Glossary

Block 1:
 File : any piece of data you can save inside your computer
 Has a file name
 Has a file extension
 It has a file extension to determine its type
 Folder : a place to organize and store files that are related
 Sub-folder : folder inside another folder
 Nested folders : folder inside another folder creating a
structure
 Tree structure  many folders under one directory
 Hierarchal structure  files are organized in the form of
parent child relationship
 Back up : taking an extra copy of the original file
 Advantages  recovery from hardware failure
 Archive : deleting a file and saving it elsewhere
 Advantages  it is used for space management and data
retention, convenient for grouping data files
 Health problems : eye strain, stress, DVT, RSI
 Safety problems : electrocution, tripping, heavy equipment
falling, electrical fires
 Ergonomics : the science concerned with designing
comfortable and safe furniture

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 Copyright : a legal term used to describe the rights a creator
has over their work
 In order to use someone’s creative work you need to  ask
the owner, give them credits or buy the image from the
owner
 Protected by copyright  literary works, musical works,
dramatic works, architectural works
 Not protected by copyright  ideas, procedures, methods,
systems, concepts
 Copyright infringement  anyone who exploits the
exclusive right of copyright without the owner’s permission
commits copyright infringement
 Fair use : gives someone the ability to use from 10% to 30%
of someone’s creative work for educational purposes
 Creative commons license : gives permission for everyone to
share, use and build upon your work
 Digital footprint : the data trace left by users and gives an
image of who they are
 Passive  unknowingly leaving a footprint
 Active  knowingly leaving footprint
 Keep yourself safe  be careful of online tools and
services, improving your understanding of basic issues
related to digital footprint
 Internet troller : redirects conversations in order to provoke
you
 Cyberbullying : using social media to harm someone
 Internet theft : using internet services to defraud victims

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 Malware : malicious software that corrupts data and harms
the computer system
 Viruses  is transferred through human interaction
 Work  is transferred without human interaction
 Spyware  records anything you type including passwords
and personal information
 Trojan  a program that pretends to have a set of useful
features but actually contains damaging code
 Signs of a malware  corrupted files and programs, hard
drive often runs out of space, unusual error messages
 How to keep yourself safe  use an anti-virus / a firewall /
proxy server / a touch screen, keep your computer updated
 Hacking : gaining unauthorized access to someone’s
computer system
 Phishing : sending a fake e-mail and attempting to acquire
someone’s personal information by pretending to be a
trustworthy entity
 How to detect it  e-mail contains spelling mistakes, e-mail
doesn’t contain any of your personal information
 How to protect yourself  do not reply to the e-mails,
report the e-mail address, contact the bank to ensure that the
mail is fake
 Smishing : sending a fake SMS asking for personal
information
 Pharming : re-directing a website’s traffic to a hacker’s one
 How to detect it  URL will change
 How to avoid it ensure the URL is not changing while
accessing the website
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 Cookies : a small file sent from a website and stored on the
user’s computer while the user is browsing
 Social media : social networks, media sharing, bookmarking
sites, microblogging, social review sites, discussion forums
 Blog : an online journal
 Wiki : a set of one or more linked web pages
 Forum : a message board where people can start new topics or
discussions and respond to existing ones
 E-mail : electronic mail
 Forward  allows a new recipient to see the email sent if
they weren't originally included in the email chain
 To  the main recipients
 BCC (blind carbon copy)  recipients receive a copy of the
e-mail, but they will not see the e-mail addressed of other
recipients
 CC (carbon copy)  recipients receive a copy of the
original e-mail
 E-mail etiquette  do not use many colors, compress the
files attached to the e-mail, do not use uppercase letters
 Spam : junk mail sent by commercial companies
 E-mail saver : someone who saves all e-mails they have
received
 E-mail deleter : someone who deletes unwanted e-mails they
have received
 E-mail archive : saves important e-mails and deletes
unwanted ones

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 Block 2:
 Software : one or more lists of instructions called programmes
 Programming languages : enables people to write
programmes in English
 Machine languages : composed of 0s and 1s
 Compilers  run the entire code all at once
 Interpreters  run single lines of code
 Algorithm : step by step instructions that solve a problem
 Pseudocode  false code, shows the steps required to solve
a specific problem
 Flowchart  a diagrammatic representation that illustrates a
sequence of operations required to solve a problem
 Top-down design : breaks a problem into small parts
 Module : small part of the solution
 Dry run : mentally running a programme using a trace table
 Trace table : method of recording the result of each step in a
dry run
 Testing data : normal, abnormal, extreme
 Single stepping : debugging a programme
 Sorting : placing into an order
 Bubble sort
 Insertion sort
 Variable : a memory location used to store changeable values
during a program’s execution
 Constant : a memory location used to store unchangeable
values during a program’s execution
 Sequence : executing instructions one after another

