DISCOURSE MARKERS IN PHILIPPINE ENGLISH

Quezon National High School

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Lucena City

Catch Phrase: Issue People Place then Output

Author 1 in Given Name First
Author 2 in Given Name First
Author 3 in Given Name First

Abstract
Purpose: State the main objective of the study in present tense.
Method: Give the summarized details of the design, locale, samples, data gathering
tools and process, and data analysis approach done in the study in past tense.
Results: Explain briefly the highlights of the results using past tense or past perfect
tense.
Implication: Identify the possible impact of the result of the study.
Value: Indicate the main benefit from the findings of the study.
Keywords: maximum of at least four key words arranged alphabetically (research topic;
population; method; application of results or findings)

(This section is assumed as Introduction, no need for heading)

Indirectly discuss first the importance of the research topic. Explain why the
research topic is worth studying from the macro to micro levels, that is, globally,
regionally, nationally, and locally, to zero in on the local setting of the study.
Cite the problematic situation, gaps, or needs which prompted you to conduct
the study. Indicate the gap that exists in the body of knowledge related to your study.
Support your discussion with basis relevant to your study. Pertinent statistical data
should support your claims. Make your presentation emphatic and explosive. It should
create an impact on the reader of your research. It should prompt your reader to go on
and find out what good there is in your research study.
Make sure to highlight the importance of your current investigation or study.
Explain the benefits of your study to specific group of people.

Research Questions
Make a general statement of the problem or simply state the main purpose of
your study. Cite the specific research questions in logical and sequential order. In
numbered format, state the specific research questions:
1. In interrogtive form, ask the first information gathering questions.
2. In interrogtive form, ask the second information gathering questions.
3. In interrogtive form, ask the third information gathering questions, if there
still things to ask.

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DISCOURSE MARKERS IN PHILIPPINE ENGLISH
Quezon National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Lucena City

4. In interrogtive form, ask the concluding question that will make use of the
data gathered through the previous questions. This must answer the main
purpose of the study.

Hypothesis (if quantitative study)

At 0.05 level of significance, the following hypothesis will be tested (if
quantitative study):
H0: State the null hypothesis.

Assumption (if qualitative study)

State the probable conditions from which the findings will be derived. You may
simply give the projected answers to the research questions together with
justifications.

Scope and Delimitations

Define the scope of your study, the parameters, or boundaries of the
investigation, where and when the study was conducted, the variables included, and
respondents to be involved.
Cite the weaknesses or limitations of the study you anticipate, how you are
going to handle them so that they do not become bottlenecks of the investigation. A
limitation is a phase or aspect of the investigation, which may affect the result
adversely but over which the researcher has no control. Very honestly, you should
state this limitation as it brings credence to the study.
You may simply discuss the summary of your research objective and research
methodology.

Theoretical Framework
A theoretical framework presents a broad, general explanation of the
relationships between concepts of interest in a research study. It discusses the
theories that serve as the foundation of your study and your assumptions.

Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework helps to explain the relationship between concepts.

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DISCOURSE MARKERS IN PHILIPPINE ENGLISH
Quezon National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Lucena City

Rather than being based on one theory, the conceptual framework links concepts
selected from several theories, from previous research results, or from the
researcher’s own experiences.
Your conceptual framework should be hinged on your theoretical framework.
The theories cited should be clearly explained and operationalized in this portion.
Describe how your variables will relate to each other. The hypotheses to be
tested should be clearly explained in this portion.

Research Paradigm
Figure 1.

Name of Figure using Capital Letters Content Words.

Explain the figure you used. You may start by mentioning the figure number
and figure title. Then, you may proceed discussing the process incorporated in the
paradigm.
The paradigm, which is a schematic illustration of the conceptual framework,
should be discussed comprehensively to encompass the parameters of the
investigation. You may use various shapes and arrows to illustrate the flow of your
study or relationship between research variables.
The paradigm should illustrate or concretize the conceptual framework. The
variables should be appropriately placed in their corresponding boxes. The use of
one-headed or two-headed arrows will clarify which variables are to be correlated.

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DISCOURSE MARKERS IN PHILIPPINE ENGLISH
Quezon National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Lucena City

Definition of Terms (maybe integrated in the Literature Review)

Give introductory statement of the content. Identify the variables in the study
and list them in alphabetical manner. Using hanging indent, define the variables
conceptually then operationally.
Variable 1 is defined conceptually using universal or academic meaning attributed to
a word or group of words. These can be found in books, encyclopedias,
magazines, journals. After the conceptual definition, define the key terms and
phrases operationally or how these are taken to mean in your study. Operational
definition is also known as functional definition.
Variable 2 is defined conceptually using universal or academic meaning attributed to
a word or group of words. These can be found in books, encyclopedias,
magazines, journals. After the conceptual definition, define the key terms and
phrases operationally or how these are taken to mean in your study. Operational
definition is also known as functional definition.

