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    12 Philosophies

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    Honey Ghemmalyn Abalos
    There are 12 broad categories of teaching philosophies that most philosophies fall under or combine elements of. These include behaviorism which focuses on using reinforcement to shape student behaviors, constructivism which emphasizes that students build knowledge based on their own experiences, essentialism which prioritizes basic skills mastery, and humanism which centers the needs of the student. Other philosophies covered are idealism, liberalism, perennialism, positivism, pragmatism, progressivism, and realism, each with their own defining principles about the goals and methods of education.

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    12 Philosophies

    Uploaded by

    Honey Ghemmalyn Abalos
    335 views4 pages
    There are 12 broad categories of teaching philosophies that most philosophies fall under or combine elements of. These include behaviorism which focuses on using reinforcement to shape student behaviors, constructivism which emphasizes that students build knowledge based on their own experiences, essentialism which prioritizes basic skills mastery, and humanism which centers the needs of the student. Other philosophies covered are idealism, liberalism, perennialism, positivism, pragmatism, progressivism, and realism, each with their own defining principles about the goals and methods of education.

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    There are 12 broad categories of teaching philosophies that most philosophies fall under or combine elements of. These include behaviorism which focuses on using reinforcement to shape student behaviors, constructivism which emphasizes that students build knowledge based on their own experiences, essentialism which prioritizes basic skills mastery, and humanism which centers the needs of the student. Other philosophies covered are idealism, liberalism, perennialism, positivism, pragmatism, progressivism, and realism, each with their own defining principles about the goals and methods of education.

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    335 views4 pages

    12 Philosophies

    Uploaded by

    Honey Ghemmalyn Abalos
    There are 12 broad categories of teaching philosophies that most philosophies fall under or combine elements of. These include behaviorism which focuses on using reinforcement to shape student behaviors, constructivism which emphasizes that students build knowledge based on their own experiences, essentialism which prioritizes basic skills mastery, and humanism which centers the needs of the student. Other philosophies covered are idealism, liberalism, perennialism, positivism, pragmatism, progressivism, and realism, each with their own defining principles about the goals and methods of education.

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    of 4

    12 TYPES OF TEACHING PHILOSOPHIES

    Though the particulars of a teaching philosophy may be unique to a specific educator, most
    philosophies fall under a particular school of thought, or a combination thereof. To help
    develop your own ideas about education, consider the following broad categories of teaching
    philosophies:

    1. Behaviorism

    The behaviorist school of thought states that students learn behaviors through their
    interactions. According to behaviorists, an individual's intrinsic qualities have little bearing on
    how they behave within an environment. Rather, the teacher can directly and intentionally
    influence the quality and consistency of student behaviors with various strategies. An example
    of behaviorist thought in practice is positive reinforcement, in which a learner receives a
    reward for positive actions. In time, they come to associate these actions with rewards and so
    prefer to behave well rather than poorly.

    2. Conservatism

    In pedagogy, conservatism refers to the belief that the original intended purpose of education
    was to prepare learners for entry into an established culture, with its traditional values and
    social pathways. An educational conservative is likely to believe teaching to be an act of data
    transmission and learning to be the combined acts of obedience and data acceptance. This
    school of thought may also deny any nonacademic functions of education, such as the belief
    that schools also function as environments where young people learn about social interactions
    and the value of the individual.

    3. Constructivism

    The constructivist philosophy states that learners develop knowledge by building on the
    foundations of previous learning. Constructivists acknowledge that learners come from
    different backgrounds, so they carry their unique set of circumstances and experiences into the
    shared environment of the classroom. Moreover, the experiences and knowledge specific to a
    learner can affect how they receive new information. Aside from these ideas concerning unique
    foundations and learning outcomes, constructivism includes the following precepts:

     Social interactions, such as those experienced through discussion and group work, are
    essential to the construction of knowledge.
     It's necessary for learners to engage actively in learning activities not only to gain
    knowledge but also to retain it and build meaningfully on top of it.
     It's also necessary for individuals to reflect actively on their learning so that they achieve
    a more complete understanding of new ideas.
     Learning happens when people can connect new information with what they already
    know or thought they knew.
     Motivation and a willingness to reflect on previous learning are crucial to the learning
    process.
     As learners develop, they become better and identifying relevant information,
    classifying it mentally and weaving it into sophisticated systems of thought that
    incorporate multiple simultaneous ideas.

