Afttp 3-2.6 Jfire

JFIRE
MULTI-SERVICE TACTICS,
TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES
FOR JOINT APPLICATION OF
FIREPOWER
ATP 3-09.32
MCRP 3-16.6A
NTTP 3-09.2
AFTTP 3-2.6
JANUARY 2016
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT D: Distribution authorized to

DOD and DOD contractors only to protect technical or
operational information from automatic dissemination under the
International Exchange Program or by other means. This
protection applies to publications required solely for official use
and to those containing valuable technical or operational
information. This determination was made on 26 February
2015. Other requests will be referred to:
TRADOC, HQ CAC, ATTN: ATZL-MCK-D, Fort Leavenworth,
KS 66027-6900; HQMC, DC, CD&I, ATTN: C116, Quantico VA,
22134-5021; NWDC, ATTN: N52, Norfolk, VA 23511-2723; and
LeMay Center, ATTN: DDJ, Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6004.
DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that prevents
disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.
*Supersedes ATP 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-
09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6, dated November 2012
REL TO NATO, FVEY, FIN, JOR, ROK, SAU, SWE, and UAE
FOREWORD
This multi-Service tactics, techniques, and procedures (MTTP) publication is a
project of the Air Land Sea Application (ALSA) Center in accordance with the
memorandum of agreement between the Headquarters of the Army, Marine
Corps, Navy, and Air Force doctrine commanders directing ALSA to develop
MTTP publications to meet the immediate needs of the warfighter.
This MTTP publication has been prepared by ALSA under our direction for
implementation by our respective commands and for use by other commands as
appropriate.
WILLARD M. BURLESON III R. B. TURNER JR

Brigadier General, US Army Brigidier General (Sel), US Marine Corps
Director Director
Mission Command Center of Capabilities Development Directorate
Excellence
S. A. STEARNEY TIMOTHY J. LEAHY

Rear Admiral, US Navy Major General, US Air Force
Commander Commander
Navy Warfare Development Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine
Command Development and Education
This publication is available through the following web sites:

ALSA (http://www.alsa.mil/);
US Army (https://armypubs.us.army.mil/doctrine/index.html);
US Marine Corps (https://www.doctrine.usmc.mil);
US Navy at Navy Doctrine Library System (https://ndls.nwdc.navy.mil);
US Air Force at Air Force E-Publishing System (http://www.e-
publishing.af.mil/); and Joint Electronic Library Plus
(https://jdeis.js.mil/jdeis/index.jsp?pindex=0).
PREFACE
1. Purpose
The Joint Application of Firepower (JFIRE) publication is a pocket-sized, quick-
reference guide for requesting fire support in accordance with approved joint
tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP). JFIRE contains calls for fire, a format
for joint air strike requests, close air support coordination and planning
procedures, communications architecture, weapons data, and medical/casualty
evacuation procedures.
Note: For the Army, the term “command and control” was replaced with “mission
command.” Mission command now encompasses the Army’s philosophy of
command (still known as mission command) as well as the exercise of authority
and direction to accomplish missions (formerly known as command and control).
2. Scope
JFIRE applies to the tactical and special operating forces of the Army, Marine
Corps, Navy, and Air Force. It is a United States (US) unilateral-only document,
but includes some North Atlantic Treaty Organization formats where appropriate.
It intentionally contains some information contained in other Service and Joint
directives. Members of battalion- and squadron-level combat units are the
primary audience.
3. Applicability
This MTTP publication applies to all commanders and their staffs that participate
in operations that involve the JFIRE. It is intended for release to the partner
nations and groups listed on the front cover.
4. Implementation Plan
Participating Service command offices of primary responsibility will review this
publication; validate the information; and, where appropriate, reference and
incorporate it in Service manuals, regulations, and curricula as follows:
Army. Upon approval and authentication, the Army will incorporate the TTP
contained herein into the US Army Doctrine and Training Literature Program as
directed by the Commander, US Army Training and Doctrine Command
(TRADOC). Distribution is in accordance with applicable directives listed on the
authentication page.
Marine Corps. 1 The Marine Corps will incorporate the procedures in this
publication into US Marine Corps doctrine publications as directed by the Deputy
Commandant, Combat Development and Integration (DC, CD&I). Distribution is
in accordance with the Marine Corps Publication Distribution System.
