Biology

INVERTEBRATA:
The Animals which do not have back bone or vertebral column in their
bodies are called Invertebrates. More than 95%of all member of the kingdom
Animalia belong to Invertebrates. They are greater in number,but usually smaller
in size than vertebrates. In some Invertebrates body is protected by hard external
covering called Exoskeletion. In some called Invertebrates body is supported by
hard internal skeleton called Endoskeltons. They have many diverse forms and
ways of life.
GROUND OF INVERTEBRATES:
“Invertebrates are divided into many ground or phyla (Singular
Phylum).”Some of the important phyla are as follows.
1.PHYLUM:PROTOZOA
Characters:
i) Protozoans are unicellular and microsocopic organisms.

ii) They are either free living and found in water (e.g. Amoeba,
Paramecium, Euglena) some are as parasitic which depend upon
other living organisms for their nourishment and shelter (e.g.
Plasmodium Entemoeba histolytica) which cause diseases i.e.
Malaria,Dysentery.
iii) Movement takes place by Pseudopodia or Cilia of Flagella..
Common examples:
Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium etc.

PHARAMECIUM:
It is a free living protozoan and lives in fresh water pond. It is some

what slipper like shape. Its outer surface is covered by thousands of very fine hair
like structures called Cilia which help in locomotion. Paramecium has two nuclei
i.e. Macronucleus which is larger in size while Micronucleus is smaller in size. Cell
membrane is surrounded externally by a flexible and non-living covering called
pellicle, maintains the shape of Paramecium.
2.PHYLUM: PORIFERA
Characters:
i) They are the simplest ground of multicellular animals, commonly called

Sponges.
ii) The entire body has numerous minute pores which are called Ostia.
iii) Water entire into the body through ostia which leads through channels
into a hollow space inside the body, where the inner cells of sponges
filter out oxygen and microscopic food particles. Water then leaves the
body of sponge through another opening which is called Osculum.
iv) They are aquatic (found in fresh water as well as in sea water) and
sessile animals (i.e. fixed at one place throughout their life).
v) They have an Endoskeleton which is called Spicules and is made up of
calcium carbonate or Silica. The Spicules provide support and
maintained the shape of the body.
COMMON EXAMPLES:
Sycon, Ascon, Venus flower basket, Bath sponge etc.

SYCON:
Sycon has flask like shape and it is found in shallow water in sea. Sycon is a sessile animal
being attacted by a sticky secretion to some submerged solid object like rocks, shells of
Molluscs and Corals. Enddoskeletion has needle like spicules which is made up of calcium
carbonate. It lives in colonial form and ranges from 1 to 3 inches in length. Anterior end has a
single large opening which is called Osculum. Sycon is grey or light brown in colour.
PHYLUM: CNIDARAIA (COELENTRATA)

Characters:
i) They are simple aquatic animals. Most of them are marine some are
found in fresh water.
ii) Cells are organized to form tissues.
iii) They are diploblastic animals, i.e. Body is composed of two distinct
layers of cells i.e. an outer Ectoderm and inner Endoderm. In between
these two layers, a jelly like non living layer is present is called
Mesoglea.
iv) Many Coelentrates are sessile (remain fixed e.g. Hydra and Corals)
others are motile (e.g. jelly fish)
v) Many are living singly (e.g. Hydra) while some in the form of a colony
(e.g. Obelia).
COMMON EXAMPLES:
Hydra, Jelly, Obelia, Sea anemone etc.

HYDRA:
Hydra lives in fresh water. It is a sessile animal and can be better seen with a
microscope. Its body is cylindrical with several tentacles which encircling the
mouth. Tentacles have poisonous stinging cells for defence capturing and
paralyzing the prey Mouth opens into coelenteron (hollow space) inside the body
where digestion of prey takes place. Undigested food is also egested through
mouth.
JELLY FISH:
Jellyfish is found in the sea. Jelly fish swims freely in water. It is an umbrella
like body with thicker body walls. The mouth is located in the center of the down
side of umbrella. It is encireled by four long arms each bearing numberous stining
cells. The long arms are used for capturing small animals.
4. PHYLUM : PLATYHELMINTHES
Characters:
i) Animals belong to platyhelminthes are commonly called Flatworms

because to their dorsoventrally flattened body.
ii) Mostly parasites of animals and man(e.g. lives fluke) while some are
free living (e.g. planaria)
iii) They are triplobalastic animals (i.e. body consists of three layers, of
cells i.e outer Ectoderm, inner Endoderm and middle Mesoderm)
iv) Excretion take place by the Flame cells.
COMMON EXAMPLES:
Tapeworm, Liver fluke, Planaria etc.

