pakistan permanently;
• the Commissioner otherwise considers it appropriate to require such a return to be furnished.
The Commissioner may, by notice in writing, require any person who, in the Commissioner’s
opinion, is required to file a return of income for a tax year or assessment year but who has failed
to do so to furnish a return of income for that year within thirty days from the date of service of such
notice or such longer or shorter period as may be specified in such notice or as the Commissioner
may allow. Any such notice may be issued in respect of one or more of the last five completed tax
years or assessment years.
Provided that in case of a person who has not filed return for any of the last five completed tax
years, notice may be issued in respect of one or more of the last ten completed tax years.
Provided further that the above time-limitation shall not apply if the Commissioner is satisfied on
the basis of reasons to be recorded in writing that a person who failed to furnish his return has
foreign income or owns foreign assets.

Chapter 14: Returns
2.5 Powers to enforce filing of returns

q The Board shall have the powers to issue income tax general order in respect of persons
who are not appearing on ATL but are liable to file return.
q The income tax general order issued may entail any or all of the following consequences for
the persons mentioned therein, namely:
• disabling of mobile phones or mobile phone Sims
• discontinuance of electricity and gas connection
q The Board or the Commissioner having jurisdiction over the person mentioned in the income
tax general order may order restoration of mobile phones, mobile phone sims and
connections of electricity and gas, in cases where he is satisfied that the return has been
filed or person was not liable to file return.
q No person shall be included in the general order unless following conditions have been met
with, namely:
• notice under section 114(4) has been issued by Commissioner demanding return of
income
• date of compliance of the notice under sub-section (4) of section 114 has elapsed and
• the person has not filed the return.

Tax Practices
3 METHOD OF FILING OF TAX RETURN

Section overview
n Method of filing of Tax Return [Sec 114(2) & 118]
3.1 Method of filing of Tax Return [Sec 114(2) & 118]

A return of income shall be in the prescribed form and shall be accompanied by such annexure,
statements or documents as may be prescribed;
a. shall fully state all the relevant particulars or information as specified in the form of return,
including a declaration of the records kept by the taxpayer; and
b. shall be signed by the person, being an individual, or the person’s representative where
section 172 applies.
c. shall be accompanied with due payment of tax as per return of income;
d. shall be accompanied with a wealth statement as required under section 116 and
e. shall be accompanied with a foreign income and assets statement as required under section
116A.
A return of income filed electronically on the web or any magnetic media or any other computer
readable media as may be specified by the Board shall also be deemed to be a return and the
Board may, by notification in the official Gazette, make rules for determining eligibility of the data
of such returns and e-intermediaries who will digitise the data of such returns and transmit the
same electronically to the Income Tax Department under their digital signatures and other matters
relating to electronic filing of returns, statements or documents etc..
Every return purporting to be made or signed by, or on behalf of a person shall be treated as having
been duly made by the person or with the person’s authority until the person proves the contrary.

Chapter 14: Returns
4 REVISION OF TAX RETURN

Section overview
n Filing of revised return or statement

n Procedure for filing of revised return and statement [Sec 114(6A)]
4.1 Filing of revised return or statement

Any person who, having furnished a return, discovers any omission or wrong statement therein,
may file revised return subject to the following conditions, namely:
a. it is accompanied by the revised accounts or revised audited accounts, as the case may be;
Provided that Commissioner may waive this condition if Commissioner is satisfied that filing
of revised accounts or audited accounts is not necessary.
b. the reasons for revision of return, in writing, duly signed, by the taxpayers are filed with the
return;
c. it is accompanied by approval of the Commissioner in writing for revision of return. However,
this condition shall not apply if revised return is filed within sixty (60) days of filing of return.
Further, where the Commissioner has not made an order or approval in writing, for revision
of return, before the expiration of sixty days from the date when the revision of return of
sought, the approval so required shall be deemed to have been granted by the
Commissioner, and the specified condition shall not apply. The mode and manner for
seeking the permission for revision shall be prescribed by the Board; and
d. taxable income declared is not less than and loss declared is not more than income or loss,
as the case may be, determined by an order issued under Best Judgement assessment,
Amendment of assessment, Revision by the Commissioner, Decision in appeal, Disposal of
appeals by the Appellate Tribunal, Reference to High Court or Rectification of mistakes
under sections 121, 122, 122A, 129, 132, 133 or 221.(These sections are discussed in detail
in the next chapter)
If any of the above conditions is not fulfilled, the return furnished shall be treated as an invalid
return as if it had not been furnished.
Provided also that condition specified in clause (c) shall not apply and the approval required
thereunder shall be deemed to have been granted by the Commissioner, if-
a. the Commissioner has not made an order of approval in writing, for revision of return, before
the expiration of sixty days from the date when the revision of return was sought; or
b. taxable income declared is more than or the loss declared is less than the income or loss,
as the case may be, determined under Assessments (section 120).
4.2 Procedure for filing of revised return and statement [S 114(6A)]

If a taxpayer files a revised return voluntarily along with deposit of the amount of tax short paid or
amount of tax sought to be evaded along with the default surcharge, whenever it comes to his
notice, before receipt of notice under sections 177 (Audit) or section 122(9) (Amendment of
Assessments, no penalty shall be recovered from him
In case the taxpayer deposits the amount of tax as pointed out by the Commissioner during the
audit or before the issuance of notice under the provisions of Amendment of Assessments (sub-
section (9) of section 122), he shall deposit the amount of tax sought to be evaded, the default
surcharge and twenty-five per cent of the penalties leviable under the ordinance along with the
revised return:
In case the taxpayer revises the return after the issuance of a show cause notice under sub-section
(9) of section 122, he shall deposit the amount of tax sought to be evaded, default surcharge and
fifty per cent of the leviable penalties under the ordinance along with the revised return and
thereafter, the show cause notice shall stand abated.

Tax Practices
5 DUE DATES FOR FILING TAX RETURN

Section overview
n Due dates for filing tax returns
5.1 Due dates for filing tax returns

Following are the different dates for tax reporting purposes
Section Tax Return Filer Return Period Due Date
118(1) A return of income of a Tax year ending On or before 31

company between 1st January to December next following
30 June the end of tax year
118(1) &(3) All other cases of person All year ends On or before 30
filing returns September next following
the end of tax year
118(5) Return in response to Year end as specified Due date fixed for
notice under section 117 in notice submission of tax return.
(discontinuance of
business)
114(4) Return in response to Year end as specified Due date specified in the
notice under section in notice notice for submission of
114(5) (return liable to be tax return or thirty days
filed but not filed) from the date of issuance
of notice.
According to section 118(2A), where salary income for the tax year is Rs.500,000 or more, the
taxpayer is required to file return of income electronically in the prescribed form and it shall be
accompanied by the proof of deduction or payment of tax and wealth statement as required under
section 116. However, according to SRO 791(I)/2015 dated 10 August 2015 it has been directed
that all individuals earning taxable salary shall be liable to file their returns electronically from tax
year 2015 onwards. Consequently, the threshold of Rs.500,000 or more, as stated above, shall no
more be applicable.

Chapter 14: Returns
6 FILING OF WEALTH STATEMENT

Section overview
n Wealth statement [Sec 116]

n Foreign Income and Assets Statement [Sec 116A]
n How to prepare a wealth statement
n Exercise
6.1 Wealth statement [Sec 116]

Wealth statement is a statement of assets and liabilities, for any year, which a person is required
to file, in the prescribed form and verified in prescribed manner giving particulars of
q the person’s total assets and liabilities as on the date or dates specified in such notice;
q the total assets and liabilities of the person’s spouse, minor children, and other dependents
as on the date or dates specified in such notice;
q any assets transferred by the person to any other person during the period or periods
specified in such notice and the consideration for the transfer; and
q the total expenditures incurred by the person, and the person’s spouse, minor children, and
other dependents during the period or periods specified in the notice and the details of such
expenditures; and
q the reconciliation statement of wealth.
Every resident taxpayer being an individual, filing a return of income for any tax year shall furnish
a wealth statement and wealth reconciliation statement for that year along with such return.
Further, every member of an association of persons shall also furnish wealth statement and wealth
reconciliation statement for the year along with return of income of the association.
Where a person, who has furnished a wealth statement, discovers any omission or wrong
statement therein, he may, without prejudice to any liability incurred by him under any provision of
this ordinance, furnish a revised wealth statement along with the revised wealth reconciliation and
the reasons for filing revised wealth statement, under intimation to the commissioner in the
prescribed form and manner, at any time before the receipt of notice for amendment in assessment,
for the tax year to which it relates, is made;
Provided that where the Commissioner is of the opinion that the revision under this sub section is
not for the purpose of correcting a bona fide omission or wrong statement, he may declare such
revision as void through an order in writing after providing opportunity of being heard.
Explanation: For the removal of doubt it is clarified that wealth statement cannot be revised after
the expiry of five years from the due date of filing of return of income for that tax year.
6.2 Foreign Income and Assets Statement [Sec 116A]
q Every resident taxpayer being an individual having foreign income of not less than ten
thousand United States dollars or having foreign assets with a value of not less than one
hundred thousand United States dollars shall furnish a statement, hereinafter referred to as
the foreign income and assets statement, in the prescribed form and verified in the
prescribed manner giving particulars of —
a) the person’s total foreign assets and liabilities as on the last day of the tax year;
b) any foreign assets transferred by the person to any other person during the tax year
and the consideration for the said transfer; and
c) Complete particulars of foreign income, the expenditure derived during the tax year
and the expenditure wholly and necessarily for the purposes of deriving the said
income.
q The Commissioner may by a notice in writing require any person being an individual who, in
the opinion of the Commissioner on the basis of reasons to be recorded in writing, was
required to furnish a foreign income and assets statement but who has failed to do so to
furnish the foreign income and assets statement on the date specified in the notice.”;

Tax Practices
6.3 How to prepare a wealth statement

Preparation of wealth statement is a technical task but familiarity with the method of preparation
of financial statements helps a lot in solving such problems. The manner of preparation of wealth
statements is given hereunder:
Wealth statement is primarily a balance sheet of an individual taxpayer where personal assets and
liabilities of a person are reflected on any given date i.e. the date on which the taxpayer closes his
accounts or the date as demanded through a notice in writing. It is worthwhile to mention here that
wealth statement only gives details of personal assets and liabilities held by a person but does not
reflect the status of business assets and liabilities. However, it does show net equity or
shareholding of that person in any business. A wealth statement is incomplete without
reconciliation statement showing accretion, no change or decrease in wealth.
Cash and bank reconciliation statement is derived from the cash and bank account. It starts from
taking opening balance of cash and bank balances and after adding cash inflows and subtracting
cash outflows, the remaining amount portrays closing balances of cash and bank account(s). This
closing balance is included in the assets of the wealth statement. It is important to bear in mind
that where expenditure side is not explained through the cash receipt side, then the difference
could be un-explained investment as income for the year. To avoid this treatment, figures need to
be tallied with investments worked out through wealth reconciliation statement.
Now after taking the figure of the cash and bank reconciliation, wealth statement for the current
year is complete and a person can easily calculate the figure of increase/decrease in the net wealth
by subtracting the last year’s net wealth figure from the current year’s net wealth figure shown in
the current year wealth statement.
While preparing wealth statement assets and liabilities are recorded at historical cost irrespective
of their present market value.
6.4 Exercise
Exercise:
Mr. Nadeem has filled following wealth statement as on 30.06.2023
Rupees
Plot at DHA, Lahore 3,500,000
Capital in ABC & Co 2,500,000
Jewelry 500,000
Shares in XYZ (Pvt.) Ltd 1,000,000
Bank 3,500,000
TOTAL 11,000,000
Personal Loan 1,000,000
TOTAL 10,000,000
During the year following information is provided:
He earned salary income of Rs. 1,300,000 and paid tax Rs.100,000.
He sold share of Rs. 200,000 for a consideration of Rs. 350,000.
He settled his personal loan of Rs. 500,000.
His household expenses aggregates to Rs. 850,000.
He has given gift of Rs. 400,000 to his brother Kamran through crossed cheque.
He has earned profit on ABC & Co of Rs.450,000. His drawings from the firm during the year was
Rs. 275,000. He paid tax of Rs. 40,000on firm income.
He purchased a new plot at EME society for total consideration Rs. 2,000,000 payable in 20
installments. During the year he paid Rs. 700,000 in installments.
On 30th June 2024, his bank balance was Rs. 475,000.
Required:
Prepare the wealth reconciliation statement and wealth statement as on June 30, 2024.

Chapter 14: Returns
Answer
MR. NADEEM
Wealth reconciliation statement
Amount
Opening Wealth 10,000,000
Add: Sources
Salary Income 1,300,000
Gain on sale of shares 150,000
Profit on ABC & CO 450,000
Total 11,900,000
Less:
Gift to brother 400,000
Tax deducted from salary 100,000
Tax on profit of ABC & Co. 40,000
Household expenses 850,000
1,390,000
Total (Rs. 11,900,000–1,390,000) 10,510,000
Note 2
Cash and Bank Reconciliation
Opening bank 3,500,000
Add:
Salary 1,300,000
Drawings 275,000
Sale of shares 350,000
1,925,000
Total 5,425,000
Less:
House hold expenses 850,000
Taxes 140,000
Gift 400,000
Plot instalments 700,000
Loan instalment 500,000 2,590,000
2,835,000
Wealth statement 2024
Plot at DHA 3,500,000
Capital in ABC (Note 1) 2,675,000
Advance for plot at EME 700,000
Jewellery 500,000
Shares in XYZ 800,000
Bank 2,835,000
Total 11,010,000
Less:
Loan (500,000)
Closing wealth 10,510,000
Note 1: Capital
Opening 2,500,000
Profit 450,000
2,950,000
Drawings 275,000
Total 2,675,000

Tax Practices
7 FILING OF TAX RETURN ON DISCONTINUANCE OF BUSINESS

Section overview
n Notice of discontinued business [Sec 117]
7.1 Notice of discontinued business [Sec 117]

Any person discontinuing a business shall give the Commissioner a notice in writing to that effect
within fifteen days of the discontinuance.
The person discontinuing a business shall, under the provisions of the Ordinance or on being
required by the Commissioner by notice, in writing, furnish a return of income for the period
commencing on the first day of the tax year in which the discontinuance occurred and ending on
the date of discontinuance and this period shall be treated as a separate tax year for the purposes
of this Ordinance.
Where no notice has been given by taxpayer but the Commissioner has reasonable grounds to
believe that a business has discontinued or is likely to discontinue, the Commissioner may serve
a notice on the person who has discontinued the business or is likely to discontinue the business
to furnish to the Commissioner within the time specified in the notice a return of income for the
period specified in the notice.
A return furnished under this case shall be treated for all purposes of the Ordinance as a return of
income, including the application of Section 120.

Chapter 14: Returns
8 EXTENSION OF TIME FOR FURNISHING OF TAX RETURN

Section overview
n Extension of time for furnishing returns and other documents [Sec 119]
8.1 Extension of time for furnishing returns and other documents [Sec 119]
A person required to furnish return or wealth statement may apply, in writing, to the Commissioner
for an extension of time to furnish the return or wealth statement, as the case may be.
The application for extension must be made by the due date of filing of the return or wealth
statement, as the case may be.
Extension in due date may be granted if the Commissioner is satisfied that the taxpayer was unable
to furnish return, or statement due to
(a) absence from Pakistan;
(b) sickness or other misadventure; or
(c) any other reasonable cause
An extension of time as discussed above should not exceed fifteen days from the due date for
furnishing the return of income or statement, as the case may be, unless there are exceptional
circumstances justifying a longer extension of time.
Provided that where the Commissioner has not granted extension for furnishing return under sub-
section (3) or sub-section (4), the Chief Commissioner may on an application made by the taxpayer
for extension or further extension, as the case may be, grant extension or further extension for a
period not exceeding fifteen days unless there are exceptional circumstances justifying a longer
extension of time.”;
An extension of time granted as discussed above shall not change the due date for payment of
income tax payable on the basis of return and default surcharge shall be chargeable for delayed
payment of tax due.

Tax Practices

15
CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Assessment, Records and Audit
Contents
1 Assessment
2 Special provisions with respect to assessment
3 Amendment of assessment
4 Action against assessment / Amended assessment order
5 Records and Audit

Tax Practices
1 ASSESSMENT
Section overview
n Assessment
n Ways of framing the assessment
n Normal assessment [Sec 120]
n Best judgment assessment [Sec 121]
n Provisional assessment in certain cases [Sec 123]
1.1 Assessment
Definitions:
Sec 2(5), “assessment” includes provisional assessment, re-assessment and amended assessment
and the cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly.
Sec 2(5A), “assessment year” means assessment year as defined in the repealed Ordinance
Assessment under the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 is generally made on the basis of returns filed
for a tax year. This is termed as Universal Self-Assessment Scheme (USAS) by the FBR, though
no such words are used in the Ordinance.
1.2 Ways of framing the assessment
Various ways of framing the assessment under the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 are as under:
q Normal assessment, usually referred to as ‘assessment’
q Best judgment assessment
q Provisional assessment in certain cases
Now we will discuss them one by one in the ensuing paragraphs.
1.3 Normal assessment [Sec 120]
q Section 120 of the Ordinance states that: If a taxpayer has furnished a complete return of
income other than a revised return, the Commissioner shall be treated to have assessed the
income and tax due thereon.
q Return shall be taken to be complete if it is in the prescribed form accompanied by such
annexures, statements or documents, fully state all the relevant particulars or information,
duly signed with evidence of payment due and accompanied with a wealth statement in
accordance with section 114(2).
Adjustments to be made in declared respective amounts of the return [Section
120(2A)]
A return of income furnished under sub-section (2) of section 114 shall be processed through
automated system to arrive at correct amounts of total income, taxable income and tax
payable by making adjustments for—
(i) any arithmetical error in the return;
(ii) any incorrect claim, if such incorrect claim is apparent from any information in the
return;
(iii) disallowance of any loss, deductible allowance or tax credit as specified; and
(iv) disallowance of carry forward of any loss under clause (b) of sub-section (1) of
section 182A.
Provided that no such adjustments shall be made unless a system generated notice is given
to the taxpayer specifying the adjustments intended to be made:
Provided further that the response received from the taxpayer, if any, shall be considered
before making any adjustment, and in a case where no response is received within 30 days
of the issue of such notice, adjustments shall be made.

Chapter 15: Assessment, Records and Audit
Provided also that where no such adjustments have been made within 6 month of filing of
return, the amounts specified in the return as declared by the taxpayer shall be deemed to
have been taken as adjusted amounts on the day the return was filed and the taxpayer shall
be intimated automatically through IRIS.
Provided also that the provisions of this sub-section shall apply from the date notified by the
Federal Board of Revenue in the official Gazette.]
Note: FBR has thus far not notified any date. Resultantly, the concept of self-
assessment is still applicable.
(7) For the purposes of this section,—
(a) “arithmetical error” includes any wrong or incorrect calculation of tax payable
including any minimum or final tax payable.
(b) "an incorrect claim apparent from any information in the return" shall mean a
claim, on the basis of an entry, in the return,—
i. of an item, which is inconsistent with another entry of the same or some other
item in such return;
ii. regarding any tax payment which is not verified from the collection system; or
iii. in respect of a deduction, where such deduction exceeds specified statutory limit
which may have been expressed as monetary amount or percentage or ratio or
fraction.
q However, in addition to above deemed assessment, the Commissioner has powers to
conduct audit of income tax affairs of any person under section 177 and all the provisions of
that section shall apply accordingly.
Assessment in case of incomplete return
q If the return of income furnished is not complete, the Commissioner shall issue a notice to
the taxpayer informing him of the deficiencies (other than incorrect amount of tax payable
on taxable income, as specified in the return, or short payment of tax payable) and directing
him to provide certain information, particulars, statement or documents by the date specified
in the notice in order to make the return a ‘complete return’.
q If a taxpayer fails to fully comply, by the due date, with the requirements of the notice the
return furnished shall be treated as an invalid return as if it had not been furnished. However,
if the taxpayer fully complies with the requirements of the notice, by the due date, the return
furnished shall be treated to be complete on the day it was furnished.
q Such notice shall not be issued after expiry of 180 days from the end of the financial year is
which return was furnished.
1.4 Best judgment assessment [Sec 121]
q This type of judgment is made where a person fails to:
• furnish return of income in response to notice of a Commissioner under sub section
(3) or sub section (4) of section 114; or
• furnish a return as required under section 143 or section 144 (return to be filed by air
carrier or shipping companies); or
• furnish the wealth statement as required under section 116; or
• produce before the commissioner, or a special audit panel appointed under sub-
section (11) of section 177 or any person employed by a firm of chartered accountants
or a firm of cost and management accountants under section 177, accounts,
documents and records required to be maintained under section 174, or any other
relevant document or evidence that may be required by him for the purpose of making
assessment of income and determination of tax due thereon.
q Under any of the above cases, the Commissioner may, based on any available information
or material and to the best of his judgment, make an assessment of the taxable income of
the person and the tax due thereon. Under such a case, the assessment, if any, treated to
have been made on the basis of return or revised return filed by the taxpayer shall beof no
legal effect.