Navy. The Navy will incorporate these procedures in US Navy training and
doctrine publications as directed by the Commander, Navy Warfare Development
Command (NWDC) [N5]. Distribution is in accordance with the
MILSTRIP/MILSTRAP Desk Guide, Naval Supply Systems Command
Publication 409.
1
Marine Corps PCN: 144 000033 00
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Air Force. The Air Force will incorporate the procedures in this publication in
accordance with applicable governing directives. Distribution is in accordance
with Air Force Instruction 33-360, Publications and Forms Management.
5. User Information
a. US Army Combined Arms Center; HQMC, DC, CD&I; NWDC; Curtis E.
LeMay Center for Doctrine Development and Education; and Air Land Sea
Application (ALSA) Center developed this publication with the joint
participation of the approving Service commands. ALSA will review and
update this publication as necessary.
b. This publication reflects current joint and Service doctrine, command and
control organizations, facilities, personnel, responsibilities, and procedures.
Changes in Service protocol, appropriately reflected in joint and Service
publications, will be incorporated in revisions to this document.
c. We encourage readers to recommend changes for improving this
publication. Key your comments to the specific page and paragraph and
provide a rationale for each recommendation. Send comments and
recommendations directly to:
Army
Commander, US Army Combined Arms Center
ATTN: ATZL-MCK-D
Fort Leavenworth KS 66027-6900
DSN 552-4885 COMM (913) 684-4885; [email protected]
Marine Corps
Deputy Commandant for Combat Development and Integration
ATTN: C116
3300 Russell Road, Suite 204
Quantico VA 22134-5021
DSN 278-3616/6233 COMM (703) 784-3616/6233; [email protected]
Navy
Commander, Navy Warfare Development Command
ATTN: N52
1528 Piersey St, Building O-27
Norfolk VA 23511-2723
Air Force
Commander, Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine Development and Education
ATTN: DDJ
401 Chennault Circle
Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6428
DSN 493-7864/1681 COMM (334) 953-7864/1681; [email protected]
ALSA
Director, ALSA Center
114 Andrews Street
Joint Base Langley-Eustis VA 23665-2785
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
ATP 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP 3-2.6, Multi-Service Tactics,
Techniques, and Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower (JFIRE).
This revision provides a significant overhaul of the MTTP. The publication was
reorganized in the following order:
• Chapter I—Planning Considerations.
• Chapter II—Surfaced-based Fire Support.
• Chapter III—Air-to-surface Fires.
• Chapter IV—Electronic Attack.
• Chapter V—Cyberspace Effects.
• Appendix A—Capabilities and Communications Equipment.
• Appendix B—Brevity.
• Appendix C—Laser Operations.
• Appendix D—Aircraft-delivered Munitions Descriptions.
• Appendix E—Collateral Damage.
• Appendix F—General Information.
• Appendix G—Medical Evacuation, Casualty Evacuation, and Landing
Zone Briefs
• Appendix H—Risk Estimate Distances.
• Appendix I—Minimum Safe Distances.
• Appendix J—Electronic Attack/Calls for Electronic Fires (SECRET).
• Appendix K—Cyberspace Effects (SECRET).
Appendices J and K are available on the Air Land Sea Application Center’s
classified website https://intelshare.intelink.sgov.gov/sites/alsa.
The following are specific changes:
• The former Chapter IV—Electronic/Cyber Fires has been split into two
chapters: Chapter IV—Electronic Attack and Chapter V—Cyber Effects.
• The term CCA, and references to it, have been removed.
• The former Appendix D—Fire Support Coordinating Measures and
Airspace Coordinating Measures was removed. Refer to MTTP Airspace
Control.
• Modifications were made to risk estimate distance and minimum safe
distance tables and methodologies.
• Unclassified surface-to-air threat tables were added.
• A significant number of tables have been added for operator use.
