Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 14 views

    2 PH

    Uploaded by

    Amir

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd

    2 PH

    Uploaded by

    Amir
    14 views6 pages

    Original Title

    2-pH

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf
    14 views6 pages

    2 PH

    Uploaded by

    Amir

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf
    of 6
    pH ‘Approved by Stndard Methods Comte, 2021 Joint Tsk Group Mike Micha chip Mickel Schock, Mfg Zhou, Gayle Geeta A. IntRopucTION 1. Principles ‘Measurement ot pl 1s one ofthe most umportant and requeatly used tests in water chemistry. Practically every phase of water supply and wastewater treatment (e-g., acid-base neutralization, water softening, precipitation, coagulation, disinfection, and cor. rosion contol) is pH-dependent. A pH is used in alkalinity and carbon dioxide measurements and many other acid-base eq libeia, At a given temperature the intensity ofthe cide or basic character of a solution is indicated by pH or hydrogen ion activity Acidity and alkalinity ae the acid- and base-neutalizing capaci- ties ofa water and usually are expressed as milligrams perlite of CaCO Buffer capacity isthe amount of strong aid or base, usu- ally expressed in moles perlite, needed to change the pH value of a -L sample by 1 unit. The basicity or acidity of «solution is estimated by pH, a scale that i defined asthe log(ET'. Pure Waters very slightly ionized and at equilibrium the fon producti (rtf o and "|-lor] =1.005x10-7 tivity of hydrogen ions (moVL), tivity of hydroxyl fons (mol), and n product of water. Because of ionic interactions inal bt very ditte solutions, itis necessary (use the activity of anion and notits molar concenta- tion. Use ofthe term pH assumes that the activity othe hydrogen {on is boing considered. Equivalence to molarity, [H] can be presumed onl in very dilute solutions Gone stength <0.) A logarithmic scale is convenient for expressing a wide range of ionic atvities. Equation 1 in logarithmic form and corrected to reflect atvity is (og39 24+) +(—l0Bi0 doy a pil+pOH= pK, where sesivity gig of number pH = -ogyo ay and POH =-logi0 201 Equation 2 states that as pH increases pOH decreases corre- spondingly and vice versa because pK is constant for a given temperature. At 25 °C, pH 7.0 is neutral the activities of the hydrogen and hydroxyl ions are equal, and each corresponds to ‘an approximate activity of 10-? mol/L. The neutral point is tem- perature-dependent and is pH.7.5 at 0°C and pH 6.5 at 60 °C. ‘The pH value of a highly dilute solution is approximately the ‘same a8 the negative common logatthm of the hydrogen ion con- centration, Natural waters usually have pH values inthe range of 4 0.9, and most are slightly basic because of the presence of bicar- ‘bonates and carbonates of the alkali and alkaline earth metals. (@500-H’) B. ELectrometric MeTHoD 41. General Discussion 4 Principle: The basic principle of electrometric pH mea- surement is determination of the activity of the hydrogen ions by potentiometric measurement using a standard hydrogen elec- trode and a reference electrode, The hydrogen electrode consists ‘of a platinum electrode across which hydrogen gas is bubbled at a pressure of 101 kPa. Because of difficulty in its use and the potential for poisoning the hydrogen electrode, the glass electrode ‘commonly is used. The electromotive force (emf) produced inthe lass electrode system varies linearly with pH. This linear rela- tionship is described by plotting the measured emf against the pH of different buffers. A sample’s pH is determined by extrapolation, ‘Because single ion activities, such as ays, cannot be measured, pH is defined operationally on a potentiometric scale. ‘The pH ‘measuring instrument is calibrated potentiometrically with an indicating (glass) electrode and a reference electrode using bul- fers that are traceable to the SI through a national metrology institute (NMI) such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), so: Part 4000 +473 44500-H" INORGANIC NONMETALLIG CONSTITUENTS OF WATER AND WASTEWATER: pH Ply = loo a ° where: Hg = assigned pl of NIST buffer, “The operational pH scale is used to measure sample pH and is defined as: F(E-2) 5H, = ply 4 8e—#s) ® coetraeaies0s Rr pH, potentiometically measured sample pH, F = Faraday: 9.649 x 10" coulomb/mol, E,= sample emf (V), E,=buffer emt (V), Note: Although the equation for pH, appears in the literature ‘with «plus sign, the sign of emt readings in millivolts for most pH ‘meters manufactured in the United States is negative. The choice ‘of negative sign is consistent with the TUPAC Stockholm conven tion concerning the sign of electrode potential." ‘The equation for pH, assumes that the emf of the cells con- taining the sample and buffer is due solely o hydrogen ion acti ity unaffected by sample composition. In practice, samples have ‘varying ionic species and ionic strengths, both affecting H’ activity. ‘This imposes an experimental limitation on pH measurement. If the differences between Ey and E are minimal then the results ‘obtalned are meaningful. Samples must be due squcvus sule- tions of simple solutes (<0.2 M). Determination of pH eannot be ‘made accurately in nonaqueous media, suspensions, colloids, or high-ionic-strength solutions. ’. Interferences: The glass electrode is relatively free from interference from color, turbidity, colloidal matter, oxidants, reductants, or high salinity, except fora sodium error at pH >10, Reduce this error by using special Jow-sodium-error electrodes. ‘Measurements of pH are affected by temperature in two ways: ‘mechanical effects that are caused by changes in the properties of the electrodes and chemical effects caused by equilibrium changes, In the first instance, the slope increases with increasing temperature and electrodes take time to achieve thermal equil rium, This can cause long-term drift in pH. Because chemical ‘equilibrium affects pH, standard pH buffers have a specified pH at indicated temperatures, ‘Always report the temperature at which pH is measured. . Quality control (QC): The QC practices considered to be sm integral part of each method are surnmarized in Table 4020:1 2, Apparatus I7RO—«>6D3—— ILO 1025931780, 3 ABO iol S88 1763 588193 100 5824S 592, 9 3516 IB 586 1757 98 570 «170 SBD._—— 39 Very Good 97 S64 1693 ST 1722 Very Good 9 «S88 NTS S68 1104 Very Good 95 5531658562686 Very Good b¢ 547 TLD 5561658 OK pa stl naa S80 SLO, 92 335 6S S44 1883. OK <2 _

    You might also like