Literature Review
Variable 1
Generally, the purpose of a review is to analyze critically a segment of a
published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of
prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles using thematic
approach or by-variable analysis.

Discuss related literatures in this section and make sure you do author-date
citation in your discussion having 10 year backward date of publication unless
canonical works.
Using five-year back-dated related study, make sure you discuss the purpose,
methodology, findings and conclusions and/or recommendations and explain how
they are related or how relevant they are to your study. You may utilize elucidation
techniques (definition, explication, clarification)
Synthesize your discussion or try to relate your discussion to your own study.

Variable 2
Generally, the purpose of a review is to analyze critically a segment of a
published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of
prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles using thematic
approach or by-variable analysis.

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DISCOURSE MARKERS IN PHILIPPINE ENGLISH
Quezon National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Lucena City

Discuss related literatures in this section and make sure you do author-date
citation in your discussion having 10 year backward date of publication unless
canonical works.
Using five-year back-dated related study, make sure you discuss the purpose,
methodology, findings and conclusions and/or recommendations and explain how
they are related or how relevant they are to your study. You may utilize elucidation
techniques (definition, explication, clarification)
Synthesize your discussion or try to relate your discussion to your own study.
Have an overall summary of the related literature and studies mentioned in the
review. Ensure that you have emphasized how the variables will be interrelated and
how the variables will be used of importance in the study.

Methodology
Research Design
Identify the research design you will use in your study. Justify why the
research design is the best one suited for the purpose of the study. Explain how you
will implement the research design.

Research Locale
Identify where you are going to conduct your study and why you have chosen
it as the time and venue. Take time to explain possible influences of research setting
on the conduct of the study.

Research Participants
Identify who will be your respondents and how many. Explain your rationale for
choosing them
Discuss the sampling procedure you will use in choosing your respondents
with accompanying justification. Also, explain how you did the sampling of the
respondents

Research Instrument
Discuss about the instrument you will use in gathering your data for each of
your research questions. Explain how you come up with the research instrument or
data gathering tool by citing the source of your research tool and explaining its
development process.

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DISCOURSE MARKERS IN PHILIPPINE ENGLISH
Quezon National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Lucena City

Discuss the content of each part of the instrument. You may also describe the
validation process of the instrument.

Data Gathering Procedures

Discuss in detail each step that you are going to do in gathering data
beginning from the preparation of proposal to instrumentation. Explain the essential
steps how you will gather your data. You may simply state the things you have done
before, during, and after the conduct of the study.

Ethical Considerations
Discuss here the steps you did to ensure that you follow ethical conduct of
research. This includes the consent form, plagiarism, and ways to address possible
harm.

Analytical Framework (if a qualitative study)

Explain how you are going to analyze your data, what theories you will use in
analyzing your data

Statistical Treatment (if quantitative study)

Identify and explain the statistical treatment used for each research questions
based on the logical arrangement or application. Include formula, scales, and other
legends to be applied in analyzing the data gathered.

Results and Discussion

Table 1

Table title in italics using Uppercase for initial of Noun, Verb, and Adjective

4 3 2 1
Colum Header WM VI
HI I FI NI
Statement a 26 13 6 5 3.20 I
Statement b 32 13 5 0 3.54 HI
Statement c 24 17 9 0 3.30 HI
Statement d 16 18 10 6 2.88 I
Statement e 20 21 9 0 3.22 I
Statement f 21 16 7 6 3.04 I
Statement g 15 19 10 6 2.86 I

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DISCOURSE MARKERS IN PHILIPPINE ENGLISH
Quezon National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Lucena City

Statement h 25 16 9 0 3.32 HI
Grand Mean 2.76 I
Note. General Note of the table includes definition of abbreviations like HI = Highly Influential.
a,b, or c
Specific Notes referring to particular column, row, or cell.
* p<0.05 for Probability Note.

Describe the table using locative index or restate what the table is all about by

citing the table number and its title. Discuss only the trends of data highlights or the

significant findings. Do not discuss every item in the table. The table must appear only

in a single page together with its discussion. The arrangement of presentation of

results must be equivalent to the arrangement of the research questions. Also, the

numbering must be congruent to the number of research questions.

Conclude the result presented on the table by directly answering the research

questions. Explain the possible implication of the findings. Support the findings with

relevant literatures and studies.