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*ATP 3-09.32
MCRP 3-16.6A
NTTP 3-09.2
AFTTP 3-2.6
ATP 3-09.32 US Army Training and Doctrine Command
Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Virginia
US Army Combined Arms Center
Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
MCRP 3-16.6A Headquarters, USMC, Deputy Commandant, CD&I
Quantico, Virginia
NTTP 3-09.2 Navy Warfare Development Command
Norfolk, Virginia
AFTTP 3-2.6 Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine
Development and Education
Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
21 January 2016
JFIRE
MULTI-SERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES FOR
JOINT APPLICATION OF FIREPOWER
CHAPTER I PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS..................................................... 1
1. General Planning for Joint Fire Support .................................................. 1
2. Digitally Aided Close Air Support (DACAS) planning considerations ....... 5
3. Department of Defense (DD) Form 1972, Joint Tactical Air Strike
Request (JTAR)...................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER II SURFACE-BASED FIRE SUPPORT ............................................. 7
1. Artillery and Mortar Fire .......................................................................... 7
2. Rockets and Missiles ............................................................................ 19
3. Naval Surface Fire Support (NSFS) ...................................................... 20
4. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) Call For Fire ............................ 26
5. Surface Fire Munitions .......................................................................... 30
CHAPTER III AIR-TO-SURFACE FIRES .......................................................... 37
1. Close Air Support.................................................................................. 37
2. CAS Execution Considerations ............................................................. 37
3. Terminal Attack Control Responsibilities ............................................... 39
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT D: Distribution authorized to DOD and DOD contractors only to protect
technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program
or by other means. This protection applies to publications required solely for official use and to those
containing valuable technical or operational information. This determination was made on 26 February 2015.
Other requests will be referred to:
TRADOC, HQ CAC, ATTN: ATZL-MCK-D, Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027-6900; HQMC, DC, CD&I, ATTN:
C116, Quantico VA, 22134-5021; NWDC, ATTN: N52, Norfolk, VA 23511-2723; and LeMay Center, ATTN:
DDJ, Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6004. DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that prevents
disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.
*Supersedes ATP 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6, dated November 2012
REL TO NATO, FVEY, FIN, JOR, ROK, SAU, SWE, and UAE
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4. Routing and Safety of Flight .................................................................. 40

5. CAS Aircraft Check-in ........................................................................... 42
6. Situation Update ................................................................................... 42
7. CAS Game plan and 9-Line CAS Briefing ............................................. 47
8. Threat Mitigation Plan (Avoid-Suppress-Kill) ......................................... 49
9. Aircraft and Surface Fires Integration Techniques................................. 50
10. Coordinated Attacks ........................................................................... 52
11. Joint Air Attack Team (JAAT) .............................................................. 53
12. Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) ..................................................... 53
13. FAC(A) Integration .............................................................................. 54
14. JFO Integration ................................................................................... 55
15. CAS Execution with Non-JTAC Personnel .......................................... 57
16. Bomber CAS Employment Considerations .......................................... 59
17. RW CAS Employment Considerations ................................................ 60
18. Army Attack Aviation Procedures ........................................................ 62
19. Army Attack Aviation and Special Operations Forces (SOF) Gunship
Call for Fire ........................................................................................... 63
20. SOF Gunship Fires ............................................................................. 63
CHAPTER IV ELECTRONIC ATTACK (EA) ..................................................... 69
1. Background .......................................................................................... 69
CHAPTER V CYBERSPACE EFFECTS ........................................................... 73
1. Cyberspace Operations ........................................................................ 73
2. Planning Considerations ....................................................................... 73
3. CERF ................................................................................................... 74
4. JTCR .................................................................................................... 74
5. Details .................................................................................................. 74
APPENDIX A CAPABILITIES AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT ............. 77
1. Capabilities and Communications Equipment ....................................... 77
2. Aircraft Sensor Capabilities ................................................................... 85
APPENDIX B BREVITY .................................................................................... 89