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 Selection : two or more alternative actions (condition ,
branching)
 Repetition : repeating a block of code until a condition is met
(iteration, looping)
 Errors :
 Syntax error  happens when writing code incorrectly
 Logical error  causes the programme to misbehave
 Runtime error  happens while running the programme
 List : a collection which is ordered and changeable, allows
duplicate members
 Tuple : a collection which is ordered and unchangeable
Allows duplicate members
 Set : a collection which is unordered and unindexed. Doesn’t
allow duplicate members
 Dictionary : a collection which is unordered, changeable and
indexed. Doesn’t allow duplicate members

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 Block 3:
 Pixel : the basic unit of an image “Picture element”
 Resolution : the quality of an image
 high quality  high resolution  the image’s size increases
 DPI : dots per inch, the number of printed points
 PPI : pixel per inch, the number of pixels per inch
 Color depth : number of bits in a pixel to represent a color
 Metadata : data about data, details about an image
 Technical  automatically generate by the camera (shutter
speed, ISO, aperture, focal depth, dots per inch, etc.)
 Descriptive  added manually by the photographer (has the
name of the image creator, keywords related to the image,
captions, titles, etc.)
 Administrative  added manually (has the usage and
licensing rights, restrictions on reuse and the owner’s
contact information)
 Logo : is one aspect of a company’s commercial brand
 Logos should be  simple, versatile, timeless, memorable
and appropriate
 Business card : has business information about a company
(width : 9cm , height : 6cm)
 Flyer : an effective way of marketing, contains unique points
of what you are trying to advertise
 Bitmap : raster, pixels, real
 Vector : SVG, objects / mathematical equations, not real /
cartoonish
 JPEG : joint photographic experts group, lossy compression

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 PNG : portable networks graphics, lossless compression,
supports transparency & translucency
 GIF : graphics interchange format, supports transparency,
used for animations
 B-roll: the extra footage captured to enrich the story you’re
telling (flashbacks)
 Phases of video production :
 Pre-production  planning
 Production  shooting
 Post-production  editing
 Storyboard : a sequence of drawings, typically with some
directions and dialogue, representing the shots planned for a
film
 Advantages : helps you plan your animation shot by shot,
saves time, used as a base for filming, helps you bring your
ideas to reality, helps with the pre-production of a film
 Camera shots : extreme close-up, close-up, medium close-up,
medium shot, long shot, wide shot, extreme wide shot / cover
shot, over the shoulder shot, two / three / four shot, point of
view
 Camera movements :
 Panning  camera moved from side to side
 Tilting  camera moved up or down
 Zooming  enlarges or reduces the proportion of the frame
taken up by a person or object
 Camera angles : low angle, high angle, neutral shot

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 Video creation:
Action The moving pictures we see on screen
Angle A particular camera placement
Audio Refers to the sound portion of a film
Camera angle The view point chosen from which to
photograph a subject
Camera movement The use of the camera to obtain various
camera angles and perspectives
Caption Descriptive lines of text that
occasionally appear on the screen
Cut Sudden change or jump in camera
angle, location, placement or time;
consists of a transition from one scene
to another
Frame Refers to a single image, the smallest
compositional unit of a film’s structure
Frame rate The frequency at which film or video
frames run (online videos  12fps)
Montage The assembly of shots and portrayal of
actions through the use of many short
shots
Shot What the camera sees
Scene The action in a single location and
continuous time
Storyboard Sequential series of illustrations
Title Text that appears on screen denoting a
key element of the movie

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Video Noun
The recording, reproducing, or
broadcasting of moving visual
images made digitally or on
videotape
Verb
Film with a video camera
Transition In video editing a transition is what
shows between two shots or clips
Movie clip A short piece of film (few minutes
long or even shorter)
Movie trailer An advertisement for a film that
will be exhibited in the future
Footage In film and video, it is the raw
unedited material

Image editing :
Crop The removal of outer parts
Vignette A small illustration or portrait
photograph which fades into its
background without a definite
border
Scale Resizing of a digital image
(enlarging or reducing the size)
JPG A commonly used method of lossy
compression for digital images (the
image’s degree of compression can
be adjusted)

