A

TECHNICAL SEMINAR
REPORT ON

TURBO JET ENGINE

Submitted in the partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Mechanical Engineering in JNTUH

BACHELOER OF TECHNOLOGY
in

Mechanical Engineering
Submitted by

M. SURESH NAIK 19WJ1A03A8

Department of Mechanical Engineering

GURU NANAK INSTITUTIONS TECHICAL CAMPUS

(Affiliated by Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University)
2022-2023

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the technical seminar entitled “TURBO JET ENGINE”

being submitted by M.SURESH NAIK (19WJ1A03A8) in partial fulfilment the

requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology, Guru Nanak

Institution Technical Campus, Hyderabad to the J.N.T.U.

Hyderabad during the year (2022-2023) is Bonafide work carried out by them under my
supervision.

SEMINAR SUPERVIOR
Asst professor Mr. G . VENKATESH

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESCRIPTION
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Turbo Jet Engine

• Open gas cycles

CHAPTER 2
Turbo Jet Parts
• Diffuser
• Compressor
• Pump
• Fuel Injector
• Combustion chamber
• Shafts
• Turbine
• Nozzle

CHAPTER 3
• Turbo Jet Engine Working
CHAPTER 4
• Afterburner
CHAPTER 5
• Thrust reverser
CHAPTER 6
• Barton Cycle
CHAPTER 7
• Advantages of Turbo Jet Engine
• Disadvantages of Turbo Jet Engine
CHAPTER 8
Applications of Turbo Jet Engine
CONCLUSION
FUTURE SCOPE
REFERENCES

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 CHAPTER 1
INDRODUCTION TO TURBOJET ENGINE

The turbojet engine is another example of a Gas turbine engine. The working fluid is air
or gas. Turbojet engine works on the principle of Newton’s third law of motion. They produce
thrust by increasing the velocity of the air flowing through the engine " For every action there
is an equal and opposite reaction”.

In the early 1930s there are two engineers from America (Frank Whittle) and Germany (Hans
von Ohain) developed the concept independently into practical engines.

Turbojets are the oldest kind of general-purpose jet engines.

Turbojets are rotary engines that extracts energy from a flow of combustion gas.

A turbojet engine is a jet engine which produces all its thrust by ejecting a high energy gas
stream from the engine exhaust nozzle. In contrast to a turbofan or bypass engine, 100% of
the air entering the intake of a turbojet engine goes through the engine core.

The turbojet engine is a closed cycle gas turbine engine that is used in aircraft and other
industries by the burning of fuel and the use of several components like the compressor,
Turbine, propeller, and more.

Open cycle Gas Turbine:

Here the working fluid is air or gas. It is an internal combustion engine. It involves four
processes:
Suction of air
Compression and Combustion of air
Expansion and
Exhaust.

Here You can check Information on Open Cycle Gas Turbine

Suction: The suction process intake the air into the system.

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Compression: It compresses the air and so pressure and temperature are increased.
Combustion: Here the compressed air and fuel together burns

Expansion and Exhaust: After burns, it makes a charge and the remaining again cycle starts.

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 CHAPTER 2
TURBOJET PARTS

Turbojet Engine consists of following main parts:

• Diffuser
• Compressor
• Pump
• Fuel Injector
• Combustion chamber
• Shafts
• Turbine
• Nozzle

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Diffuser:
Air is supplied here. The area is such a way that the kinetic energy of air is reduced,
and pressure energy starts increasing.

The air molecules get compressed. It is an isentropic (Entropy remain constant) component. In
simple Diffuser main work is to diffuse the air.

Diffuser is one key component of the gas turbine combustor following the compressor. Its
primary function is to slow down the air flow delivered by the compressor in order to promote
efficient combustion and avoid large total pressure losses.

Compressor:

The main function of the compressor is the compress the air that comes from the diffuser
henceit increases the temperature and pressure of the air.

Kinetic energy gets reduced. It is an isentropic (Entropy remain constant) component.

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The compressor rotates at very high speed, adding energy to the airflow and at the same time
squeezing it into a smaller space. Compressing the air increases its pressure and temperature.
The compressor is driven by the turbine.

Compressors used in turbojet engines are mainly classified as:

• Axial Flow Compressors.

• Centrifugal Compressors.

AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR:

Axial compressors are rotating, airfoil-based compressors in which the working fluidprincipally
flows parallel to the axis of rotation.

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Axial compressors consist of a shaft that drives a central drum which has several annular airfoil
rows attached. These rotate between a similar number of stationary airfoil rows attached to a
stationary tubular casing. A pair of rotating and stationary airfoils is called a stage. The cross-
sectional area between rotor drum and casing is reduced in the flow direction to maintain axial
velocity as the fluid is compressed.

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR:

Centrifugal compressors are rotating, airfoil-based compressors in which the working fluid
principally flows perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

Centrifugal compressors consist of a shaft that drives an impeller which has several curved
blades.

