UNIT

5
THE \p-BLOCK ELEMENTS
•
I

About the Unit

GROUP 15 ELEMENTS : NITROGEN FAMILY p-orbitals) of these elements. The ionisation enthalpy
Group 15 includes nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, decreases down the group with increase in atomic size.
antimony and bismuth. Nitrogen and phosphorus are Electronegativity
non-metals , arsenic and an timony are metalloids and The electronegat ivity value decreases with increase
b ismuth is a typical metal. in atomic size down the group. For As, Sb and Bi,
OCCURRENCE the electronegat ivity values are nearly the same and
Molecular nitrogen comprises 78% of the earth's decrease is less significant.
atmosphere and in earth's crust it occurs in the form of Physical Properties
nitrates e.g ., NaN03 (Chile saltpetre) and KN03 (Indian
Nitrogen is a diatomic gas while others are solids.
saltpetre). Nitrogen is essential constituent of proteins
Metallic character increases down the group. N, p are
and amino acids. non-metals. As, Sb are metalloids and Bi is a metal.
Phosphorus is eleventh most abundant element in the Except nitrogen, and bismuth all the elements show
eanh crust. It is essential constituent of bones and teeth. allotropy. ·
Arsenic, antimon y and bismuth are found as sulphide
Chemical Properties
materials.
..ll1
al!._ single bon d (E = element) ; bI!.-....3- C ..3+ dWhite Oxidation States and Trends in Chemical Reactivity
; 1:,- ;
ph osph orus; eGrey a -firm at 38.6 atm; ls u blim anon . The common oxidation states of these elements are -3,
temperatur e; gAt 63 K; Grey a-form Molecular; N2- +3 and +S. The tendency to exhibit -3 oxidation state
decreases down the group. The stability of +5 oxidation
Electronlc configuration st~te decreases and that of +3 increases due to inert
The elements of this group have five valence electrons pair effect down the group. Nitrogen exhi"b•ts
. f 2 3 .d .
on anon states on reaction with oxy i + 1, +2 , +4
with electronic configuranon Ph
o ns np .
d . gen. osph orus
Atomic ond Ionic Radii shows . +1 an +4 modation states m· some oxoac1"ds.
The atomic and ionic radii (in a given oxid~tion stat~) In rutrogen, all the oxidation states fr d
. . .
• to d1sproport1onate m acid solution Fom + 1 to +4 ten
increase d own the group · There is small mcrease mf • or example
. · from As to Bi du e to the presence o
covalent ra dll . . . 3HN02~ HNO3 + H2O + 2NO ,
completely filled d- or J-orbitals in heavier members. Similarly m case of phosphorus nearl all . .
"d · ct· · Y mtermed1at e
oalkalXJ~no~ st~tdes isproportion ate into +S and - 3 both in
Ionisation Enthalpy . I an ao . But +3 oxidation stat . .
. . . enthalpy of group 15 elements 1s antimony and bismuth b . e 10 case of arseruc,
The ,orusdalnonhigber due to extra stability (half filled ecomes Increasing stable.
unexpecte Y
 W2&1

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'11 IH tJ nl VCK t!l t MtN ti
--- -
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______I...., 61 -
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I\
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(94 1 4 kJ mo) 1 I (Sur 111 Lrlpl,. IJ111l(I 0111 tilt- lllli~I,. N N
bond l.1 wn ,krr 1hirn th,· 1ilnilr fl 11 h,11.d hc--cNu,r 11r
1
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• M8JN~
h,it, lntl!rcl.-cuon'1· ,,.pul,lnn of non hondlnl' drcm,n,
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- ~t. ZNl b
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., ~ ~: ,, t jlf ~ 1 l' ', f I l ,,t 11

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" "
f
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'-'f'"l;, 9J..fJ4 trt1• -.,nptt1,tPnl , hl1 n., If;/' ul f« i ,, it t,-,1< iNur, , • " "-'' • • 2NO"'''
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1
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 64 I VATSAL ISC QUESTION BANK of CHEMISTRY ClaN XII
. . . n energies or enthalpies of
N03 - + 3Fe • + 4H+ ~ NO + 3Fe3 + + 2H 0
2
2 The first iorusanopectedly lower than those of
2
[Fe(H20)6)2+ + NO~ [Fe(H 20) 5 NOJ + + H 0 group 16 are d~ne\lements of group 15 due to
2 the correspon mg . · th
Brown complex . th t O mic size and mcrease m e
decrease m e a • 1
. cl charge from movmg group 5 to
Uses effecuve nu ear .•
. again due to extra stability o alf
fh
It is used : group 16 . It is
filled configuration of group 15 eleme_n _ts.
I . in the manufacture of ammonium nitrate for
fertilizers. .
Melting Po 1nts.
Boiling Points a nd Dens1ttes : These
(i, , d
:z. for explosives and pyrotechnics. properties Increase regularly as we ~ove own
3. in the preparation of nitroglycerine, trinitrotoluene, the group up to tellurium. It is due to increase In
etc. atomic size, the van der Waals' forces of attraction
4. in the pickling of stainless steel among their atoms increase. But inert pair e~ect Is
maximum In polonium. So that these properties are
less In polonium as compared to tellurium.
GROUP 16 ELEMENTS : OXYGEN FAMILY
(, 1 Ll<'ctrom•ga t I \ ity : The elements of group 16 have
Group 16 of the periodic table consists of five elements higher values of electronegativity as compare~
which are Oxygen (0), Sulphur (S), Sele.n ium (Se), to the corresponding elements of group 15. This
Tellurium (Te) and Polonium (Po). They are also known is due to their smaller sizes. Electronegativity of
as chalcogens i.e., ore forming elements. these elements decreases down the group as the
Occurrence size of the atom increases.
Oxygen is the most abundant of all the elements. It occurs (, i l Electron Gain Enthalpy: It is the negative of electron
in the free state as dioxygen (Qi) and makes 20.46% affinity. The group 16 elements have high tendency
by volume and 23% by mass of the atmosphere. It also to accept electron to achieve nearest noble gas
occurs in the form of ozone. Oxygen makes 46.6% by configuration. Therefore, they have large negative
weight of the earth's crust. electron gain enthalpy but oxygen being smallest in
Sulphur occurs less abundantly. Selenium and tellurium size in its group, experiences high electron-electron
are least abundant. The principal. source of Se and Te is repulsions. Hence, its value for oxygen is least
the anode mud obtained during the electrolytic refining negative in its group.
of Cu. Polonium is radioactive and is even less abundant (, 11 ) Ox1dauo n Stntc5 : All the elements of group 16
(0.001 ppm). show common oxidation state of - 2. The tendency
General Characteristics of Group 16 Elements to show - 2 oxidation state decreases down the
group.
1. Electronic Configuration
The valence shell electronic configuration of group 16 Oxygen shows the oxidation state of -2 along with
+2 in OF2 and - 1 in peroxides (0~7.
elements is ns 2np4 .
Sulphur and other elements of this group also
2. Physical Properties of Group 16 Elements
exhibit oxidation states of +2, +4 and +6 due to
(i) Physical State : Oxygen, the first member of group promotion of electrons to vacant d-orbitals. Due
16 is a gas while other members are solids at
to inert pair effect, the stability of +6 oxidation
ordinary temperatures.
state decreases down the group. This oxidation
(ii) Atomic a nd Ionic Radii : The atomic radii of the
state is most stable in sulphur but least stable in
elements of group 16 are smaller than those of
the corresponding elements of group 15, but the polonium. The compounds having +4 oxidation
atomic radii increases down the group. There is state show both oxidising and reducing properties
similar trend with ionic radii which increases down but the compounds in +6 oxidation state show
the group._It is due to increase in the number of only oxidising properties.
shells. (, iii) ~arenation : ~e catenation property in oxygen
(iii) Ionisation Enthalpy : The ionisation energies of JSleast due to its small size and more repulsion
group 16 elements are quite high. The ionisation between its lone pair and bond pair. Sulphur has
enthalpy decreases down the group. The high greater tendency for catenation due to higher bond
ionisation energy is due to their small size and high energy but the tendency for catenation decreases
effective nuclear charge, but as the atomic size on moving down the group.
increases down the group, Its value also decreases.
 TiiE p-BLOCK El.EMENTS 65