APPENDIX C LASER OPERATIONS ............................................................... 97
1. Laser Designation Zones ...................................................................... 97
2. Rotary-wing Hellfire Designator Safety Zone......................................... 97
3. United States Marine Corps (USMC) RQ-7B Fixed-wing (FW) Laser
Guided Bomb (LGB) Designation.......................................................... 99
4. USMC RQ-7B Offset Laser Guided Weapons Designation ................. 100
5. Laser Communications Examples ....................................................... 101
APPENDIX D AIRCRAFT-DELIVERED MUNITIONS DESCRIPTIONS .......... 105
1. Bomb Live Unit (BLU) Munitions ......................................................... 105
2. Guided Bombs .................................................................................... 105
3. Guided Missiles .................................................................................. 106
4. Guns ................................................................................................... 108
5. Rockets .............................................................................................. 109
6. Cluster Munitions ................................................................................ 110
7. Illumination Flares............................................................................... 111
8. Common United Kingdom Weapons ................................................... 111
9. Weapon Pairings ................................................................................ 112
APPENDIX E COLLATERAL DAMAGE ......................................................... 115
1. Collateral Damage .............................................................................. 115
2. The Five Basic Questions of CDE ....................................................... 115
APPENDIX F GENERAL INFORMATION....................................................... 117
1. Conversion Tables .............................................................................. 117
2. Radio Frequency Bands ..................................................................... 119
3. Surface-to-Air Threat Capabilities ....................................................... 119
APPENDIX G MEDICAL EVACUATION (MEDEVAC), CASUALTY
EVACUATION (CASEVAC), AND LANDING ZONE (LZ) BRIEFS ................. 123
1. MEDEVAC.......................................................................................... 123
2. CASEVAC .......................................................................................... 123
3. Helicopter Landing Zone (HLZ)/Tilt-Rotor LZ Brief .............................. 123
4. Helicopter/Tilt-Rotor Landing Zone Considerations ............................. 125
5. Airdrop Planning Considerations ......................................................... 125
APPENDIX H RISK ESTIMATE DISTANCES (REDS).................................... 127
1. Background ........................................................................................ 127
2. Surface-to-Surface REDs ................................................................... 128
3. Air-to-Surface REDs ........................................................................... 131
APPENDIX I MINIMUM SAFE DISTANCES (MSDS) ...................................... 135
APPENDIX J ELECTRONIC ATTACK/CALLS FOR ELECTRONIC FIRES
(SECRET) ....................................................................................................... 141
APPENDIX K CYBERSPACE EFFECTS (SECRET) ...................................... 143
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 145
GLOSSARY .................................................................................................... 147
List of Figures
Figure 1. Sample DD Form 1972 ........................................................................ 6
Figure 2. Mil-relation Formula in Shift From a Known Point Method.................. 15
Figure 3. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile Loiter Geometry ............................... 27
Figure 4. A CAS Execution Template Example................................................. 38
Figure 5. Keyhole Template ............................................................................. 41
Figure 6. Avoid-Suppress-Kill Threat Mitigation Methodology ........................... 50
Figure 7. Lateral Fires Deconfliction ................................................................. 51
Figure 8. Timed Fires Deconfliction .................................................................. 51
Figure 9. Bomber CAS Considerations ............................................................. 60
Figure 10. AC-130 Wheel Example................................................................... 65
Figure 11. AC-130 IP-to-Target Run-in Example............................................... 66
Figure 12. AC-130 Opposite Sector Attack Example......................................... 67
Figure 13. AC-130 Integration Example ............................................................ 68
Figure 14. Spectrum Usage of Sensors, Weapons, and Marking Devices ......... 87
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Figure 15. Laser Designation and Optimal Attack Zones .................................. 97

Figure 16. Rotary-wing Hellfire Designator Three-dimensional View ................. 98
Figure 17. Hellfire Designation Two-dimensional View...................................... 99
Figure 18. USMC RQ-7B Laser Guided Bomb Designation Template ............. 100
Figure 19. USMC RQ-7B Offset Laser Guided Weapon Designation Template101
List of Tables
Table 1. General Planning for Joint Fire Support ................................................. 1
Table 2. Variable Message Format (VMF) Settings Checklist .............................. 5
Table 3. Situation Awareness Data Link Settings Checklist ................................. 5
Table 4. Elements and Transmissions of a Call for Fire ....................................... 7
Table 5. Methods of Fire and Control .................................................................. 8
