Globalisation and

The Marginalised:
The Mumbai Koli Story

Virgil Sequeira
Year of Research: 2009
Virgil Sequeira Globalisation and the Marginalised : The Mumbai Koli Story Page i

Contents

Acknowledgements

Abstract

Introduction: Globalization and Agencies

The Mumbai Koli

Ecological Alienation

Livelihood Estrangement

Social Marginalisation

Holistic Development

Movement of the Marginalised

Reflections

References
 Virgil Sequeira Globalisation and the Marginalised : The Mumbai Koli Story Page ii

Acknowledgements

This paper may be credited to my name but it would certainly not be possible without the
help and support of a host of people. I would like to thank the staff of Centre for Education and
Documentation, Mumbai; Heras Insitute of Indian History and Culture, Mumbai; St. Xavier’s
College Library, Mumbai and Xavier’s Institute of Social Re- search and Action, Mumbai, for
helping me with readings and research. I am greatly indebted to Sunny Gadekar, Vincent Jhelka,
Ignatius Dunga, Frankie Burken, Ignatius Garya, John Garya, Hitler Garya, Naveen Astha (Uttan
Patanbunder Koliwada); Walter Tatikar, Anita Almeida, Sandesh Manya, James Manya, Sanjay
Koli, Shaileen Tatikar (Vasai Killabunder Koliwada); Prithviraj Chandi (Versova Koliwada);
Moreshwar Patil, Parshuram Meher (Cuffe Parade Koliwada); Dilip Pagadhare (Mahim
Koliwada); Noel Kinny (Gorai Koliwada); Bhola Kenny (Dharavi Koliwada) and Vijay
Bunderkar (Sasoon Docks) for enriching my enthnographic data. Special Thanks to
Rambhau Patil, Madhusudhan Nair, Prem Moraes, Fr. Agnelo Fernandes, Gordon D’souza, John
Miranda, Frankline Colaco SJ, Jessica Azavedo and Meena Azavedo for helping me with
contacts for my field work. I am grateful also to Marisha Fonseca and Conrad Rodrigues who
helped me with reading material. Special Thanks to Ruth Pinto for enriching my presentations
with meaningful photographs .I also thank Dr. Frazer Mascarenhas SJ, Dr. Arun De Souza SJ
and Prof. Vinita Bhatia of the Sociology and Anthropology Department of St. Xavier’s College,
Mumbai and Fr. Anthony Dias SJ, Xavier’s Institute of Social Research and Action, Mumbai for
their support. Special thanks to the AICUF (All India Catholic University Federation), a
students’ movement that has moti- vated me to take up the cause of the marginalised. Many
thanks to the Depatment of Sociology, Christ University, Bangalore for this opportunity. I am
greatly indebted to Dr. Agnelo Menezes, Economics Department, St. Xavier’s College,
Mumbai for his time and listening ear besides being a brilliant research guide and a great friend.
My heartfelt gratitude to my family, friends and all who sent their wishes and prayers for the
success of my efforts.
 Virgil Sequeira Globalisation and the Marginalised : The Mumbai Koli Story Page iii

Abstract

Globalisation and the Marginalised:

The Mumbai Koli Story

It is imperative for India to find ways to circumvent globalisation’s ‘development by