, L'- Allocrnpv : All the elements of this group show ..o:

allotropy. For example, oxygen has two allotropes
while sulphur has several allotropes. Selenium
exists in six allotropic fonns. Tellurium and II
polonium both have two all0tropic modifications. ~¾ s ~~
3 Chemical Properties of Group 16 Elemerits :o~o:
.. ..
(1) Oxides . The elements of group 16 forms monoxide, Fig 7 3. Sin. I 111 ol SOJ m •1(11(:Ullt
dioxide and trioxides.
In the solid state, SO3 exists in cyclic trimer but
la/ Except selenium, all the other elements of this
SeO3 in the solid state, form a cyclic tetramer. Te03
group form monoxides of the type MO like SO, TeO
is a soUd and has network structure in which TeO6
and PoO.
octahedra share all venices. All the rrioxides are
fl,1 All these elements combine with oxygen directly acidic in nature.
to form dioxides (MO2) , e.g. , SO2, SeO2, Te02 and
(11) ll>dnd<S All the elements of group 16 form
PoO2. hydrides of the general formula H 2M (where M = 0, S,
SO2 is gas at room temperature. It has bent
Se, Te or Po) . . .
structu.re with bond angle of 119.5°. Sulphur atom \,1) All the hydrides have angular shape mvolvmg sp
3
in SO2 is sp2 hybridised. hybridisation of the central atom.However, the bond
Sin the 3s 3p 3d angle from H 2O to H 2Te decreases.
fimexcitect(D]
m~
I i I i .I.._,,_,
•
i I It I ~
H 2O H 2S H 2Se H2Te
2 sp hybridisation forms forms p,Hl ll double 104.5° 92.1° 91° 90°
bondWltt'IO This is due to increase in the size of the central atom
and the decrease in its electronegativicy.

~s~
0 (b ) The hydride of oxygen is a colourless and odourless
liquid while the others are unpleasant , foul smelling
poisonous gases.
0 0 Their volatilicy first increases from H2O to H2 S and
then decreases from H2S to H2Te. It is due Lo strong
Fig. 7.1. Resonance !.t1\Jdl.lrN of SO.
association among water molecules as a result of
Selenium and tellurium d.ioxides (Sc02 and Te02) lmennolecular hydrogen bonding.
are solids having polymeric chain or layer like !d The the rmal stability decreases from H 2 O to H 2Te,
structure. seo2 in the gaseous st.ate has discrete as the size of the central atom increases and the
monomeric structure. wea.kcr M- H bond.
The dioxides are acidic in nature. This character H20 > H2S > H2Se > H2Te
decreases on moving down the group. (J) The hydrides of group 16 elements are weakly acidic

. +6 oxidation state of s is more stable than in nature but their acidic strength lncreases down
5 mce red . As th the group. It is due to easier cleavage of M-H bond.
+4, therefore S02 acts as a ucmg agent. e
. f +6 oxidation state decreases from S to H20 < H 2S < H2Se < H2Te
billty O
reducing character o f the. cfjOXI"des
Sta (c l Except water, all the other hydrides of the elements
c
1ie, there,ore
decreases while their oxidising character increases. of group 16 behave as reducing agents. Their
reducing power increases from H2S to Hi'~-
Thus Te02 acts as an oxidising agent.
(fii) Halide, : The elements of group 16 form a

0 / '- Se

0 / "'Se~ ~
O -"' 0

11,npn
98°

II
0 number of halides in the oxidation states +l, +2,
+4 and +6. The stability of halides decreases as F > Cl
> Br > I.
0 0 The compounds of oxygen with fluorine are calJed
(b)
fluorides, Le., OF2.
(a)
Sulphur forms four types of halides but SF6 is the
Fig. 7.2. (a) Se02 In the gas phase, (b) Sohd ~
most stable, colourless, odourless, non-toxic gas. It is
kl All the elements form trioxides of the type M~3- chemically inert.
SO . as planar triangular molecule m the Among tetrahalides, tetrafluorides are the most stable .
3
exiStshase
gaseousp involving sp2 hybridisation in S atom. SF4 is a gas, SeF4 is a liquid while TeF4 is a solid.
 66 \ VAT SAL ISC QUESTION BANK of CHEMISTRY ClaH XII