Tax Practices
q As soon as possible after making a best judgment assessment, the Commissioner shall
issue the assessment order to the taxpayer stating:
• the taxable income;
• the amount of tax due;
• the amount of tax paid, if any; and
• the time, place and manner of appealing against the assessment order.
q An assessment order under section 121 shall only be issued within six years from the end
of the tax year to which it relates.
Provided that where notice for furnishing a return of income to any person under sub-section
(4) of section 114 is issued by a Commissioner in respect of one or more of the last ten
completed tax years in pursuance of proviso to sub-section (5) of section 114, an
assessment order under this section shall only be issued within two years from the end of
tax year in which such notice is issued.
1.5 Provisional assessment in certain cases [Sec 123]
Definitions:
Sec 2(13AA), concealment of income includes;
(a) the suppression of any item of receipt liable to tax in whole or in part, or failure to disclose
income chargeable to tax;
(b) claiming any deduction or any expenditure not actually incurred;
(c) any act referred to in sub-section (1) of section 111; and
(d) claiming of any income or receipt as exempt which is otherwise taxable.
Explanation - For removal of doubt it is clarified that none of the aforementioned acts would
constitute concealment of income unless it is proved that taxpayer has knowingly and willfully
committed these acts;
Sec 123(3) Concealed asset means any property or asset which, in the opinion of Commissioner, is
acquired from any income chargeable to tax but could not be charged to tax.
q This type of assessment is applicable in case where any concealed asset of a person is
impounded by any agency of Federal or Provincial Government. In such a case, the
Commissioner is empowered to make provisional assessment before making a best
judgment assessment or amended assessment.
q Where an offshore asset of any person, not declared earlier, is discovered by the
Commissioner or any department or agency of the Federal Government or a Provincial
Government, the Commissioner may at any time before issuing any assessment order under
section 121 or amended assessment order under section 122, issue to the person a
provisional assessment order or provisional amended assessment order, as the case may
be, for the last completed tax year of the person taking into account the offshore asset
discovered.
q Where any concealed asset is impounded, it shall be taken into account in the computation
of taxable income and tax payable for the last completed tax year of the person during which
the concealed asset was accounted for.
q The Commissioner shall finalize the provisional order or provisional amended assessment
order as soon as possible.

2 SPECIAL PROVISIONS WITH RESPECT TO ASSESSMENT

Section overview
n Assessment in relation to disputed property [Sec 125]

n Evidence of Assessment [Sec 126]
Following are three provisions which are associated with framing of assessment order:
2.1 Assessment in relation to disputed property [Sec 125]

Where the ownership of any property the income from which is chargeable to tax is in dispute in
any civil court in Pakistan, an assessment order or amended assessment order in respect of such
income may be issued at any time within one year after the end of the financial year in which the
decision of the court is made.
2.2 Evidence of Assessment [Sec 126]

q The production of an assessment order or its certified copy shall be conclusive evidence of
due making of assessment. The assessment order or its certified copy shall also be a
conclusive evidence that the amounts and all other particulars are correct except in cases
where the proceedings relating to assessment are under appeal.
q Any order of assessment or other document required to be made under Income Tax
Ordinance, 2001, may not be:
(i) quashed or void or voidable for want of form; or
(ii) affected due to any mistake, defect or omission therein
q However, an order shall be quashed or void:
(i) if it is in substance and effect, not in conformity with Income Tax Ordinance, 2001; or
(ii) the person assessed or intended to be assessed or effected by the document is not
designated in it according to common understanding.

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3 AMENDMENT OF ASSESSMENT
Section overview
n Amendment of assessment [Sec 122]

n Detailed explanation
3.1 Amendment of assessment [Sec 122]

Method of amendment of assessment is elaborated in section 122 of the Ordinance.
q Commissioner is empowered to amend an assessment order treated as issued on self-
assessment basis u/s 120 or an assessment order made to the best of Commissioner’s
judgment u/s 121. The Commissioner may make such alteration or additions as he considers
necessary.
q Amendment of assessment shall not be made after the expiry of 5 years, from the end of the
financial year in which the order is issued or treated as issued.
q If a taxpayer furnishes a revised return of income
(i) the Commissioner shall treat the revised return as amended assessment of the
taxable income and tax payable thereon as set out in the revised return; and
(ii) the taxpayer’s revised return shall be taken to be an amended assessment order
issued to the taxpayer by the Commissioner on the day the revised return was
furnished.
q Commissioner is also empowered to amend further as many times as may be necessary,
the original assessment order as amended previously within the later of:
(i) five years from the end of the financial year in which the original assessment order is
issued or treated as issued by the Commissioner; or
(ii) one year from the end of the financial year in which the amended assessment order
is issued or is treated as issued.
q An assessment order shall only be amended, or an amended assessment shall only be
further amended as above, where the Commissioner has definite information, acquired from
an audit or on the basis of definite information the Commissioner is satisfied, that:
(i) any taxable income has escaped assessment;
(ii) total income has been under assessed or assessed at too low tax rate or has been
the subject of excessive relief or refund; or
(iii) any amount under a head of income has been misclassified.
q Definite information includes information relating to sales or purchases of any goods made
by the taxpayer, receipts of the taxpayer from services rendered or other receipts relating to
the acquisition / possession / disposal of any money / asset / valuable article, or investment
made or expenditure incurred by the taxpayer.
q The Commissioner may amend, or further amend, an assessment order, if he considers that
it is erroneous in so far it is prejudicial to the interest of revenue.
q Once the order of assessment is amended, the Commissioner shall issue an amended
assessment order as soon as possible stating:
(i) the amended taxable income of taxpayer;
(ii) the amended amount of tax due;
(iii) the amount of tax paid, if any, and
(iv) the time, place and manner of appealing the amended assessment

q No assessment shall be amended or further amended without giving the taxpayer an

opportunity of being heard.
q Order under this section shall be made within one hundred and eighty days of issuance of
show cause notice or within such extended period as the Commissioner may, for reasons to
be recorded in writing, so however, such extended period shall in no case exceed ninety
days. This proviso shall be applicable to a show cause notice issued on or after the first day
of July, 2021.
q Any period during which the proceedings are adjourned on account of a stay order or
Alternative Dispute Resolution proceedings or agreed assessment proceedings under
section 122D or the time taken through adjournment by the taxpayer not exceeding sixty
days shall be excluded from the computation of the period specified above.
3.2 Detailed explanation

The above provisions relating to amendment of assessment carry much significance. Following
points should be kept in mind:
1) An assessment can only be amended in two situations i.e. on the basis of audit or on the
basis any definite information or where the assessment is erroneous and prejudicial to the
interest of revenue.
2) An assessment can be erroneous however, in case the same is not prejudicial to the interest
of revenue then tax authorities cannot initiate the proceedings of amendment of assessment
under section 122(5A) of the Ordinance. Thus, co-existence of both situations i.e. first error
in the assessment secondly tax loss suffered by the tax authorities, is very necessary to
invoke provisions of section 122(5A) [amendment of assessment].
3) Any change of opinion does not constitute any definite information or makes the assessment
as erroneous and prejudicial to the interest of revenue.
4) No amendment is allowed unless the taxpayer has been given proper opportunity of being
heard.

Tax Practices
4 ACTION AGAINST ASSESSMENT/AMENDED ASSESSMENT ORDER

Section overview
n Duties
n Revision of assessment by the Commissioner [Sec 122A]
n Revision by Chief Commissioner [Sec 122B]
n Powers of tax authorities to modify orders, etc. [Sec 124A]
n Agreed Assessment (Sec 122D)
4.1 Duties
From the Tax department
q Revision by the Commissioner
q Revision by the Chief Commissioner
q Modification of orders
From the Tax payer
q Rectification of mistake
q Appeal (see Chapter 16)
q Alternate dispute resolution committee (see Chapter 16)
4.2 Revision of assessment by the Commissioner [Sec 122A]

Process of revision of assessment is defined in section 122A of the Ordinance in the following
manner:
q The Commissioner may, suo-moto call for the record of any proceeding in which an order
has been passed by any Officer of Inland Revenue other than the Commissioner (Appeals).
q Where, after making such inquiry as is necessary, Commissioner considers that the order
requires revision, the he may make such revision to the order as he deems fit.
q Any such order shall not be prejudicial to the person to whom the order relates.
q The Commissioner shall not revise any order if:
(a) an appeal against the order lies to the Commissioner (Appeals) or to the Appellate
Tribunal and the time within which such appeal may be made has not expired; or
(b) The order is pending in appeal before the Commissioner (Appeals) or has been made
the subject of an appeal to the Appellate Tribunal.
q If any order is remanded back to any lower authority by the Commissioner for modification,
alteration, implementation of directions or de novo proceedings, the order giving effect to
the directions of the Commissioner shall be issued within one hundred and twenty days.
4.3 Revision by Chief Commissioner [Sec 122B]

q The Chief Commissioner may, either of his own motion or on an application made by the
taxpayer for revision, call for the record of any proceedings relating to issuance of an
exemption or lower rate certificate with regard to collection or deduction of tax at source
under Income Tax Ordinance, 2001. Record of such proceedings shall be called in which an
order has been passed by any authority subordinate to him.
q If, after making such inquiry as is necessary, The Chief Commissioner considers that the
order requires, revision, he may make such order as he may deem fit in the circumstances
of the case. However, he shall provide a reasonable opportunity of being heard to the
taxpayer.

4.4 Powers of tax authorities to modify orders, etc. [Sec 124A]

q The modification of orders is elaborated in section 124A of the Ordinance in the following
way: This applies where a question of law is decided either by a High Court or the Appellate
Tribunal in case of a taxpayer.
q In such a case the Commissioner may proceed to amend the assessment, to the extent it
needs revision due to the decision of High Court or Appellate Tribunal on the question of
law. In this regards the Commissioner shall ignore the fact that either an appeal is preferred
or an application for reference is made against the order of High Court or Appellate Tribunal.
q Where decision of High Court or Appellate Tribunal is reversed or modified, the
Commissioner may modify assessment in which the said decision was followed within one
year of the date of receipt of decision. In making such modification, the provisions of Income
Tax Ordinance, 2001 relating to time limit for making an assessment or amended
assessment shall be ignored.
4.5 Agreed assessment in certain cases [Sec 122D]

q Where a taxpayer, in response to a notice under sub-section (9) of section 122-Amendment
of assessment, intends to settle his case, he may file offer of settlement in the prescribed
form before the assessment oversight committee, hereinafter referred to as the Committee,
in addition to filing reply to the Commissioner.
q The Committee after examining the aforesaid offer may call for the record of the case and
after affording opportunity of being heard to the taxpayer, may decide to accept or modify
the offer of the taxpayer through consensus and communicate its decision to the taxpayer.
q Where the taxpayer is satisfied with the decision of the Committee:
(a) the taxpayer shall deposit the amount of tax payable including any amount of penalty
and default surcharge as per decision of the Committee;
(b) the Commissioner shall amend assessment in accordance with the decision of the
Committee after tax payable including any amount f penalty and default surcharge as
per decision of the Committee has been paid;
(c) the taxpayer shall waive the right to prefer appeal against such amended assessment;
and
(d) no further proceedings shall be undertaken under this Ordinance in respect of issues
decided by the Committee unless the tax as per clause (c) has not been deposited by
the taxpayer.
q Where the Committee has not been able to arrive at a consensus or where the taxpayer is
not satisfied with the decision of the Committee, the case shall be referred back to the
Commissioner for decision on the basis of reply of the taxpayer in response to notice under
sub-section (9) of section 122 notwithstanding proceedings or decision, if any, of the
Committee.
q The Committee shall comprise the following income tax authorities having jurisdiction over
the taxpayer, namely:-
(a) the Chief Commissioner Inland Revenue;
(b) the Commissioner Inland Revenue; and
(c) the Additional Commissioner Inland Revenue.
q This section shall not apply in cases involving concealment of income or where interpretation
of question of law is involved having effect on other cases.

Tax Practices
5 RECORDS AND AUDIT

Section overview
n Records [Sec 174]

n Prescribed books of accounts (Rule 28-33)
n Books of accounts, documents and records to be kept at specified place (Rule 33)
n National Database and Registration Authority (Sec 175B)
n Audit [Sec 177]
5.1 Records [Sec 174]

q Every taxpayer shall maintain in Pakistan such accounts, documents and records as may
be prescribed.
q The Commissioner may disallow or reduce a taxpayer‘s claim for a deduction if the taxpayer
is unable, without reasonable cause to provide a receipt, or other record or evidence of the
transaction or circumstances giving rise to the claim for the deduction.
q The accounts and documents required to be maintained shall be maintained for six years
after the end of the tax year to which they relate;
However, where any proceeding is pending before any authority or court the taxpayer shall
maintain the record till final decision of the proceedings.
Moreover, time limit of 6 years will not be applicable in case of foreign source income, assets,
expenses etc. and taxpayer is required to maintain record for indefinite period of time.
q Pending proceedings include proceedings for assessment or amendment of assessment,
appeal, revision, reference, petition or prosecution and any proceedings before an
Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee.
q Deduction means any amount debited to trading account, manufacturing account, receipts
and expenses account or profit and loss account.
q The Commissioner may require any person to install and use an Electronic Tax Register of
such type and description as may be prescribed for the purpose of storing and accessing
information regarding any transaction that has a bearing on the tax liability of such person.
Definition:
Sec 2(19C), “electronic record” includes the contents of communications, transactions and
procedures under this Ordinance, including attachments, annexes, enclosures, accounts, returns,
statements, certificates, applications, forms, receipts, acknowledgements, notices, orders,
judgments, approvals, notifications, circulars, rulings, documents and any other information
associated with such communications, transactions and procedures, created, sent, forwarded,
replied to, transmitted, distributed, broadcast, stored, held, copied, downloaded, displayed, viewed,
read, or printed, by one or several electronic resources and any other information in electronic form
5.2 Prescribed books of accounts (Rule 28-33)

Taxpayer required to
maintain proper books of
Rule Records to be kept
account, documents and
records
28 Every taxpayer deriving • all sums of money received and expended by the
income from business taxpayer and the matters in respect of which the
receipt and expenditure takes place.

records
• all sales and purchases of goods and all services
provided and obtained by the taxpayer.
• all assets of the taxpayer
• all liabilities of the taxpayer; and
• in case of a taxpayer engaged in assembly,
production, processing, manufacturing, mining or
like activities, all items of cost relating to the
utilization of materials, labour and other inputs.
• the books of account, documents and records to be
maintained under this chapter shall be maintained
for six years after the end of the tax year to which
they relate.
• the provision of maintaining the books shall not
apply where any proceeding under the Ordinance is
pending before any authority or court the taxpayer
shall maintain the record till final decision of the
proceedings.
29 Every taxpayer other than
companies, deriving income
chargeable under the head
Income from business
30(1) Taxpayers with business • Serially numbered and dated cash-memo / invoice
income upto Rs.500,000 and / receipt for each transaction of sale or receipt
new taxpayers deriving containing the following
income from business (a) taxpayer’s name or the name of his business,
address, national tax number or CNIC and
sales tax registration number, if any
(b) the description, quantity and value of goods
sold or services rendered;
• Where each transaction does not exceed
Rs. 100, one or more cash-memos per day for all
such transactions may be maintained
• Daily record of receipts, sales, payments,
purchases and expenses a single entry in respect
of daily receipts, sales, purchases and different
heads of expenses will suffice; and
• Vouchers of purchases and expenses.
30(2) Taxpayers with business • Serially numbered and dated cash-memo / invoice
income exceeding Rs. / receipt for each transaction of sale or receipt
500,000 and wholesalers, containing the following
distributors, dealers and
commission agents

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records
(a) taxpayer’s name or the name of his business,
address, national tax number or CNIC and
sales tax registration number, if any
(b) the description, quantity and value of goods
sold or services rendered; and
(c) in case of a wholesaler, distributor, dealer and
commission agent, where a single transaction
exceeds Rs. 10,000, the name and address of
the customer
Provided that where each transaction does not
exceed Rs.100, one or more cash-memos per
day for all such transactions may be
maintained
• Cash book and/or bank book or daily record of
receipts, sales, payments, purchases and
expenses; a single entry in respect of daily receipts,
sales, purchases and different heads of expenses
will suffice.
• General ledger or annual summary of receipts,
sales, payments, purchases and expenses under
distinctive heads.
• Vouchers of purchases and expenses and where a
single transaction exceeds Rs. 10,000 with the
name and address of the payee; and
• Where the taxpayer deals in purchase and sale of
goods, quarterly inventory of stock-in-trade
showing description, quantity and value.
30(3). Professionals like medical • Serially numbered and dated patient-slip / invoice
practitioners, legal /receipt for each transaction of sale or receipt
practitioners, accountants, containing the following
auditors, architects, (a) taxpayer’s name or the name of his business or
engineers etc. profession, address, national tax number or
CNIC and sales tax registration number, if any
(b) the description, quantity and value of
medicines supplied or details of treatment/
case/ services rendered (confidential details
are not required) and amount charged
(c) the name and address of the patient / client
Provided that the condition of recording address of
the patient on the patient slip under this clause shall
not apply to general medical practitioners
• Daily appointment and engagement diary in respect
of clients and patients provided that this clause shall
not apply to general medical practitioners

records
• Daily record of receipts, sales, payments,
purchases and expenses; a single entry in respect
of daily receipts, sales, purchases and different
heads of expenses will suffice
• Vouchers of purchases and expenses
3Manufacturers (with turnover • Serially numbered and dated cash-memo / invoice
0exceeding Rs. 2.5 million): /receipt for each transaction of sale or receipt
( [30(4)] containing the following
3 (a) taxpayer’s name or the name of his business
) address, national tax number or CNIC and
. sales tax registration number, if any
3
(b) the description, quantity and, value of goods
3
sold
0
d (c) where a single transaction exceeds Rs. 10,000
. with the name and address of the customer
• Cash book and/or bank book
• Sales day book and sales ledger (where applicable)
• Purchases day book and purchase ledger (where
applicable)
• General ledger
• Vouchers of purchases and expenses and where a
single transaction exceeds Rs. 10,000 with the
name and address of the payee;
• Stock register of stock-in-trade (major raw materials
and finished goods) supported by gate in-ward and
outward records and quarterly inventory of all items
of stock-in-trade including work-in-process showing
description, quantity and value.
31 Every taxpayer deriving Salary
3income chargeable under the • Salary certificate indicating the amount of salary
. head income from salary, and tax deducted there from.
property, capital gains or
Income from property
other sources
• Tenancy agreement, if executed
• Tenancy termination agreement, if executed
• Receipt for amount of rent received
• Evidence of deductions claimed in respect of
premium paid to insure the building, local rate, tax,
charge or cess, ground rent, profit/interest or share
in rent on money borrowed, expenditure on
collecting the rent, legal services and unpaid rent.

Tax Practices
records
Capital gain
• Evidence of cost of acquiring the capital asset
• Evidence of deduction for any other costs claimed
• Evidence in respect of consideration received on
disposal of the capital asset.
Income from other sources
Dividends
• Dividend warrants
Royalty
• Royalty agreement.
Profit on debt
• Evidence and detail of profit yielding debt
• Evidence of profit on debt and tax deducted
thereon, like certificate in the prescribed form or
bank account statement; and
• Evidence of Zakat deducted, if any.
Ground rent, rent from the sub-lease of land or building,
income from the lease of any building together with
plant or machinery and consideration for vacating the
possession of a building or part thereof
(a) Lease agreement
(b) Lease termination agreement.
Annuity or Pension
• Evidence of amount received.
Prize money on bond, winning from a raffle, lottery
or cross word puzzle
• Evidence of income and tax deducted thereon, like
certificate in the prescribed form.
Provision, use or exploitation of property
• Agreement.
Loan, advance, deposit or gift
• Evidence of mode of receipt of a loan, advance,
deposit
or gift i.e., by a crossed cheque or through a
banking channel.
General
• Evidence of deduction for any other expenditure
claimed.