Table 6. Message to Observer ............................................................................ 9
Table 7. Adjustments........................................................................................... 9
Table 8. Mission Completion ............................................................................... 9
Table 9. Adjust Fire Mission (Grid or Laser Grid Method) .................................. 12
Table 10. Adjust Fire Mission (Polar Plot or Laser Polar)................................... 13
Table 11. Adjust Fire Mission (Shift from a Known Point) .................................. 14
Table 12. Fire for Effect Mission (Grid Method) ................................................. 15
Table 13. Suppression / Immediate Suppression / Immediate Smoke Mission
(Grid Method) .................................................................................... 16
Table 14. Marking Mission (Grid Method) .......................................................... 16
Table 15. Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) Mission (Marine Corps
Grid Method) ..................................................................................... 17
Table 16. Artillery or Mortar Quick Smoke Request ........................................... 17
Table 17. Artillery or Mortar Coordinated Illumination Request .......................... 18
Table 18. Guns Up Ready to Fire (GURF) Report ............................................. 21
Table 19. Naval Gunfire Support Report Format................................................ 22
Table 20. Naval Surface Fire Support Call for Fire (Grid / Polar Plot / Shift from a
Known Point) ..................................................................................... 23
Table 21. Fresh Target (Example) ..................................................................... 24
Table 22. New Target (example) ....................................................................... 25
Table 23. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) Call for Fire .......................... 28
Table 24. Example Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) Call for Fire ........... 28
Table 25. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) Message to Observer .......... 29
Table 26. Example of a Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) Message to
Observer ........................................................................................... 30
Table 27. Field Artillery Cannons / Naval Surface Fire Support ......................... 30
Table 28. Mortars .............................................................................................. 32
Table 29. Artillery / Mortar / Illumination Factors ................................................ 33
Table 30. Planning Data for Smoke ................................................................... 33
Table 31. Artillery Precision Munitions ............................................................... 34
Table 32. Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) and High Mobility Artillery
Rocket System (HIMARS) ................................................................. 34
Table 33. CAS Execution Template ................................................................... 37
Table 34. Terminal Attack Roles and Responsibilities ....................................... 39
Table 35. Routing and Safety of Flight Considerations ...................................... 40
Table 36. Close Air Support Check-In Briefing .................................................. 42
Table 37. Situation Update Example 1 .............................................................. 43
Table 38. Situation Update Example 2 .............................................................. 45
Table 39. Game Plan and 9-Line CAS Brief ...................................................... 48
Table 40. Coordinated Attacks .......................................................................... 52
Table 41. Battle Damage Assessment Report ................................................... 54
Table 42. Examples of JTAC to JFO Coordination ............................................ 55
Table 43. Observer Lineup ................................................................................ 56
Table 44. Joint Fires Observer Target Brief ....................................................... 57
Table 45. Checklist for CAS with Non-JTAC Qualified Personnel ...................... 58
Table 46. Rotary-Wing CAS 5-Line Brief ........................................................... 61
Table 47. Army Aviation Air–to-Ground Check-In Brief ...................................... 62
Table 48. Army Attack Aviation and Special Operations Forces Gunship Call for
Fire Format........................................................................................ 63
Table 49. Adjusting AC-130 Gunship Fire.......................................................... 64
Table 50. AC-130 Integration Attributes............................................................. 64
Table 51. EA Targeting Matrix ........................................................................... 69
Table 52. Electronic Attack Request Format (EARF) ......................................... 70
Table 53. Electronic Attack Brief........................................................................ 71
Table 54. Target Systems, Components, and Elements Vulnerable to
Cyberspace Effects ........................................................................... 73
Table 55. Joint Tactical Cyber Request ............................................................. 75
Table 56. Fixed-wing Capabilities and Communications Equipment .................. 77
Table 57. Rotary-wing Capabilities and Communications Equipment ................ 81
Table 58. UAS Capabilities and Communication Equipment.............................. 83
Table 59. Aircraft Sensor Capabilities................................................................ 85
Table 60. Marking Brevity Terms ....................................................................... 89
Table 61. Laser Brevity Terms .......................................................................... 89