LIVER FLUKE:
Liver fluke is a leaf like shaped animal. It is about 3 cm in length. It is a
parasite in the liver of sheep, goat and other cattles. It attaches itself with its
host with the help of a pair of suckers. One around mouth at the anterior tip
while the other slightly behind the first on the ventral side of the body. It has
a bifurcated, highly branched digestive system, but anus is absent. Liver fluke
has both male and female reproductive organs in same individual
(Hermaphrodite). It causes damage to the infected cattle.
TAPEWORM:
It is along, ribbon like and segmented animal. The anterior end is
somewhat head like and provided with four suckers and rings of minute hooks
which help Tapeworm to attach with its host. Digestive system is absent in
Tapeworm. It absorbs the digested food of its host through its body surface. A set
of male and female reproductive organs are present in every segment.
5. PHYLUM: NEMATODA (Aschelminthes)

Characters:
i) They have long, smooth and cylindrical body.

ii) Their body is unsegmented and pointed at both the ends.
iii) They are free living as well as parasites of animals, man and even plants.
iv) Alimentary canal is present. Mouth at anterior tip while anus near the
posterior tip.
COMMON EXAMPLES:
Roundworm, Hookworm, Threadworm etc.

ROUNDWORM (Ascaris lumbricoides):
Roundworm is a parasite of man and cattles. It lives in the intestine of

man. It absorbs the digested food from intestine. Both sexes are separate. Male is
slightly smaller then female in length.
6. PHYLUM: ANNELIDA
Characters:
i) They have elongated, and segmented body.

ii) The segmentation is both external as well as internal.
iii) Internally many organs are repeated in every segments of the body.
iv) Most of them are living e.g.(Earthworm). While few are Ectoparasites
e.g. (Leech).
v) Respiration takes place through general body surface.
vi) They have advanced closed type circulatory system i.e. blood circulater
in blood vessels being pumped by a number of simple hearts.
COMMON EXAMPLES:
Earthworm, Neries and Leech etc.
LEECH:
Leech is an Ectorparasite and found in fresh water ponds, it attaches with
the help of its suckers to man and other animals present in water. Leech sucks the
blood of its host.
7. PHYLUM: ARTHROPODA
Characters:
i) Arthropods occur on land as well as in water.

ii) The body of arthropods is segmented and covered externally by
exoskeleton, which is made up of a complex chemical called chitin.
iii) They have jointed legs.
iv) Their body is usually divided in to three distinct regions i.e. an anterior
head, a middle thorax and a posterior abdomen.
COMMON EXAMPLES:
Scorpions, Crabs, Prawns, Centipedes, Insects etc.
INSECTS:
Insects are the most abundant animals on earth.
Characters:
i) Their body is divided into three regions i.e. Head, Thorax and Abdomen.
ii) They have three pairs legs, two pairs of wings.
iii) They have one pair of Sensory organs which are called Antennae and
one pair of Compound eyes. Many of them have wings to fly.
iv) They have different types of mouth parts according to their mode of
feeding. For example in Mosquito piercing and sucking types, in
Cockroach cutting and chewing types etc.
v) They complete their development by metamorphosis.
Common examples:
Butterfly, Mosquito, Housefly and Cockroach.

METAMORPHOSIS:
Many insects hatch out of their eggs in a premature form and pass
through different stages of development to reach the adult stage.
“The process of development from egg to the adult stage is known as

metamorphosis.”
TYPES OF METAMORPHOSIS:
Metamorphosis is of two types which are as follows.
(1) Complete Metamorphosis:

In this process four stages are present i.e. Egg, larva, pupa and
Adult. The larva hatches from the egg is morphologically completely different
from adult. It feeds and moves actively and after some time enclose itself in a
cover and transformed into pupa. Pupa becomes inactive and lives its stored food,
after going through further change, it comes out its cover (Capsule), it is called
adult, which is similar to the parents.
COMMON EXAMPLES:
Mosquitoes, House flies, Butterflies etc.