All elem ents exce pt selen ium form dihal ides

but
mono halid es are dime ric in natur e.
Anomalous Behaviour of Oxygen
The anom alous beha viou r of oxyg en is due to:
\. smal l atom ic size,
Resonating structurn
Z. high elect roneg ativit y,
3. absen ce of vaca nt d-orb itals in its valen Fig . 1.•. Resonallng 1tructures of ozone
ce shell.
Uses
OZONE (0 3)
It is used:
Preparation L as disinfectant and germicide for sterilising
water.
Ozon e is prep ared by Siem en's ozon izer whic h 2. for bleaching oils, ivory, flour, starc h etc.
is made
up of two conc entri c meta l tubes whic h are 3. as oxidising agent.
seale d
toge ther at one end when silen t elect ric disch
arge is SULPHUR DIOXIDE (S02)
pass ed throu gh pure and dry oxyg en.
Silent electri
c discha rge Laboratory Preparation
302 ~=======::::::::::=:==!!:::::=:' 203, Af-1°( 298 K)
Sulph ur dioxide is prepa red in the labor atory by treati
ng
= + 142 k.J mol- 1 sodiu m sulph ite with dilute sulph uric acid.
The ozon ised oxyg en conta ins abou t 10-15 % Na2S03 + H2S04 - + Na2S 04 + S02 + H20
ozon e.
Pure ozon e can be obtai ned by passi ng ozon ised oxyg
en It may also be prepared in the labor atory by heatin
throu gh silica gel whic h adso rbs ozon e leavi ng g
behin d copp er turnings with cone. H S0 •
oxyg en gas. The adso rbed ozon e is recov ered by 2 4
passi ng
nitro gen or argo n throu gh the silica gel. It may Heat
Cu+ 2H2S 04 ---+
also be CuS0 4 + S02 + 2H 20
purif ied by cond ensa tion. The ozon ised oxge n is
coole d.
The ozon e cond ense s first in prefe rence to oxyg Industrial Preparation
en.
Properties In industry, S02 is obtained by roast ing of iron
pyrite
ore.
Physi cal Prope rties
1. It is pale blue gas with chara cteris tic Heat
smell. 4FeS 2 + 1102 ---+ 2Fe20 3 + 8S0
2. It is sligh tly solub le in water , but more solub 2
le in The gas is dried , liquefied unde r press ure and store
turpe ntine oil. d in
steel cylinders.
Chemical Prope rties Properties
l . Ther mal Deco mpos ition : I.It is a colourless gas with pung ent odou r and is highly
soluble in water. It liquefies at room temp eratu re
203 -473 Kor catalyst 302 + 68 kcal at a pressure of 2 atmospheres. Its boilin g point
is
263 K.
2 . Oxid izing Actio n : 2. Reaction with NaOH :
PbS + 40 3 ---+ PbS0 4 + 402
2NaO H + S02 ~ Na so + H o
2K1 + H 2 0 + 0 3 ---+ 2KOH + 12 + 02 2 3
Na2S 03 + S02 + H20 ~ 2N_aHSQ 2
2Hg + 0 ---+ Hg2 0 + 0 2 (tailing of mercury) 3
3 Sodium bisulp hite
Impo rtan ce of ozone 3. Redu cing Prope rty :
It is impo rtant to prev ~nt the earth surfa ce from (iJ S0 2 reduc es halog ens to halog en acids .
UV
radia tions by abso rbing 1t. Cl2 + S02 + 2H20 ~ 2HCl + tt
2so
It decolouris~s the pink violet colo : of acidified
(ii)
Prevention KMn0-4 solut ion. (Test for SOi)
The depl etion of oz.one layer can be preve
nte~ by 2KM n04 + SS02 + 2H2 0~ K2S0 4 + 2MnS O
llin the prod uctio n of NO and othe r free radicals (Pink violet)
+ 2H S04
~ontr o g (Colourles~)
m the armo sphere· The use of CFC shou ld be banned to
2
4 . Blea c~ng A~n-: It is a mild bleac hing
save ozon e layer. agen t. Its
ble a~g acno n is due to reduc tion of the vegetable
structure of ozon e colou nng matte r by nascent hydro gen libera ted
It has angu lar scruc tUre and central oxyg en atom in prese nce of mois ture. Its bleac hing actio n
in temporary. is
ozon e is sp2 hybr idise d.
 THE p-BLOCK ELEMENTS I 67

S02 + 2H 20--+ H 2 + 2[H]so_. \I I l1 , 1 1 1- i l Ip; The ionisation enthalpy

Vegetable colouring matter + [HJ --+ Colourless of halogens are very high. lt is duf' to their small
atomic size and high effecti~ nuclear charge. Their
Structure
energies decrease down the group as the size of the
It has angular structure. atom in~ase-s.
i in the 3• 3a 3d t , C 110 L~th Ir,. Halogens ha~ high
lrst exdted [I} ltltltl It I tendency to accept an el~n in order to achieve
;tate .--2 --.,...., ~ noble gas configuration. Thcrefo~, they ha~ large
-,, hybri(fiaation forms pa-pa forms p,t-<hc double negati~ electron gain enthalpies.
°
fMN two S-0 bonds double bonds bond wllh 0
The negative electron gain enthalpy of fluorine Is

Q Q G
abnormally lower than that of chlorine. It Is due to
very small size of fluorine atom. The high electron

0
~s~
0 0
t?s~ 0
density d°'s not allow fluorine atom to accept
funher Incoming electron as compared to chlorine
arom. Therefore, less energy is rele~d in the
Fig. 7.~. Re.ona"'-lt CJucturo. ot r:.o. conversion of fluorine atom to fluoride ion.
But the negative electron pin enthalpy values
GROUP 17 ELEMENTS : THE HALOGEN FAMILY decrease as usual from chlorine to Iodine because the
Group 17 of the periodic table consists of five elements sl1e of the atom lncreues.
i.e., Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), lod.ine 0) F < Cl > Br > l
and Astatine (At). They are known u halOlfflS. "• H~tronC'.'ia11v11y Due to small size and higher
nuclear charge, each halogen bas the highest value
occurnnca of electroncgativity in its period. Fluorine bas the
Halogens are highly reactive elements and do not highest electroncgativity of ◄ . 0 . As we move down
occur in the free state ln nature. 11,ey mainly occur the group, the clcctronegativiry from fluorine to
in the form of halide salts althoush iodine a1lo occun Iodine decreases.
u Iodate. Fluorine exllts u inloluble fluorides to the F >Cl > Br > I
extent of 0.07°/4 in the earth's Cl'\IJl. O\lorlne ii die moet " 11 Oxldatwn St;itc. · Fluorine shows only - 1 oxidation
abundant of all the halogens and oc:cun u chlorida state but other halo1en1 exhibit - 1, + 1, + 3, + 5
(0.14%) in the earth's crust. Bromine cxittJ u bromides and + 7 oxidation Jtates. Fluorine d°'s not show
(2.5 x 10~%) in earth's crust while iodine ocx:un in potltlve oxidation states u it does not have vacant
sea weeds and alkali metal iodides to the extent of 8 x cl-orbitals unlike other halogens. Dur lo pre1ence of
10--5% in the earth's crust. vacant d-orbltals in halogens except fluorine, outer
, . and p-electrons can e11lly be promoted to vacant
Ganeral Characteristic of aroup 17 Elements d-orbirals showlna variable posldve oxidation 1tates.
"1, c <,J,,u, All the halogens arc coloured .
1. Electronic Conflguratlon
The valence shell electronic configuration of th.eae Fluorine Chlonne Bromine Iodine
2 5
elements are of the type ns np . Uaht Oreenilh Reddlah Violet
2. Physical Properties of Group fl Elements yellow yw!llow brown
m Physical State : Fluorine and chl~ are_P;Jel at The colour of the halogens ls due to the fact that
room temperature, bromine is a liquid while iodine their molecules absorb radiadons from the visible
is a solid. There exists van der WaalJ' forces among rqion and the outer electrons are excited to higher
their molecules. Th.is strength l.ncreues u the energy levels. Fluorine required large excitation
atomic size increases. Therefore, their physical state energy u force of attraction between the nucleus
changes from gas to solid. and the outer electrons is very large and absorbs
(ill Atnmic and Ionic Rru:lil : Halogeru have the IID&llest violet light (high energy). On the other hand, lodlne
atomic radii in their respective periods due to absorbs yellow Ught of low energy. These show their
increase in their nuclear charge but the radius of the complementary colour and appear likewise.
halide ion is always sreater than the correspond~ 3. Ch1?mlcol Properties of Group 17 Elements
atom as the elec:tron cloud expands on addiuon
lbe halogens are very reactive. Fluorine is the m01t
of an electron in the valence shell of the neutral
· reactive halogen. The reactivity of halogen, decrease,
atom. Bodi the aumuc and ionic radii iDcreUe from
fluorine to iodine as the number of shells lncrula. on moving down the group.
 68 \ VATSAL 1sc QUF.STION BANK of
CHEMIST RY ca... XII
m <hid w,"
Pov.t-r · All halogens are stro
agents . The oxidising power ng oxidis ing Ill Hypohalous aci d ( HXO)
of halogens decreases (ii) Halou s acid (HX 02)
from fluorine to iodine. Flu
orin e is the strongest 1111) Halie acid (HX 03)
oxidising agent while iod ine is
the weakest one. 1,, l Perhalic acid (t·tX 0 4)
fol Rcacm 1ty towar,-« Hyd form the HX 0 typ e of
~ n · All the halogens Bromint> and iodine do not 2
combine with hydrogen to form
(HX) . hyd rogen hal ides
halous acids. 'd dep end s upon the :
H 2 _. X2 The acidic strenglh offo~o at:
--t 2HX
1 Elt- tn: nq llil \t~ 0 1 ~ 0
~ Th e acidic str eng th of
The reactivity of halogens
decreases from fluorine to iod
towards hydrogen
oxoaci ds, havmg . the same ox1·d a u·on nu mb er of
ine . HP is a low boihng .
liquid due to presence of inte
rmolecular hyd rogen the ha Iogen atom, decrea ses w1'ch dec rea se in the