    4. Essentialism

    Essentialism focuses primarily or entirely on the teaching and mastery of core basic subjects
    and skills. In an essentialist approach, the topics and competencies covered are commensurate
    with the learners' level of development. A student at the earliest stage of learning practices
    simple skills and concepts, which increase in complexity as the student advances in their
    learning trajectory. Typically, the subjects or skills that essentialists emphasize are reading,
    writing, mathematics, science, history, art, music and foreign languages, with technology being
    a common modern addition to the repertoire. Essentialist teaching methods often rely on rote
    practice and standardized assessment.

    5. Humanism

    Humanism is a teaching philosophy that centers on the needs of the student. According to this
    approach, students learn best under self-direction, when they have input in what they learn, so
    it's the goal of the educator to facilitate a love of and competency for learning. To that end,
    humanistic educators aim to establish a safe, nonthreatening environment for learners and
    openly validate students' feelings as part of the learning process. Grades play little to no role in
    a humanistic learning environment since self-evaluation is the only meaningful form of
    assessment.

    6. Idealism

    Idealism, as a teaching philosophy, posits that ideas are the only true reality and the objective
    of the learner is to seek the truth. In this understanding of the world, true ideas are ongoing
    universal constants, so learners can discover knowledge but not necessarily create it. Some
    idealists also state that the goal of education is to develop the sort of mind and skills that can
    better serve society. An important facet of the idealist approach is awareness of a role model
    whose example can guide the learner to an understanding of their place in and contributions to
    society.

    7. Liberalism

    Liberalism refers to a philosophy aimed at cultivating free human beings through exposure to a
    broad array of subjects and skills and the development of civic values tested via engagement
    with important ideas and issues. A liberalist approach to education is necessarily
    multidisciplinary, allowing learners some freedom to choose their path while allowing them the
    opportunity to develop knowledge in a wide range of subjects. Thus, this philosophy tends to
    result in what people commonly call a "well-rounded education."

    8. Perennialism

    The perennialist teaching philosophy centers on the subject. This approach focuses on the
    teaching of ideas that have everlasting and universal value and truth. The teaching focus, then,
    is on principles such as reasoning and critical thinking in addition to time-tested concepts from
    well-known figures such as Plato and Einstein. The educator is responsible for guiding students
    in their efforts to think critically and logically and showing them how to appreciate great
    everlasting works.

    9. Positivism

    Positivism — stemming from the Latin "a posteriori," meaning "based on reasoning and facts"
    — is a teaching philosophy based on evidence-based learning and verifiable notions. It's a
    teacher-oriented philosophy that relies on concrete data and knowledge gained through
    experiments. Owing to these characteristics, positivism tends to feature in the sciences and
    engineering disciplines.

    10. Pragmatism

    The pragmatist approach posits that the goal of education is to teach learners the knowledge
    and skills that are likely to be of practical use to them. To that end, pragmatist educators tend
    to implement such methods as project- and play-based learning, experiential learning,
    experimentation and excursions. What qualifies as pragmatic is often dependent on the
    circumstances of the learner, their environment and their time. As societies evolve in response
    to changing technologies and lifestyles, the pragmatic teaching philosophy adapts to provide
    learners with relevant education.

    11. Progressivism
    The progressivist teaching philosophy is a student-oriented approach that considers the
    significance of individuality and its connection to active learning. Progressivism states that the
    ideal learning situation is when the subject matter is relevant to the life of the learner and their
    abilities. Progressivist educators, therefore, often try to reveal the relevance of academic topics
    to stoke the curiosity and engagement of their students. This approach also emphasizes
    interaction, cooperation and consideration of other viewpoints as essential elements of
    learning.

    12. Realism

    The realist teaching philosophy states that reality and the mind's perception of it are separate
    phenomena. In reality, there are objective truths and values, and it's the goal of education to
    promote rational modes of thought to uncover what truth is. Educators who the realist
    philosophy tend to focus on teaching critical thinking and the scientific method. By these means
    can learners overcome their preconceptions and biases and approach a more logical
    perception.

    Source: https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/teaching-philosophies

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