(2) INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS:
In this type of metamorphosis the young insects called Nymph comes
out of the egg is a small young one which closely resembles the adult excepts that
it lacks wings and its reproductive organs are not matured and also smaller in size.
The Nymph after passing many stages of development it becomes adult.
COMMON EXAMPLES:
Cockroaches, Termites, Grasshoppers etc.
8.PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA
Characters:
(i) These animals are found in water, (i.e. Fresh water as well as
marine water) while some are found on land.
(ii) Animals have a soft, fleshy body which is enclosed in a thin fleshy
cover called mantle.
(iii) Many molluscs are covered ovee externally a hard, non-living shell made up
of Calcium Carbonate and plays important role in classification.
(iv) Most have external shell (e.g. Snail) some have internal shell (e.g Squid) or
shell is absent (e.g Octopus).
(v) They have a muscular foot, found on the ventral side of body for
locomotion..
COMMON EXAMPLES:
Snail, Pearl Oyster, Squid, Octopus and Fresh Water Mussel.

STAR FISH:
Star fish has a plate like central disc with five arms (or more)extended out from it.
SEA URCHIN:
Itis spherical or ball-like in shape. Its body is without arms and is covered
externally by long spines.
Q. How do Sponges get food while staying at one place?

Ans. Sponges are found in water. They are sessile i.e. fixed at one place
throughout their life. The external water containing food particles enters into the
body. through small openings called Ostia, Which leads through channels into a
hollow space inside the body where the inner cell of sponges filter out small food
particle. The water then leaves the body through another large opening called
Osculum. In this way sponges get their food while staying at one place.
LIST OF TRIPLOBLASTIC INVERTEBRATES:
1. Tapeworm 7. Earthworm
2. Planaria 8. Cockroach
3. Liver fluke 9. Snail
4. Roundworm 10. Octopus
5. Leech 11. Star fish
6. Neries 12. Sea urchin etc.

SNAILS:
Snails are commonly found in gardens and lawns. They have spirally
coiled shells. A big muscular foot is present which is used for locomotion.
FRESH WATER MUSSELS:

They are found in water. They have a shell which is made up of two
plates joined together by hinge joint.
9.PHYLUM: ECHINODERMATA
Characters:
i) They are exclusively marine that is only found in the sea.
ii) They have rough, spiny skin.
ii) They are pentamerous and have a unique water vascular system
which pumps the external water throughout their bodies.
iv) They move by the help of soft tube feet over the rocks in water.
v) They do not have head, brain and Eyes.
Common Examples:
fish, Sand dollar, Sea urchin, Sea cucumber etc.
EXOSKELETON:
Some Advanced forms of invertebrates have hard external covering
called Exoskeleton which supports and protects their body.
1.Phylum Arthropoda
2.Phylum Mollusca
PARASITES:
Those animals which live in or on the body of other living organisms are called
parasites.
NAME of PARASITE PHYLUM

1. Plasmodium Protozoa
2. Entamoeba histolytica Protozoa
3. Tapeworm Platyhelminthes
4. Roundworm Nematoda
5. Leech Anneliad

Biology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INVERTEBRATA:

i) Protozoans are unicellular and microsocopic organisms.

Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium etc.

It is a free living protozoan and lives in fresh water pond. It is some

i) They are the simplest ground of multicellular animals, commonly called

Sycon, Ascon, Venus flower basket, Bath sponge etc.

PHYLUM: CNIDARAIA (COELENTRATA)

Hydra, Jelly, Obelia, Sea anemone etc.

i) Animals belong to platyhelminthes are commonly called Flatworms

Tapeworm, Liver fluke, Planaria etc.

5. PHYLUM: NEMATODA (Aschelminthes)

i) They have long, smooth and cylindrical body.

Roundworm, Hookworm, Threadworm etc.

Roundworm is a parasite of man and cattles. It lives in the intestine of

i) They have elongated, and segmented body.

i) Arthropods occur on land as well as in water.

Scorpions, Crabs, Prawns, Centipedes, Insects etc.

Butterfly, Mosquito, Housefly and Cockroach.

“The process of development from egg to the adult stage is known as

(1) Complete Metamorphosis:

Mosquitoes, House flies, Butterflies etc.

Cockroaches, Termites, Grasshoppers etc.

Snail, Pearl Oyster, Squid, Octopus and Fresh Water Mussel.

Q. How do Sponges get food while staying at one place?

LIST OF TRIPLOBLASTIC INVERTEBRATES:

3. Liver fluke 9. Snail

4. Roundworm 10. Octopus

5. Leech 11. Star fish

6. Neries 12. Sea urchin etc.

FRESH WATER MUSSELS:

i) They are exclusively marine that is only found in the sea.

ii) They have rough, spiny skin.

which pumps the external water throughout their bodies.

v) They do not have head, brain and Eyes.

called Exoskeleton which supports and protects their body.

NAME of PARASITE PHYLUM

You might also like