The impeller rotates in a casing which is designed to convert the kinetic energy of the fluid into
pressure energy before leaving the compressor.

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PUMP:

The pump gets the compressed air and air the lean amount of fuel is provided for a
mixture ofair and fuel.

Pumps are an integral component of an aircraft fuel system, which enables fuel to
be loaded, stored, managed, and delivered to the engine. Engine-driven fuel pumps deliver
a continuous supply of fuel at the proper pressure during engine operation.

FUEL INJECTOR:

Its main works are to ignite the mixture of air and fuel. The injectors are responsible
for supplying the necessary amount of fuel to the engine for combustion in an aircraft. The
injection system provides high-pressure fuel to the engine compression cycle. When in contact
with the air in high temperatures, it ignites causing combustion. This system consists of a
displacement pump capable of injecting different amounts of fuel, thanks to the pistons that are
attached to each injector or cylinder of the engine.

The injectors are, therefore, solenoid valves capable of opening and closing millions of
times with a very precise reaction to the electric pulse that drives them, without fuel leaks.
They’re responsible for supplying the appropriate amount of fuel to the intake duct or to the
pre- combustion chamber, depending on whether it’s a direct or indirect injection system,
respectively, in a pulverized manner and without dripping so that the fuel is distributed as
homogeneously as possible according to the operating regime of the engine.

COMBUSTION CHAMBER:

In a turbojet the air and fuel mixture pass unconfined through the combustion chamber. As
the mixture burns its temperature increases dramatically.

The combustion chamber is usually in the form of cans, which comprise the fuel injector and
flame holder.

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 A combustor must contain and maintain stable combustion despite very high air flow
rates. To do so combustors are carefully designed to first mix and ignite the air and fuel, and
then mix in more air to complete the combustion process. Early gas turbine engines used a
single chamber known as a can-type combustor. Today three main configurations exist:
Afterburners are often considered another type of combustor. In the combustion chamber, the
complete burning of air and fuel takes place at constant pressure heat supplied.

Shafts:

The shaft is connected between the compressor and the turbine. A turboshaft engine is
a form of gas-turbine that is optimized to produce shaft power rather than jet thrust. In
concept, turboshaft engines are very similar to turbojets, with additional turbine expansion to
extract heat energy from the exhaust and convert it into output shaft power. They are even
more like turboprops, with only minor differences, and a single engine is often sold in both
forms.

Turboshaft engines are commonly used in applications that require a sustained high-
power output, high reliability, small size, and light weight. These include helicopters, auxiliary
powerunits and ship, tank, hovercraft, and stationary equipment.

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NOZZLE:

The nozzle is like sending the exhaust gas to the atmosphere. Here the charge coming the
pressure energy is reduced and Kinetic energy is increased and thus thrust created more.

Which is useful for sending the jet in the forward direction. Newton’s third law of motion: For
every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. At the end of the nozzle, the power
supplied for creating thrust to move the engine forward.

TURBINE:

Hot gases leaving the combustor are allowed to expand through the turbine. Turbines are
usually made up of high temperature metals such as Inconel.

The turbine's rotational energy is used primarily to drive the compressor. and other accessories,
like fuel, oil, and hydraulic pumps.

In a turbojet almost two-thirds of all the power generated by burning fuel is used by the
compressor to compress the air for the engine.

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 CHAPTER 3

TURBOJET ENGINE WORKING

The working of Turbojet Engine, Air is first supplied into the diffuser. The diffuser work is to
diffuse the air hence the molecular of the air get together.

Now from the diffuser, air comes into the compressor. The compressor compresses the air
hence the pressure energy is increased.

Now from the compressor it sends to the combustion chamber where a pump is fitted and with
the help of the pump there is a small hole, or you can say the fuel injector is fitted. The fuel is
supplied here with very less amount (lean mixture the ratio of air to fuel is 50:1).

In the combustion chamber, the mixture of air and fuel gets completely burned. The burning
gas has high-pressured energy which is directly send to the turbine.

Here the turbine blades rotate, and shafts are connected between the compressor and the
turbine. The charges of pressure energy are reduced, and kinetic energy increased.

The turbine also works s for a rotating compressor for getting much air from outside.

Then from here it directly comes to the nozzle here with the thrust of the charge is created.

Thrust moves the engine into the perpendicular direction and from nozzle, the exhaust gases
are released.

The gas stream exiting the turbine expands to ambient pressure via the propelling nozzle,
producing a high velocity jet in the exhaust plume.

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 CHAPTER 4

AFTERBURNER
An afterburner or "reheat jet-pipe" is a device added to the rear of the jet engine. It
provides a means of spraying fuel directly into the hot exhaust, where it ignites and boosts
available thrust significantly; a drawback is its very high fuel consumption rate.