displacement’ strategy. Globalisation has morphed values and relations that subtly propagate the
oppression of the marginalised. The fishing community has certainly been at the receiving
end of such a growth trajectory. The infrastructure and hi-tech marine extraction machinery
fostered by globalisation usurps the ecological, economic and cultural space of this community.
Concretisation and pollution of marine resources through various infrastructure projects has
reduced their economic earnings. Furthermore, reclamations have led to the inundation of their
habitable areas along the coastal zones, forcing them to migrate inland, thus adversely impacting
their cultural land-sea relationship. Such displacement of these indigenous people calls for a
socio-anthropological study so as to mainstream their plight and thereby reduce the ramifications
induced by the forces and dynamics of globalisation. This paper is an academic exercise in this
direction. It attempts to study the impact of globalisation on the alienation of this community
from their livelihoods, social location as well as interactions and ultimately their culture.
Along with probing into the role of international institu- tions, MNCs and the complementary
state suppression on their socio-cultural well be- ing, the paper will also investigate the costs
imposed by the consequent neo-liberal policies on their right to self-determination as a society.
The paper would also analyse the viability of government sponsored programmes like Fish
Farmers’ Development Agencies as well as those run by NGOs and Peoples’ Alliances. Through
secondary resources and a primary survey of the fishing community along the Mumbai coastline,
the paper would seek to validate its stance. In conclusion, the paper would make a critique of the
existing systems and offer a few suggestions that could be taken up for further discussion.
Virgil Sequeira Globalisation and the Marginalised : The Mumbai Koli Story Page 1

Photo credits: Ruth Pinto

 Virgil Sequeira Globalisation and the Marginalised : The Mumbai Koli Story Page 2

Introduction : Globalisation and Agencies

It is touted that globalization has transformed the world into a ‘global village’.
However, the social dynamics of this ‘global village economy’ are highly discriminating, as
the economically vulnerable are at the receiving end in it. Such a treatment of the
marginalized is driven by the market forces that are boosted by neo- liberal policies, which
are inherently anti-poor in design and intent.

For the minority elite, globalisation, by fostering the sharing of natural resources
among nations, claims that poverty would be alleviated as there would be an increase in
production, an expansion of markets and the creation of a surplus. However, from the third
world’s perspective, globalization has given developed nations the ‘legitimacy’ to exploit
the developing nations’ resources and wealth and consequently widening the rich-poor
divide. In his Sophie Prize acceptance speech, Fr. Thomas Kocherry, the champion of the
rights of the fishing communities in India, quoted a UN study which pointed out that
currently about 20% of humankind from the developed world enjoys 82.7% of world gross
national product, 81.2% of world trade, 94.6% of all commercial lending, 80.5% of all
domestic investment, 80.6% of all domestic savings and 94.0% of all research and
development.

Kocherry thus highlights the accumulation by dispossession tendency of globalization

as well as its potential to further marginalize the poor. As globalization is fuelled by capital
mobility, international institutions like the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank,
international commercial agencies like the World Trade Organisation and the Multi-National
and Trans-National Companies, have not only gained prominence but have also succeeded
in wresting control of the economic trajectories of the weaker nations.

These adverse impacts of globalization become very stark in the case of the
traditional fishing communities in India, as they have been overtly and covertly victimized
by such alienation processes. This paper investigates the plight of these communities as
globalization entrenches itself from coast to coast. The paper generalizes the hardships of the
fishing communities by concentrating on the Kolis, a traditional fishing community around
 Virgil Sequeira Globalisation and the Marginalised : The Mumbai Koli Story Page 3

the Mumbai agglomeration as the globalization forces persist in converting Mumbai into a
global financial hub.

Against the background of the Koli fishing community in Mumbai, certain questions
about global trends need answers: What lies behind the garb of globalisation? How is the
agenda sustaining itself? The paper illustrates the issues of technological polarisation and
turning commons into commodities. It invalidates the misconception that third world
countries need development and cannot afford the luxury of protecting nature’s ecological
processes. It challenges the dominant partisan scientific knowledge as well as the widely
accepted equation of economic development and economic growth and proposes holistic
development and a Movement of the Marginalised. The methodology that this paper has
adopted includes both primary and secondary sources. The primary data was collected in the
form of an ethnographic survey, wherein the respondents were not only spoken to but were
also observed.