Table 62. Night Infrared Close Air Support Brevity Terms.................................. 90
Table 63. Video Down Link Brevity Terms ......................................................... 91
Table 64. Digitally Aided Close Air Support Brevity Terms................................. 93
Table 65. Data Link Radio Call Brevity Terms ................................................... 94
Table 66. Sensor Tasking Brevity Terms ........................................................... 95
Table 67. Electronic Warfare Brevity Terms ...................................................... 96
Table 68. General Brevity Terms ....................................................................... 96
Table 69. Recommended Target-Weapon Pairings ......................................... 112
Table 70. Collateral Damage Estimate (CDE) Levels of the Joint Collateral
Damage Estimation Methodology .................................................... 116
Table 71. Speed and Time Conversions.......................................................... 117
Table 72. Aircraft Run-in Speeds..................................................................... 117
Table 73. Distance Conversion Table (1 meter = 3.28 feet) ............................. 118
Table 74. Frequency Band Descriptions .......................................................... 119
Table 75. Surface-to-Air Missile Threat Capabilities ........................................ 119
Table 76. Air Defense Artillery Threat Capabilities........................................... 122
Table 77. MEDEVAC or CASEVAC Brief ........................................................ 123
Table 77. MEDEVAC or CASEVAC Brief (cont’d) ............................................ 124
Table 78. HLZ or Tilt-rotor Landing Zone Brief ................................................ 125
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Table 79. Helicopter or Tilt-rotor Landing Zone Considerations ....................... 125

Table 80. Airdrop Brief .................................................................................... 126
Table 81. Unguided Mortar Risk Estimate Distances ....................................... 128
Table 82. Unguided Cannon Risk Estimate Distances ..................................... 129
Table 83. Precision Guided Munitions Risk Estimate Distances ...................... 130
Table 84. Naval Gunfire Risk Estimate Distances............................................ 130
Table 85. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile Risk Estimate Distances ................. 131
Table 86. Fixed-wing Risk Estimate Distances ................................................ 131
Table 87. Rotary-Wing Risk Estimate Distances.............................................. 134
Table 88. Minimum Safe Distances for Ground Parties (for training use only) . 137
PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS
The following commands and agencies participated in creating this publication:
Joint
United States (US) Cyber Forces Command, Fort Meade, Maryland
US Joint Staff, J6, Norfolk, Virginia
US Special Operations Command, MacDill Air Force Base, Florida
Army
US Army 75th Ranger Regiment, Fort Benning, Georgia
US Army Aviation Center of Excellence, Fort Rucker, Alabama
US Army Combined Arms Center, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
US Army Cyber Command, Fort Belvoir, Virginia
US Army Fires Center of Excellence, Fort Sill, Oklahoma
US Army Special Operations Command, Fort Bragg, North Carolina
US Army Training and Doctrine Command, Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Virginia
Marine Corps
1st Marine Expeditionary Force, Camp Pendleton, California
2nd Marine Expeditionary Force, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina
Deputy Commandant, Combat Development and Integration, Quantico, Virginia
Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron – 1, Marine Corps Air Station,
Yuma, Arizona
US Marine Corps Capabilities Development Directorate, Quantico, Virginia
US Marine Corps Headquarters, Quantico, Virginia
US Marine Corps Special Operations Command, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina
Navy
Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center, Naval Air Station Fallon, Nevada
Navy Warfare Development Command, Norfolk, Virginia
Air Force
1st Special Operations Wing, Hurlburt Field, Florida
561st Joint Tactics Squadron, Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada
Air Combat Command/A3F, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia
Air Force Special Operations Command, Hurlburt Field, Florida
Air Mobility Command/A3DT, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois
Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine Development and Education, Maxwell Air
Force Base, Alabama
US Air Forces Central Command/A3XW, Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina
US Air Force Weapons School, Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada
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Chapter I
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
1. General Planning for Joint Fire Support
Table 1 is a list of general planning considerations for joint fire support. It is not
an all-inclusive list, but gives a broad spectrum of items to consider when
planning joint fire support. This list follows the five paragraph operations order
format as a standardized, premission briefing.
Table 1. General Planning for Joint Fire Support
Orientation/Situation
Terrain
a. Map datum, grid reference guides, common geographic reference
system / global area reference system, and imagery.
b. Observation / fields of fire.
c. Avenues of approach.
d. Key terrain.
e. Obstacles.
f. Cover and concealment.
g. Urban environment and lighting.
h. Sea state and hydrograph.
i. Target area crests.
j. Effects of density altitude on aircraft performance.
k. Urban or mountain line-of-sight considerations (communications and
lasers).
Weather
a. Ceiling and visibility.
b. Temperature.
c. Winds (surface and at altitude).
d. Sunrise / sunset.
e. Solar elevation and azimuth.
f. Moon data (rise / set, elevation, azimuth, percent illumination, lux).
g. Thermal crossover.
h. Relative / absolute humidity.