Table 2
Comparison of Respondents’ Reading Comprehension before Using Picture Cues

Variables Mean df Critical Computed Decision Impression

Compared t-value t-value @ 0.05

Male 3.02 38 2.024 0.833 failed to *not

Reject significant
Female 2.80
H0
*p= 0.41

State the Table Number to start the discussion. Discuss only the highlight of
the findings by focusing on the null hypothesis. Then, state the computed and tabular
value under the level of significance at degrees of freedom, give the decision rule.
Explain the implication of the decision rule. Support the findings with literature
and studies.

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DISCOURSE MARKERS IN PHILIPPINE ENGLISH
Quezon National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Lucena City

Table 3
Relationship between Length of Gadget Use and Awareness on Traditional Filipino
Games

Variables Mean df Computed Critical Decision Impression Computed Level of

Related t-value t-value @ 0.05 r-value Correlation

Length of 2.52 28 10.63 2.048 Reject H0 *not 0.79 Highly

Gadget Use significant Correlated

Awareness on 2.93
TFG
*p= 0.41

State the Table Number and Table Title to start the discussion. Discuss only
the highlight of the findings by focusing on the null hypothesis. First state the extent of
relationship by focusing on the computed r-value. Then, state the computed and
tabular value under the level of significance at degrees of freedom, give the decision
rule.
Explain the implication of the decision rule. Support the findings with literature
and studies.

Table 4
Sample Table for Qualitative Data Presentation
Discourse and Dimension Sample Quote
Write the Theme and its description. Write the
abstracted relevant
response
Write the Theme and its description Write the
abstracted relevant
response
Write the Theme and its description. Write the
abstracted relevant
response
Describe the table using locative index or restate what the table is all about by

citing the table number and its title. Discuss only the highlights or the significant

findings. Do not discuss every item on the table. The table must appear only on a

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DISCOURSE MARKERS IN PHILIPPINE ENGLISH
Quezon National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Lucena City

single page together with its discussion. The arrangement of presentation of results

must be equivalent to the arrangement of the research questions. Also, the numbering

must be congruent to the number of research questions. Thoroughly discuss each

thematic category by providing thick description.

Table 5
Sample Table for Qualitative Data Presentation

Generated Theme Description Code Sample Response

Write the theme Provide thick Write the Provide the abstracted response
description of open relevant to the code and thematic
the theme codes category

Write the theme Provide thick Write the Provide the abstracted response
description of open relevant to the code and thematic
the theme codes category

Write the theme Provide thick Write the Provide the abstracted response
description of open relevant to the code and thematic
the theme codes category

Describe the table using locative index or restate what the table is all about by

citing the table number and its title. Discuss only the highlights or the significant

findings. Do not discuss every item on the table. The table must appear only on a

single page together with its discussion. The arrangement of presentation of results

must be equivalent to the arrangement of the research questions. Also, the numbering

must be congruent to the number of research questions. Thoroughly discuss each

thematic category by providing thick description.

Conclude the result presented on the table by directly answering the research

questions. Explain the possible implication of the findings. Support the findings with

relevant literature and studies.

Data presentation like graphs, charts, maps, drawings, and photographs are
considered Figures. This could also be used for presenting data in the Results and
Discussion Section.

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DISCOURSE MARKERS IN PHILIPPINE ENGLISH
Quezon National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Lucena City

Conclusions and Recommendations

Conclusions and recommendations shall be based on the derived findings or
results of the study. Therefore, the number of conclusions and recommendations shall
be equal to the number of research questions, unless there are subsets of questions.
Conclusions should directly answer the research questions while recommendations
should state the suggested specific step and to specific group of people.

To write the conclusions and recommendations section, briefly discuss the

main objective of the study and the methods applied. Afterwards, a paragraph in
numbered form shall be allotted for giving the conclusion and recommendation
regarding the research findings. Ensure that recommendations also correspond to
research findings. Make the recommendation feasible and not imposing. There will be
three segments containing conclusion and recommendation, aside from the paragraph
that reviews the main objective and method of the study.

Conclusions

Write an introductory clause for conclusions:

1. This must be based on findings number 1.

2. This must be based on findings number 2.
3. This must be based on findings number 3.

Recommendations

Write an introductory clause for recommendations:

1. This must be SMART ways forward hinged on findings number 1.

2. This must be SMART ways forward hinged on findings number 2.
3. This must be SMART ways forward hinged on findings number 3.

References
Arrange in alphabetical order all the references you have used in your paper using an
appropriate format, e.g. APA style 7th ed.

Appendices
Appendix A. Research Instrument

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DISCOURSE MARKERS IN PHILIPPINE ENGLISH
Quezon National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Lucena City

Appendix B. Sample Consent Form

Appendix C. Research Output
Appendix D. Communications (Censored Signature)
***

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