I
bonds among themselves pie Hd O is the
hydrogen halides are gases at
while al1 the oth er
room temperarure.
electronegativ ity o~ the ato ~.
For
stro ngest but HIO 1s the we ake5t 0 e~ :i; th;
aci ds (O.N.
Thermal stability of hyd rog is + 1) .
en halides decreases
from HF to HI due to decrea 2 o l(t tt in Nu1 "t:,,, r With
the incrcu e an OXl'da u. o.n
.
se in the 11- X bond
strength. number of a particular hal
oge n ato m, the aod1c
HF > HCl > HBr > HI cha racter of cor responding oxo
--+ Thermal stabili ty decrea acld Increases .
ses --+ HClO < HCIO2 < HCIO3 < HC
In the gaseous state, h)•drogen I04
halide:. are co,,ale nt Structurn of 0110 c1ds of Crl N10
and do not show any aci dic P
narure . But in their O
aqueous solutions , they beh
ave as acids due to
O 0 O 0 O 0
ionisation . The acidic strengt
h decreases in the H
/" \,
Cl H
/" '-d' H
/ '-.II / "\.II
order. HypochloroUJ acid Chlorous aod
Cl= O H Cl •
Quo rou s add
HI > HB r > HCl > HJZ II
0
--+ Aci dic stre ngt h dec ~rchloric add
reases ___.
HF is the we akest acid but
HI •~ the strongest acid. It CHLORINE (Cl)
is due 10 the fact cha1 the bon
d d1s ~1 auon ene rgy
dec reases from 11- P and I 1 Pr•paratlon
- 1 as the s1ze of the
haloge n arom increases fro m I. MnO + 4H CI ~ MnCl2
nuo rine to iod ine . 2 + Cl2 ,. 2H 2O
(iii ) Reactivity tow 1rds C.n 2. 4NaCl + Mn 0 t- 4H
n 2 2 S0 4 ~ MnC12 + 4NaHS04 +
(a) Oxygr n · Flu orine fonns 211 20 + Cl2
two oxides 01· .l and O2P2,
They are known a.s oxygen 0
uondes OF2 LS the rma lly Manufactura
stable at 198 K.
t Oeuco.n's P1oc,«s
Chlorine, bro mine and iodine
fo1111 oxi des in wh ich
halogens have the ir oxidation tJ1e
st.a tes ,+ 1 to ; 7. Chl orin e 411 Cl 1 0 2 cua 2 2Cl + 2H O
forms the larges t num ber 2 2
of oxi des wlule iodine forms 2. flectro 1t1c Procrs s. Chlorine
the least. They have covalent is obtained by electrolysis
bo nd and the bond polarity of bri ne. Chlorine is liberat ed
increases from chlorine to iod 01 ano de.
ine. The stability of their
oxides differs in the foll owing Properties
ma n]le r :
I > Cl > Br It is gre enish yeUow gas with
Chlorine oxides, Cl 20 , CIO , Cl pun gen t and suffocating
2 2O6 and Cl2O7are powerful odour.
oxidising agents and rend to exp 1. Wtth Hydrogen Sulphide :
lod e on hea ting .
H2S ~ C1 2 --+ 2HCI + S

Cl
o ~ ,>
110"
,
(>)
~ c1 ~
118"
..,,>
..a..
, ,,
0,
J¼-~o~,.,. >~. / 0
....__
119
_,,,'
2, With Ammonia :
Cl O '
O / Cl Cl- 0 8NH3 + 3C12 --+ 6NH
o I ' o (Exce55) 4Ct + N2
0
NH 3 + 3Cl2 --+ Nd
Fig . 7.7. Slru cture of Cl2 (Elc cs,) 3 + 3HCI
0 CI02 ond Cl201
CIO and ct o are use d as 3. With Alkolles :
2 2 ble aching age nts for paper
pul p and textiles. 2NaOH + Cl 2 --+ NaCl + NaOCl + H
(Cold and O
(b) Oxoacids : Fluorine forms dilute) 2
only one oxoacid, hypo
fluorous acid (HOF) . Chlorine, 6NaOH + 3Cl2 --+ SNaCl
bromine and iodine + NaQO
fonn four types of oxoacids. (Ho t and + JH O
cone.) 3 2
 1 M

-
.1 - -
nti 11d,1nu 1.1iu1111 h,1, II 111 1ttw 1n o•l<hu11,n
Cl~ 1 11:1( 1 , i , l<:1 1 o
11 U ,, hi n<. K 11 I Ml f U<, 1 141

Ullffflfl 11t ll H-1HH 'I 110 tH1HI I fl~r., C.

l'lw j,\ lllltjl 1/1 ,,, ri m p,111wf11 1111!111 I 11fftilll l lf ,,, , ,,,,, ,,,,,
Colnurrd ~uh11111,nrt> 1 0 , C11l1111tlr< 1111 11 , 1111n 11 , 11 r (111 1 ) , N1•1,11 ( N1•), ~1w,11 (/\I J, V.1yp11,r, I K11 , )(, 111,11 tX, I
h hlc11d,c11 0tx1111le llirlllt11 In prt111r,1er uf 111111111111 r 11 11 111111 11111 11,11 1111,1 'I li1•v ""' 11,,,,,,1, 1,lly 111, ,1 ,oul '"''
blei,rhh\M ll<'I Inn h• "" ' 1111rnrn1 , k111,w11 1111 111r 11 ,11 n1,l,l,1~11~1•1t 1111,fi,1, ltt 1mll1,,111lv11 "'
UHi Iltl I I II I•