The Mumbai Koli

Mumbai is named after the goddess Mumba, the deity of the Kolis, who consider
themselves to be the original inhabitants of the Bombay islands. Keshavacharya (Punekar,
1
1959) refers to Son Kolis and their occupation of fishing as early as 15 A.D. Fishing and
allied activities therefore, for most Kolis is the only source of livelihood. In her ethnographic
account of the Son Kolis of Bombay, Vijaya Punekar (1959) brings out the constant routine
commercial transactions and interactions of the Kolis with neighbouring communities –
wherein surplus fish was traded for essentials like rice and clothing. Her observations
indicate that market operations are not new to the Kolis. For this paper, what is new today is
that globalisation has made these economic relations exploitative and domineering. For
instance, Koli men are traditionally involved in getting the catch and Koli women usually sell
the catch in markets. But in recent times, migrants engage in door to door vending service.
This has led to a loss of revenue for the Kolis. Hence, in many places, ‘Bhaiya Hatao,
2
Koli Mahila Bachao’ protests were led.
 Virgil Sequeira Globalisation and the Marginalised : The Mumbai Koli Story Page 4

Punekar also points out to the tendency of the Kolis to imitate the cultural groups that
they came in contact with. The spread of western education introduced the Kolis to
mechanised boats, non-fishing jobs and the subsequent integration of the Koli culture with
the urbanisation induced cosmopolitan culture.

Illustration: Virgil Sequeira

 Virgil Sequeira Globalisation and the Marginalised : The Mumbai Koli Story Page 5

Ecological Alienation

Mumbai is surrounded by the Arabian Sea to the west and the south, the Vasai creek
to the north and the Thane creek to the east. The coast of umbai was previously made
up of sand beaches, mangrove forests and marshy land. Today, land in Mumbai is a scarce
resource and therefore, the wetlands and the sea are increasingly being reclaimed. The
processes of globalization have reduced the quantum and quality of fish in the nearby waters
of Mumbai.

‘Development’ projects, like the Bandra Worli Sea Link, have eaten into mangrove
land. The builder-politician nexus has led to construction of the commercial and posh
residential complexes in Cuffe Parade, Lokhandwala, Bandra-Kurla on such lands. The
rampant destruction of mangroves has increased sea-wave intensity, thereby causing sand
erosion and the destruction of fish breeding grounds. Huge mechanised trawlers comb the
sea bed and haul to the surface everything that gets entrapped in their nets. The catch is then
sorted out, wherein the required species and size of fish are set aside and the rest (often dead)
are thrown back into the sea. This process ruins the fragile marine ecology, kills spawn and
wastes potential marketable marine food. Also, adversely affecting the volume of fish stocks
are the effluents released by industries, untreated sewage discharge and pollutants emanating
from dumping grounds, which urbanization pushes outwards to the coasts. Oil leaks from the
numerous rigs off the coast not only contaminate the water ecosystems but also deny them
oxygen and thereby increase the toxicity of the seas.

Globalisation has increased carbon footprints leading to the greenhouse effect.

Consequently, patterns of winds and oceanic currents have altered. Under such
circumstances, traditional or indigenous local knowledge becomes less precise as a guide to
safety of the smaller fishermen as they venture into the seas. Globalisation-induced climate
3
change is causing sea levels to rise, jeopardising the future of Koliwadas as well as the
Kolis themselves.
 Virgil Sequeira Globalisation and the Marginalised : The Mumbai Koli Story Page 6

Livelihood Estrangement

Given the ecological alienation of the Kolis the direct result as we have
observed is the drop in the catch. Low productivity threatens livelihood. But this process of
making the Kolis strangers to their own occupation and denying them their livelihood is
supported by the policies and actions of the government and global trends. The Coastal
Regulation Zone was introduced by the Central Government of India in 1991 and worked
fairly well to keep vested interests off the Indian coasts. However, the new Coastal
Management Zone notification threatens the livelihood of the Kolis as it will give land on
lease for buildings and fish culture as well as usurp sea space 22 kms deep from the coast.
The current Mumbai Mayor, Shubha Raul pleaded that Mumbai be given a special status
4
under the CMZ to facilitate more large scale development projects . This will further hurt the
fishing community since infrastructure would be rampantly constructed, destroying marine
life and displacing Koliwadas.