Enemy
a. Target type, size, activity, location and priorities.
b. Strengths and weaknesses.
c. Courses of action (most likely and most dangerous).
d. Observed tactics, techniques, and procedures.
e. Air, air defense, and surface threat (type and location).
f. Intelligence collection plan and products request.
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Table 1. General Planning for Joint Fire Support (cont’d)

Friendly
a. Organization for combat and command relationships.
b. Main effort and scheme of maneuver.
c. Friendly marking.
d. Adjacent units.
e. Available supporting assets (task / purpose / method of effect).
Civil
a. Collateral objects and no strike list.
b. Pattern of life.
c. Civil aviation considerations.
Note: Refer to appendix E for collateral damage guidance.
Mission
Mission Statement
Execution
Commander’s Intent
Concept of Operations
Scheme of Maneuver
Scheme of Fires
Aviation Fires / Close Air Support
a. Number of aviation sorties expected, including approved or disapproved
aviation requests.
b. Type of aircraft (fixed-wing, rotary-wing, unmanned aircraft system).
c. Weapons load information.
d. On-station times.
e. Preplanned targets.
f. Coordination products (maps, gridded reference graphics, imagery,
concept of operations).
g. Airspace coordinating measures (ACMs) / fire support coordination
measures (FSCMs) / contact points / initial points / holding area / battle
positions / suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) plan).
h. Sensor management plan.
i. Target marking plan and laser considerations.
j. Tactical air control party battlefield employment—joint terminal attack
controller, forward air controller (airborne), and joint fires observer
location, roles, responsibilities, and communications plan.
k. Tactical risk assessment—risk mitigation measures request process
(planned versus immediate).
Artillery Fires
a. Direct support / organic cannon / mortar units.
b. Other supporting units (reinforcing, general support reinforcing, and
general support) cannon / rocket / mortar units.
c. Priority of fires.
d. Ammunition availability.
e. Precision munitions capabilities.
f. Firing unit locations.
g. Airspace coordination requirements.
h. Forward observer (location, capabilities and employment).
Naval Surface Fires
a. Fire support area / station.
b. Zone of fire.
c. Volume of fire and ammunition availability.
d. Range of the weapon system.
e. Maritime threat and situation.
f. Naval gunfire liaison officer position and availability.
g. Defilade engagements (low-angle fires).
Electronic and Cyberspace Effects
a. Electronic.
b. Cyber.
Fire Support Coordination
a. ACMs / FSCMs, Kill Box plans.
b. Artillery and mortar position areas.
c. Gun-target line and maximum ordinate (MAXORD).
d. Schedule of fires worksheet.
e. High-payoff target list.
f. Attack guidance matrix.
g. Fire support execution matrix.
h. No-strike list.
i. Restricted target list.
j. Dual-use targets (targets that serve military and civilian purposes).
(Joint Publication 3-60, Joint Targeting).
k. Target marking (smoke / laser / illumination).
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Coordinating Instructions
a. Airspace control order.
b. Air tasking order.
c. Special instructions.
d. Operation orders and standard operating procedures.
e. Operational tasking data link.
f. Rules of engagement.
g. Named areas of interest.
h. Target areas of interest.
i. Landing zones (LZs) and pick-up zones.
Administration and Logistics
Medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) plan See Appendix G
Landing zone (LZ) plan ......... See Appendix G
Airdrop plan .......................... See Appendix G
Command and Signal
Tactical Aviation C2
a. Air support operations center (ASOC), direct air support center (DASC),
joint operations center (JOC), tactical operations center (TOC), control
and reporting center (CRC), and airborne warning and control system
(AWACS) connectivity and interface.
b. Civilian air traffic and deconfliction with military operations, liaison
officers.
Communication Networks and Call signs
a. Command net.
b. Call sign of weapons release authority.
c. Fires request net(s) (including the joint air request net).
d. MEDEVAC requests.
Communications Systems
a. Frequency band: satellite communications, ultrahigh frequency, very
high frequency, high frequency, internet relay chat, satellite phone.
b. Frequency hopping capabilities: HAVE QUICK II, single-channel ground
and airborne radio system (SINCGARS), Joint Tactical Information
Distribution System (JTIDS), etc.
c. Type of encryption: unencrypted, frequency hopping, cypher text, etc.