II II lUIC! d : o■n■ral Cha,a£t1r11\lu of Group 11 1f1m1nt1

t. f111 hlrachlnl( wo1,d pulp, row,n. tr)( tll N,, 1 I h 11,,,1,1, (,111111•;1111111•111
l. fur rxtnu·tlun ul ROid rmd pl111ln11111. '1lw 1111, ►h- ~111/!' ll lluv,. ii111l,l1· , ,111t1w n 1,1 1, m 11( ,,,,, I Y(W
11l 11,,'l d tw ,,, whit h 1l1ry d•1 n, ,, Ill~,. puJI 111 <h1•1r1I( 111
1. In the m1.mufoc111rt of dye11. dnak11, 1,1 r1: r:1ICI 1, , .. ,1111011 111,d,·1 ,,,i111,1 r,
,, ,,11,11, u,,,~.
CCl4,
4. In &tetlll!llnij drlnkll1k wnrc-r. ., l•h~ 1ltr1I r1,wt1I tl ll • "' t,11J1,0 111 , 1, ,,,1 ,,, •
~- In the prep,mulnn of phu11~c-nt (COClzl. tr(11 ~1111
1,1 M,~ ,, ,I 1,1 ,~ All 11111,lr ~JIIW'I l1H· , 1,l11111lr1111,
(CCl3N02), murmud gM (CIClliCli 2 S<.:11 2Ctt 2CI).
nd,,utltt,41, 1111111'1.-,11 1111d 111111,,mr,111111 In mmu,,
1,11 f11,rn11 ,, ,,J,i ·11w m,,1111, rntlfl 11f n111,1,, ~.JJ~• 111 1'
ln\lrhQIOQl n Oampaundl thr ln1y,t 11t In 1h1•h rt·11prt·rlv1• pt•rJ,1d~ At luti ll y rlwy
Halogens react wllh each other 10 fonn a 1.arg;- number Q( 11r1• v1111 dM Wuul11' 1udll Thi; w,,,Aon lt11 r,•A•fl1~
compound• known 11 lntcthalngcn c:nmpouod# having lllOVl ny, ffhlll I fr 111 XI•.
gencr&l fonnul.a }Of,, where X l• • lc11 cle<.trorw-gattvc U1li Jr,ui.aut111n l'11ti&Jlpy N~,1111· ""'Ut"" hnvt 1/!"ry ltJY,h
halogen ind Jr lt more el«iron.egstjve h11l<,gV1 ond 'n' vulul·I ol lonl, Mlo,, t•111fa1lpy, It tk' n•u1t1·11 ,,,, mrJ\1111~
Is lla number. down tht w,,up.
,,.,,, l·h tron ' i11tn I 111h •IJJY Nr,t,I" y,mo,A ,J,, 11111 h1tvr Ilit
T1blt 7,l l lyh11•1i'-'11l!tll, ,.,, ' f"' .i.rul - m,,·11,u:; ,,I tendency 10 11ccc111 the f• lct.1 n1118 d1w ,,, •ht lr ~rnhl(•
H'll1' f11,1lu) 1 r1 t-•11 r1pm111(1-. conflxurn1 ion. 'fht11 '11 why Il"M-Y l111v1• lsu y,r J,>f1t111 lvr
volue1 of clcri roo ,st,ln ,·mhnlpy. 'flu: iruulmum
f)()8llivc t lcctrOII !(0ln r lllh1tlpy fllrl()ll~ 1,wrr ¥st~• 14
thur o( 11r,,n 1110111,
1\1) l.1t1ud,1<11011 'h udrn• y NolJI.- guk-. a rr n,,1 riii lly
cw, lk'Y. llqur.fled n• 1lw1c emtt wctJk van dt r W1ut1,• forr,·'I
Linear rP, BrO. mm,nx tlwil a1om11. ~ there '" an ln<T 1J,1-c t, I moml•·
1r:1, 10r size lrurn lie ,,, Hn, the 11trcnwh of van drr W1rnl,'
fnrees inc,coite,i and thr t"ndcncy ((Jr llqoefor;t !rm
ln.cr<'l'l•c• on movl 11~ d,,wn 11,,, group,
Ml forrnalltm ,,f U,11ha, .,,,.li When 1·hc noble P•
Clf/1 , atoms arc trapped In th<: Clsvltlt•IJ of cry•t♦1I lautcc CJ(
T-shzped Br F3 , rr 1, lnurgank or organ ic compounJt , tht,y arc known u
ICl•i clatharatc..
!vuJ :..ulul1illly In VIJU.r . ThcJe ga,c1 a1c slightly #()Jubic
in water. The iOlublllty a t iks due 10 dipole Induced .
)('
dipole intecactlon. 'fhc: &e,lubillty In y,cncral lncrc:a,e,
from lie to Rn.
Tabl• 7.2 ll y1,11t,l...tl,n :mrl •.l1a1>4..'11/tt r•Jt111rn ,,t 1.•-r,, ,11
Squ.are
pycamidal

,
r:
x'
Pe:1n og.c nal. x'
bipyra;nidaJ ,:

x' ,
I.JfleM'
 70 I VATSAL ISC QUESTION BANK of CHEMISTRY Cius XII

F F

XeF4 sp3d2 2
XeOF4 sp3d
F F
Octahtl<lraVSquare planar Square pyramidal
F
F
F

XeF6 sp3d3
:~~ ' , , , ,
o,,

: Xe <::::::J>
F

F
Xe02F2 sp3d
!~-~-/-
o·-
Distorted octahedral F
Distorted trigonal blpyramldal

0 ,//1/\
F·---o
Xe03 sp3

0
/' xe=o

Pyramidal

0
0 Xe0 3F2 sp3d o,,,,
;

',
X
r~
F -- -· 0
Trigonal blpyramidal
I

sp3
II F

/'
Xe04 Xe=O

0 0 Xe02F4 2
sp3d
Tetrahedral
~
F
0

O=Xe
It? Octahedral

XeOF2 sp 3d
I~
F
T-shaped

Topic 1 : Group 15 Elements (a) KN03 (b) NH4N02

1. The most stable oxidation states of nitrogen are : (c) CNH4,}2Cr207 (d) NaN
4· Amo~g the
(a) -3, +3, +5 (b) -3, 0 and -1 following the first ioJsation energy is
maxunum for :
(c) -3, +3 and O (d) -3, +3 and -5 (a) p
(b) N
2. A wide range of oxidation states is shown by : (c) As
(d) Bi
(a) nitrogen (b) phosphorus 5. Among the following
(c) bismuth (d) antimony the element not showing
allotropy is :
3. Which of the following compounds does not give N2 (a) N
(b) p
on heating? (c) As
(d) Bi
 THE p-BLOCK ELEMENTS 71

8. Which of the following is an ionic compound? Topic 2 : oroup 16 Elements

(a) NF3 (b) BiP3 1. The elements collectively known as chalcogens are :
k) PF3 (d) NC1 3
(a) F, Cl, Br, I (b) C, Si, Ge
7. Which of the halides of nitrogen is stable?
(a) NF3 (bl NC1 3 (c) N, P, S (d)O,S,Se, Te
k) NBr3 (d) NI3 2. The element showing maximum catenation property
8. Among the following elements, the one which does is :
not form a pentahalide is : (a) s (b) Te
(a) P (b) Bi (c)0 (d) Se
(c) Sb (d) N
3. Oxygen exhibits positive oxidation state is :
9. Which one of the following element does not form
penrahalide? (a) 0 2 F2 (b) NO