Policies that allow marine import reduce the market size for local marine products.
Again, if MNC’s are allowed to export fish from India, domestic exporters will suffer. The
entry of non-Kolis into the fishing sales sector deprives educated Kolis from accessing
jobs related to their traditional occupational activities. State policies, which have banned
foreign trawlers from operating within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), have ironically
encouraged more Indian mechanized trawlers to fish within this zone. This reduces the
volume of the catch in waters closer to the coast, causing commercial damage to Kolis that
fish here. Universalized subsidy programmes reduce the quantum of the subsidy and so
decrease the intended benefits for the Kolis, while non-Kolis flourish in marine trade. Even
in the financial sector, the Kolis are discriminated against- the RBI’s rule maintains that
cities should not have primary economic activities hence Kolis are not given access to
organized credit (from commercial and cooperative banks) and so are indebted to the
exploitative money lenders and traders who charge them exorbitant interest rates. Even in
the Koli community owned cooperatives, corruption is rampant. This can be substantiated by
interviewee, Shri Frankie Burken’s comment: ‘If you want your boat built first, you have to
be the chairman of the society’. This researcher was privy to a conversation among
cooperative officials wherein they expressed their disgust at the ongoing greasing of palms to
 Virgil Sequeira Globalisation and the Marginalised : The Mumbai Koli Story Page 7

obtain diesel from government appointed suppliers.

‘Fish wars’ over space and products are commonplace incidents between non- trawler
owners opposing the big trawler owners. An interviewee informed this researcher ‘We oppose
5
the GATT that promotes free fishing in our waters. ‘Mother Ships’ come and deplete the
marine resources.’ Deep-water fishing by industrial trawlers has depleted near-shore fish
stocks. Again, hi-tech gadgets and fishing modes give the big trawlers an exactitude in
tracking fish, along with ripping apart the fishing nets of smaller fishermen (advertently
or otherwise). It was also pointed out that the big trawler operations empty the fishing
grounds to such an extent that fishing cannot be conducted there for nearly a month. This
pushes Kolis deeper into the seas, increasing their operational costs, endangering their lives,
without any assurance of a sizeable catch. The traditional techniques of fishing like the one
wherein nets are pitched across anchored poles in the creeks (colloquially called dol net),
have become commercially futile activities, expending time and exposing their fishing
equipment to risks of being damaged. Big trawlers have the advantage of possessing all
weather capacities to fish; this gives them a tremendous edge over the smaller
fishermen. When their moving nets entangle with the stationary nets of the Kolis, much
damage is caused to the nets of the Kolis and their catch is lost. But small fishermen lack
resources to stay and put up a fight with the workers who are at the mercy of an absent
owner.

The various development projects in Mumbai have the worst effect on the livelihood
of the Kolis because the city is expanding outwards and into the sea. The Special Economic
Zones, Special Entertainment Zone and Tourism Zones that are planned by the government
threaten to displace the Koliwadas and the workspace of the Kolis. The Bandra Worli Sea
Link has further restricted access to the sea and poses a new risk of boatmen being
smashed into the pillars by strong currents. The proposed Rs. 350 crore statue of Chhatrapati
Shivaji Maharaj along with a tourist complex to be built off the Mumbai coast will not
only flout the law which bans further reclamation, but will also restrict boat movement of
fishermen. ONGC’s (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) 200-300 rigs and oil surveys along
the coast of Maharashtra, many of them off the coast of Mumbai, had a 5 kilometre radius no
access zone. After the Mumbai terror attacks in 2008, this radius was increased to 10
 Virgil Sequeira Globalisation and the Marginalised : The Mumbai Koli Story Page 8

kilometres. The fishing grounds of the Kolis are reducing as the number of rigs is increasing
to satisfy oil hungry domestic and international industries. As the fishing grounds contract,
traditional fishermen drift into each other’s territories, resulting in conflicts among
Koliwadas and disunity among the Kolis.