Jet engine thrust is governed by the general principle of mass flow rate. Thrust depends
on two things: the velocity of the exhaust gas and the mass of that gas. A jet engine can
produce more thrust by either accelerating the gas to a higher velocity or by having a greater
mass of gas exit the engine. Designing a basic turbojet engine around the second principle
produces the turbofan engine, which creates slower gas but more of it. Turbofans are highly
fuel efficient and can deliver high thrust for long periods of time, but the design trade-off is a
large size relative to the power output. To generate the increased power with a more compact
engine for short periods of time, an engine requires an afterburner. The afterburner increases
thrust primarily by accelerating the exhaust gas to a higher velocity. While the mass of the
fuel added to the exhaust does contribute to an increase in thrust, this effect is small compared
to the increase inexhaust velocity.

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 CHAPTER 5

THURST REVERSER
The thrust reverser is, essentially, a pair of clamshell doors mounted at the rear of the engine
which, when deployed, divert thrust normal to the jet engine flow to help slow an aircraft upon
landing. They are often used in conjunction with spoilers. The accidental deployment of a thrust
reverser during flight is a dangerous event that can lead to loss of control and destruction of
the aircraft.

A landing roll consists of touchdown, bringing the aircraft to taxi speed, and eventually to
a complete stop. However, most commercial jet engines continue to produce thrust in the
forward direction, even when idle, acting against the deceleration of the aircraft. The brakes of
the landing gear of most modern aircraft are sufficient in normal circumstances to stop the
aircraft by themselves, but for safety purposes, and to reduce the stress on the brakes, another
deceleration method is needed. In scenarios involving bad weather, where factors like snow or
rain on the runway reduce the effectiveness of the brakes, and in emergencies like rejected
take-off, this need is more pronounced.

A simple and effective method is to reverse the direction of the exhaust stream of the jet
engine and use the power of the engine itself to decelerate. Ideally, the reversed exhaust stream
would be directed straight forward. However, for aerodynamics reasons, this is not possible,
and a 135° angle is taken, resulting in less effectiveness than would otherwise be possible.
Thrust reversal can also be used in flight to reduce airspeed, though this is not common with
modern aircraft. There are three common types of thrust reversing systems used on jet
engines: the target, clam-shell, and cold stream systems. Some propeller-driven aircraft
equipped with variable pitch propellers can reverse thrust by changing the pitch of their
propeller blades. Most commercial jetliners have such devices, and it also has applications in
military aviation.

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 CHAPTERN 6
BARTON CYCLE

Thermodynamics of a jet engine are modeled approximately by a Brayton Cycle.

Ideal Brayton cycle comprise of the following Thermodynamics Processes:

1. Isentropic Compression Process.

2. Isobaric Heat Addition Process.
3. Isentropic Expansion Process.
4. Isobaric Heat Rejection Process.

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 CHAPTER 7
ADVANTAGES OF TURBOJE ENGINE
• The low-grade fuel type can be used.
• The chances of parts wear and tear are very less.
• Turbojet engines produced more thrust comparatively propeller engines.
• The operating temperature can be high which means it can operate at a high
• temperature.
• The speed operation is very high.
• Simple in construction.
• The weight to power ratio is very less in this system.
• The maintenance cost is low.
• This type of engine does not have any unbalance force which causes a problem which
is also a major advantage of the turbojet engine.
• It can be highly efficient for supersonic aircraft.

DISADVANTAGES OF TURBOJET ENGINE

• The efficiency reduces at a lower speed of the system.

• It produces noise. So, the system is like a noisy system.
• Low thrust is available at take-off and climb.

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 CHAPTER 8
APPLICATIONS OF TURBO JET ENGINE

• This type of system used in the aircraft industry.

• It also used in the Automobile sector.
• In vehicles: Motorcycle, racing cars It also used in a water jet engine.
• Used in Military aircraft and much more.

THE MESSERSCHMITT Me 262 :

The Messerschmitt Me 262 was the world's first operational jet-powered fighter aircraft.
In combat, when properly flown, it proved to be essentially untouchable, able to outrun its
Allied counterparts by as much as 100 mph.

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CONCORDE:-
One of the most recent uses of turbojet engines was the Olympus 593 on Concorde.

Concorde used turbojet engines because it turns out that the small cross-section and high
exhaust speed is ideal for operation at Mach 2.

THRUST 2:
In 1983 the car reached a top speed of 650.88 mph (1,047.49 km/h) and broke the record at
633.468 mph (1,019.468 km/h). It is powered by a single Rolls-Royce Avon jet engine sourced
from an English Electric Lightning.

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 CONCLUSION

• Turbojet engines more complex.

• Materials used should be satisfy many engine criteria.
• Material development should be with full acceleration.
• Some new technologies must be developed in such a way that it should be increase
engine performance and reduce life cycle cost.

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 FUTURE SCOPE

• Leading higher safety

• To make space shuttling easier
• Flights can be aborted, while the vehicle glide backs to earth
• Missions cane be more flexible

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 REFERENCES

• Fundamentals of theory design, theory and operation of jet engines by KLAUS

HUNECKE
• Aircraft gas turbine engines-operation, components and system by J. VENNARD
• Mechanical Metallurgy by GORGE E. DIETER

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