5.3 Books of accounts, documents and records to be kept at specified place (Rule 33)
S. No Taxpayer required to Records to be kept
maintain proper books
of account, documents
and records
1. Income from business The books of accounts, documents and records
required to be maintained by a taxpayer shall be kept
at the place where the taxpayer is carrying on the
business or, where the business is carried on in more
places than one, at the principal place of business or at
each of such places if separate books of accounts are
maintained in respect of each place.
2. Income from sources Where a person derives income from sources other
other than business than from business, the books of accounts, documents
and records shall be kept at the person’s place of
residence or such other place as may be so declared
by such person.
3. Place to be clearly The place or places where the books of accounts,
stated on tax returns documents and records are kept shall be clearly stated
on the tax return form in the column requiring the details
of the records maintained.
5.4 National Database and Registration Authority (Sec 175B)

q The National Database and Registration Authority shall, on its own motion or upon
application by the Board, share its records and any information available or held by it, with
the Board, for broadening of the tax base.
q The National Database and Registration Authority may identify in relation to any person,
(whether a taxpayer or not) income, receipts, assets, properties, liabilities, expenditures, or
transactions that have escaped assessment or are under-assessed or have been assessed
at a low rate, or have been subjected to excessive relief or refund or have been misdeclared
or misclassified under a particular head of income.
q The Board may use and utilize any information communicated to it by the National Database
and Registration Authority and forward such information to an income tax authority having
jurisdiction.
q The National Database and Registration Authority may compute indicative income and tax
liability of anyone mentioned above by use of artificial intelligence, mathematical or statistical
modelling or any other modern device or calculation method.
q The indicative income and tax liability computed by the National Database and Registration
Authority shall be notified by the Board to the person in respect of whom such indicative
income and tax liability has been determined, who shall have the option to pay the
determined amount on such terms, conditions, instalments, discounts, reprieves pertaining
to penalty and default surcharge, and time limits that may be prescribed by the Board.
q In case the person against whom a liability has been determined, does not pay such liability
within the time prescribed, the Board shall take action under this Ordinance, upon the basis
of tax liability computed above.
q If the person against whom the liability has been determined pays such liability, such
payment shall be construed to be an amended assessment order under section 120 or sub-
section (1) of section 122 or sub-section (4) of section 122 as the case may be.
5.5 Audit [Sec 177]
q The Commissioner may call for any record or documents including books of accounts
maintained under the Ordinance or any other law for the time being in force for conducting
audit of the income tax affairs of the person

Tax Practices
q Where such record or documents have been kept on electronic data, the person shall allow
access to the Commissioner or the officer authorized by the Commissioner for use of
machine and software on which such data is kept and the Commissioner or the officer may
have access to the required information
q The Commissioner shall not call for record or documents of the taxpayer after expiry of six
years from the end of the tax year to which they relate.
• For the purpose of sub-section (2), the Commissioner may conduct audit proceedings
electronically through video links, or any other facility as prescribed by the Board.
[Section 177(2A)]
• Audit on the basis of sectoral Benchmark Ratios prescribed by the Board
[Section 177(2AA)
Where a taxpayer—
(a) has not furnished record or documents including books of accounts;
(b) has furnished incomplete record or books of accounts; or
(c) is unable provide sufficient explanation regarding the defects in records,
documents or books of accounts,
(d) it shall be construed that taxable income has not been correctly declared and the
Commissioner shall determine taxable income on the basis of sectoral benchmark
ratios prescribed by the Board.
Explanation— The expression “sectoral benchmark ratios” means standard business sector ratios
notified by the Board on the basis of comparative cases and includes financial ratios, production
ratios, gross profit ratio, net profit ratio, recovery ratio, wastage ratio and such other ratios in
respect of such sectors as may be prescribed.”;
q After obtaining the record of a person, the Commissioner shall conduct an audit of the
income tax affairs.
q After completion of the audit the Commissioner may, if considered necessary, after obtaining
taxpayer‘s explanation on all the issues raised in the audit, issue an audit report containing
audit observations and findings.
q After issuing the audit report, the Commissioner may, if considered necessary, amend the
assessment under sub-section (1) or sub-section (4) of section 122, as the case may be,
after providing an opportunity of being heard to the taxpayer under sub-section (9) of section
122.”
q The provisions of section 177 shall not apply to a person whose income tax affairs have
been audited in any of the preceding four tax years. However, Commissioner may select a
person under section 177 for audit with the approval of the Board.
q The Board may appoint a firm of Chartered Accountants or a firm of Cost and Management
Accountants to conduct an audit of the income tax affairs of any person or classes of persons
and the scope of such audit shall be as determined by the Board or the Commissioner on a
case to case basis.
q Where a person fails to produce before the Commissioner or a firm of Chartered Accountants
or a firm of Cost and Management Accountants appointed by the Board or the Commissioner
to conduct an audit, any accounts, documents and records, required to be maintained under
section 174 or any other relevant document, electronically kept record, electronic machine
or any other evidence that may be required by the Commissioner or the firm of Chartered
Accountants or the firm of Cost and Management Accountants for the purpose of audit or
determination of income and tax due thereon, the Commissioner may proceed to make best
judgment assessment under section 121 and the assessment treated to have been made
on the basis of return or revised return filed by the taxpayer shall be of no legal effect.
q Power of the Commissioner under section 177 is independent of the powers of the Board
under section 214C and nothing contained in section 214C restricts the power of the
Commissioner to call for the record or documents including books of accounts of a taxpayer
for audit and to conduct audit under this section.

q The Board may appoint as many special audit panels as may be necessary, to conduct an
audit, including a forensic audit, of the income tax affairs of any person or classes of persons
and the scope of such audit shall be as determined by the Board or the Commissioner on a
case to case basis. Relevant provisions in this regard are summarized below:
a) The panel shall comprise of any two or more members from:
• an officer of Inland Revenue;
• a firm of chartered accountants;
• a firm of cost and management accountants; or
• any other person as directed by the Board.
b) The Panel shall be headed by a Chairman who shall be an officer of Inland Revenue;
c) Powers under section 175 and 176 for the purpose of conducting an audit shall only
be exercised by an officer of Inland Revenue who are member or members of the
panel, and authorized by the Commissioner;
d) Where a person fails to produce before the Commissioner or a special audit panel
appointed to conduct an audit, any accounts, documents and records, required to be
maintained under section 174 or any other relevant document, electronically kept
record, electronic machine or any other evidence that may be required by the
Commissioner or the panel for the purpose of audit or determination of income and
tax due thereon, the Commissioner may proceed to make best judgment assessment
under section 121 and the assessment treated to have been made on the basis of
return or revised return filed by the taxpayer shall be of no legal effect.
e) If any member of the panel, not being the Chairman, is absent from conducting an
audit, the proceedings may continue and the audit conducted by the special audit
panel shall not be invalid or be called into question merely on account of such
absence;
f) Functions performed by the officer or officers of Inland Revenue as members of the
special audit panel to conduct audit, shall be treated as having been performed by the
special audit panel;
g) The Board may prescribe the mode and manner of constitution, procedure and
working of the special audit panel.

Tax Practices

16
CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Appeals, references and petitions
Contents
1 Appeals and circumstances giving rise to appeal
2 Appeals to the Commissioner (Appeals)
3 Appeals before Appellate Tribunal
4 Reference application before High Court
5 Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee
6 Other appeal related matters

Tax Practices
1 APPEALS AND CIRCUMSTANCES GIVING RISE TO APPEAL

Section overview
n What is appeal
n Circumstances giving rise to appeal to the Commissioner
n Forum of appeals
1.1 What is appeal?

q Most appeals arise on account of disagreement between the taxpayer and the tax collectors
(income tax department) regarding the quantification of the taxable income and tax liability
thereon as well as levy of default surcharge, penalties, etc. To resolve such disagreements
law lays down the procedure, which gives the taxpayer right of appeal before the
Commissioner (Appeals) and if the taxpayer or the tax collectors are not satisfied with the
appellate order of the Commissioner (Appeals), further right of appeal before the Appellate
Tribunal.
q Usually an agreement is reached through correspondence or discussion and in most cases
disputes are settled with the taxpayers at the Taxation Officer’s / Commissioner’s level,
saving time and trouble all around.
q The taxpayer or the tax collectors may refer the case to the High Court in case a question
of law arises out of the decision of the Appellate Tribunal.
1.2 Circumstances giving rise to appeal to the Commissioner (Appeal)

Circumstances giving rise to an appeal may include:
(i) A best judgment assessment (ex-parte assessment) based on any available information or
material to the best of the Taxation Officer’s / Commissioner’s judgment.
(ii) An amendment of assessment
(iii) An order holding an individual personally liable to pay the amount of tax, which was required
to be collected or deducted by him/her or having collected or deducted fails to pay the same
as required by the law
(iv) An order declaring or treating a person as a representative of a non-resident person
(v) An order refusing to rectify the mistake, either in full or in part
(vi) An order having the effect of enhancing the assessment or reducing a refund or otherwise
increasing the tax liability
No appeal in above cases, shall be made by a taxpayer against an order of assessment
unless the taxpayer has paid the amount of tax due under subsection (1) of section 137 (tax
due at time of furnishing the return).
1.3 Forums of appeals

Following forums of appeal are available to an aggrieved person:
(i) Commissioner (Appeals)
(ii) Appellate Tribunal
(iii) High Court
(iv) Supreme Court of Pakistan (against decision of reference to High Court). (Although the
Ordinance does not provide anything on the subject, but any person can prefer to SC under
the Constitution); and
(v) Alternative Dispute Resolution

Chapter 16: Appeals, references and petitions
2 APPEALS TO THE COMMISSIONER (APPEALS)

Section overview
n Procedure for filing of appeal before the Commissioner (Appeals)

n Procedure for disposal of appeal
n Decision in appeal
2.1 Procedure for filing of appeal before the Commissioner (Appeals)

The taxpayer may file appeal against an assessment or assessment order in addition to many
other actions prejudicial to the taxpayer, before the Commissioner (Appeals). Section 127 deals
with this issue in the following manner:
Filing of appeal to the Commissioner (Appeals)
q Any person who is aggrieved by an order passed by the Commissioner or a Taxation Officer
can file the appeal before the Commissioner (Appeals).
q Every appeal shall be filed in the prescribed form, verified in the prescribed manner, be
accompanied by the prescribed fee and shall precisely state the grounds upon which the
appeal is made.
q In case appeal is made against an order of assessment the application shall be accompanied
by fee of Rs.5,000.
q In case of any other order, fee of Rs. 5,000 in case of company and Rs. 2,500 in other cases,
shall be payable.
q No appeal shall be filed if the taxpayer has not paid tax due u/s 137(1) (i.e.) tax payable with
return).
q The appeal should be filed:
(i) where the appeal relates to an order of assessment or penalty, within 30 days from
the date of service of notice of demand u/s 137(2) in respect of any order of
assessment or penalty; and
(ii) in any other case within 30 days of the service of intimation of order against which
appeal is to be filed.
q However, Commissioner (Appeals) may condone the delay in filing of an appeal upon
application in writing by the appellant
q The Board may prescribe mechanism for electronic filing of the appeals.
2.2 Procedures for disposal of appeals

q Section 128 of the Ordinance outlines the procedure for disposal of appeal in the following
manner: The Commissioner (Appeals) shall give notice of the day fixed for the hearing of
the appeal to the appellant and to the Commissioner against whose order the appeal has
been made.
q Where in a particular case, the Commissioner (Appeals) is of the opinion that the recovery
of tax levied, shall cause undue hardship to the taxpayer, he, after affording opportunity of
being heard to the Commissioner against whose order appeal has been made, may stay the
recovery of such tax for a period not exceeding thirty days in aggregate.
q The Commissioner (Appeals), after affording opportunity of being heard to the
Commissioner against whose order appeal has been made, may stay the recovery of such
tax for a further period of thirty days, provided that the order on appeal shall be pass within
the said period of thirty days.
q The Commissioner (Appeals) may adjourn the hearing of the appeal from time to time.

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q The Commissioner (Appeals) may, before the hearing of an appeal, allow an appellant to
file any new ground of appeal not specified in the grounds of appeal already filed by the
appellant where the Commissioner (Appeals) is satisfied that the omission of the ground
from the form of the appeal was not wilful or unreasonable.
q The Commissioner (Appeals) may, before disposing of an appeal, call for such particulars
as the Commissioner (Appeals) may require respecting the matters arising in the appeal or
cause further enquiry to be made by the Commissioner.
q The Commissioner (Appeals) shall not admit any documentary material or evidence which
was not produced before the Commissioner unless the Commissioner (Appeals) is satisfied
that the appellant was prevented by sufficient cause from producing such material or
evidence before the Commissioner.
2.3 Decision in appeal
q In disposing of an appeal, the Commissioner (Appeals) may:
(i) make an order to confirm, modify or annul the assessment order after examining such
evidence as required by him respecting the matters arising in appeal or causing such
further enquires to be made as he deems fit; or
(ii) in any other case, make such order as the Commissioner (Appeals) thinks fit.
q The Commissioner (Appeals) shall not increase the amount of any assessment order or
decrease the amount of any refund unless the appellant has been given a reasonable
opportunity of showing cause against such increase or decrease, as the case may be.
q Where, as the result of an appeal, any change is made in the assessment of an association
of persons or a new assessment of an association of persons is ordered to be made, the
Commissioner (Appeals) may authorise the Commissioner to amend accordingly any
assessment order made on a member of the association and the time limit specified in
section 122(2) shall not apply to the making of such amended assessment.
q As soon as practicable after deciding an appeal, the Commissioner (Appeals) shall specify
in the order the amount of tax upheld and serve his order on the appellant and the
Commissioner.
Provided that such order shall be passed not later than one hundred and twenty days
from the date of filing of appeal or within an extended period of sixty days, for reasons to be
recorded in writing by the Commissioner (Appeals):
Provided further that any period during which the hearing of an appeal is adjourned at
the request of the appellant or is postponed due to any appeal or proceedings or stay order,
remand or alternative dispute resolution proceedings or for any other reason, shall be
excluded in the computation of the aforementioned periods.

3 APPEALS BEFORE APPELLATE TRIBUNAL

Section overview
n Appointment of Appellate Tribunal

n Appeal to the Appellate Tribunal [Sec 131]
n Procedure for disposal of appeal by Appellate Tribunal [Sec 132]
3.1 Appointment of Appellate Tribunal

q This Tribunal is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Law, Justice and
Parliamentary Affairs and therefore enjoys independence from the Board and the
assessment machinery.
q The Appellate Tribunal shall consist of a chairperson and such other judicial and accountant
members as are appointed by the Prime Minister having regard to the needs of the tribunal.
q A person may be appointed as a judicial member of the Appellate Tribunal if the person:
(i) has exercised the powers of a District Judge and is qualified to be a Judge of a High
Court; or
(ii) is or has been an advocate of a High Court and is qualified to be a Judge of the High
Court:
q A person may be appointed as an accountant member of an Appellate Tribunal if,
(i) he is an officer of Inland Revenue Service equivalent to the rank of; Chief
Commissioner Inland Revenue
(ii) a Commissioner Inland Revenue or Commissioner Inland Revenue (Appeals) having
at least three years’ experience as Commissioner or Collector.
(iii) a person who has, for a period of not less than ten years, practiced professionally as
a chartered accountant within the meaning of the Chartered Accountants Ordinance,
1961.
(iv) a person who has, for a period of not less than ten years, practiced professionally as
a cost and management accountant within the meaning of the Cost and Management
Accountants Act, 1966
q The Federal Government shall appoint a member of the Appellate Tribunal as Chairperson
of the tribunal and, except in special circumstances; the person appointed should be a
judicial member.
q The powers and functions of the Appellate Tribunal shall be exercised and discharged by
Benches constituted from members of the tribunal by the Chairperson of the tribunal.
q A Bench shall consist of not less than two members of the Appellate Tribunal and shall be
constituted so as to contain an equal number of judicial and accountant members, or so that
the number of members of one class does not exceed the number of members of the other
class by more than one.
q The Federal Government may direct that all or any of the powers of the Appellate Tribunal
shall be exercised by:
(i) any one member; or
(ii) More members than one, jointly or severally.
q Notwithstanding anything contained above, the Chairperson may constitute as many
benches consisting of a single member as he may deem necessary to hear such cases or
class of cases as the Federal Government may by order in writing, specify.

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q The Chairperson or other member of the Appellate Tribunal authorized, in this behalf by the
Chairman may, sitting singly, dispose of any case where the amount of tax or penalty
involved does not exceed one million rupees.
q If the members of a Bench differ in opinion on any point, the point shall be decided according
to the opinion of the majority.
q If the members of a Bench are equally divided on a point, they shall state the point on which
they differ and the case shall be referred by the Chairperson for hearing on that point by one
or more other members of the Appellate Tribunal, and the point shall be decided according
to the opinion of the majority of the members of the Tribunal who have heard the case
including those who first heard it.
q If there are an equal number of members of the Appellate Tribunal, the Federal Government
may appoint an additional member for the purpose of deciding the case on which there is a
difference of opinion.
q The Appellate Tribunal shall have the power to regulate its own procedure, and the
procedure of Benches of the Tribunal in all matters arising out of the discharge of its
functions including the places at which the Benches shall hold their sittings.
3.2 Appeal to the Appellate Tribunal [Sec 131]

The taxpayer or tax department may file appeal before the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal under
section 131 of the Ordinance. This section provides that:
q Where the taxpayer or Commissioner objects to an order passed by the Commissioner
(Appeals), the taxpayer or Commissioner may appeal to the Appellate Tribunal against such
order.
q An appeal shall be:
(i) in the prescribed form;
(ii) verified in the prescribed manner;
(iii) accompanied, except in case of an appeal preferred by the Commissioner, by the
prescribed fee and
(iv) Preferred to the Appellate Tribunal within sixty days of the date of service of order of
the Commissioner (Appeals) on the taxpayer or the Commissioner, as the case may
be.
q The prescribed fee shall be Rs. 5,000 in case of company and Rs. 2,500 in cases other
than company.
q The Appellate Tribunal may, upon application in writing, admit an appeal after the expiration
of the above said sixty days if it is satisfied that the appellant was prevented by sufficient
cause from filing the appeal within that period.
q Notwithstanding that an appeal has been filed before the Appellate Tribunal, tax shall, unless
recovery thereof has been stayed by the Appellate Tribunal, be payable in accordance with
the assessment made in the case:
Provided that if on filing of application in a particular case, the Appellate Tribunal is of the opinion
that the recovery of tax, shall cause undue hardship to the taxpayer, the Tribunal, after affording
opportunity of being heard to the Commissioner, may stay the recovery of such tax for a period not
exceeding 180 days in aggregate;
Provided further that where recovery of tax has been stayed, such stay order shall cease to have
effect on expiration of the said period of 180 days following the date on which the stay order was
made and the Commissioner shall proceed to recover the said tax:
Provided further that in computing the aforesaid period of 180 days, the period, if any, for which
the recovery of tax was stayed by a High Court, shall be excluded.

3.3 Procedure for disposal of appeal by Appellate Tribunal [Sec 132]

The mechanism for disposal of appeals by the Appellate Tribunal has been described in section
132 of the Ordinance in the following manner:
q The Appellate Tribunal may, before disposing of an appeal, call for such particulars as it may
require in respect of the matters arising on the appeal or cause further enquiry to be made
by the Commissioner.
q The Appellate Tribunal shall afford an opportunity of being heard to the parties to the appeal
and, in case of default by any of the party on the date of hearing, the Tribunal may proceed
ex-parte to decide the appeal on the basis of the available record.
q The Appellate Tribunal shall decide the appeal within six months of its filing;
q Where the appeal relates to an assessment order, the Appellate Tribunal may make an order
to:
(i) affirm, modify or annul the assessment order; or
(ii) remand the case to the Commissioner or the Commissioner (Appeals) for making
such enquiry or taking such action as the Tribunal may direct.
q The Appellate Tribunal shall not increase the amount of any assessment or penalty or
decrease the amount of any refund unless the taxpayer has been given a reasonable
opportunity of showing cause against such increase or decrease, as the case may be.
q Where, as the result of an appeal, any change is made in the assessment of an association
of persons or a new assessment of an association of persons is ordered to be made, the
Appellate Tribunal may authorise the Commissioner to amend accordingly any assessment
order made on a member of the association and the time limit specified in of section 122(2)
shall not apply to the making of such amended assessment.
q Where the appeal relates to a decision other than in respect of an assessment, the Appellate
Tribunal may make an order to affirm, vary or annul the decision, and issue such
consequential directions as the case may require.
q The Appellate Tribunal shall communicate its order to the taxpayer and the Commissioner.
q Except as provided in section 133, the decision of the Appellate Tribunal on an appeal shall
be final.

Tax Practices
4 REFERENCE APPLICATION BEFORE HIGH COURT

Section overview
n Reference application before High Court

n Petition before Supreme Court
4.1 Reference application before High Court

After the receipt of appellate order of the Appellate Tribunal, the taxpayer or the tax department
may file a reference application in order to avail the advisory jurisdiction of High Court on any point
of law. Section 133 of the ordinance deals with this issue and the said section states that:
q The taxpayer or the Commissioner who find themselves aggrieved upon the order of the
Appellate Tribunal can make an application in the prescribed form to the High Court within
ninety days of the communication of an order of the Appellate Tribunal.
q The application should be with a statement of case to the High Court stating any question of
law arising out of such order.
q The statement to the High Court referred to in above para shall set out the facts, the
determination of the Appellate Tribunal and the question of law which arises out of its order.
q Where, on an application the High Court is satisfied that a question of law arises out of the
order of the Appellate Tribunal, it may proceed to hear the case.
q A reference to the High Court shall be heard by a Bench of not less than two judges of the
High Court and, in respect of the reference, the provisions of section 98 of the code of Civil
Procedure, 1908, shall apply, so far as may be, notwithstanding anything contained in any
other law for the time being in force.
q The High Court upon hearing a reference shall decide the question of law raised by the
reference and pass judgment thereon specifying the grounds on which such judgment is
based and the Tribunal’s order shall stand modified accordingly. The Court shall send a copy
of the judgment under the seal of the Court to the Appellate Tribunal.
q Notwithstanding that a reference has been made to the High court, the amount of tax shall
be payable in accordance with the order of the Appellate Tribunal:
However, if the amount of tax is reduced as a result of the judgment in the reference by the
High Court, and any amount of tax is found refundable, the High Court may, on application
submitted by the Commissioner, within thirty days of the receipt of the judgement of the High
Court, that he wants to prefer petition for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court, make an
order authorizing the Commissioner to postpone the refund until the disposal of the appeal
by the Supreme Court.
q Where recovery of tax has been stayed by the High Court by an order, such order shall
cease to have effect on the expiration of a period of six months following the day on which
it is made unless the appeal is decided, or such order is withdrawn by the High Court earlier.
q Section 5 of the Limitation Act, 1908, shall apply to an application made to the High Court.
q A Reference application by a person other than the Commissioner shall be accompanied by
a fee of one hundred rupees.
4.2 Petition before Supreme Court

Supreme Court is the final forum for appeal available to the aggrieved parties against any judgment
of the High Court. Article 185 of the Constitution of Pakistan provides that any aggrieved party to
the decision of the High Court can prefer appeal before the Supreme Court of Pakistan.
Accordingly, no provision in this regard is required in the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001.