(a) P (b) Sb (c) CO2 (d) N 20

(c) Bi (d) N 4. The correct order of acidic strength :
10. Which of the following is a non-metal? (a) H2Se04 > H2Te04 > H2S04
la) Bi (b) Sb
(b) H2Te04 > H2Se04 > H2S04
(c) N (d) All of these
(c) H2S04 > H2Se0,4 > H2Te04
11. As. elevated temperatures :
(a) N2 becomes increasingly reactive (d) H2S04 > H2Te04 > H2Se04
(b) N2 reacts directly with elements of groups 2, 13, 5. Dry bleach is carried out by :
14 and with H2 (a) ~ (b) S02
(c) N2 reacts with some of the transition metals
(d) all of the above are true
6. Oxidation state of oxygen in ozone is :
12. Which of the following statements is true?
(a) -3 (b) -2
(a) The lower oxides of nitrogen are basic
(b) The higher oxides of nitrogen are basic (c) zero (d) +3
(c) 1be lower oxides of nitrogen are acidic 7. The tailing of mercury is due to:
(d) The lower oxides of nitrogen are neutral (a) reduction (b) hydration
13. Which of the following oxides of nitrogen is the (c) oxidation (d) substitution
anhydride of HN03?
8. The incorrect statement for ozone is :
W N20 (b) NO
(a) it is more reactive than oxygen
(c) N 20 5 (d) N203
(b) it is dimagnetic
14. Sulphur is completely oxidized by cone. HN03 into :
{a) H2S04 (b) S02 (c) it protects the earth's inhabitants by absorbing
(c) H 2S03 (d) H2S20s alpha and gamma radiations
15. Carbon on tnatment with cone. HN03 gives : (d) its molecule is bent in structure

{a) N02 + CO2 + H20 (b) NO + CO2 9. Which of the following compounds has a bond angle
close to 90"?
(c) N02 + NO + CO2 (d) H2C03
(a) NH3 (b) H S
2
16. Both copper and lead convert dilute HN03 into : (c) H 20 (d) 04
(a) N03and N02 (bl NH; and NOj
1 0. Which of the following bonds has the highest energy?
(c) NOj and NO (d) NH; and NO (a) Se - Se (b) Te -Te
17. Which o( the following compounds does not form (c) S-S (d) 0 - 0
ammonia on heating? 11. Which of the following gases may act as both as an
W (NH.) 2SO,. (b) NH,.Cl oxidizing and a reducing agent?
(d (NH.)2C03 (d) NH,.N02 (a) H~ (b) S0
3
11. Which Ont! of the following compounds is most (c) S0i (d) 0i
Qplostve? 12. Which of the following elements occurs in native
(a) NC13 (b} PCI3 State?
(d ) NF3 (a) P (b) S
Crl AsCl 3
(c) Si (d) I
 72 I VATSAL ISC QUESTION BANK of CHEMISTRY c1... XII
13. Which of the following compounds is often
used as a (c) HI > HBr > HCl > HF, acidic pro~~ power
non-aqueou s solvent?
(d) F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > l2, electroneganVIty .
S03 (l)
(a)
(b) S02 (1)
k)Se02 (1) High concentratio n of fluoride are poisonous and
(d) C02Cl) 9. harmful to bones and teeths at levels over :
Topic 3 : Group 17 Elements (a) I ppm (b) 3 ppm
1. In which of the following pairs of halogens do the (c) 5 ppm (d) 10 ppm
members resemble each other more closely in their 10. The halogen that is most easily reduced to :
properties?
(a) p (b) Cl2
(a) F and Cl 2
(b) Cl and Br
(c) F and Br (c) Br (d) 12
(d) F and At 2
11 . Which of the following is arranged in order of
2. Which of the following elements can have only -1
oxidation state in an aqueous solution? increasing bond energy?
(a) I (b) Cl (a) 12 < Br2 < CJ2 < F 2 (b) 12 < F2 < Br2 < Cl2
(c)Br ~)F (c) 12 < Br2 < F2 < Cl2 (d) Cl2 < Br2 < F2 < 12
3. All the halogens are coloured due to : 12. Which of the following atoms has the highest electron
(a) weak van der Waals' forces between the halogens affinity?
molecules
(a) F (b) Cl
(b) strong oxidizing power of the halogens
(c) absorption of light which causes an electron to (c) Br (d) I
jump from the ground state to a higher state 13. Which of the following halide ions is the most basic?
(d) emission of light due to transfer of an electron (a) Jr (b) er
from a higher state to the ground state
(c) Br- (d) r
4. Which of the following halogens is a solid at room
14. van der Waals' force is the strongest in :
temperatur e?
(a) F2 (b) Br
(a) Br2 2
(c) Cl2 (d) 1
(c) F2 2
15. The halogen having zero
5. Which of the following arrangemen ts does not truly standard enthalpy of
formation is :
represent the property indicated against it? (a) Cl2 (g)
(a) Br2 < Cl 2 < F2 : electronega tivity (b) Br2 (g)
(c) Br2 (l)
(d) F 2 (s)
(b) Br2 < F2 < Cl2 : electoron affinity 16. The principal oxidation
(c) Br2 < Cl2 < F2 : bond energy states of halogens except
fluorine is :
(d) Br2 < CJ2 < F2 : oxidising power (a) -1, +I, +4
(b) -1, +2, +4, +6, +7
6. Which of the following factors is most important in (c) -l, +l, +4, +G, +7 (d) -1, +l, +3, +5, +7
making fluorine the strongest oxidising agent? 17.
Chlorine on reaction with excess of ammonia gives :
(a) Electron affinity
(a) NCl3 and HCl (b) N and HCl
(b) Ionisation energy 2
(c) NH2~l and NH4C1 (d) N2 and NJ4Cl
(c) Hydration energy
18.
Ammorua on reaction with excess of chlorine gives :
(d) Bond dissociation energy
(a) NCl3 and HCl (b) N and N~Cl
7. Which one of the following arrangemen ts represents 2
(c) N~l3 and NJ-4Cl (d) NH2Cl and Nf4Cl
the correct order of electron gain enthalpy (with 19.
Chlonne . reacts with dilute NaOH under ord'm... """1
negative sign) of the given atomic species? conditions to give :
(a) F < Cl < 0 < S (b) S < 0 < Cl < F (a) NaCl and Naao
3 {b) NaCl and Cl0
(c) O < S < F < Cl (d) Cl < F < S < O (c) NaCl and NaClO 2
(d) NaCl and CJ 0
8. Which of the following orders is not in accordance 20. Chlorine on reaction 2
produces : with hot and cone. NaOft
with the property stated against it?
(a) f 2 > c12 > Br2 > 12, bond dissociation energy (a) NaCl03 and NaClQ
(c) NaCl and Naao
(b) NaCl and NaCl03
(b) f 2 > cJ2 > Br2 > 12, oxidizing power 4 (d) NaC10 and NaCl04
3
 THE p-BLOCK ELEMENTS I 73

21 . Whi~ of the following hydrogen halides is the most (d) strong affinity of HCl gas for the moisture of air
volatile?
leads to the formation of droplets of the add
(a) HF (b) HI solution which appears like a cloud
(c) HCl (d) HBr 29. Iodine readily dissolves in KI solution due to :
22. Whi':11 °~ the following is the weakest acid in glacial (a) increase in polarity of the medium
aceuc acid medium?
(a) HI
(b) the formation of 13+ ion
(b) HBr
(c) HF (c) the formation of 13- ion
(d) HCl
(d) the conversion of 12 into I- ions
23. Which of ~e following interhalogens is not correctly
matched with the given shape? Topic 4 : Group 18 Elements
(a) ClF3 ➔ T-shaped 1 . The noble gas which was discovered first in the sun
and then on the earth is :
(b) BrFs ➔ Square pyramidal
(a) neon (b) argon
(c) IF7 ➔ Pentagonal bipyramidal
(c) helium (d) xenon
(d) BrF3 ➔ Pyramidal
2. In which of the following pairs of noble g~ses is there
24. Which of the following statements is not appropriate a large change in van der Waals' radii?
regarding the characteristics of interhalogen (a) He and Ne (b) Ne and Ar
compounds? (c) Ar and Kr (d) Kr and Xe
(a) They are usually less reactive than halogens (except 3. The noble gas which has the highest value of boiling
fluorine) point is:
(b) They are not so stable, but none of them is explosive (a) helium (b) radon
(c) argon (d) krypton
(c) They are covalent in nature
4. Which of the following statements is not correct?
(d) They have low boiling points and are highly volatile
(a) Radon is obtained from the radioactive decay of
25. Which of the following arrangements gives correct radium
order of reactivity of the interhalogens? (b) Helium is a noble gas
(a) ClF3 > BrF3 > IF7 (b) CIF > BrF3 > IF3 (c) Xenon is the most reactive among the noble gases
(c) BrF > IF3 > IF (d) all of these (d) The most abundant noble gas found in the

