RHSA1

Red Hat System Administration I

Day 3
1
Day 3 Contents
●Vi text editor.
●Initialization Files.
●Environment Variables.
●

● 2 Red Hat
The Vi Text Editor
●Vieditor (visual editor) is the default editor for Unix and
Linux operating system.
●Vi is used to manage file content.
●Vi
is an interactive editor that you can use to create and
modify test files.
●Usually the only editor available in emergency mode.
●Itis used when the desktop environment window system is
not available.
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The Vi Text Editor
●vi in Linux is usually vim (vi improved):
● Syntax highlighting.
● Arrow keys, Del, BS work in insert mode.
● Mouse support.
●An advantages of this editor is that we can manipulate text
without using a mouse. We can only need the keyboard.

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Vi Operations
VI has three basic modes:
●Command mode:
●– Default mode.
●– Perform commands to delete, copy, ....
●Edit mode:
●– Enter text into the file.
●Last line mode:
●– Advanced editing commands.
●– To access it, enter a colon (:) while in the command mode.

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Vi Operations
●The syntax of vi command:
●vi

●vi filename
●vi options filename
●To recover a file
●vi -r filename
●Viewing files in Read-only mode:
●view filename
●– Perform the :q command exit.
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Vi Operations
●Inserting and appending text:
●● i Inserts text before the cursor.
●● o Opens a new blank line below the cursor.
●● a Appends text after the cursor.
●● A append text at the end of the line.
●● I insert text at the beginning of the line.
●● O opens a new line above the cursor.
●After editing Press esc to enter command mode.
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Manipulating Files Within Vi
●Inserting and appending text:
●● h, left arrow, or backspace: left one character.
●● j or down arrow: down one line.
●● k or up arrow: up one line.
●● l, right arrow or space: right one character.
●

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Manipulating Files Within Vi
●Moving the cursor within the vi (cont.):
●● w forward one word.
●● b back one word.
●● e to the end of the current word.
●● 0 to the beginning of the line.
●● Enter: down to the beginning of the next line.
●

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Manipulating Files Within Vi
●Moving the cursor within the vi (cont.):
●● G Goes to the last line of the file.
●● nG Goes to Line n.
●● :n Goes to Line n.
●● Control-F Pages forward one screen.
●● Control-B Pages back one screen.
●● Control-L refresh the screen.
●
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Manipulating Files Within Vi
●Substitute and delete text:
●● s Substitutes a string for a character at the cursor.
●● x Deletes a character at the cursor.
●● dw Deletes a word or part of the word to the right of the
● cursor.
●● dd Deletes the line containing the cursor.
●● D Deletes the line from the cursor to the right end of the line.
●● n,nd Deletes Lines n through 11
n.
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Manipulating Files Within Vi
●Search and replace:
● /string Searches forward for the string.
● ?string Searches backward for the string.
● n Searches for the next occurrence of the string.
● N Searches for the previous occurrence of the string.
● %s/old/new/g Searches for the old string and replaces it with
the new string globally.
●
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Manipulating Files Within Vi
●Copy and paste:
● yy Yank a copy of a line.
● p Put yanked text under the line containing the cursor.
● P Put yanked text before the line containing the cursor.
● n,n co n Copy Lines n though n and puts them after Line n.
● n,n m n Move Lines n through n to Line n.
●

●
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Manipulating Files Within Vi
●Save and quit:
● :w save the file.
● :w new_file save as new file.
● :wq, :x, ZZ save and quit.
● :q! quit without saving.
●

●
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Manipulating Files Within Vi
●Customizing vi session:
●:set nu, :set nonu show and hide line numbers.
●:set ic, :set noic ignore or be case sensitive.
●:set showmode, :set noshowmode display or turn off mode.
●

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Editing Files With Gedit
●The gedit text editor is a graphical tool for editing text files.
●The gedit window is launched by selecting:
●Search menu→ gedit
●

●
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Environment Variables
●$HOME

● Complete path of the user home directory.

Example:
– mkdir $HOME/file1
●$PWD

● The user current working directory.

●$SHELL

● Path name of the login shell.

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Environment Variables
●$USER

●● Currently logged in user.

●$HOSTNAME

●● Name of the computer.

●

●
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Environment Variables
●$PATH

●● A colon-separated list of directories used by the shell to

● look for executable program names.
● Example:
● – echo $PATH
● /home/fatma/.local/bin:/home/fatma/bin:/usr/local/bin:
● /usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin
●
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Viewing Variable Contents
●Theshell assumes whatever follows the dollar sign ($) in the
command line is a variable and substitutes its value.
●● echo $HOME
● /home/user1
●To display the current Environment variables with values use the
env or printenv command.
●

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Creating a User Environment
●When a user logs in, an environment is created.
●The environment consists of some variables that determine how
the user is working.
●One such variable is $PATH, which defines a list of directories
that should be searched when a user types a command.
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Creating a User Environment
●To construct the user environment, a few file play a role:
●●Global initialization file: /etc/profile
●● Initialization file: /etc/bashrc
●● Startup files: ~/.profile and ~/.bashrc
●When logging in, the files are read in this order, and variables
and other settings that are defined in these files are applied.
●Ifa variable or setting occurs in more than one file, the last one
wins.
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Creating a User Environment
●/etc/profile: Used for default settings for all users when starting a
login shell.
●/etc/bashrc: Used to define defaults for all users when starting a
subshell.
●~/.profile: Specific setting for one user applied when starting a
login shell.
●~/.bashrc:Specific setting for one user applied when starting a
subshell.

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Command Alias
●Thepurpose of the linux shell is to provide an environment in which
commands can be executed.
●The shell takes care of interpreting the command that a user has entered
correctly.
●To do this, the shell makes a distinction between three kinds of commands.
●- Aliases.
●- Internal commands.
●- External commands.

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Command Alias
●Alias is a command that a user can define as needed.
●alias newcommand = ‘oldcommand’ alias ll=’ls -l’
● Alias are executed before anything else.
●An internal command is a command that is a part of the shell itself and, as
such, doesn’t have to be loaded from disk separately.
●An external command is a command that exists as an executable file on
the disk of the computer.
●To find out whether a command is a Bash internal or an executable file on
disk, use type command.
●
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Command Alias
●To find out whether a command is a Bash internal or an executable file
on disk, you can use the type command.
●To find out which exact command the shell will be using, you can use
the which command.
●

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Command Alias
●To find out whether a command is a Bash internal or an executable file
on disk, you can use the type command.
●To find out which exact command the shell will be using, you can use
the which command.
●Type alias at the terminal to see all set aliases.
●To remove aliases, you can use unalias command.
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Command History
●Bash stores a history of commands you have entered so that you can recall
them later.
●The history is stored in the user's home directory and is called .bash_history
by default.
●You can recall commands by pressing the up arrow key.
●!!: Repeats the last command.
●!string: Repeats the last command that started with string.
●!n: Repeats a command by its number in history output.
●!-n:Repeats a command entered n commands back.
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