5 ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION COMMITTEE

Section overview
n Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee (ADRC)
5.1 Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee

Another mechanism for settling disputes provided in the income tax law is the Alternative Dispute
Resolution under section 134A. This envisages formation of an alternate Dispute Resolution
Committee. The said section is as under:
q An aggrieved person may apply for resolution of a dispute pending before any court of law
or appellate forum, through ADR mechanism in following cases:
(a) Where the liability of tax is Rs 100 million or above or admissibility of refund;
(b) The extent of waiver of default surcharge & penalty; or
(c) Any other specific relief required to resolve the dispute.
may apply to the Board for the appointment of a committee for the resolution of any hardship
or dispute mentioned in detail in the application, which is under litigation in any court of law
or an appellate authority, except where criminal proceedings have been initiated.
q The application for dispute resolution as above shall be accompanied by an initial proposition
for resolution of the dispute, including an offer of tax payment.
q The Board may, after examination of the application of an aggrieved person, appoint a
committee, within fifteen days of receipt of such application in the Board, comprising, -
(i) a retired judge not below the rank of a judge of a High Court, who shall also be the
Chairperson of the Committee, to be nominated by the Board from a panel notified by
the Law and Justice Division for such purpose;
(ii) the Chief Commissioner Inland Revenue having jurisdiction over the case; and
(iii) a person to be nominated by the taxpayer from a panel notified by the Board comprising
• chartered accountants, cost and management accountants and advocates having
a minimum of ten years' experience in the field of taxation;
• officers of the Inland Revenue Service who stood retired in BS 21 or above; or
• reputable businessmen as nominated by the Chambers of Commerce and
Industry:
Provided that the taxpayer shall not nominate a chartered accountant or an advocate if the
said chartered accountant or the advocate is or has been an auditor or an authorized
representative of the taxpayer.
q The Board shall communicate the order of appointment of Committee to the aggrieved
person, court of law or the appellate authority where the dispute is pending and to the
concerned Commissioner.
q The Committee appointed shall examine the issue and may, if it deems necessary, conduct
inquiry, seek expert opinion, direct any officer of the Inland Revenue or any other person to
conduct an audit and shall decide the dispute by majority, within forty-five days of its
appointment extendable by another fifteen days for the reasons to be recorded in writing.
q The decision by the Committee shall not be cited or taken as a precedent in any other case
or in the same case for a different tax year.
q The recovery of tax payable by a taxpayer in connection with any dispute for which a
Committee has been appointed shall be deemed to have been stayed on the constitution of
Committee till the final decision or dissolution of the Committee, whichever is earlier.

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q The decision of the Committee shall be binding on the Commissioner when the aggrieved
person, being satisfied with the decision, has withdrawn the appeal pending before the court
of law or any appellate authority in respect of dispute as mentioned above and has
communicated the order of withdrawal to the Commissioner
Provided that if the order of withdrawal is not communicated to the Commissioner within
sixty days of the service of decision of the Committee upon the aggrieved person, the
decision of the Committee shall not be binding on the Commissioner.
q The Commissioner shall also withdraw the appeal, if any, pending before any court of law or
an appellate authority within thirty days of the communication of the order of withdrawal by
the aggrieved person to the Commissioner.
q The aggrieved person shall make the payment of income tax and other taxes and within
such time as decided by the Committee and all decisions and orders made or passed shall
stand modified to that extent.
q If the Committee fails to decide within the period of sixty days, the Board shall dissolve the
Committee by an order in writing and the matter shall be decided by the court of law or the
appellate authority where the dispute is pending under litigation.
q The Board shall communicate the order of dissolution to the aggrieved person, court of law
or the appellate authority and to the Commissioner.
q On receipt of the order of dissolution, the court of law or the appellate authority shall decide
the appeal within six months of the communication of the said order.
q The Board may prescribe the amount to be paid as remuneration for the services of the
members of the Committee, other than Chief Commissioner.
q The Board may, by notification in the official Gazette, make rules for carrying out the
purposes of this section.

6 OTHER APPEAL RELATED MATTERS

Section overview
n Assessment giving effect to an order [Sec 124]

n Burden of Proof [Sec 136]
6.1 Assessment giving effect to an order [Sec 124]

q The various situations and time limitations are tabulated below:
Decision of appellate Time within which the new assessment order has to be
authority made
Direct relief provided to Two months from the date the order is served on the
taxpayer commissioner
One year from the end of the financial year in which the
commissioner is served with the order provided no further
Assessment order wholly
appeal or reference is preferred against the order of the
or partly set aside
appellate authority either by the commissioner or the
taxpayer
Two years from the end of the financial year in which the
Any other decision
commissioner is served with the order
q In case of an assessment order is set aside or modified, the proceedings may commence
from the stage next preceding the stage where the setting aside or modification took place.
In these cases, Commissioner shall not be entitled to re-issue any notice which was earlier
issued or shall not require refurnishing or re-filing of any return, statement or other particulars
which were earlier furnished or filed.
q Where in consequence of an order of any appellate forum or court any income is excluded
from the computation:
(i) of taxable income of a person for any year and included in the computation of taxable
income for another year; or
(ii) of taxable income of one person is included in the taxable income of other person.
the assessment or amended assessment made as above shall be treated as assessment in
consequence of such order.
q In case of an assessment order passed under section 124 (Appeal effect), the tax payable
shall become payable immediately instead of payment within 30 days.
6.2 Burden of Proof [Sec 136]

Section 136 of the Ordinance points to one very important aspect of appeal and states that in any
appeal by a taxpayer, the burden shall be on the taxpayer to prove, on the balance of probabilities:
1) In the case of an assessment order, the extent to which the order does not correctly reflect
the taxpayer’s tax liability for the tax year; or
2) In the case of any other decision, that the decision is erroneous.

Tax Practices

17
CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Scope of sales tax law

and rules for registration and
deregistration
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Basic concepts and definitions
3 Scope of tax
4 Liability to pay sales tax
5 Zero rating and exemption
6 Registration
7 De-registration

Tax Practices
1 INTRODUCTION
Section overview
n Preamble
n Extent and applicability of Sales Tax Act, 1990
n Taxes under sales tax law
1.1 Preamble
The preamble of Sales Tax Act, 1990 states that it is an act to consolidate and amend the law
relating to the levy of a tax on the sale, importation, exportation, production, manufacture or
consumption of goods.
The aforesaid preamble clarifies that the sales tax is not only leviable on the sale of goods but is
also on import, export, production, manufacture and consumption of goods. Before we study these
terminologies in the ensuing paragraphs, we would like to describe the jurisdiction and extent of
applicability of Sales Tax Act, 1990.
1.2 Extent and applicability of Sales Tax Act, 1990

Section 1 states that the Sales Tax Act,1990 extends to the whole of Pakistan. The territories of
Pakistan as per Article 1(2) of the Constitution comprise the following:
1) the Provinces of Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Sindh;
2) the Islamabad Capital territory hereinafter referred to as the Federal Capital; and
3) such States and territories as are or may be included in Pakistan, whether by accession or
otherwise.
Keeping in view the aforesaid discussion, it means that the Sales Tax Act, 1990 is applicable to
the whole of Pakistan. Now we discuss the tax covered under the sales tax law:
1.3 Taxes under sales tax law
Definition
“sales tax” [2(29A)] means—
q the tax, additional tax, or default surcharge levied under this Act;
q a fine, penalty or fee imposed or charged under this Act; and
q any other sum payable under the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder.

Chapter 17: Scope of sales tax law and rules for registration and deregistration
2 BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

Section overview
n Taxable supplies
n Supply
n Taxable goods
n Exempt supplies
n Zero rated supplies
n Supplies without payment of sales tax
n Importer, Manufacturer, Wholesaler, Distributor and Retailer
n Registered person
n Taxable activity
n Value of supply
n Time of supply
n Other definitions/concepts
2.1 Taxable supplies

Definition: Taxable Supply [Section 2(41)]
"Taxable supply" means a supply of taxable goods made by an importer; manufacturer, wholesaler
(including dealer), distributor or retailer other than a supply of goods which is exempt under section
13 and includes a supply of goods chargeable to tax at the rate of zero per cent under section 4.
It is imperative to ascertain the answer of the following questions which would eventually clarify
whether any transaction is taxable supply or not:
i. Whether the transaction constitutes a “supply”?
ii. Whether the supply relates to any “taxable goods”?
iii. Whether these taxable goods are supplied by importer; manufacturer, wholesaler (including
dealer), distributor or retailer?
iv. Which goods are exempted from levy of tax?
v. What are “zero rated supplies”?
vi. What are “supplies without payment of sales tax”?
2.2 Supply
Definition The term supply is defined in section 2(33) of the Act in the following way:
Supply means “A sale or other transfer of the right to dispose of goods as owner, including such
sale or transfer under a hire purchase agreement and also includes”
(i) putting to private, business or non-business use of goods produced or manufactured in the
course of taxable activity for purposes other than those of making a taxable supply;
(ii) auction or disposal of goods to satisfy a debt owed by a person;
(iii) possession of taxable goods held immediately before a person ceases to be a registered
person;
(iv) in case of manufacture of goods belonging to another person, the transfer or delivery of such
goods to the owner or to a person nominated by him;
Provided that the Board with approval of the Federal Minister Incharge, may by notification in the
official Gazette, specify such other transactions which shall or shall not constitute supply.

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2.3 Taxable goods

Definitions:
The definition of term “taxable goods” as given in section 2(39) of the Sales Tax Act, 1990 is as
under:
q "Taxable goods" means all goods other than those which have been exempted under section
13;
The term “goods” is elaborated in section 2(12) of the Act in the following way:
q "Goods" include every kind of movable property other than actionable claims, money, stocks,
shares and securities;
It is important to place on record that under section 8(6) of the Act, the Board with approval of the
Federal Minister In-charge is empowered to prohibit registered persons from supplying taxable
goods to specified un-registered persons.
2.4 Exempt supplies

Definition
"Exempt supply" means a supply which is exempt from tax under section 13. [Section 2(11) of the
Sales Tax Act, 1990)
Section 13 stipulates that following goods are exempt from levy of sales tax:
q Supply or import of goods listed in sixth schedule
q Goods specified by Federal Government through its SROs to the extents and from the date
specified therein
The sixth schedule includes a list of items on which no sales tax is levied.
2.5 Zero rated supplies

Definition
The term “Zero rated supplies” is elaborated in section 2(48) of the Act in the following manner:
"Zero-rated supply" means a taxable supply which is charged to tax at the rate of zero per cent
under section 4.
Section 4 of the Act elucidates following items which are chargeable to tax at the rate of zero per
cent:
a. Goods exported, or the goods specified in the Fifth Schedule;
b. Supply of stores and provisions for consumption aboard a conveyance proceeding to a
destination outside Pakistan as specified in section 24 of the Customs Act, 1969;
c. such other goods, as the Federal Government may specify by notification in the official
Gazette, whenever circumstances exist to take immediate action for the purposes of national
security, natural disaster, national food security in emergency situations and implementation
of bilateral and multilateral agreements:
Provided that nothing in this section shall apply in respect of a supply of goods which –
(i) are exported, but have been or are intended to be re-imported into Pakistan; or
(ii) have been entered for export under Section 131 of the Customs Act, 1969, but are
not exported; or
(iii) have been exported to a country specified by the Federal Government, by Notification
in the official Gazette
Provided further that the Federal Government may by a notification in the official Gazette,
restrict the amount of credit for input tax actually paid and claimed by a person making a
zero-rated supply of goods otherwise chargeable to sales tax.

2.6 Supplies without payment of sales tax

Under section 60 of the Act, the Federal Government is empowered to prescribe any specified
taxable goods which can be imported without payment of whole or part of sales tax.
2.7 Importer, manufacturer, wholesaler, distributor and retailer

Goods supplied by an importer; manufacturer, wholesaler (including dealer), distributor or retailer
are taxable goods. Therefore, the goods supplied by persons other than by these are not taxable
goods e.g. supplies by an agriculturist or a bank. These persons are defined in the law in the
following manner:
Definitions
Importer [Section 2(13)]
Importer is any person who imports any goods into Pakistan
Manufacturer or producer [Section 2(17)]
Manufacturer means a person who engages, whether exclusively or not, in the production or
manufacture of goods whether or not the raw material of which the goods are produced or
manufactured are owned by him; and shall include:
(i) a person who by any process or operation assembles, mixes, cuts, dilutes, bottles, packages,
repackages or prepares goods by any other manner;
(ii) an assignee or trustee in bankruptcy, liquidator, executor, or curator or any manufacturer or
producer and any person who disposes of his assets in any fiduciary capacity; and
(iii) any person, firm or company which owns, holds, claims or uses any patent, proprietary or other
right to goods being manufactured, whether in his or its name, or on his or its behalf, as the
case may be, whether or not such person, firm or company sells, distributes, consigns or
otherwise disposes of the goods.
Provided that for the purpose of refund under this Act, only such person shall be treated as
manufacturer-cum-exporter who owns or has his own manufacturing facility to manufacture or
produce the goods exported or to be exported;
The bare reading of the definition clarify that manufacturing services provided by a person on behalf
of a principal are covered within the definition of manufacturing. For example, dyeing services, toll
manufacturing, knitting services etc. Moreover, any person who either produces goods himself or
out-sources such manufacture is also treated as a manufacturer.
Definition:
"Manufacture" or "produce" [Section 2(16)] includes:
(i) Any process in which an article singly or in combination with other articles, materials,
components, is either converted into another distinct article or product or is so changed,
transformed or reshaped that it becomes capable of being put to use differently or distinctly
and includes any process incidental or ancillary to the completion of a manufactured product;
(ii) Process of printing, publishing, lithography and engraving; and
(iii) Process and operations of assembling, mixing, cutting, diluting, bottling, packaging, repacking
or preparation of goods in any other manner.
Definition: Retailer [Section 2(28)]

Means a person supplying goods to general public for the purpose of consumption.
Provided that any person, who combines the business of import and retail or manufacture or
production with retail, shall notify and advertise wholesale prices and retail prices separately, and
declare the address of retail outlets.

Tax Practices
Definition: Retail Price [Section 2(27)]

With reference to the Third Schedule, means the price fixed by the manufacturer or the importer,
in case of imported goods, inclusive of all duties, charges and taxes (other than sales tax) at which
any particular brand or variety of any article should be sold to the general body of consumers or, if
more than one such price is so fixed for the same brand or variety, the highest of such price;
Provided that the board may through a general order specify zones or areas for the purpose of
determination of highest retail price for any brand or variety of goods.
Definition: Distributors [Section 2(7)]

A person appointed by a manufacturer, importer or any other person for a specified area to
purchase goods from him for further supply and includes a person who in addition to being a
distributor is also engaged in supply of goods as a wholesaler or a retailer.
Definition: Wholesaler [Section 2(47)]

Includes a dealer and means any person who carries on, whether regularly or otherwise, the
business of buying and selling goods by wholesale or of supplying or distributing goods, directly or
indirectly, by wholesale for cash or deferred payment or for commission or other valuable
consideration or stores such goods belonging to others as an agent for the purpose of sale; and
includes a person who deducts income tax at source under the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001.
2.8 Registered person

Any importer, distributor, exporter, manufacturer or wholesaler is not liable to sales tax until and
unless he is a registered person. The term “Registered person” is reproduced hereunder as defined
in section 2(25) of the Act:
Definition: Registered Person

Means a person who is registered or is liable to be registered under this Act
Provided that a person liable to be registered but not registered under this act shall not be entitled
to any benefit available to a registered person under any of the provisions of this act or the rules
made thereunder.
It is evident that a person liable to be registered is covered within the definition of registered person.
Hence, a person not registered but liable to be registered can equally be held liable to pay sales
tax on the goods supplied during the period that he remained un-registered. However, such person
is not entitled to get the benefit of input tax credit or other benefit available to a registered person
as the same are not claimed by way of filing tax returns.
Definition:
Person [Section 2(21)]
Means,
q individual;
q a company or association of persons incorporated, formed, organized or established in
Pakistan or elsewhere;
q the Federal Government;
q a Provincial Government;
q a local authority in Pakistan; or
q a foreign government, a political subdivision of a foreign government, or public international
organization

2.9 Taxable activity
Definition: Taxable Activity [Section 2(35)]

Means any economic activity carried on by a person whether or not for profit, and includes—
a. an activity carried on in the form of a business, trade or manufacture;
b. an activity that involves the supply of goods, the rendering or providing of services, or both to
another person;
c. a one-off adventure or concern in the nature of a trade; and
d. anything done or undertaken during the commencement or termination of the economic
activity,
but does not include—
a. the activities of an employee providing services in that capacity to an employer;
b. an activity carried on by an individual as a private recreational pursuit or hobby; and
c. an activity carried on by a person other than an individual which, if carried on by an individual,
would fall within sub-clause (b).
2.10 Value of supply
Definition: Value of Supply [Section 2(46)]

(i) In respect of a taxable supply, the consideration in money including all Federal and Provincial
duties and taxes, if any, which the supplier receives from the recipient for that supply but
excluding the amount of tax:
Provided that:
(a) In case the consideration for a supply is in kind or is partly in kind and partly in money,
the value of the supply shall mean the open market price of the supply excluding the
amount of tax;
(b) In case the supplier and recipient are associated persons and the supply is made for no
consideration or for a consideration which is lower than the open market price, the value
of supply shall mean the open market price of the supply excluding the amount of tax;
and
(c) In case a taxable supply is made to a consumer from general public on installment basis
on a price inclusive of mark up or surcharge rendering it higher than open market price,
the value of supply shall mean the open market price of the supply excluding the
amount of tax.
(ii) In case of trade discounts, the discounted price excluding the amount of tax provided the tax
invoice shows the discounted price and the related tax and the discount allowed is in
conformity with the normal business practices;
(iii) In case where for any special nature of transaction it is difficult to ascertain the value of a
supply, the open market price;
(iv) In case of imported goods, the value determined under the Customs Act, including the
amount of customs-duties and central excise duty levied hereon;
(v) In case where there is sufficient reason to believe that the value of a supply has not been
correctly declared in the invoice, the value determined by the Valuation Committee
comprising representatives of trade and the Inland Revenue constituted by the
Commissioner; and
(vi) In case the goods other than taxable goods are supplied to a registered person for processing,
the value of supply of such processed goods shall mean the price excluding the amount of
sales tax which such goods will fetch on sale in the market;

Tax Practices
(vii) In case of a taxable supply, with reference to retail tax, the price of taxable goods excluding
the amount of retail tax, which a supplier will charge at the time of making taxable supply by
him, or such other price as the Board may, by a notification in the official Gazette, specify.
(viii) In case of supply of electricity by an independent power producer or WAPDA, the amount
received on account of energy purchase price only; and the amount received on account of
capacity purchase price, energy purchase price premium, excess bonus, supplemental
charges etc. shall not be included in the value of supply;
(ix) In case of supply of electric power and gas by a distribution company, the total amount billed
including price of electricity and natural gas, as the case may be, charges, rents,
commissions and all duties and taxes local, provincial and federal but excluding the amount
of late payment surcharge and the amount of sales tax; and
Note: It is clarified that value of supply does not include the amount of subsidy provided by
federal government or provincial government to the electricity consumers and has never
been chargeable to tax under the Act.
(x) in case of registered person who is engaged in purchasing used vehicles from general public
on which sales tax had already been paid at the time of import or manufacturing, and which
are, later on, sold in the open market after making certain value addition, value of supply will
be the difference between sale and purchase price of the said vehicle on the basis of the
valuation method prescribed by the Board.
Provided that, where the Board deems it necessary it may, by notification in the official Gazette, fix
the value of any imported goods or taxable supplies or class of supplies and for that purpose fix
different values for different classes or description of same type of imported goods or supplies.
Provided further that where the value at which import or supply is made is higher than the value
fixed by the Board, the value of goods shall, unless otherwise directed by the Board, be the value at
which the import or supply is made.
The aforesaid definition used two further terms i.e. associated person and open market price.
These two terms are defined in the Act in the following manner:
Associates (associated persons) [Section 2(3)] means, –
i. Two persons are associate where the relationship between the two is such that one may
reasonably be expected to act in accordance with the intentions of the other, or both persons
may reasonably be expected to act in accordance with the intentions of a third person;
ii. Two persons shall not be associates solely by reason of the fact that one person is an
employee of the other or both persons are employees of a third person;
iii. Without limiting the generality of the above provisions the following shall be treated as
associates, namely: –
(a) an individual and a relative of the individual;
(b) members of an association of persons;
(c) a member of an association of persons and the association, where the member, either
alone or together with an associate or associates under another application of this
section, controls fifty per cent or more of the rights to income or capital of the
association;
(d) trust and any person who benefits or may benefit under the trust;
(e) a shareholder in a company and the company, where the shareholder, either alone or
together with an associate or associates under another application of this section,
controls either directly or through one or more interposed persons–
- Fifty per cent or more of the voting power in the company;
- Fifty per cent or more of the rights to dividends; or

- Fifty per cent or more of the rights to capital; and

(f) two companies, where a person, either alone or together with an associate or
associates under another application of this section, controls either directly or through
one or more interposed persons –
- Fifty per cent or more of the voting power in both companies;
- Fifty per cent or more of the rights to dividends in both companies; or
- Fifty per cent or more of the rights to capital in both companies.
iv. Two persons shall not be associates under sub-clause (a) or (b) of paragraph (iii) above,
where the Commissioner is satisfied that neither person may reasonably be expected to act
in accordance with the intentions of the other.
v. In this clause, “relative” in relation to an individual, means:
(a) An ancestor, a descendant of any of the grandparents, or an adopted child, of the
individual, or of a spouse of the individual; or
(b) A spouse of the individual or of any person specified in sub-clause (a).
Definition: Open Market Price [Section 2(19)]

Means the consideration in money which that supply or a similar supply would generally fetch in an
open market;
The term similar supply is elaborated in the following way:
Definition: Similar Supply [Section 2(31)]

In relation to the open market price of goods, means any other supply of goods which closely or
substantially resembles the characteristics, quantity, components and materials of the
aforementioned goods;
Exercise
(a) Waqar Ltd. has supplied 2000 tons of steel to Shoaib Limited. The market price of the supply
is Rs. 2.8 million exclusive of sales tax. Owing to financial difficulties, Shoaib Limited has
requested to settle the price by transferring a portion of building having a market value of
Rs. 2.5 million and to pay Rs. 75,000 in final settlement along with the applicable sales tax by
way of a cheque drawn in favour of Waqar Ltd.
(b) Atif’s son started his business in July 2023. In order to assist him, Atif supplied him the goods
at a discounted price of Rs. 2,500,000. The discount rate allowed was 18% against the normal
business practice of allowing a discount at 8%. What would be the correct value of supply on
which Atif would be chargeable to sales tax.
(c) Usama has supplied 200 kg of material, falling under the Third schedule to Munawar Limited
at wholesale price of Rs. 500 per kg. The retail price of the material is Rs. 900 per Kg.
Required:
Determine the value of supply on which sales tax would be levied under the provisions of the Sales
Tax Act, 1990.
Answer
(a) Supply partly in kind
In case the consideration for a supply is in kind or is partly in kind and partly in money, the value
of supply shall mean the open market price of the supply excluding the amount of tax. Therefore,
value of supply shall be Rs. 2,800,000 and not the consideration received. i.e. Rs. 2,575,000.
However, if the sales tax invoice reflects trade discount of Rs. 225,000 and discount allowed is
in conformity with the normal business practices, then the value of taxable supply will be taken
at Rs. 2,575,000.

