Lecture 1

Fluid Dynamics
Lecture 1
Prof. Pravin Bhusari

Fluids and their Important Characteristics:-
Fluid : A fluid is a substance that can flow.
It ultimately assumes the shape of the containing vessel because it
cannot withstand shearing stress. Thus both liquid and gases are fluids.
Think : “What is the difference between Liquid and Gases ?”
Important Characteristics:
1. The atoms or molecules in a fluid are arranged in a random manner.
2. A fluid cannot withstand tangential stress for an indefinite period, it begins
to flow.
3. A fluid does not have definite shape of its own.
4. A fluid can exert a force in a direction perpendicular to its surface.
Ideal Fluid : Those fluid which has no viscosity and surface tension and are
also incompressible are called as ideal fluids.
. and
(Incompressible: No volume change on applying pressure
also no change in density.)
Fluid Statics: The branch of physics that deals with the study of liquid at
rest is called fluid statics or Hydrostatics.
(Hydrostatics : study of mainly water )
its includes study of Hydrostatics pressure, Pascal’s
law, Archimedes Principle, floatation of bodies and surface
tension
Fluid Dynamics: The branch of physics that deals with the study of fluid in
motion is called fluid dynamics of Hydrodynamics.
It includes study of equation of continuity, Bernoulli’s
theorem, Toricelli’s theorem, viscosity etc.
Some important terms:-
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑀
1. 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜌 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
=
𝑉
Units:
SI =
CGS =
𝑘𝑔
Note: 1. 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000 3 = 1 𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑐
𝑚
𝑘𝑔
2. 𝜌𝐻𝑔 = 13600 3 = 13.6 𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑐
𝑚
2. Density of Mixture
. If two immiscible liquids of mass 𝑚1 & 𝑚2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜌1 & 𝜌2 are
mixed together then density of mixture is given by
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
3. Relative Density
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑅. 𝐷. =
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 4 0 𝐶
3. Specific Weight
.
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑚𝑔
𝑆𝑝. 𝑊𝑡 = = 𝜌𝑔
𝑣
Unit: 𝑁Τ𝑚3
4. Specific Gravity
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆. 𝐺. =
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 4 0 𝐶
𝜌𝑔 𝜌
𝑆. 𝐺. = = = 𝑅. 𝐷.
𝜌𝑤 𝑔 𝜌𝑤
(Note: the numerical value of specific gravity and Relative density is same)
Force and Pressure
Thrust: A liquid in equilibrium has a fundamental property that it exert a
force on any surface in contact with it and this force acts
perpendicular to the surface.
“The total force exerted by liquid on any surface in contact with it is called
thrust”
It is because of this thrust that liquid flows out through the holes of the
containing vessel.
SI Unit of thrust is newton (N)

❑ Show that liquid at rest exert force perpendicular to the surface of the container
at every point
Consider a liquid in a vessel in the equilibrium state as shown in the diagram.
Suppose the liquid exert a force F on the bottom surface in an inclined direction
OA. The surface exerts an equal reaction R to water along OB.
The reaction R along OB has two rectangular components:

(1) Tangential component, OC = 𝑅 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
(2) Normal component, OD=𝑅 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
Since a liquid cannot resist any tangential force, so the liquid near O should
flow along OC. .
But the liquid is at rest, the force along OC must be zero.
∴ 𝑅 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0
As 𝑅 ≠ 0, 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = 900
Hence a liquid always exert force perpendicular to the surface of the

container at every point.
Pressure:
❖The pressure at a point on a surface is the thrust acting normally per unit area
around that point. .
❖If a total force F acts normally over a flat area A, then the pressure is
𝐹
𝑃=
𝐴
❖Pressure is a scalar quantity.

❖Units:
SI=𝑁Τ𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 1 𝑝𝑎 = 1 𝑁/𝑚2
❖Dimension: [𝑀1 𝐿−1 𝑇 −2 ]

Some practical units of pressure
Atmospheric pressure (atm), bar and torr are some of the practical units
of pressure
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.01325 × 105 𝑝𝑎
= 1.01325 𝑏𝑎𝑟
= 760 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
= 760 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔
= 10.33 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 105 𝑃𝑎;
1 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 1𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
= 133 𝑃𝑎
Types of Pressure
In our day to day life we come across following types of pressures.
1. Atmospheric Pressure (𝑃0 )

2. Gauge Pressure (𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 ) (Pressure due to liquid column)
3. Absolute Pressure (𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 )
Pressure exerted by liquid column:-
Consider a vessel of height h, having cross-sectional
area A filled with a liquid of density ρ.
The weight of the liquid column exerts a
downward thrust on the bottom of the vessel
and thus a liquid exerts a pressure.
Weight of the liquid column,

W= 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 × 𝒈
= 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 × 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 × 𝒈
= 𝑨𝒉 × 𝝆 × 𝒈
𝑾 = 𝑨𝒉𝝆𝒈
Pressure exerted by liquid column on the bottom of vessel is given by
𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒖𝒔𝒕 .
𝑷=
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝑾
=
𝑨
𝑨𝒉𝝆𝒈
=
𝑨
𝐏 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉
Thus the pressure exered by liquid column at rest is proportional to,
1. Height of Liquid column.
2. Density of liquid.

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Fluid Dynamics

Prof. Pravin Bhusari

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

SI Unit of thrust is newton (N)

The reaction R along OB has two rectangular components:

Hence a liquid always exert force perpendicular to the surface of the

❖Pressure is a scalar quantity.

❖Dimension: [𝑀1 𝐿−1 𝑇 −2 ]

1. Atmospheric Pressure (𝑃0 )

Weight of the liquid column,

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