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 Sound editing :
Sound effect A recorded or electronically
produced sound that matches the
visual action taking place on screen
Sound Audio portion of the film
Synchronous sound Refers to sound whose source can
be seen in the image’s frames
Non-synchronous sound (sound- Refers to a scene shot without a
lag) synchronized sound, and the sound
is later added during editing
Pace (tempo / speed) Rate of performance or delivery
Volume Amplitude of the sound wave
Mood music Music to enhance a media
production
Diegetic sound (actual sound) An sound that originates from a
source within the video or film’s
world such as a character’s
dialogue, object sounds and
music emanating from within the
film
Non-diegetic sound Audio whose source is neither
(commentary sound) visible on the screen nor has it been
implied in the action such as the
film’s musical score, sound
effects and narration or voice
over
Mixage Editing sound so it is in sync with
the movie

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 Block 4:
 Computer : a machine that processes data and outputs it in
some way
 Advantages  large capacity of data storage, high speed,
can be connected to a network
 Data : the raw material you enter inside the computer (it is
meaningless)
 Data types  alphanumeric, punctuation characters, special
characters, graphics and pictures, sound
 Bit (each individual 1 or 0), Byte (8 bits, 1 byte = 1
character), Kilobyte (1024 bytes), Megabyte (1024 KB),
Gigabyte (1024MB), Terabyte (1024 GB)
 Information : output of processing (data + meaning =
information)
 Main stages of a computer system :
 Input  Process  Output
 GIGO : good input delivers good output OR garbage input
delivers garbage output
 Computer clock : the speed at which the CPU executes
instructions (measured by MHz)
 PC buses : connects all the internal computer components to
the CPU and main memory
 Data bus  transfers actual data
 Address bus  transfers information about where the data
should go
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 Hardware and software :

 Software : programme that tells the hardware what to do

 Application  allows users to complete specific tasks
 Measuring and control , phone applications
 System:
 Operating  manages everything
 Utilities  help with managing
 Utility, file management, disk repair
 CLI (command line interface)  uses text only
 Advantages  gives the user more freedom to use
specific commands, can alter computer settings
 Disadvantages  no visual aid, commands must be
typed without any errors, user needs to learn
commands
 GUI (graphical user interface)  WIMPS
 Windows to display data, Icons for programmes and
files, Menus for user to select options, Pointers to
make selections and initiate actions
 Advantages  easier to use, user does not need to
learn any commands
 Disadvantages  takes up more memory than CLI,
GUI is embedded in CLI
 Free ware  computer software is free of charge
(unlimited)

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  Shareware  computer software that is initially free of
charge but later charges payment(limited)
 OSS  programme and code for free
 CSS  uses a proprietary and closely guarded code
 Hardware :
 Motherboard  everything is attached to the motherboard
 CPU  the brain of the computer
 ALU (arithmetic logical unit)  mathematical operations
 CU (control unit)  programme instructions
 Power supply  converts AC to DC
 Input  anything you enter in a computer using certain
devices
 Output  anything that comes out of the computer after
being processed using certain devices
 Storage:
 Internal  RAM, ROM
 Backing (external)  magnetic, solid-state, optical
 Network : two or more electronic devices that are linked
together in order to share resources and exchange files
 Advantages  sharing devices such as printers to save
money, files can be easily shared, network users can easily
communicate together
 Disadvantages  hacking, viruses, expenses
 Internet : a network of networks
 IP address : location of the device in the internet (can change)
 MAC address : identifies the devices in a network (can’t
change)

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 Network types : LAN (local area network), WLAN (wireless
local area network), WAN (wide area network)
 Network topologies : bus, ring, star, hybrid, mesh

 Network devices :
 Bridge connects two networks together
 Router  connects devices to a network, picks the best
shortest path
 Network interface card (NIC)  any computer that is
connected to a network has it
 Network cable  connects different devices together to
make a network
 Modem  transmits data over telephone lines
 Hub  hardware device that connects multiple computers
in a network, sends data to all connected computers
 Switch  similar to a hub but more “intelligent” as it send
data to the computer that it was addressed to
 Firewall  a device or software that blocks unauthorized
connections
 Proxy server  a computer setup to share a resource
 Protocols :
 TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/internet protocol) 
set of protocols used over the internet, and makes sure
packets have a source, a destination, a packet sequence, data
and error checks them
 FTP (file transfer protocol)  used to transfer large files
 HTTP (hyper test transfer protocol)  transfers web pages
from web servers to the client
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  https  a secure web address which has been encrypted
 VOIP  enables people to have voice conversations over
the internet