Tax Practices
(b) Discounted price

The transaction is with an associate and not at arm’s length. In the case of trade discounts, sales
tax is levied on the discounted price excluding the amount of tax, provided that the sales tax
invoice shows the discounted price and related tax. Further, the discount allowed should be in
conformity with normal business practice.
In this case, the discounted price for charging sales tax will be computed by allowing a discount
at 8% instead of 18% as below:
Rs.
Price at 18% discount 2,500,000
Price at 8% discount 2,804,878
(2,500,000/0·82 x 0·92)
(c) Retail price
On Third Schedule items, sales tax is charged on the retail price of goods excluding the amount
of retail tax. Therefore, sales tax would be charged @ 18% on Rs. 180,000 (200kgs x Rs.
900/kg).
2.11 Time of supply

Definition: Time of Supply [Section 2(44)]
in relation to,
(a) a supply of goods, other than under hire purchase agreement, means the time at which the
goods are delivered or made available to the recipient of the supply
(b) a supply of goods under a hire purchase agreement, means the time at which the agreement
is entered into; and
(c) services, means the time at which the services are rendered or provided;
Provided in respect of clause (a), (b) or (c) above where any part payment is received for a supply in
a tax period
(a) it shall be accounted for in the return for that tax period; and
(b) In respect of exempt supply, it shall be accounted for in the return for the tax period during
which the exemption is withdrawn from such supply.
2.12 Other definitions/concepts

Definition: Cottage industry [Section 2(5AB)]
cottage industry” means a manufacturing concern, which fulfils each of following conditions,
namely:-
(a) does not have an industrial gas or electricity connection;
(b) is located in a residential area;
(c) does not have a total labour force of more than ten workers; and
(d) annual turnover from all supplies does not exceed eight million rupees;
Treatment of supplies by cottage industry
Local supplies of goods made by a cottage industry are exempt from sales tax. [Sr. No. 3 of Table 2
of the Sixth Schedule to the Sales Tax Act, 1990]
Definition: Due Date [Section 2(9)]

In relation to the furnishing of a return means the 15thday of the month following the end of the tax
period, or such other date as the Board may, by notification in the official Gazette, specify and
different dates may be specified for furnishing of different parts or annexures of the return.

Definition: Provincial Sales Tax [Section 2(22A)]

Means tax levied under the provincial laws or laws relating to Islamabad Capital Territory, declared
by the Federal Government through notification in the official Gazette to be provincial sales tax for
the purpose of input tax.
Definition: Tax Period [Section 2(43)]

Means a period of one month or such other period as the Board with the approval of the Federal
Minister in-chagre may, by notification in the official Gazette, specify.
Definition: e-intermediary [Section 2(9A)]

Means a person appointed as e-intermediary under section 52A for filing of electronic returns and
such other documents as may be prescribed by the Board from time to time, on behalf of a person
registered under section 14.
Definition: Company [Section 2(5AA)]

Means
(a) a company as defined in the Companies Ordinance, 1984;
(b) a body corporate formed by or under any law in force in Pakistan;
(c) a modaraba;
(d) a body incorporated by or under the law of a country outside Pakistan relating to
incorporation of companies;
(e) a trust, a co-operative society or a finance society or any other society established or
constituted by or under any law for the time being in force; or
(f) a foreign association, whether incorporated or not, which the Board has, by general or special
order, declared to be a company for the purposes of the Income Tax Ordinance 2001

Tax Practices
3 SCOPE OF TAX
Section overview
n Normal rate of sales tax

n Tax on taxable supplies specified in third schedule [Sec 3(2)(a)]
n Special rates of tax [Sect 3(2)(b)]
n Extra tax [Sec 3(5)]
n Capacity tax [Sec 3(1B)]
n Tax on retailers [Sec 3(9)]
n Special powers to the Federal Government
3.1 Normal rate of sales tax

q Sales tax @ 18% is charged, levied and paid on the value of:
(i) taxable supplies made by a registered person in the course or furtherance of any
taxable activity carried on by him; and
(ii) goods imported into Pakistan irrespective of their final destinations in territories of
Pakistan.
q Where the taxable supplies are made to a person who has not obtained registration number
or he is not an active taxpayer, there shall be charged, levied and paid a further tax at the
rate of 4% of the value in addition to the normal rate of 18%.
q However Federal Government may, by notification in the official Gazette specify the taxable
supplies in respect of which the further tax shall not be charged, levied and paid.
q SRO 648(1)/2013 dated 9th July, 2013 provides following list of persons on which this further
tax @ 4% is not charged, levied or paid on the taxable supplies of:
(i) Electricity energy supplied to domestic and agricultural consumers.
(ii) Natural gas supplied to domestic consumers and CNG stations.
(iii) Motor oil, diesel oil, jet fuel, kerosene oil and fuel oil.
(iv) Goods sold by the retailers to end customers.
(v) Supply of goods directly to end customers including food, beverages, fertilizers and
vehicles.
(vi) Items listed in Third Schedule to the Sales Tax Act, 1990.
(vii) Second hand worn clothing and other worn articles falling under PCT heading
6309.0000.
(viii) Supplies by steel-melters, re-rollers and ship breakers
(ix) Supplies covered under the Fifth Schedule to the Sales Tax Act, 1990.
(x) Supplies made to Government, semi-government and statutory regulatory bodies.
(xi) Supply of white crystalline sugar (PCT heading 1701.9910 and 1701.9920).
(xii) Supply of foam or spring mattresses and other foam products for household use
(xiii) Supplies by steel sector and edible oil sector.

3.2 Tax on taxable supplies specified in third schedule [Sec 3(2)(a)]

q Taxable supplies and import of goods specified in the Third Schedule shall be charged to
tax at the rate of eighteen per cent of the retail price or in case such supplies or imports are
also specified in the Eighth Schedule, at the rates specified therein.
q The manufacturer or the importer shall legibly, prominently and indelibly print or emboss
retail price along with the amount of sales tax on the packet, container, package, cover or
label etc.
q Board, may exclude from or include into said schedule any taxable supply by notification in
the official Gazette.
q Goods specified in the third schedule are:
S.N Description S.N Description
1. Fruit Juices and Vegetable Juices 11. Toilet Soap
2. Detergents 12. Shampoo
3. Toothpaste 13. Milky Drinks
4. Shaving Cream 14. Powder Drinks
5. Perfumery and Cosmetics 15. Toilet paper & tissue paper
6. Ice Cream 16. Spices sold in retail packing bearing
brand names and trademarks.
7. Tea 17. Cement sold in retail packing
8. Aerated Waters or Beverages 18. Shoe polish and shoe cream
9. Syrups and Squashes 19. Mineral / Bottled water
10. Cigarettes 20. Other household and specified items
q Federal Government may, subject to such conditions and restrictions as it may impose, by
notification in the official Gazette, declare that the tax on goods specified in the Third
Schedule shall be collected and paid at such higher rate or rates on the retail price thereof,
as may be specified in the said notification.
q As per SRO 297(I)/2023 dated 08 March 2023 Federal Government has directed to charge
sales tax @ 25% on import and subsequent supply of following third schedule goods:
S.N Imported goods/Articles

1. Aerated water or beverages
2. Cigarettes, Cigars and e-cigarettes
3. Cosmetic and shaving items
4. Tissue papers
5. Household articles including crockery, kitchenware and tableware
6. Home appliances in CBU

7. Ice cream
8. Fruit and vegetable juices
9. Mattress and sleeping bags
10. Shampoos

Tax Practices
3.3 Special rates of tax [Sect 3(2)(b)]

The Federal Government is empowered to prescribe any higher or lower rate of tax in respect of
any class of taxable goods. Vide SRO 297(I)/2023 dated 08 March 2023 Federal Government has
directed to charge sales tax @ 25% on import and subsequent supply of following goods:
S.N Imported goods/Articles
1. Confectionery
2. Vehicles in CBU Condition
3. Sanitary and bathroom wares
4. Carpets (excluding those from Afghanistan)
5. Chandeliers and lighting devices or equipment
6. Chocolates
7. Corn flakes and other ready to use cereals
8. Decorations or ornamental articles
9. Dog and cat food only
10. Doors and window frames
11. Fish
12. Footwear
13. Fruits and dry fruits (excluding those imported through land route or barter mechanism
14. Furniture
15. Jams, jellies and preserved fruits
16. Leather jackers and apparels
17. Fresh, chilled, frozen, preserved or processed meat
18. Musical instruments
19. Pasta
20. Arms and ammunition excluding defence stores
21. Sunglasses
22. Tomato ketchup and sauces
23. Travelling bags and suitcases
24. A ship designed or adapted for use of recreation or pleasure or private use
25. An aircraft designed or adapted for use for recreation or pleasure or private use
26. Articles of jewellery
27. Wristwatches
Moreover, sales tax @ 25% will be charged on supply of following locally manufactured goods:
S.N Supply of locally manufactured goods

1. Locally manufactured or assembled SUVs and CUVs
2. Locally manufactured or assembled vehicles having engine capacity of 1400cc and
above
3. Locally manufactured or assembled double cabin (4x4) pick up vehicles

3.4 Extra tax [Sec 3(5)]

The Federal Government is empowered to levy and collect tax at such extra rate or amount not
exceeding 18% in addition to the amount of sales tax or retail tax, levied under Sales Tax Act,
1990. This tax shall be levied on the value of such goods or class of goods, on such persons or
class of persons, in such mode, manner and at time and subject to such conditions and limitations
as may be prescribed.
3.5 Capacity tax [Sec 3(1B)]
On the goods specified in the Tenth Schedule, in lieu of levying and collecting tax on taxable
supplies, the tax shall be levied and collected, in the mode and manner specified therein on-:
a. production capacity of plants, machinery, undertaking, establishments or installations
producing or manufacturing such goods; or
b. fixed basis, as it may deem fit, from any person who is in a position to collect such tax due
to the nature of the business.
3.6 Tax on retailers [Sec 3(9)]
q Tier-I category retailers shall pay tax in normal manner at standard rate of 18%.
q Tax shall be charged from retailers other than those falling in Tier-1, through their monthly
electricity bills in the following manner:
(i) Sales tax @ 5% where the monthly bill amount does not exceed Rs 20,000.
(ii) Sales tax @ 7.5% where the monthly bill amount exceeds Rs 20,000.
The electricity supplier shall deposit the amount so collected directly without adjusting
against his input tax.
The above tax on other than tier-I retailers is other than normal tax of 18%, further tax of 4%
and extra tax.
3.7 Tax on steel products/ship plates [Sec 3(9AA)]
In respect of goods, specified in the Thirteenth Schedule, the minimum production for a month shall
be determined on the basis of a single or more inputs as consumed in the production process as
per criterion specified in the Thirteenth Schedule and if minimum production so determined
exceeds the actual supplies for the month, such minimum production shall be treated as quantity
supplied during the month and the liability to pay tax shall be discharged accordingly.
3.8 Tax on supply to CNG stations
q In case of supply of natural gas to CNG stations, the Gas Transmission and Distribution
Company shall charge sales tax from the CNG stations at the rate of 18% on the value of
supply to the CNG consumers.
q Value for the purpose of levy of sales tax shall include price of natural gas, charges, rents,
commissions and all local, provincial and Federal duties and taxes but excluding the amount
of sales tax
3.9 Special Powers to the Federal Government [Sec 3(6)]
The Federal Government or the Board is authorised to levy, in lieu of Sales Tax, by notification in
the Official Gazette such amount of tax as it may deem fit on any supplies or class of supplies or
any goods or class of goods. They are also authorized to specify the mode, manner or time of
payment of such tax.
3.10 Integration of invoice issuing machines with Board system [Sec 3(11)]
The Board through notification in the official Gazette may require class of persons to integrate their
invoice issuing machines with the Board’s computerized system for real time reporting of sales in
such mode and manner and from such date as may be prescribed.

Tax Practices
4 LIABILITY TO PAY SALES TAX

Section overview
n Liability to pay tax [Sect 3(3)]

n Collection of excess sales tax [Sec 3B]
n Joint and several liability of registered persons in supply chain where tax unpaid (Sec 8A)
4.1 Liability to pay tax [Sect 3(3)]

q The liability to pay the tax shall be:
(i) In the case of supply of goods in Pakistan, of the person making the supply, and
(ii) In the case of goods imported into Pakistan, of the person importing the goods.
q The Board with the approval of the Federal Minister in-chagre may specify the goods in
respect of which the liability to pay tax shall be of the person receiving the supply.
4.2 Collection of excess sales tax [Sec 3B]

q Any person who has collected or collects any tax or charge, whether under misapprehension
of any provision of this Act or otherwise, which was not payable as tax or charge or which is
in excess of the tax or charge actually payable and the incidence of which has been passed
on to the consumer, shall pay the amount of tax or charge so collected to the Federal
Government.
q Any amount payable to the Federal Government shall be deemed to be an arrear of tax or
charge payable under this Act and shall be recoverable accordingly and no claim for refund
in respect of such amount shall be admissible.
q The burden of proof that the incidence of tax or charge has been or has not been passed to
the consumer shall be on the person collecting the tax or charge.
Exercise
Hassan (Pvt.) Ltd. under misapprehension collected additional sales tax of Rs. 100,000 from one
of its customers. 65% of the goods on which additional sales tax was collected are still lying with
the customer as unsold stock.
Answer
In the above scenario, since 65% of the stock, on which excess tax of (100,000 x 65%) Rs. 65,000
was collected, is still unsold, Hassan Ltd should return this amount to its customer. However the
balance amount of Rs. 35,000, the incidence of which has been passed on to the consumers should
be deposited with the Federal Government.
4.3 Joint and several liability of registered persons in supply chain where tax unpaid
(Sec 8A)
q Where a registered person receiving a taxable supply from another registered person is in
the knowledge or has reasonable grounds to suspect that some or all of the tax payable in
respect of that supply or any previous or subsequent supply of the goods supplied would go
unpaid of which burden to prove shall be on the department, such person as well as the
person making the taxable supply shall be jointly and severally liable for payment of such
unpaid amount of tax.
q Provided that the Board may by notification in the official gazette, exempt any transaction or
transactions from the provisions of this section.

5 ZERO RATING AND EXEMPTION

Section overview
n Goods charged to tax @ 0%

n Exception to the above rule
n Relevant extracts from the Fifth schedule is given hereunder
n Goods exempt from sales tax [Sec 13]
5.1 Goods charged to tax @ 0%

q Value of following goods shall be charged to tax at the rate of zero percent:
(i) goods exported, or the goods specified in the Fifth Schedule;
(ii) supply of stores and provisions for consumption aboard a conveyance proceeding to
a destination outside Pakistan as specified in the Customs Act, 1969; and
(iii) such other goods, as the Federal Government may specify by notification in the official
Gazette, whenever circumstances exist to take immediate action for the purposes of
national security, natural disaster, national food security in emergency situations and
implementation of bilateral and multilateral agreements
5.2 Exception to the above rule

q Provision relating to zero rating shall not apply in respect of a supply of goods which:
(i) are exported, but have been or are intended to be re-imported into Pakistan; or
(ii) have been entered for export under the Customs Act, 1969, but are not exported; or
(iii) have been exported to a country specified by the Federal Government, by Notification
in the official Gazette.
q Federal Government may, by a notification in the Official Gazette, restrict the amount of
credit for input tax actually paid and claimed by a person making a zero-rated supply of
goods otherwise chargeable to sales tax.
5.3 Relevant extracts from the Fifth Schedule is given hereunder

Sr. # Description
1 Supplies of raw materials, components and goods for further manufacture of goods in the
Export Processing Zone.
2 Supply to diplomats, diplomatic missions, privileged persons and organizations
5.4 Goods exempt from sales tax [Sec 13]

q Supply of goods or import of goods specified in the Sixth Schedule shall, subject to such
conditions as may be specified by the Federal Government, be exempt from tax under Sales
Tax Act. The provisions of section 13 shall apply notwithstanding anything contained in
section 3.
q the Federal Government may, whenever circumstances exist to take immediate action for
the purposes of national security, natural disaster, national food security in emergency
situations and implementation of bilateral and multilateral agreements, by notification in the
official Gazette, exempt any supplies made or imports, of any goods or class of goods from
the whole or any part of the tax chargeable under this Act, subject to the conditions and
limitations specified therein;”;Exemption from tax chargeable under above second
paragraph above may be allowed from any previous date specified in the notification issued
or order made.

Tax Practices
q The Board shall place before the National Assembly all exemptions related notifications
issued during the financial year.
q Any notification issued above, if not earlier recommended stand rescinded on the expiry of
financial year in which it has issued.
q Provided that all such notifications, except those earlier rescinded, shall be deemed to have
been in force with effect from 1st July, 2016 and shall continue to be in force till 30th June,
2018, if not earlier rescinded
q Provided further that all notifications issued on or after 1st July, 2016 and placed before the
National Assembly as required u/s 13(6) shall continue to be in force till 30th June, 2018, if
not earlier rescinded by the Federal Government or the National Assembly.
Exercise:
Distinguish the concept of zero rating with exempt supply as laid down in the Sales Tax Act 1990.
Distinction
Zero Rated Supply Exempt Supply
points
Definition under (48) “Zero rated supply means a (11) “Exempt Supply means a supply
section 2 taxable supply which is charged to which is exempt from tax under section
tax at the rate of zero per cent 13”
under section 4”
Products Goods exported, notified by FBR or Goods listed in Sixth Schedule are
covered listed in the Fifth Schedule are exempt supplies. Moreover, Federal
charged to sales tax at the rate of Government and FBR may specify any
zero per cent. goods exempt from levy of tax.
Invoicing Invoice shall be raised for the No sales tax invoice shall be raised.
Requirements goods supplied but sales tax shall
be charged at the rate of zero per
cent
Registration A person engaged in zero rated A person engaged exclusively in the
supplies has to be registered with exempt supplies is not liable to be
the Sales tax department. registered under the sales tax Act.
Input tax credit Input Tax paid related to zero rated Input Tax paid related to Exempt
supplies is refundable. supplies is inadmissible, therefore,
neither adjustable nor refundable.