26. Which of the following halogens forms stable atmosphere is helium

5 . Which of the following forms the least number of
homopolyhalide ions?
compounds?
(a) Bromine (b) Iodine (a) Helium (b) Argon
(c) Chlorine (d) Fluorine (c) Krypton {d) Xenon
27. The hybridization of the central atom of the ClF3 6. Which of the following is a super fluid?
molecule and the shape of the molecule are (a) Helium I (b) Helium 11
respectively : (c) Krypton (d) Argon
3 7. Helium 11 is the most extraordinary liquid with :
(a) sp d, ttigonal bipyramidal
3 (a) zero viscosity and very high thermal conductivity
(b) sp d, T-shaped
2
(c) sp , planar ttiangular (b) zero viscosity and low thermal conductivity

(d) sp3d, square planar (c) very high viscosity and very high thermal conductivity
(d) very high viscosity and zero thermal conductivity-
28. When kept in open air, concentrated HCl produces a
8. The gas called the stranger gas is:
cloud of white fumes. This is because :
(a) krypton (b) argon
(a) concentrated HCl pulls the moisture of air towards
(c) neon (d) xenon
itself as it has strong affinity for water and this
9. The coloured discharge tube for the advertisement
moisture forms droplets of water and hence the mainly contains :
cloud (a) xenon (b) helium
(b) concentrated HCl continuously emits strong (c) krypton (d) argon
smelling HCl gas which looks like a cloud 10. Set of elements known as aerogens is :
(c) aerial oxygen reacts with the emitted HCl gas to (a) N, I! S (b) He, Ne, Ar
form a cloud of chlorine gas (c) 0 , S, Se ·(d) F, Cl, Br
 74 I VATSAL ISC QUESTION BAN K of CHEMISTRY Cla
.. XII
11 . The least polarisable nobl
e gas is : 20. In solid argon, the atoms are held by :
(a) Xe Kr
(b) (a) ionic bonds (b) hydr ogen bond s
(c) Ne (d) He
12. Whic h of the follo (c) van der Waals' forces (d) cova lent bond s
wing noble gases has the highest
positive electron gain enth alpy value? 21 . The structure of XeF2 is :
(a) Heli um (b) Krypton (a) square plan ar (b) linea r
(c) Neo n (d) Argon (d) pyra mida l
(c) plane triangular
13. What is the natu
re of bond s betw een 22. The XeF6 molecule is:
molecules and noble gases in clatharates? the host (a) tetra hedr al with one lone pair
(a) Ionic
of elec tron s
(b) Metallic (b) trigonal bipyramidal with
two lone pairs of
(c) Covalent (d) No bond s electrons
14. Xenon trioxide has a shap (c) capped octahedral with one Jone
e of : pa~ of electrons
(a) pyra mid (d) capped octahedral with two lone
(b) octa hedr on parrs of electrons
(c) te~ edr on (d) trigonal bipyrarnid 23. The lowest boiling point of He is due to :
15. Which of the following (a) its inertness
noble gases has an
identical first ionization energy to that of oxyg almost (b) its gaseous natu re
en?
(a) Xe (b) Ar (c) its high polarizability
(c) He (d) weak van der Waals' forces betw
(d) Ne een its atom s
16. Noble gases are difficult to .24. Which of the following fluorides of
liquefy because their : xeno n does not
(a) dispersion forces are large exist?
(a) XeF2 (b) XeF4
(b) disp ersio n forces are small
(c) XeF6 (d) XeF3
(c) ioniz ation energies are low
25. Which of the following noble gase
(d) elec tron affinities are high s is used in miner's
cap lamps?
17. The gas used for filling ballo (a) Helium
ons is He and not H2 (b) Neo n
beca use: (c) Argon (d) Krypton
(a) He is light er than H (b) H2 is inflammable 26. Which of the following
2 is employed in flash tube s in
(c) H2 is light er than He (d) H2 is not available photography?
18. The gas which forms the maximum (a) Ar (b) Ne
num ber of
com poun ds is : (c) Kr (d) He
(a) neon (b) krypton 27. The geo me~
of XeF6 molecule and the hybridisation
(c) xeno n (d) rado n of Xe atom m the molecule is :
19. Which of the following gases is the mos (a) disto rted octa hedr al and sp 3 3
t polarizable? d
(a) Heli um (b) Xenon (b) squa re plan ar and sp 3d 2
(c) Krypton (c) pyramidal and sp 3
(d) Radon
(d) octa hedr al and sp3 d 3