Block 5:
Closed questions : they can be answered with yes or no or
with a single word or a short phrase
Open questions : is likely to receive a long answer
Collecting information :
 Interviewing key personnel
 Observing the system in action
 Distributing questionnaires to system users
Macro : number of instructions grouped together
Absolute cell reference : indicates to excel that it should not
increment the cell when copying a formula to another cell
Verification : checking data when copied from one medium to
another to make sure that it is copied correctly
 Double data entry
 Visual check
Validation : checks whether the data is reasonable and
complete before processing
 Types of validation 
Character/type checks that data doesn’t contain invalid
check characters
Format check checks that data is in the right format
Length check checks that data isn’t too short or too long
Presence check checks that data has been entered
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Range check checks that value falls within the specified
range
Check digit checks the last 1 or 2 digits in a code (used in
supermarkets)
Lookup table looks up acceptable values in a table
Spell check looks up words in a dictionary
Excel functions and formulas :
 SumIf  sum the values in a range that meets criteria that is
specified
 Count  used to count the number of numeric values in a
range of values
 CountIf  used to count the number of specific values in a
range of cells
 CountA  used to count the number of items in a range of
values
 IF  make a choice or a decision about what will happen in
a cell
 VLOOKUP  compare data in two spreadsheets when the
lookup values are contained in the first column of a lookup
table
 =VLOOKUP(lookup_values, table_array,
col_index_num, [range_lookup])
Database : a systematic collection of data, supports storage
and manipulation of data
 Tables to store your data
 Queries ask questions about information stored in your
tables
 Forms allow you to view data stored in your tables
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  Reports allow you to print data based on queries or tables
you have created
 Record (row)  a unit of information
 File (column)  collection of records
 Field  individual items
 Field name  header of the column
Primary key : unique identification key
Foreign key : primary key that is added in another table in
order to create a relation between tables

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Block 6:
 Planning for a website :
 Identify the target audience  whether the audience
targeted are a company, adults, kids or adolescents
 Set goals for the website  entertain, educate and
communicate with customers
 Organize the website’s content  content should fit under
each of the topic areas, and there could be multiple
subcategories
 Create the website’s structure (sitemap)  when the goals
and functions performed by the target audience are aligned,
the structure will form
 Develop the website’s navigation  plan how this site
navigates between each of the pages and sections, include a
navigation bar
 Good web design criteria :
 Background  should be simple, not too many colors
 Text  font should not be too small or too large, colors
should have a contrast with the background
 Links  links should be clear
 Photos  use photos that are related to the website’s topic,
use small sized photos
 Navigation  should be easy and direct
 Usability  should be easy to use, do not add extra
unnecessary buttons
 What you see is what you get : is an acronym used for visual
web editing applications in which the user can view and edit

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 the page as it appear in a browser rather than simply editing
code
 HTML (hypertext markup language) : it is the standard
authoring language used to develop web pages
 File name extension  .htm or .html
 Tags : container tags come in pairs, empty tags stand alone
 They are NOT case sensitive
 They consist of 
 An element  provides the main instruction of the tag
(<title> <font> <table>)
 An attribute  describes a certain aspect of the element
(<font> has several attributes including size, color and
face)
 A value  gives a value to the element and its attribute
(<font color = red>)
 Absolute URLs : the full URL of the page that you link to
 <a href = http://www.example.com/xyz.com>
 Relative URLs : the link you add leads the browser to stay
within the current site
 <a href = “/xyz.html”>

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  SVG and HTML 5 canvas :
SVG Canvas
Composed of shapes (vector based) Composed of pixels (raster
based)
Better scalability Poor scalability
Gives better performance with Gives better performance larger
smaller number of objects or larger number of objects or smaller
surface surface
Can be modified through script and Can be modified through script
CSS only
Multiple graphical elements Single element

 HTML block and inline elements : there are two display

values
 Block level  always starts on a new line, always takes up
the full width available, has a top and a bottom margin
 Inline  does not start on a new line, only takes up as much
width as necessary
 CSS (cascading style sheet): allows you to separate your
website’s HTML content from its style
 Advantages  saves time, pages load faster, easy
maintenance, multiple device compatibility, global web
standards
 It can be added to an HTML document through 
 Inline  by using style attribute inside HTML elements

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 Internal  by using <style> element in the <head>
section
 External  by using a <link> element to link to an
external CSS file

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