6 REGISTRATION
Section overview
n Registration and person required to be registered [Sec 14]

n Registration application (Rule 5)
n Temporary registration (Rule 5A)
n Option to file application with Commissioner Inland Revenue (Rule 9)
n Compulsory registration (Rule 6)
n Change in the particulars of registration (Rule 7)
n Transfer of registration (Rule 8)
n Cancellation of multiple registrations (Rule 10)
6.1 Registration and person required to be registered [Sec 14]

q Every person engaged in making taxable supplies in Pakistan, including zero-rated supplies,
in the course or furtherance of any taxable activity carried on by him, falling in any of the
following categories, if not already registered, is required to be registered under this Act,
namely:-
a) a manufacturer who is not running a cottage industry;
b) a retailer who is liable to pay sales tax excluding such retailer required to pay sales
tax through his electricity bill;
c) an importer;
d) an exporter who intends to obtain sales tax refund against his zero-rated supplies;
e) a wholesaler, dealer or distributor; and
f) a person who is required, under any other Federal law or Provincial law, to be
registered for the purpose of any duty or tax collected or paid as if it were a levy of
sales tax to be collected under the Act;
q Persons not engaged in making of taxable supplies in Pakistan, if required to be registered
for making imports or exports, or under any provisions of the Act, or any other Federal law,
may apply for registration.
q The registration shall be regulated in such manner as the Board may, by notification in the
official Gazette, prescribe.
Exercise
Under the provisions of Sales Tax Act, 1990 and Rules made thereunder, briefly explain whether
the persons under each of the following situations are required to be registered with Inland Revenue
Department. Also compute the amount of sales tax, if any, payable by or refundable to such
persons. The rate of sales tax is 18%.
(i) A manufacturer whose annual turnover during the last twelve months ended 31 March 2024 is
Rs. 14,500,000 and the amount of his annual utility bills for the same period is Rs. 800,000.
(ii) A distributor whose annual turnover during the last twelve months is Rs. 3,000,000.
(iii) An importer whose annual turnover is Rs. 12,000,000.
(iv) A commercial exporter who intends to claim a refund of Rs. 200,000.

Tax Practices
Answer
Requirement of registration:
(i) Manufactures other than those classified as cottage industry are required to be registered
under the Sales Tax Rules 2006. Cottage industries are those that will fulfil the conditions
specified in section 2(5AB) of the STA, 1990.
Therefore, in this case since the manufacturer is a not cottage industry, it is required to be
registered and pay any sales tax and compute its sales tax liability on monthly basis.
(ii) Since a distributor is required to be registered with Inland Revenue Department irrespective of
his turnover, therefore, in this case the distributor would register with the Inland Revenue
Department and pay sales tax of Rs. 540,000 on his turnover of Rs. 3,000,000.
(iii) Since an importer is required to be registered with Inland Revenue Department irrespective of
his turnover, therefore, in this case the importer would be required to register himself with the
Inland Revenue Department.
Sales tax at import stage would be paid on the basis of import value.
(iv) A commercial exporter is not required to be registered with Inland Revenue Department.
However, an exporter who intends to obtain sales tax refund against his zero-rated supplies
must get registration before making an application for such refund. Therefore, in this case since
the exporter intends to claim a refund of Rs. 200,000 he must get himself registered with Inland
Revenue Department.
6.2 Registration application (Rule 5)

Every person who intends to get itself registered is required to file an application for registration.
The Sales Tax Rules prescribes the mechanism for filing of this application in the following manner:
q A person required to be registered, before making any taxable supplies, apply on the
computerized system through owner, authorized member or partner or authorized director,
as the case may be, in the Form STR-1. Such application shall specify the Regional Tax
Office (RTO) in whose jurisdiction the registration is sought, as per criteria given below:
(a) in case of listed or unlisted public limited company, the place where the registered
office is located;
(b) in case of other companies—
(i) if the company is primarily engaged in manufacture or processing, the place
where the factory is situated; and
(ii) if the company is primarily engaged in business other than manufacture or
processing the place where main business activities are actually carried on;
(c) in case of a person not incorporated, the jurisdiction where the business is actually
carried on; and
(d) in case of a person not incorporated, having a single manufacturing unit and whose
business premises and manufacturing unit are located in different areas, the
jurisdiction where the manufacturing unit is located
q The jurisdiction of Large Taxpayers Units shall remain as specified by the Board. Further,
the Board may transfer the registration of any registered person to a jurisdiction where the
place of business or registered office or manufacturing unit is located.
q The applicant having NTN or income tax registration shall, using his login credentials, upload
following information and documents:
(a) bank account certificate issued by the bank in the name of the business;
(b) registration or consumer number with the gas and electricity supplier;
(c) particulars of all branches in case of multiple branches at various locations;
(d) GPS tagged photographs of the business premises; and
(e) in case of manufacturer, also the GPS tagged photographs of machinery and
industrial electricity or gas meter installed.

q On furnishing above documents, the system shall register the applicant for sales tax. After
registration, the applicant or his authorised person shall visit e-Sahulat Centre of NADRA
within a month for bio metric verification. In case of failure to visit or failure of verification,
the registered person’s name shall be taken off the sales tax Active Taxpayer List. In case
of manufacture, the Board may require post verification through field offices or a third party
authorized by the Board. In case the field office, during scrutiny after the registration, finds
that any document provided is non genuine or fake or wrong, it may request through the
system, to provide the missing document, in fifteen days, failing which the registered person
shall be taken off from the sales Active Taxpayer List, subject to approval of the Member (IR
Operations), FBR.
6.3 Temporary registration (Rule 5A)
q Where a person files application for sales tax registration as a manufacturer without having
installed machinery, for the purpose of import of machinery to be installed by him, temporary
registration as manufacturer shall be allowed to him for a period of sixty days subject to
furnishing of the complete list of machinery to be imported along with Bill of Lading (BL) or
Goods Declaration (GDs).
q The temporary registration shall be issued by the computerized system within seventy-two
hours of filing of the complete application.
q After receiving temporary registration, the person shall be allowed to import plant, machinery
and raw materials, etc. as a manufacturer, subject to submission to the customs authorities
of a post-dated cheque equal to the difference in duties and taxes to be availed as a
manufacturer.
q In case the requirements prescribed in clause (h) of sub-rule (1A) and sub-rule (1B) of rule
5 are not fulfilled within sixty days of issuance of the temporary registration, such temporary
registration shall be disabled and the post-dated cheques submitted shall be encashed.
q A person holding temporary registration shall file monthly return in the form STR-7, but shall
not issue a sales tax invoice and if such invoice is issued, no input tax credit shall be
admissible against such invoice.
q No sales tax refund shall be paid to the person during the period of temporary registration
and the amount of input tax may be carried forward to his returns for subsequent tax periods.
6.4 Option to file application with Commissioner Inland Revenue (Rule 9)
A person who is unable to file application for registration or change in particulars of registration
directly in computerized system may submit the prescribed application and required documents to
the concerned Commissioner Inland Revenue at RTO, which shall ensure entry of the application
and documents in computerized system within three days.
6.5 Compulsory registration (Rule 6)

Rule 6 of the sales tax rules states that:
q if a person, who is required to be registered under the Act, does not apply for registration
and the CIR or any other officer, as may be authorized by the Board, after such inquiry as
deemed appropriate, is satisfied that such person is required to be registered, he shall issue
notice to such person in the Form set out in Form STR-6.
q In case the CIR receives a written reply from the said person within the time specified in the
above notice, contesting his liability to be registered, the CIR shall grant such person
opportunity of personal hearing, if so desired by the person, and shall thereafter pass an
order whether or not such person is liable to be registered compulsorily. Copy of the said
order shall invariably be provided to that person. Where the CIR passes the order for
compulsory registration, he shall cause the said person to be registered through
computerized system.
q Where the person to whom a notice as given above, does not respond within the time
specified in the notice, the CIR shall cause to compulsorily register the said person through
computerized system under intimation to the said person through courier service.

Tax Practices
q A person registered compulsorily as above is required to comply with all the provisions of
the Act and rules made there under from the date of compulsory registration, and in case of
failure to do so, the CIR having jurisdiction may issue notice U/S 25 of the Act for production
of records or documents and appearance in person to assess the amount of sales tax
payable U/S 11 of the Act, and take any other action as required under the law against such
person:
Provided that if it is subsequently established that a person was not liable to be registered
but was wrongly registered under this rule due to inadvertence, error or misconstruction, the
CIR shall cause to cancel his registration through the computerized system. In case of such
cancellation of registration, such person shall not be liable to pay any tax, default surcharge
or penalty under the Act or rules made there under, subject to the conditions, limitations and
restrictions prescribed U/S 3B of the Act.
6.6 Change in the particulars of registration (Rule 7)
q In case there is a change in the name, address or other particulars as stated in the
registration certificate, the registered person shall notify the change in the Form STR-l to the
computerized system, within fourteen (14) days of such change.
q The change of business category as 'manufacturer' shall be allowed subject to fulfilment of
all applicable requirements as specified in rule 5.
q In case of approval of the change applied for, a revised registration certificate shall be issued
through computerized system, which shall be effective from the date the person applied for
the change.
q The CIR may, based on available information or particulars and after making such inquiry
as he may deem necessary and after providing reasonable opportunity of being heard to a
person, by an order in writing, make modifications in registration of the person.
6.7 Transfer of registration (Rule 8)
q The Board may, in accordance with rule 5 or otherwise, by an order, transfer the registration
of a registered person from the jurisdiction of one LTU or RTO to another.
q On transfer of registration,--
(a) all the records and responsibilities relating to such registered person shall be
transferred to the LTU or RTO, in whose jurisdiction the registration has been so
transferred;
(b) notwithstanding the actions already taken, being taken or otherwise pending
immediately before the transfer in respect of such registered person under any of the
provisions of the Act or the rules made there under in the LTU or RTO from where his
registration has been transferred, the LTU or RTO, in whose jurisdiction the
registration is so transferred shall exercise the jurisdiction over such person in the
manner as if it always had such jurisdiction.
q In case of transfer of registration as above, the Board shall issue intimation letter to the
registered person along with copy to concerned LTU or RTO.
q In case a registered person intends to shift his business activity from the jurisdiction of one
LTU or RTO to another, or he has any other valid reason for such transfer, he shall apply to
the Board for transfer of his registration along with Form STR-I. The Board shall follow the
procedure as provided above.
6.8 Cancellation of multiple registrations (Rule 10)
q In case a person holds multiple sales tax registrations, he shall retain only one registration
and surrender all other registrations under intimation to concerned CIR at RTO.
Provided that the Board may, subject to such conditions as it may deem appropriate, allow
or allocate a person separate registration for manufacturing units located in different LTU or
RTO.
q The tax liabilities against the registration cancelled as above shall be transferred against the
registration retained and in case of such registrations being in different LTU or RTO, the CIR
having jurisdiction over cancelled registrations shall ensure that tax arrears‘ files are
transferred to the LTU or RTO, having jurisdiction over the registration so retained.

7 DE-REGISTRATION
Section overview
n De-registration (Sec 21)

n Procedure of de-registration (Rule 11)
n Suspension of registration [Rule 12(a)]
n Blacklisting [Rule 12(b)]
n Discontinuance of gas and electricity connections (Sec 14AB)
7.1 De-registration (Sec 21)

q The Board or any Officer, authorised in this behalf, may deregister a registered person or
such class of registered persons as are not required to be registered under the Sales Tax
Act. The deregistration shall be made in accordance with the rules framed by Board.
In addition to aforesaid provision of the Sales Tax Act, 1990, following Rule 11 of Sales tax rules,
2006 are also prescribed in connection with de registration:
q A registered person may be liable for deregistration due to any of the following reasons:
(i) He ceases to carry on his business;
(ii) His supplies have become exempt from tax;
(iii) He transfers or sells his business;
(iv) Merger with another person; or
(v) Failure to file tax return for six consecutive months.
7.2 Procedure of de-registration (Rule 11)

q Every registered person who ceases to carry on his business or whose supplies become
exempt from tax, or who ceases to remain registered shall apply to the Commissioner Inland
Revenue having jurisdiction for cancellation of his registration in Form STR-3, and the
Commissioner, on such application or on its own initiative, may issue order of deregistration
or cancellation of the registration of such person from such date as may be specified, but
not later than ninety days from the date of such application or the date all the dues
outstanding against such person are deposited by him, whichever is later and such person
shall cause to be deregistered through computerized system accordingly. The
Commissioner, upon completion of any audit proceedings or inquiry which may have been
initiated consequent upon the application of the registered person for de-registration, shall
complete the proceedings or inquiry within ninety days from the date of application and direct
the applicant to discharge any outstanding liability which may have been raised therein by
filing a final return under section 28:
Provided that the person applying for de-registration shall not be de-registered unless he
provides record for the purpose of audit or inquiry.
q If a registered person fails to file tax return for six consecutive months, the Commissioner,
without prejudice to any action that may be taken under any other provision of the Act, after
issuing a notice in writing and after giving an opportunity of being heard to such person, shall
issue order of de-registration of such person and the computerized system shall be caused
to de-register the person accordingly. The obligations and liabilities of the person whose
registration is cancelled under sub-rule (1) relating to the period when he conducted
business as a registered person shall not be affected by the fact that his registration has
been cancelled or that he has ceased to be a registered person.

Tax Practices
7.3 Suspension of registration [Rule 12(a)]

q Where the Commissioner or Board has reasons to believe that the registered person is to
be suspended or blacklisted, in order to ensure that the LTUs and RTOs follow a uniform
policy for suspension and blacklisting of sales tax registered persons under section 21(2) of
the Act and for subsequent proceedings in such cases, the following procedure shall be
followed, namely:-
(a) Suspension
(i) Where a Commissioner, having jurisdiction, is satisfied that a registered person
has issued fake invoices, evaded tax or committed tax fraud, registration of
such person may be suspended by the Commissioner through the system,
without prior notice, pending further inquiry. The basis for such satisfaction may
inter alia include the following, namely:–
(A) non-availability of the registered person at the given address;
(B) refusal to allow access to business premises or refusal to furnish records
to an authorized Inland Revenue Officer;
(C) abnormal tax profile, such as taking excessive input tax adjustments,
continuous carry-forwards, or sudden increase in turnover;
(D) making substantial purchases from or making supplies to other
blacklisted or suspended person;
(E) non-filing of sales tax returns;
(F) on recommendation of a commissioner of any other jurisdiction;
(G) any other reason to be specified by the Commissioner;
(ii) the suspension of registration shall take place through a written order of the
Commissioner concerned, giving reasons for suspension. This order shall be
endorsed to the registered person concerned, all other LTUs/RTOs, the FBR‘s
computer system, the STARR computer system and the Customs Wing
computer system for information and necessary action as per law; 43
Substituted for the words ―the procedure as prescribed by the Board shall be
followedǁ by Notification No. SRO. 494(I)/2015, dated 30th June, 2015. Sales
Tax Rules, 2006
(iii) a registered person who does not file sales tax return for six consecutive
months shall be caused to be suspended through the system without any
notice;
(iv) in cases, where the buyers and suppliers of any such person, whose
registration is being suspended, belongs to another LTU/ RTO, and these
buyers / suppliers are also required to be suspended, the Commissioner shall
intimate the Chief Commissioner of the concerned LTU/RTO in whose
jurisdiction such buyers/suppliers fall, in writing explaining the complete facts
of the case and the reasons on the basis of which these buyers/suppliers are
to be suspended, to initiate proceedings for suspension/blacklisting of the
buyers/suppliers;
(v) no input tax adjustment/refund shall be admissible to the registered person
during the currency of suspension. Similarly, no input tax adjustment/refund
shall be allowed to any other registered persons on the strength of invoices
issued by such suspended person (whether issued prior to or after such
suspension), during the currency of suspension;
(vi) the Commissioner shall, within seven days of issuance of order of suspension,
issue a show cause notice (through registered post or courier service) to the
registered person to afford an opportunity of hearing with fifteen days of the
issuance of such notice clearly indicating that he will be blacklisted, in case–
(a) there is no response to the notice;
(b) he has not provided the required record;

(c) he has not allowed access to his business record or premises; and
(d) any other reason specified by the Commissioner;
(vii) in case show cause notice is not issued within seven days of the order of
suspension, the order of suspension shall become void ab-initio;
(viii) in case of non-availability of the suspended person at the given address, the
notice may be affixed on the main notice Board of the LTU/RTO;
(ix) on receipt of the reply to the notice and after giving an opportunity of hearing
to the registered person, if the Commissioner is satisfied, he may order for
revoking of suspension of the registered person;
7.4 Blacklisting [Rule 12(b)]

q in case, after giving an opportunity of hearing, the offence is confirmed, the Commissioner
shall issue an appealable self-speaking order for blacklisting of the registered person, and
shall proceed to take legal and penal action under the relevant provisions of the Act;
q the order of blacklisting shall contain the reasons for blacklisting, the time period for which
any refund or input tax claimed by such person or by any other registered person on the
strength of invoices issued by him from the date of his registration shall be inadmissible, any
recovery to be paid or penalties to be imposed;
q the order of blacklisting shall be issued within ninety days of the issuance of the notice of
hearing. In case, the order of blacklisting is not issued within this time period the suspension
of registered person shall become void ab-initio;
q copies of the order shall be endorsed to the registered person concerned, all other
LTUs/RTOs, the FBR/PRAL computer system, the STARR computer system and the
Customs Wing computer system. Each LTU/RTO shall circulate all such lists to their refund
sections, audit sections and other concerned staff to ensure that the order is implemented
in letter and spirit by all concerned;
q all LTUs / RTOs shall further circulate the copies of the order along with a computer system-
generated list of invoices issued by the blacklisted persons as referred to in the preceding
clause, to all officers of Inland Revenue having jurisdiction over the registered persons who
have claimed credit of input tax or refund on the strength of the invoices issued by the said
blacklisted persons; and
q the officer of Inland Revenue receiving the aforesaid list under clause (v) shall issue show-
cause notice under section 11 and sub-section (3) of section 21 of the Act to a registered
person for rejecting the input tax or refund claimed against the invoices so circulated and
further proceed to decide the matter as per law through a self-speaking appealable order
and after affording a reasonable opportunity of being heard to such person, in the manner
as provided in the said sub-section (3).].
7.5 Discontinuance of gas and electricity connections [Sec 14(AB)]

q FBR is empowered to discontinue the supply of gas and electricity to the following persons
while notifying the gas and distribution companies:
Persons Reasons
Any person including Tier-1 retailer Fails to register for sales tax purpose
Registered tier 1 retailers Not integrated with FBR System
q FBR shall restore their connections subsequent upon registration/integration.

Tax Practices

18
CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Determination of sales tax liability
Contents
1 Determination of tax liability
2 Output tax
3 Input tax
4 Tax refunds, assessment and recovery

Tax Practices
1 DETERMINATION OF TAX LIABILITY

Section overview
n Determination of tax liability [Sec 7]

n Change in the rate of tax [Sec 5]
n Time and manner of payment [Sec 6]
1.1 Determination of tax liability [Sec 7]

q The liability of a registered person in respect of taxable supplies made by him during the tax
period shall be the difference between:
(i) Output tax due from him in respect of taxable supplies made during a tax period; and
(ii) Input tax paid or payable during the said tax period for the purpose of taxable supplies
made or to be made by him excluding the amount of further tax.
q Where a registered person did not deduct input tax within the relevant period, he may claim
such tax in the return for any of the six succeeding tax periods.
q Credit for input tax paid on purchases which are not paid for as per the provisions of section
73, shall not be allowed.
q Deduction of input tax from the output tax payable by a registered person shall be allowed
if:
(i) In case of a claim for input tax in respect of a taxable supply made, he holds a tax
invoice in his name and bearing his registration number in respect of such supply for
which a return is furnished or in case of supply of electricity or gas, a bill bearing his
registration number and the address where the connection is installed;
(ii) In case of goods imported into Pakistan, he holds bill of entry or goods declaration in
his name and showing his sales tax registration number, duly cleared by the customs
under section 79, section 81 or section 104 of the Customs Act, 1969; and
(iii) In case of goods purchased in auction, he holds a treasury challan bearing his name
and his registration number showing payment of Sales Tax.
q The sales tax liability of a registered person is determined by the following equation:
Particulars Rs.
Output sales tax on supplies +/ – effect of debit/credit notes xxx
Admissible input sales tax on purchases or utilities (xxx)
Balance sales tax payable/carried forwarded/ (refundable) xxx / (xxx)
Certain transactions and input tax related thereto that are inadmissible (Sec 73)
1) Any payment exceeding 50,000 (excluding utilities) must be made using the banking channel.
2) Payment must be made from business bank account of buyer to business bank account of the
supplier. Bank account of both buyer and supplier should be declared to the Board at the time
of registration/through change of particulars subsequently.
3) Payment must be made within 180 days of issuance of tax invoice in case of credit
transactions. (the Board may extend time through condonation u/s 74)
Adjustments made by a registered person in respect of amounts payable and receivable to
and from the same party shall be treated as payments satisfying the provisions of this section
subject to the conditions that sales tax has been charged and paid by both parties, wherever
applicable and the registered person has sought prior approval of the Commissioner before
making such adjustments.