Social Marginalisation

The alterations in the environment of the Kolis with respect to the ecology and their
livelihood affect their culture, social relations and their identity is severed. The process of
globalisation thus automatically sustains a process of social marginalisation. Integration
into urban cosmopolitan ways of life has caused cultural erosion making newer
generations initially shy away from fishing but only to be ultimately forced back into
it for economic survival.

The vested interests as well as the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation are in the
process of getting rid of dirt, slums and with it, Koliwadas through the Slum
Rehabilitation Scheme (SRA). The scheme, this researcher was told is not a Koliwada
development option since it will take the Kolis away from the sea, put them in 225 square
foot flats in buildings and deprive them of a place to keep their nets, engines and their catch.
The land that Koliwadas and the fish drying areas occupy, belong to the government. The
original inhabitants, according to the government’s interpretation, live and work on land that
was never theirs and therefore will have to accept the charity of the SRA. It should be noted
that the CRZ is overlooked if the defaulter is an elite individual while the government
becomes very law-abiding when it comes to adjusting the SRA location nearer to the sea for
the Kolis. In Mahul, the Kolis were displaced to make way for petroleum industries. The
6
same happened when Girgaum Chowpatty was to be created and the Kolis were dumped into
7
cement cha wls in Mumbai’s interiors.
 Virgil Sequeira Globalisation and the Marginalised : The Mumbai Koli Story Page 9

Holistic Development

Post examination of the impact of globalisation on the traditional fishing

community of Mumbai, this paper would now verify its socio-economic empiricism against
an analytical framework based on Vandana Shiva’s interpretation of the economies of
natural resources (1999). According to her, natural resources can be divided into 3
economies. This paper maintains that if and only if these 3 economies are in sync with each
other would holistic development fructify. Globalisation in its current format has inherently
more hindrances than facilitations to such a co-ordinated process.

1. For Shiva, the market economy consists of profit, capital, industrial production
and they invariably lead to ecological destruction through intensive resource exploitation.
This has been empirically verified through the interviews wherein this researcher was
told about the rampant destruction of the marine sea bed through the combing operations
of big trawlers for maximising profits.

2. For Shiva, economy of natural ecological processes involves organic production

and dependence on other ecological processes. Through the primary data and secondary
information, this paper concludes that globalisation has increased the rate of pollution
through effluents into the water systems that support marine life. Hence organic
interdependence and ecological links are disrupted.

3. Finally, for Shiva, survival economy pertains to human society and the natural
material basis for human survival and livelihoods. Globalisation, through profit oriented
mechanisms is overexploiting resources to meet market requirements. This study found
that big trawlers empty out fish stock that cannot be replenished for nearly a month, thus
denying fishermen of their basic livelihood during this period.

In the context of the Kolis, appropriate legislation against industrial trawlers, ensuring
better water management, and promotion of locally appropriate technology that draws from
the scientific knowledge of the Kolis will encourage sustainability. Their participation in the
process of formulating policies that affect them will ensure justice and prevent further
 Virgil Sequeira Globalisation and the Marginalised : The Mumbai Koli Story Page 10

economic and social marginalisation of these indigenious people. Vandana Shiva (1999)
repeatedly points out that change in the social system which emphasizes social profitability
and ecological sustainability is the only solution in the long run.