0 MCQs ®lfil AssER110N-REAsoN1NG 1v pe

The questions given below consist of an
Assertion and the 1. Assertion
Reason. Use the follo wing key to choose In BrF3 .molecul th
the appropriate e, e 1one pairs occupy
answer. equaton al positions .
Reason
(a) Assertion is false but Reason is true. It is due to minimise lone pair- lone pair
and lone pair-bond P"'•r
(b) Assertion is true but Reason is false . 2. Assertion rep u1s·ions.
'-LU
Nitro gen and
(c) Both Assertion and Reason are true but oxygen are the main
Reason is not com pone nts in th
the correct explanation of the Assertion . e atmo sphe re but these
do not reac t to &
Reason
,arm oxid
,
es of nitro gen.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are true and The reac tion between nitro gen and
Reason is the
correct explanation of the Assertion. oxygen requ ires high temp eratu re.
 THE p BLOCK Eli:.MEtffS I 71
3. Asseruon No_ble gases have very high boiling Rt',hon Oxygen fonns /Jn•pn multiple bond due
pomts. to small size ant.I small bond length but
R1:ason Monoatomic noble gases are held prt•pn bonding Is not there bl 11ulphur.
together by weak van der Waals' forces. Chlorine and sulphur dloxJde borh ate
15. A..,.,~11 1nn
4. Assertion Halogens are coloured. bleaching ogcnta.
Rcnson Iodine absorbs yellow and green part of
He.,~on The bleaching action of chlorine and
light and appears violet.
sulphur dioxide is performed through
5. Assenion CO2 is a gas but SiO2 is a solid at room the process of oxidation.
temperature.
phosphorus arc known
Reason CO2 contains C ,_ 0 bonds but SiO 2 16. A:.scm1011 · Pcntnhalldes of
but pcntnhalldes of nitrogen have not
does not contain Si -=- O bonds.
been observed.
6. Assertion Nitrogen is less reactive than molecular
oxygen. Reuson Phosphorus has lower clec1ronego1lviry
Re.ison The bond lengths of N2 is shorter than than nitrogen.
that of 0 2. 17. A:.:.cn wn Amongst the halogens, fluorine can
oxidise the clr ments t"O highest· ox.id at Ion
7. Assertion Ozone is a powetful oxidising agent in
State.
comparison to oxyxe.n.
Hl!ll'>Oll Due to small size of fluoride Ion, It
Reason Ozone is dJamagnetic but oxygen ts
is difficult to oxidise nuorldo Ion to
paramagnetic.
fluorine. Hence reverse reacrlon takes
8. Assertion H--0-F bond angle is hiaher than place more easily.
H-0-Cl bond angle in H-0-X. 18. A.~•t•ntun In SO 2, the bond angle is 11 9° whereas
Rca:.on Oxygen is more electronegative than In SO3 , the bond angle is 120°.
halogens. Ren5on Sulphur atom In both SO2 end SO3 Is
3
9. Assertion Noble gases have positive electron gain sp hybridised.
enthalpy. 10. Asst'rtion Xenon forms compounds with fluorine
Noble gases have stable closed shell and oxygen.
Reason
electronic cofiguration. llt•nc:on Fluorine and oxygen have high
10. As,ertion H-S-H bond angle in H2S ts closer to electront>gac-ivltics and amall size.
90° but H-0-H bond angle ln water is 20. "'""Clt1on F-F bond in F2 molecule is strong.
104.5°. R.e,1c:on The interelectronlc repulsion between
Rc,,on Lone pair-lone pair repulsion is stronger two lone pairs on two fluorine aroms ia
in H2S than in H2O, strong.
11 . A.-.senion ~action of so2 and H2S in presence of 21. A..,,rrtion Halogens have maximum negative
Fe o
2 3
catalyst gives elemental sulphur. electron gain enthalpy.
Re:ison so2 acts as reducing agl'nt. l{('J\Ofl Halogens have smallest slr.e in their
12, Ass~rtion N2 is less reactive than P4. respective periods.
22. A~c.l rtio11 lCl is more reactive than 11 .
Re:ison Nitrogen has more bond dissociation
energy than phosphorus. Rc..3,;on l, Is non-polar but I- Cl ts a polar
Nitric acid makes iron active. molecule having weaker bond than 1- 1.
l3. As, C'1tion
23. A.i: ,c•rtaon Helium ls used for flllln1 weather
Rea.~on Nitric acid forms a protecdve layer of
balloons.
oxide of iron on the surface of iron,
Rc,.1,on Helium is intlam.mab\e and htavy gas.
14. Asstnion Both rhombic and monoclinic sulphur
exist as s8 but oxygen exists as 0 2,
 76 IVATSAL 1sc QUESTION BANK of CHEMISTRY cI... XII

,---- --- ........,.

A-
~ c o , , r ~ ,..2,

LL: o.a- oown the g~

np'
rM11 . lncr"UNa down lhe group (NH4½Cr20 , ....!... N2 • Cr:z03 + 4H:z0
,,....... : Colotmesa. odour1eA
Halogen• ,-=t wilh NCh other
and tc,m compe,undS called
0 N· - 3 to •~
(l) 3Mg • Nz ~ Mg3N2 lnlllmaiogen oompounda
(D) Nz • 3H2 ---+ 2NH3 X - X ,.. C--- X II men E.N. lharl .l(}

+
~ • H~◄ -. NaHSO• • HNQ3
.....,_ : Colourless loqlJld
(l) C • CHNO:J - + COi • Hi() + CNOi
l'IIIUutlia, , : Haber'• pnx:Na

In water.
......
N1•~ ::::, 2NH,
l'nlpartles : Coloultes aga
wilh pungent odour, aoluble

NH3 + H2O--+ N~OH

..------c-
E1ectronk CDnfllllf1d,On : n;, nps
Atomlc radii : ln<:rellNS down the group
(i) S. • ~ - &HiSO. • C8N0i • 1 ~ 1.f. : o.a- down the group
I•) 3CY • 8HN01 (dil.) - - . 3Cu(N~►.i + 2NO + CH 0
2 E.N. : F> Cl>Br>I
(rv) Cu • CHNO:, (cone.) - Cu(N03l2 • 2N02 • 2H20 £.A. : Cl>F > Br >I

Block Elvme
•
o.ctnnc mntlgunn .,, . ml, np•
. . . . ,... , ~ down the group Pn,pan,Uon :
ll. Dea- down the group 2l<C103 .:.0, , 2KCJ + 3Di
A.iloCrOpy : Al .r1ibi1 allotropy oxoaC>d of sulphur.
l'npartias : Colourieea. adourtea Group 18

9 0
II
s
2SOz + O i ~ 2 ~
CHCI + Clz ~ 2CI • 2Hi()

HO'f '
HO O • Oaygen P'
ml, ,,,,•
Elactronlc confiQurotlon : (excapc He)
0ccurrm'- 1 All except radon oa:ur In nacin
• Atomic radJl: lnc:reaes down the IP'OI,.:, ·
0 0 LL . High; LA. : l...argely poajtive; IV. and 8JI.: low
Ozone
II II Physlcal ProPCrt,n . Maoa.••u ic, oolounaaa. odaurlea.
~ s \" o- o ,.....,...-I s ~o lllatelea.
Chamlcol pr0Pfflit$ . Xenon bm C0"1pound a wit!
O OH HO
fluorine and
' • :zO, UMS : 'He' uaed In Mirig balaon& ~ -
'At' used 1n---.....__ _ . 'Ne \med In neon 1iQ1a.
·--...-:e nt ""'1,a_
 THE p-BLOCK ELEMENT'S I 77

ANSWER SHEET
23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (d)
21. (c) 22. Cd
MOST EXPECTED MCQS Topic 1 : Group 15 Elements 29. (c}
26. (b) 27. (b) 28. Ca)
1. (a) 2 . (a) 3. Ca) 4 . (b } 5. (d )
Topic 4 : Group 18 Elements
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d} 9. (d) 10. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a)
l. Cc) 2. (b ) 3. (b)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. Ca) 15. (a) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b )
6. (b) 7. (a)
16. (c) 17. (d} 18. (a)
12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (a) 1S. (a)
11. (d)
Topic 2 : Group 16 Elements 18. (c) 19. (b ) 20. (C)
16. Cb) 17. (b)
2. (a) 3. (a } 4 . Cc} 5. (a ) 23. Cd) 24. (d) 25. (d)
1. (d) 21. (b) 22. (c)
6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c ) 9. ( b) 10 . Cc) 27. (a )
26. (c)
11. (c) 12. {b) 13. (b) MCQs on ASSERTION-REASONING TYPE
2. (d ) 3 . Ca) 4. (c) 5. (c)
Topic 3 : Group 17 Elements l . (d)
4 . (d) 5. (c) 7. (c) 8~ (a) 9. (d ) 10. (b )
1. (b) 2. Cd) 3. (c) 6. (d)
10 . (a) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15-. (b )
6. (c) 7 . (d} 8. (a) 9. (b ) 11 . ( b) 12. (d )
15. Cc) 17. (c ) 18. Cb) 19. (d) 20. (a )
12. Cb) 13. (a } 14. (d ) 16. (c )
11. (b)
19. (c) 20. (b) 21. (d ) 22. (d ) 23. (b)
16. (d) 17. (d ) 18. (a)