Chapter 18: Determination of Sales Tax Liability
If any of the above conditions are not fulfilled, then:

(a) Buyer will not be entitled to claim input tax/refund/zero rating.
(b) Supplier will not be entitled to claim input tax/refund/zero rating/ if amount not received in bank
account.
Note 1: Input tax should be reversed in the month after lapse of 180 days.
Note 2: Sec 73 not applicable on registered person supplying goods to unregistered person.
However, supplier should deposit cash in his business bank account to claim input tax
Restriction on input on supplies to unregistered persons (Sec 73(4), Sec 23, Sec 8)
1) A register person shall make all taxable supplies to a person who has obtained sales tax
registration number. However, supplies upto:
• Rs. 10 million per person per month
• Rs.100 million per person in a financial year
Can be made to unregistered persons.
2) In case of non-compliance the supplier shall not be entitled to claim input tax attributable to
such excess supplies to unregistered persons.
3) Further FBR has clarified vide STGO 01 of 2020 dated 16.01.2020 that above provisions shall
not apply to supplies made to:
• Federal/provincial/local Government departments, authorities, etc. not engaged in
making of taxable supplies’
• Foreign Missions, diplomats and privileged persons.
• Registered persons engaged in manufacturing and supply of fertilizer upon submission of
required documents.
• All other persons not engaged in supply of taxable goods.
4) Similarly as per section 23 read with section 8, any tax invoice issued shall bear the CNIC/NTN
number in case supplies are made by manufacturer or importer to unregistered distributor. In
case of non-compliance input tax attributable to supplies made to unregistered distributor on
pro-rata basis is disallowed. Similarly, expense will be disallowed proportionate to total
turnover in income tax.
1.2 Change in the rate of tax [Sec 5]

q If there is a change in the rate, tax shall be applicable as under:-
(i) A taxable supply made by a registered person shall be charged to tax at such rate
which is in force at the time of making supply;
(ii) Imported goods shall be charged to tax at such rate as is in force:
(a) in case the goods are entered for home consumption, on the date on which a
goods declaration is presented under section 79 of the Customs Act, 1969; and
(b) in case the goods are cleared from warehouse, on the date on which a goods
declaration for clearance of such goods is presented under section 104 of the
Customs Act, 1969.
q Where goods declaration is presented in advance of the arrival of the conveyance by which
the goods are imported, the tax shall be charged at the rate as is in force on the date on
which the manifest of the conveyance is delivered.
If the tax is not paid within seven days of the presenting of the goods declaration under section
104 of the Customs Act, the tax shall be charged at the rate as is in force on the date on which
tax is actually paid.

Tax Practices
Exercise
Rate of sales tax has increased from 17% to 18% effective from 23 May 2023. The accountant of
the company is unsure about the manner in which sales tax return for the month of May 2023 would
need to be furnished.
Answer
If there is a change in the rate of tax during a tax period, a separate return in respect of each portion
of the tax period has to be furnished showing the application of the different rates of tax.
Therefore, company will furnish two returns:
• a return for the period from 1 May 2023 to 23 May 2023 with 17% rate; and
• a separate return for the period from 23 May 2023 to 31 May 2023 with 18% rate
Alternatively only one sales tax return may filed if the single return will provide facility to incorporate
both the sales tax rates as stated above.
1.3 Time and manner of payment [Sec 6]

Time of payment
q Time for payment of tax on goods imported
Tax in respect of goods imported into Pakistan shall be charged and paid in the same
manner and at the same time as if it were a duty of customs payable under the Customs
Act, 1969.
q Time for payment of tax on taxable supplies
Tax in respect of taxable supplies made during a tax period shall be paid by the date as
prescribed in this respect by the registered person at the time of filing the return in respect
of that period.
Mode of payment
q The tax due on goods imported or taxable supplies shall be paid in any of the following
manners:
(i) Tax on goods imported shall be paid in the manner as if it were a duty of customs
payable under the Custom Act, 1969;
(ii) The tax due on taxable supplies shall be paid by any of the following modes, namely:
(a) through deposit in a bank designated by the Board; and
(b) through such other mode and manner as may be specified by the Board.
q The Federal Government may, subject to such conditions, limitations and restrictions as it
may impose, by notification in the official Gazette, allow payment of sales tax on installments
basis by Federal or Provincial Governments or any public sector organization on import or
supply of goods or class of goods. Moreover, such payment may be allowed from any
previous date.

2 OUTPUT TAX
Section overview
n Output tax
n Adjustment of debit and credit notes
2.1 Output tax

Output tax is defined in section 2(20) in the following manner:
Definition
In relation to a registered person, means-
(i) tax levied under this Act on a supply of goods, made by the person;
(ii) tax levied under the Federal Excise Act, 2005 in sales tax mode as a duty of excise on the
manufacture or production of the goods, or the rendering or providing of the services, by the
person;
(iii) provincial sales tax levied on services rendered or provided by the person;
(iv) sales tax levied on the services rendered or provided by the person under Islamabad
Capital Territory (Tax on Services) Ordinance, 2001 (XLII of 2001);]
2.2 Adjustment of debit and credit notes

Section 9 of the Act read with section 7 permits the adjustment of the debit/credit notes against
output tax. These notes can be issued where a registered person has issued a tax invoice in
respect of a supply made by him, however, due to the following circumstances, the said invoice
may desire amendments:
q Cancellation of supply;
q Return of goods;
q A change in the nature of supply;
q Change in the value of the supply;
q Some such event the amount shown in the tax invoice; or
q Return needs to be modified.
2.2.1 Applicability (Rule 19)

The above adjustment can only be made where a registered person has issued a tax
invoice in respect of a supply made by him and as a result of the issuance of debit / credit
note; the amount shown in the tax invoice or the return needs to be modified.
2.2.2 Cancellation or return of supply (Rule 20)

q In case a registered person has made a supply, and such supply or part thereof is
cancelled or returned, the buyer or the recipient shall issue a debit note (in
duplicate) in respect of such supply or part thereof, indicating the quantity being
returned or the supply of which has been cancelled, its value determined on the
basis of the value of supply as shown in the tax invoice issued by the supplier and
the amount of related sales tax paid thereon, as well as the following, namely:-
i. name and registration number of the recipient;
ii. name and registration number of the supplier;
iii. number and date of the original sales tax invoice;
iv. the reason of issuance of the debit note; and
v. signature and seal of the authorized person issuing the note.

Tax Practices
q The original copy of the debit note shall be sent to the supplier and the duplicate
copy shall be retained for record.
q In the case of cancellation of supplies made to, or return of goods by, an
unregistered person, the supplier shall issue a credit note providing the same
particulars as are specified above and keep a copy for record.
2.2.3 Change in Value of Supply or amount of sales tax (Rule 21)

Where for any valid reason the value of supply or the amount of sales tax mentioned in
the invoice issued has increased, the supplier shall issue a debit note (in duplicate), with
the following particulars, namely:-
- name and registration number of the supplier;

- name and registration number of the recipient;
- number and date of the original sales tax invoice;
- original value and sales tax as in original invoice;
- the revised value and sales tax;
- the difference of value and sales tax adjustable;
- the reason for revision of value; and
- signature and seal of the authorized person issuing the note.
q Where, for any valid reason, the value of supply or the amount of sales tax
mentioned in the invoice issued has decreased, the supplier shall issue a credit
note (in duplicate), with the same particulars as specified above. The original copy
of the note shall be sent to the recipient and the duplicate shall be retained for
record.
2.2.4 Adjustment of input and output tax (Rule 22)

q The buyer shall not be entitled to claim input tax in respect of the supply which has
been cancelled or returned to the supplier or in respect of which the amount of tax
was reduced.
q Where the buyer has already claimed input tax credit in respect of such supplies,
he shall reduce or increase the amount of input tax by the corresponding amount
as mentioned in the Debit Note or Credit Note, as the case may be, in the return
for the period in which the respective note was issued.
q Where the supplier has already accounted for the output tax in the sales tax return
for the supplies against which Debit Note was issued subsequently, he may
increase or reduce the amount of output tax by the corresponding amount as
mentioned in the Debit Note, in the return for the period in which the respective
note was issued.
q Provided that in case of return of supplies by an unregistered person, the
adjustment as aforesaid can be made against the Credit Note issued by the
supplier.
q The adjustments as herein before noted which lead to reduction in output tax or
increase in input tax can only be made if the corresponding Debit Note or Credit
Note is issued within one hundred and eighty days of the relevant supply
q Provided that the Collector may, at the request of the supplier, in specific cases,
by giving reasons in writing, extend the period of one hundred and eighty days by
a further one hundred and eighty days.
q Where the goods relating to a returned or cancelled supply are subsequently
supplied to the original buyer or some other person with or without carrying out any
repairs, the supplier shall charge sales tax thereon in the normal manner and
account for it in his return for the period in which these goods were supplied.

2.2.5 Destruction of goods (Rule 23)

Where any goods are returned by the buyer on the ground that the same are unfit for
consumption and are required to be destroyed by the supplier, the goods shall be
destroyed after obtaining permission from the Collector of sales tax having jurisdiction,
and under the supervision of an inland revenue officer of sales tax not below the rank of
an Assistant Collector as may be deputed by the Collector for the purpose and the input
tax credit in respect of goods so destroyed shall not be admissible.
Exercise
Following are results of Nadeem Associates for preparation of sales tax return for the, month of
June, 2024
Supplies 75,000,000
Purchases 55,000,000
Sales tax on utilities bills of factory 500,000
Sales returns of April 2024 6,500,000
Purchases returns of May 2024 1,200,000
Required: Compute sales tax liability of Nadeem Associates
Answer
Particulars Value of supply Sales tax
Output tax on supplies 68,500,000 (i.e. 75,000,000 - 12,330,000

6,500,000) x 18%
Less input tax 53,800,000 (55,000,000 – 1,200,000) (9,684,000)

x 18%
Less sales tax on utilities (500,000)
Net sales tax payable 2,146,000

Tax Practices
3 INPUT TAX
Section overview
n Definition of input tax

n Time of claim of input tax
n Input tax not admissible [Sec 8]
n Certain transactions and input tax related thereto that are inadmissible [Sec 73]
n Adjustable input tax [Sec 8B]
3.1 Definition of input tax

The peculiar meanings assigned to this widely used term are given in section 2(14) of the Act:
Definition: Input Tax [2(14)]

In relation to a registered person, means;
q tax levied under this Act on supply of goods to the person;
q tax levied under this Act on the import of goods by the person;
q in relation to goods or services acquired by the person, tax levied under the Federal Excise
Act, 2005 in sales tax mode as a duty of excise on the manufacture or production of the
goods, or the rendering or providing of the services;
q Provincial Sales Tax levied on services rendered or provided to the person; and
q levied under the Sales Tax Act, 1990 as adapted in the State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir,
on the supply of goods received by the person;
3.2 Time of claim of input tax

Section 7 stipulates that a registered person shall not be entitled to deduct input tax from output
tax unless:
q in case of a claim for input tax in respect of a taxable supply made in Pakistan, he holds a
tax invoice in his name and bearing his registration number in respect of such supply for
which a return is furnished;
q in case of goods imported into Pakistan, he holds the goods declaration duly cleared by the
customs under section 79, section 81 or section 104 of the Customs Act, 1969;
q in case of goods purchased in auction, he holds a treasury challan in his name and bearing
his registration number;
q the supplier declares the supplies in his return or pays the due tax as shown in this return.
3.3 Input tax not admissible [Sec 8]

q A registered person shall not be entitled to deduct input tax paid on:
(i) the goods or services which are not used or not to be used for the manufacture or
production of taxable goods or for taxable supplies made or to be made by him;
(ii) the goods on which extra amount of tax is payable under sub-section (5) of section 3;
(iii) any other goods or services which the Board with the approval of the Federal
Government may by a notification in the official Gazette specify;
(iv) the goods or services in respect of which sales tax has not been deposited in the
Government treasury by the respective supplier;
(v) fake invoices;

(vi) purchases made by a registered person in case he fails to provide information relating
to his imports, purchases, sales etc. as required by the Board through a notification
u/s 26(5);
(vii) purchases in respect of which a discrepancy is indicated by CREST or input tax of
which is not verifiable in the supply chain;
(viii) goods and services not related to the taxable supplies made by the registered person;
(ix) goods and services acquired for personal or non-business consumption;
(x) goods used in, or permanently attached to, immoveable property, such as building
and construction materials, paints, electrical and sanitary fittings, pipes, wires and
cables, but excluding pre-fabricated buildings and such goods acquired for sale or re-
sale or for direct use in the production or manufacture of taxable goods;
(xi) vehicles falling in the First Schedule to the Customs Act, 1969, parts of such vehicles,
electrical and gas appliances, furniture furnishings, office equipment (excluding
electronic cash registers), but excluding such goods acquired for sale or re-sale;
(xii) services in respect of which input tax adjustment is barred under the respective
provincial sales tax law;
(xiii) import or purchase of agricultural machinery or equipment subject to sales tax at the
rate of 7% under Eighth Schedule to this Act; and
(xiv) from the date to be notified by the Board, such goods and services which, at the time
of filing of return by the buyer, have not been declared by the supplier in his return or
he has not paid amount of tax due as indicated in his return.
(xv) Import of scrap of compressors.
(xvi) the input goods or services attributable to supplies made by manufacturer or importer
to unregistered distributor, on pro-rata basis, for which sale invoices do not bear the
NIC number or NTN, as the case may be, of the recipient as stipulated in section 23.
q If a person deals in taxable and non-taxable supplies, he can reclaim only such portion of
input tax as is attributable to taxable supplies computed in the following manner:
Residual input tax Value of taxable supplies

credit on taxable X Residual input tax
supplies tax Value of taxable + exempt supplies
Exercise
Omega Enterprises has submitted the following data for the month of July 2023.
Rupees
Sales to registered persons 6,000,000
Export of goods 2,500,000
Supply of Exempt goods 500,000
Gross Purchases from Registered suppliers 6,500,000
Gross Purchases from Unregistered suppliers 500,000
Purchase Return to Registered suppliers 650,000
Required:
You are required to compute the sales tax liability of Omega Enterprises for the month of July 2023.
For the sake of simplicity ignore the 90% adjustment of input tax against output tax rule as
mentioned in section 8B.

Tax Practices
Answer
Output tax Rs.
Sales to registered persons Rs. 6,000,000 x 18% 1,080,0000
Export of goods Rs. 2,500,000 x 0% -

Exempt supplies -
Output tax 1,080,000
Input tax (w-1) (702,000)

Balance payable 378,000
Input refundable pertaining to zero rated supplies (292,500)
Working:
W-1:
Apportionment of input tax, as per apportionment of input tax rules, 2006
Residual input (Rs.6,500,000-650,000) x 18% 1,053,000
Value of taxable supply 6,000,000 702,000 (6M/9M x 1,053,000)

Zero rated supplies 2,500,000 292,500 (2.5M/9M x 1,053,000)
Exempt supplies 500,000 58,500 (0.5M/9M x 1,053,000)
9,000,000 1,053,000
q Monthly adjustment of input tax claimed by a registered person shall be treated as

provisional adjustment and at the end of each financial year, the registered person shall
make final adjustment on the basis of taxable and exempt supplies made during the course
of that year.
q Deduction of input tax from output tax shall not be allowed to a person who is not registered
under Sale Tax Act.
3.4 Certain transactions and input tax related thereto that are inadmissible [Sec 73]
Where the sum received is partly in cash and partly in kind, then the same transaction would be
allowed subject to the conditions:
q Goods received in kind represent taxable goods
q Goods received are reflected in records.
q The balance amount even less than Rs 50,000 is received through crossed banking
instrument.
If the banking instrument is issued but the same is not encashed or deposited within 180 days then
the input tax shall not be denied. However, it must be ensured that the amount is ultimately
deposited in the seller account and the said instrument is not cancelled.

3.5 Adjustable input tax [Sec 8B]

Section 8B of the Sales Tax Act, 1990 states that:
q A registered person shall not be allowed to adjust input tax in excess of 90% of the output
tax for that tax period.
q Restriction on the adjustment of input tax in excess of 90% of the output tax shall not apply
in case of fixed assets or capital goods. However, the Board may, by notification in the official
Gazette, exclude any person or class of persons from the purview of this para.
q A registered person may be allowed adjustment or refund of input tax not allowed as per the
above provisions subject to the following conditions
(i) In the case of registered persons, whose accounts are subject to audit under the
Companies Act, 2017, upon furnishing a statement along with annual audited
accounts, duly certified by the auditors, showing value additions less than the limit
prescribed above; or
(ii) In case of other registered persons, subject to the conditions and restrictions as may
be specified by the Board by notification in the official Gazette.
q The adjustment or refund of input tax if any, shall be made on yearly basis in the second
month following the end of the financial year of the registered person.
q The Board may, by notification in the official Gazette, prescribe any other limit of input tax
adjustment for any person or class of persons.
q Any auditor found guilty of misconduct in furnishing the certificate mentioned above shall be
referred to the Council for disciplinary action under section 20D of Chartered Accountants,
Ordinance, 1961.
q Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-sections (1), (2) and (3), input tax allowed in case
of locally manufactured electric vehicles subject to reduced rate of tax under the Eighth
Schedule shall be limited to the extent of amount of output tax and no refund or carry forward
of excess input tax shall be allowed.
q In case a Tier-1 retailer does not integrate his retail outlet in the manner as prescribed during
a tax period or part thereof, the adjustable input tax for whole of that tax period shall be
reduced by 60%.
Exercise
In the light of the provisions of Sales Tax Act, 1990 explain as to the chargeability/adjustment of
sales tax in respect of each of the following independent situations
(i) Sales tax of Rs. 100,000 was paid along with the electricity bill paid in cash during February
2023. The bill pertained to the manufacture of 50% of goods exported to the UAE and 50%
of the goods which are exempt from sales tax.
(ii) Free replacement of defective parts is made in the case of taxable goods, which have been
sold under warranty. During the month of May 2024 the market value of such replacement
parts was Rs. 500,000
(iii) ABC Manufacturing Limited purchased raw material amounting to Rs. 100 million on credit.
The payment was made after 240 days of the issuance of tax invoice by way of crossed
cheque drawn on the business bank account of the supplier.
(iv) Destruction of damaged goods.
(v) Purchase of taxable goods from a person who has reputation of evading sales tax.
(vi) Payment of fuel to be used for machinery by the Director of the company using his own credit
card.

Tax Practices
Answer
(i) Sales tax paid on electricity bills
Sales tax paid along with an electricity bill is an admissible input tax only when the electricity
was used to produce taxable goods. Further, in the case of utility bills, payment in cash does
not disentitle a claim of input tax paid thereon. Therefore, input tax of Rs. 50,000 would be
refundable, whereas, balance sales tax of Rs. 50,000 paid in respect of exempt supplies would
not be allowed as input.
(ii) Free replacement of defective parts
The free replacement of defective parts (open market value of Rs. 500,000) during the
warranty period is considered as equivalent to the value of the original supply and not a
separate supply. Such replacement is not chargeable to tax.
(iii) Payment after 240 days
Due to the payment being made after 180 days, the input tax is no longer eligible to be
deducted from the output tax. If the input tax has already been claimed in previous months, it
will reduce the input tax of the current month due to the default in payment within the
stipulated time. Despite the payment being made through a crossed cheque drawn on the
seller's business bank account, the transaction is not admissible for the purpose of claiming
input tax as it was made after 180 days from the issuance of the tax invoice.
(iv) Destruction of damaged goods
Where any goods are returned by the buyer on the ground that the same are unfit for
consumption and are required to be destroyed by the supplier, the goods shall be destroyed
after obtaining permission from the Collector of Sales Tax having jurisdiction, and under the
supervision of an Inland Revenue Officer not below the rank of an Assistant Collector as may
be deputed by the Collector for the purpose and the input tax credit in respect of goods so
destroyed shall not be admissible.
(v) Joint and several liability of registered persons in supply chain where tax unpaid
Where a registered person receiving a taxable supply from another registered person is in the
knowledge or has reasonable grounds to suspect that some or all of the tax payable in respect
of that supply or any previous or subsequent supply of the goods supplied would go unpaid, of
which the burden to prove shall be on the department, such person as well as the person
making the taxable supply shall be jointly and severally liable for payment of such unpaid
amount of tax
(vi) Payment through credit card
Although payment made through credit card is considered as payment made through banking
channel yet the payment must be verifiable from the business bank accounts of both the buyer
and the seller. Since the director made the payment from his personal credit card, therefore,
company will not be able to obtain input tax on its payment due to non-verifiability of the said
payment from the business bank account of the company.