Movement of the Marginalised

Ecological movements tend to use the idea of conservation that guarantees

regeneration of the ecological economy but neglects the survival economy. A case in point
would be the ban on harvesting sea cucumber in the waters of the Lakshadweep islands cut-
off the livelihoods of the fisherfolk who depended solely on the sea cucumber. Similarly,
social movements tend to legitimise the uncontrolled exploitation of scarce natural resources
by indigenious people because they have a traditional right. They are successful in
establishing a survival economy but not an ecological economy. Consider the case of
technologically equipping the fisherfolk in order to increase harvest because they have a right
will further deplete the already scarce marine resources. In the struggle of the Kolis, the
need to protect the ecology and at the same time to optimize it in order to protect
livelihood is clear. With traditional knowledge and sustainable practices, the relationship
between fishing and nature seems to be complementary. The Fisherfolk Movement can
therefore be called a socio-ecological movement. The movement cannot however deny the
market forces that influence the people’s lives that it represents. And besides, we have
already concluded that holistic development is the coming together of the three economies.
Therefore, the movement of the fisherfolk is essentially a socio-economic movement
coexisting with the market economy.

A great positive of the globalisation process is the ease in which movements come
together to form alliances. The National Fishworker’s Forum (NFF) was born in 1978 to
bring to the mainstream, the voices of the fisherfolk of the 9 coastal states of India. The
forum is a powerful tool to bargain with the government and also to pass down correct and
updated information to the common fisherfolk. The Kanyakumari March that culminated on
May 1, 1989 is a symbol of this intra fisherfolk alliance. The NFF is part of the National
Alliance for People’s Movements (NAPM). The struggle of the fisherfolk in India also
becomes that of the Tribals, the Dalits the Refugees and Women.At the international level
 Virgil Sequeira Globalisation and the Marginalised : The Mumbai Koli Story Page 11

Marx’s call can be rephrased as vulnerable of the world unite; you have nothing to lose
but your chains. Together, these global alliances conceptualise ‘the Movement of the
Marginalised’.

Reflections

Globalisation promotes a linear perspective of development and creates anarchy

where it is impossible to identify individual offenders but the victims are identifiable. The
fruits of globalisation have definitely not trickled down to the poor contrary to what the first
world believes. In fact, it has ripped apart their lives further.

Against the background of the Kolis, globalisation seeks to create technological

polarisation in order to dominate the fishing sector. The actions of the vested interests only
rob the Kolis of their livelihood and social life. Modern science and technology that is seen
as ‘neutral’ and ‘objective’ thus justify policies and steps taken to ‘develop’ the city by
burdening the Kolis with the costs of such development.

The destruction of the natural and survival economy through over exploitation in the
fishing industry has been made possible through the induction of technology. Modern
scientific knowledge justifies modern technology by being reductionist and fragmented. In
fact, modern scientific disciplines are created to satisfy the needs of vested interests.
Development gets equated with mere sectoral growth ignoring underdevelopment introduced
in related sectors through adverse external economies of scale and these belittle the
productivity of the ecosystem. Ultimately, it leads to a systemic collapse. Technology that
globalisation promotes as being scientific is not in public interest. Policies based on this
dominant partisan science will therefore also not be in public interest. For instance, big
trawlers are not the answer to increasing productivity of the oceans.

A more sustainable and just technology is needed to ensure that the ‘global village’
flaunting of globalisation does not end up being a global pillage. Hence, vulnerable
groups like the Kolis have the right to develop themselves according to their
 Virgil Sequeira Globalisation and the Marginalised : The Mumbai Koli Story Page 12

interpretations of development rather than against the yardstick of development dictated by

the first world. In the conflict between profits and survival, they are not looking to control
the seas of the world but to have a right on the sea close to their habitation in which they
have fished for generations.

Notes

1
The Son Kolis are ‘golden Kolis’ a Koli group higher in social status than other Koli groups.

2
Bhaiya is a derogatory term for migrants coming into Mumbai from the states of Uttar
Pradesh and Bihar. They form the majority of the migrant population in Mumbai and
invariably become a target group in Mumbai’s urban conflicts. Here the slogan translates as
‘Get rid of the Bhaiyas and save the Koli women’

3
A Koliwada refers to a Koli settlement.

4
As reported in Down to Earth magazine, December 16-31, 2008, p 21-27

5
A term used by the Kolis to describe a big trawler

6
Chowpatty refers to a sand beach. Girgaum Chowpatty is considered a tourist attraction in
Mumbai.

7
A chawl is a housing structure typical to Mumbai. It is of usually two or more floors. Each
room opens out to a common balcony, and is occupied by a different family. There is a
common bathroom and toilet on every floor.
Virgil Sequeira Globalisation and the Marginalised : The Mumbai Koli Story Page 13

Photo credits: Ruth Pinto

 Virgil Sequeira Globalisation and the Marginalised : The Mumbai Koli Story Page 14

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Marathi articles:
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2008, p 18.

Webliography:
1. Kocherry, Thomas, Acceptance Speech: Oslo Sophie Prize Ceremony June 15, 1999,
http://www.sophieprize.or g/Articles/52.html
2. Chhotoray, Sudarshan, ‘Troubled waters’, India Together, August 2002,
http://www.indiatogether.org/econ omy/ fishin g/hscape0802.htm
3. Rangnekar Prashant, ‘Koli fisherfolk are up against north Indians for ‘intrusion’ into traditional busines’, Express India,
Mumbai, Feb 18, 2008, http://www.expressindia.com/latest-n ews/Koli-fish erfolk-are-up-again st-north -indian s-for -intr usion -
into-tr aditiona l-business/274115/
4. Research paper titled ‘Use of Indigenous knowledge by fisher folk of Mumbai District in Maharashtra’,
http://nopr.n iscair .r es.in /bitstr eam/123456789/948/1/IJTK%206(2)%20(2007)%20378-382.pdf
5.Ahmed, Shoaib, ‘Mumbai fishermen blame sea link for poor catch’, CNN-IBN, July 01, 2009,
h ttp://ibnlive.in.com/news/mumbai-fishermen-blame-sea-lin k-for -poor-catch/96030-3.ht ml
6.Pinglay, Prachi, ‘Fishermen's regrets on Mumbai invaders’, BBC News, Mumbai, December 5, 2008,
http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/pr int/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7764539.stm?ad=1
7. Banan, Aastha Atray, ‘BMC wants David Hasselhoffs to guard our beaches’, Mid Day, Mumbai, January, 12, 2009,
http://www.mid-day.com/lifest yle/2009/jan/120109-Mumbai-beach es-Lifeguards-Baywatch- pr oject-David-Hasselh off-
iTalk.htm

Filmography:
1. Patwardhan, Anand, ‘Fishing: In the sea of greed’, 1998, 45 minutes, colour.
2. Chandy Menacherry, Miriam, ‘Mee Koli’, 2004, 30 minutes, colour.
3. Krishna, Lalitha, ‘Sea City’. 2005. 30 minutes, colour.

Personal Correspondence:
Sunny Gadekar,.Vincent Jhelka, Ignatius Dunga, Frankie Burken, Ignatius Garya, John Garya, Hitler Garya, Naveen Astha
(Uttan Patanbunder Koliwada); Walter Tatikar, Anita Almeida, Sandesh Manya, James Manya, Sanjay Koli, Shaileen
Tatikar (Vasai Killabunder Koliwada); Moreshwar Patil, Parshuram Meher (Cuffe Parade Koliwada); Dilip Pagadhare
(Mahim Koliwada); Noel Kinny (Gorai Koliwada); Bhola Kenny (Dharavi Koliwada); Vijay Bunderkar (Sasoon Dock).
Prithviraj Chandi (Versova Koliwada)

Public Hearing on Climate Change and the Urban Poor, Centre for Education and Doocumentation and Xavier’s Institute
of Social Research and Action, October 24, 2009, St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai.
Fr. Joseph Xavier SJ, paper presented at International Youth Encounter Workshop, AREDS (India) and DCLI (France),
Karur, Tamil Nadu, May 20-25, 2009.