4 TAX REFUNDS, ASSESSMENT AND RECOVERY

Section overview
n Refund of input Tax [Sec 10]

n Assessment of Tax [Sec 11]
n Recovery of short paid amounts without notice [Sec 11A]
4.1 Refund of input Tax [Sec 10]

q If the input tax paid by a registered person on taxable purchases made during a tax period
exceeds the output tax on account of zero rated local supplies or export made during that
tax period, the excess amount of input tax shall be refunded to the registered person not
later than forty-five days of filing of refund claim in such manner and subject to such
conditions as the Board may, by notification in the official Gazette specify.
q In case of excess input tax against supplies other than zero-rated or exports, such excess
input tax may be carried forward to the next tax period and shall be treated as input tax for
that period.
q The Board may, subject to such conditions and restrictions as it may impose, by notification
in the official Gazette, prescribe the procedure for refund of excess input tax against other
taxable supplies;
q The Board may, from such date and subject to such conditions and restrictions as it may
impose, by notification in the official Gazette, direct that refund of input tax against exports
shall be paid along with duty drawback at the rates notified in the said notification.
q If a registered person is liable to pay any tax, default surcharge or penalty payable under
any law administered by the Board, the refund of input tax shall be made after adjustment
of unpaid outstanding amount of tax or, default surcharge and penalty, as the case may.
q Where there is reason to believe that a person has claimed input tax credit or refund which
was not admissible to him, the proceedings against him shall be completed within 60 days.
For the purposes of enquiry or audit or investigation regarding admissibility of the refund
claim, the period of 60 days may be extended up to 120 days by an officer not below the
rank of an Additional Commissioner Inland Revenue and the Board may, for reasons to be
recorded in writing, extend the aforesaid period which shall in no case exceed (9) nine
months.
4.2 Assessment of Tax [Sec 11]

q Assessment, of tax can be made by an officer of Inland Revenue, Where
(i) a person, who is required to file tax return, failed to file the return for a tax period by
due date; or
(ii) a person pays an amount which is less than the amount of tax actually payable due
to some miscalculation or error.
q In the above-referred cases, an officer of Inland Revenue shall serve a notice to show cause
to such person. After this, the officer shall make an order for assessment of tax, including
imposition of penalty and default surcharge.
q However, the notice stated above and the order of assessment shall abate if the person
required to file a tax return, files return after the due date and pays the amount of tax payable
in accordance with the tax return along-with default surcharge and penalty.
q Where a person for reasons other than those specified in first para above
(i) has not paid the tax due on supplies made by him; or
(ii) has made short payment of tax; or
(iii) has claimed input tax credit or refund which is not admissible under the Sales Tax
Act.

Tax Practices
In the above stated cases an officer of Inland Revenue shall make an assessment of Sales Tax
actually payable by that person or determine the amount of tax credit or tax refund which he has
unlawfully claimed and shall impose a penalty and charge default surcharge in accordance with
section 33 and 34.
q Where any person is required to withhold sales tax under the provision of this act or the rules
made there under, fails to withhold the tax or withholds the same but fails to deposit the
same in the prescribed manner, an OIR shall after a notice to such person to show cause,
determine the amount in default.
q Order under the above paragraph shall not be made by an officer of Inland Revenue unless
a notice to show cause is given within five years of the end of the financial year in which the
relevant date falls, to the person in default. The notice shall specify the grounds on which
the officer is intended to proceed against him. The officer of Inland Revenue shall take into
consideration the representation made by such person and provide him with an opportunity
of being heard.
q Order as referred above shall be made within one hundred and twenty days of issuance of
show cause notice or within such extended time which the Commissioner may fix. Such
extended time shall not, in any case, exceed 90 days.
q Where a registered person fails to file a return, an officer of Inland Revenue, not below the
rank of Assistant Commissioner, shall determine the minimum tax liability of the registered
person. These powers shall be exercised subject to such conditions as may be specified by
the Board.
4.3 Recovery of short paid amounts without notice [Sec 11A]

q Where a registered person pays the amount of tax less than the tax due as indicated in his
return, the short paid amount of tax along -with default surcharge shall be recovered from
such person by stopping removal of any goods from his business premises and through
attachment of his business bank accounts. Any of these actions may be taken without giving
him a show cause notice and without prejudice to any other action prescribed under section
48 of this Act or the rules made there under.
Provided that no penalty under section 33 of this Act shall be imposed unless a show cause notice
is given to such person.
q Provisions of this section shall apply notwithstanding any of the provisions of this Act.

19
CHAPTER
Tax Practices
Returns and records
Contents
1 Returns
2 Records
3 Miscellaneous

Tax Practices
1 RETURNS
Section overview
n Returns [Sec 26 to 28]

n Return for person operating in different sectors - U/R 14(2)
n Electronic filing - U/R 18
n Extension of time for furnishing returns
n Particulars of sales tax return
n Special return [Sec 27]
n Final return [Sec 28]
n Returns deemed to have been made [Sec 29]
n Summary of returns and their filing dates
1.1 Returns [Sec 26 to 28]

q A Sales Tax return is the taxpayer’s document of declaration through which taxpayer not
only furnishes the details of transactions during a tax period but also determines his sales
tax liability.
q On the return form, the taxpayer declares, for a particular tax period, his respective input tax
and output tax for different categories of taxpayers, monthly, quarterly or annual returns may
be filed on prescribed format.
Following returns may be filed under the sales tax act by the taxpayers:
• Monthly return
• Quarterly return
• Annual return
Monthly Return
q Every registered person shall furnish a true, complete and correct return in the prescribed
form upto the 15th day of month next following the end of tax period.
q The return shall be filed in the bank or any other office specified by Board.
(Read with 1.3 below)
Quarterly Return
q The Board may, by notification in the official Gazette, require any person or class of persons
to submit return on quarterly basis
q Further, the Board may, by notification in the official Gazette, require any person or class of
persons to submit such return as may be prescribed annually in addition to the monthly
return or quarterly return.
Annual return - U/R 17
A private or public limited company is required to file annual sales tax return, for a financial year
by 30th September of the following financial year.
1.2 Return for person operating in different sectors - U/R 14(2)

In case a registered person operates in different sectors for which different dates of filing of return
have been prescribed in any rules made under the Sales Tax Act, 1990 or the Federal Excise Act,
2005, such person shall file a single return for all such sectors by the due date applicable to his
major activity in terms of sales tax or federal excise duty payable.

Chapter 19: Returns and records
1.3 Electronic filing - U/R 18

q The return filed electronically on the web or any magnetic media or any other computer
readable media (as may be specified by the Board) shall also be deemed to be a valid return
filed. The Board is authorised to make rules for determining eligibility of the data of returns
filed electronically and e-intermediaries who will digitize the data of such returns and transmit
the same electronically under their digital signatures.
q Every registered person required to file return or other statement as prescribed or any
notification issued thereunder shall file such a return or, as the case may be, statement,
electronically in the manner as specified by the Board through a general order.
q A registered person filing returns electronically shall make payment of the amount of sales
tax due, if any, in any of the designated branches of the National Bank of Pakistan.
q In case where due date has been prescribed as 15th of a month, the tax due shall be
deposited by the 15th and the return shall be submitted electronically by 18th of the same
month.
1.4 Extension of time for furnishing returns

q A registered person required to furnish a return under section 26 may apply, in writing, to
the Commissioner for an extension of time to furnish the return.
q An application for extension shall be made by the due date for furnishing the return in terms
of section 2(9) for the period to which the application relates.
q Where an application has been made and the Commissioner is satisfied that the applicant
is unable to furnish the return to which the application relates by the due date because of–
(a) absence from Pakistan;
(b) sickness or other misadventure; or
(c) any other reasonable cause,
the Commissioner may, by order in writing, grant the applicant an extension of time for
furnishing the return.
q An extension of time shall not exceed fifteen days from the due date for furnishing the return,
unless there are exceptional circumstances justifying a longer extension of time
Provided that where the Commissioner has not granted extension for furnishing the return
the Chief Commissioner may on an application made by the registered person for extension
or further extension, as the case may be, grant extension or further extension for a period
not exceeding fifteen days, unless there are exceptional circumstances justifying a longer
extension of time.
q An extension or further extension of time granted shall not, for the purpose of charge of
default surcharge under section 34, change the due date for payment of sales tax under
section.
1.5 Particulars of sales tax return

i. The return shall indicate; Sales tax registration number (STRN), name and address of the
supplier.
ii. name, address and registration, number of the recipient and NIC or NTN of the unregistered
person, as the case may be, excluding supplies made by a retailer where the transaction
value inclusive of sales tax amount does not exceed rupees one hundred thousand, if sale
is being made to an ordinary consumer
iii. Explanation—For the purpose of this clause, ordinary consumer means a person who is
buying goods for his own consumption and not for the purpose of resale or processing:
Provided that the condition of NIC or NTN shall be effective from 1st August, 2019;
iv. Date of issue of invoice;

Tax Practices
v. description, including count, denier and construction in case of textile yarn and fabric and
quantity of goods;
vi. Tax credit carried forward from previous period.
vii. Value of supplies
viii. Output tax due on supplies as under:
a) Local taxable supplies
b) Exempted supplies
c) Zero rated supplies
ix. Value of purchases;
x. Input tax paid on purchases as under:
a) Local taxed goods
b) Imported taxed goods
c) Exempted purchases
d) Zero rated purchases
e) Other purchases
xi. Arrears payable
xii. Amount payable / refundable.
q The registered person shall deposit in the banks, the amount of sales tax indicated as “Sales
Tax Payable” in the return at the time of filing of return.
q In case no amount of sales tax is payable by the registered person, he shall file “Nil” return
without depositing any amount.
q A registered person may file a revised return to correct any omission or wrong declaration
made in a return filed under section 26 or 27, subject to approval of the Commissioner Inland
Revenue having jurisdiction within 120 days of filing of return.
q Provided that the approval under this sub-section shall not be required if revised return is
filed within sixty days of filing of return and either the tax payable therein is more than the
amount paid or the refund claimed therein is less than the amount as claimed, under the
return sought to be revised.
q Provided further that not more than on tax invoice shall be issued for a taxable supply:
q Provided also that if it is subsequently proved that CNIC provided was by the purchaser was
not correct, liability of tax or penalty shall not arise against the seller, in case of sale made
in good faith.
If a registered person wishes to file revised return voluntarily along with deposit of the
amount of tax short paid or amount of tax evaded along with default surcharge, whenever it
comes to his notice, before receipt of notice of audit, no penalty shall be recovered from him.
However, in case the registered person wishes to deposit the amount of tax as pointed out
by the officer of Inland Revenue during the audit, or at any time before issuance of the show
cause notice, he may deposit the evaded amount of tax, default surcharge under section 34,
and twenty-five percent of the penalty payable under section 33 along with the revised return.
Further in case the registered person wishes to deposit the amount after issuance of show
cause notice, he shall deposit the evaded amount of Sales Tax, default surcharge under
section 34, and full amount of the leviable penalty under section 33 along with the revised
return and thereafter, the show cause notice, shall stand abated.
q Board may require any person or classes of persons, for any goods of such description, or
class, to furnish such summary or details or particulars relating to imports, purchases and
supplies made by them during any tax period or periods in such format as may be specified.

1.6 Special return [Sec 27]

q In addition to the return specified u/s 26, a registered person may be required to file special
return containing information relating to:
(i) Quantity of goods manufactured or produced.
(ii) Purchases made.
(iii) Goods supplied.
(iv) Payment of arrears made.
q This special return will be for such period as the Board may, by a notification in official
Gazette, specify.
q The Commissioner may also require from any person whether, he is registered or not, a
return in a prescribed form and such person shall furnish the return not later than the date
specified in this regard. This return may be demanded from any person in respect of
information relating to himself or relating to his principal if he is acting as agent.
1.7 Final return [Sec 28]

If a person applies for de-registration in terms of section 21, he shall before such de-registration,
furnish a final return to the Commissioner in the specified form, in such manner and at such time
as directed by the Commissioner.
1.8 Returns deemed to have been made [Sec 29]

A return purporting to be made on behalf of a person by his duly appointed representative shall,
for all purposes, be deemed to have been made by such person or under his authority unless
proved to the contrary.
1.9 Summary of returns and their filing dates

Summary of returns and their filing dates is given hereunder:
Filer Nature of Return Due Date
Registered Person Monthly return 15thof next month following any tax period
(*Electronic filing – 18th of next month, where
sales tax payable with the return paid till 15th day
as specified above.)
Registered or Special return On the date specified by the commissioner in its

unregistered notice calling for such return.
Person applied for de Final return On the date specified by the commissioner
registration
Every private or Public Annual return 30thof September following the year end.
Limited Company

Tax Practices
2 RECORDS
Section overview
n Records [Sec 22]

n Tax invoices [Sec 23]
n Retention of record and documents for six years [Sec 24]
2.1 Records [Sec 22]

q A registered person shall maintain the following records of goods purchased locally or
imported and supplies (including zero-rated and exempt supplies)
q Records of supplies indicating
- description
- quantity
- value of goods
- name and address of the person to whom supplies were made
- the amount of the tax charged;
q Records of goods purchased showing
- description
- quantity
- value of goods
- name, address and registration number of the supplier
- the amount of the tax on purchases;
q Records of goods imported showing
- description
- quantity
- value of goods
- the amount of the tax paid on imports;
q Records of zero-rated and exempt supplies;
q Double entry sales tax accounts;
q Following further records is desired
- Tax invoices
- Credit notes, debit notes,
- Bank statements,
- Banking instruments in terms of section 73
- Inventory records,
- Utility bills,
- Cash book
- Salary and labour bills
- Rental agreements,
- Sale-purchase agreements and

- Lease agreements;
- Record relating to gate passes, inward or outward, and transport receipts;
- Electronic version of records mentioned above
- Such other records as may be specified by the Board.
Provided that the persons paying retail tax shall keep such record as may be specified by
the Board.
q The Board may also require a registered person or class of registered persons to declare
and use only as many number of business bank accounts as may be specified by the Board
in such notification to make or receive payments on account of purchase and sale
transactions for the purpose of the Sales Tax Act, 1990 or rules made thereunder and to
make payment of due tax from such accounts only.
q The Board may specify to keep such other records for the sales tax law purposes.
q The Board may specify to use such electronic fiscal cash registers as are approved by the
Board.
q The registered person shall keep the aforesaid record at his business premises or registered
office in English or Urdu language
q The registered persons, whose accounts are subject to audit under the Companies Act,
2017, shall be required to submit a copy of the annual audited accounts, along with a
certificate by the auditors certifying the payment of due tax by the registered person.
2.2 Tax invoices [Sec 23]

q A registered person making a taxable supply shall issue a serially numbered tax invoice at
the time of supply of goods containing the following particulars in Urdu or English language,
namely:
(i) name, address and registration number of the supplier;
(ii) name, address and registration, number of the recipient and NIC or NTN of the
unregistered person, as the case may be, excluding supplies made by a retailer where
the transaction value inclusive of sales tax amount does not exceed rupees one
hundred thousand, if sale is being made to an ordinary consumer
Explanation—For the purpose of this clause, ordinary consumer means a person who is
buying goods for his own consumption and not for the purpose of resale or processing:
Provided that the condition of NIC or NTN shall be effective from 1st August, 2019
(iii) date of issue of invoice;
(iv) description including count, denier and construction in case of textile yarn and fabric
and quantity of goods;
(v) value exclusive of tax;
(vi) amount of sales tax; and
(vii) value inclusive of tax:
q No person other than a registered person or a person paying retail tax shall issue an invoice
under this section. Moreover, not more than one tax invoice shall be issued for a taxable
supply.
q Provided also that if it is subsequently proved that CNIC provided by the purchaser was not
correct, liability of tax or penalty shall not arise against the seller, in case of sale made in
good faith.”
q The sales tax registered person may also issue sales tax invoice electronically to its buyers.
The sales tax rules prescribe the procedure for issuance of sales tax invoice electronically.
q The Board may specify modified invoices for different persons along with the manner and
procedure for regulating the issuance and authentication of the invoices.

Tax Practices
2.3 Retention of record and documents for six years [Sec 24]
A person shall retain the record and documents for a period of six years after the end of the tax
period to which such record or documents relate or till the final decision in any proceedings
including proceedings for assessment, appeal, revision, reference, petition and any proceedings
before an alternative Dispute Resolution Committee.

3 MISCELLANEOUS
Section overview
n Access to record and documents [Sec 25]

n Drawing of samples [Sec 25A]
n Transaction between associates [Sec 25AA]
3.1 Access to record and documents [Sec 25]

q A person who is required to maintain any record or documents under the Sales Tax Act,
1990 or any other law shall, as and when required by Commissioner, produce record or
documents which are in his possession or control or in the possession or control of his agent.
Where such record or documents have been kept on electronic data, access to such data
shall be allowed to the officer of Inland Revenue authorized by the Commissioner and use
of any machine on which such data is kept.
q The officer of Inland Revenue authorized by the Commissioner, on the basis of the record,
obtained under section 25(1), may, once in a year, conduct audit.
q For the purpose of sub-section (2) of section 25, the Commissioner may conduct audit
proceedings electronically through video links, or any other facility as prescribed by the
Board.]
However, in case the Commissioner has information or sufficient evidence showing that such
registered person is involved in tax fraud or evasion of tax, he may authorize an officer of Inland
Revenue, not below the rank of Assistant Commissioner, to conduct an inquiry or investigation
under section 38.
Provided further that nothing contained above shall bar the Officer of Inland Revenue from
conducting audit of the records of the registered person if the same were earlier audited by the
Office of the Auditor General of Pakistan.
q After completion of audit, the officer of Inland Revenue may, after obtaining the registered
person’s explanation on all the issues raised in the audit shall pass an order under section
11.
q Notwithstanding the penalties prescribed in section 33, if a registered person wishes to
deposit the amount of tax short paid or amount of tax evaded along with default surcharge
voluntarily, whenever it comes to his notice, before receipt of notice of audit, no penalty shall
be recovered from him:
If a registered person wishes to deposit the amount of tax short paid or amount of tax evaded along
with default surcharge during the audit, or at any time before issuance of show cause notice, he
may deposit the evaded amount of tax, default surcharge under section 34, and twenty five per
cent of the penalty payable under section 33.
In case a registered person wishes to deposit the amount of tax short paid or amount of tax evaded
along with default surcharge after issuance of show cause notice, he shall deposit the evaded
amount of tax, default surcharge under section 34, and full amount of the penalty payable under
section 33 and thereafter, the show cause notice, shall stand abated.
3.2 Drawing of samples [Sec 25A]

q An authorized officer of Inland Revenue, if consider it necessary, may take a sample of any
goods or raw materials, for the purpose of:
(i) determining the liability to sales tax of a registered person; or
(ii) for the purpose of establishing value of goods; or
(iii) for any other reason.

Tax Practices
q The sample drawn shall be a minimum quantity of goods or raw materials sufficient to enable
a proper examination or analysis to be made.
q At the time of taking the sample the person in possession of the goods shall be informed
and given the opportunity to sign the representative samples, so drawn, and take
corresponding sample for his own record.
q Any sample taken as above shall be taken against a proper receipt a copy each of which
shall be kept in the record by the registered person and the large Tax payers unit or Regional
Tax Officer, as the case may be.
3.3 Transaction between associates [Sec 25AA]

The Commissioner or an officer of Inland Revenue may, in respect of any transaction between
persons who are associates, determine the transfer price of taxable supplies between the persons
as is necessary to reflect the fair market value of supplies in an arm’s length transaction.
The Board may, by notification in official gazette, prescribe rules for carrying out the purpose of
above section.

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© Emile Woolf International, September 2023

© Emile Woolf International ii The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan

1 System of taxation in Pakistan 1

2 Constitutional provisions on taxes 9

4 Basic concepts of taxation 39

6 Income from property 93

7 Income from business - part one 101

8 Income from business - part two 115

9 Capital gains 131

10 Income from other sources 145

11 Losses, deductible allowances, tax credits and exemptions 153

12 Taxation of individual and association of persons 169

13 Foreign source income of a resident persons 179

15 Assessment, records and audit 201

16 Appeals, references and petitions 219

© Emile Woolf International iii The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan

18 Determination of sales tax liability 257

19 Returns and records 271

© Emile Woolf International iv The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan

System of taxation in Pakistan

© Emile Woolf International 1 The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan

1 OBJECTIVES OF TAX LAWS

1.1 Definition of taxation

q It is the collection of the share of individual and organizational income by a government

1.2 Revenue & Non-revenue objectives

q For collection of revenue to run and administer the Government;

q To use as a tool for implementation of its policies; and

q For fair distribution of wealth.

q To strengthen anaemic enterprises by granting them tax exemptions or other conditions or

q As a bargaining tool in trade negotiations with other countries;

q To counter the effects of inflation or depression;

q To reduce inequalities in the distribution of wealth;

q To implement laws which eliminate discrimination among various elements in the

q To discourage certain undesirable sectors and activities.

© Emile Woolf International 2 The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan

Illustration: Objectives of Taxation Laws

Tax Law Objective

Tax Law Objective

1.3 Taxes as mean for development

© Emile Woolf International 3 The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan

2 BASICS OF TAXATION LAWS

n Basics of tax laws

2.1 Basics of tax laws

© Emile Woolf International 4 The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan

Characteristics of tax laws

Following are major characteristics of a taxation system:

The principles of a sound tax system

q Equality or Theoretical Justice

q Consistency or Compatibility with Economic Goals

© Emile Woolf International 5 The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan

3 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENT TAXATION LAWS OF PAKISTAN

n Brief overview of different direct and indirect taxes

3.1 Brief overview of different direct and indirect taxes

Capital Value Tax

Federal Excise Duty

© Emile Woolf International 6 The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan

© Emile Woolf International 7 The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan

4 HISTORY OF TAX LAWS IN PAKISTAN