Cryptologic Changeover
Digital / Automated Systems
Global Positioning System Status and Cryptology
2. Digitally Aided Close Air Support (DACAS) planning considerations
See tables 2 and 3, respectively, for Variable Message Format (VMF) and data
link settings planning checklists.
Table 2. Variable Message Format (VMF) Settings Checklist

1. Frequency?
2. Call sign?
3. Unit reference number (URN)?
4. Internet protocol address?
5. 188 / 220 link address.
6. Combat net radio network timing parameters loaded.
Note: Some joint terminal attack controller digitally aided close air support
systems can auto-learn VMF addressing via aircraft sending on station report
on a common frequency.
Table 3. Situation Awareness Data Link Settings Checklist

1. What mode is in use? (air-to-air / gateway)
2. What is the air key?
3. What is the gateway key?
4. What is the guard channel?
5. What is the network shape?
6. What flight and position should I be in?
3. Department of Defense (DD) Form 1972, Joint Tactical Air Strike Request
(JTAR)
Joint Publication (JP) 3-09.3, Close Air Support, prescribes DD Form 1972, Joint
Tactical Air Strike Request, for use at and above the battalion level to submit air
support requests (ASRs) when automated systems with an air strike request
submission capability are not available. DD Form 1972 is available at
http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/forms/index.htm. Figure 1 is a sample of this
form.
Note: Command and control (C2) agencies provide sections II and III. See JP 3-
09.3 for details.
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Figure 1. Sample DD Form 1972

Chapter II
SURFACE-BASED FIRE SUPPORT
1. Artillery and Mortar Fire
a. Call for Fire. There are six elements of the call for fire. They are: observer
identification (ID), warning order, target location, target description, method of
engagement, and method of fire and control. The elements are sent in three
distinct transmissions to the fire direction center (FDC). Table 4 shows the
three transmissions in a call for fire.
Table 4. Elements and Transmissions of a Call for Fire

1st Transmission
1. Observer identification (call sign).
2. Warning order.
2nd Transmission
3. Target location.
3rd Transmission
4. Target description.
5. Method of engagement.
6. Method of fire and control.
(1) Observer ID. This first element of the call for fire lets the FDC know
who is calling for fire and clears the net for the fire missions. The observer
uses a call sign.
(2) The warning order clears the net for the fire mission and tells the FDC
the type of mission and the type target location that will be used. The
warning order consists of the type of mission and the method of target
location. It is a request for fire unless prior authority has been given to
order fire.
(a) Adjust Fire. When the observer believes the situation requires an
adjusting round (because of a questionable target location), the
observer announces “ADJUST FIRE.”
(b) Fire for Effect (FFE). When the observer is certain the target
location is accurate and the first volley should have the desired effect
on the target so little, or no, adjustment is required, the observer
announces “FIRE FOR EFFECT.”
(c) Suppress. Suppression missions are normally fired on preplanned
targets and the duration is associated with the call for fire.
(d) Immediate Suppression and Immediate Smoke. When engaging a
target that has taken friendly elements under fire, the observer
announces “IMMEDIATE SUPPRESSION” or “IMMEDIATE SMOKE”
(followed by the target location).
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(e) Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD). SEAD fires

neutralize, destroy, or temporarily degrade surfaced-based enemy air
defenses by destructive or disruptive means.
(3) Target Location. The observer provides the FDC the target location
data using the grid, polar, or shift from a known point method. The most
common method uses grid coordinates. Normally, in a grid mission, a
minimum of six-digit grids are sent. Eight-digit grids, or greater, should be
sent if the observer equipment can achieve a low target location error
(TLE).
(4) Target Description. This element contains sufficient detail (i.e., type,
size, activity and degree of protection) to enable the FDC to determine the
amount and type of ammunition to use.
(5) Method of Engagement. Observers use this element to describe how
they desire to attack their target. The standard is: area fire, low angle, high
explosive/fuze quick, or circular sheaf.
(a) Type of adjustment (area or precision fire).
(b) Danger close.
(c) Mark.
(d) Trajectory (low or high angle).
(e) Ammunition (projectile, fuze, or volume of fire).
(f) Distribution (converge, open, linear, rectangular, or irregular sheaf).
(6) Method of Fire and Control. In this element, the observer indicates the
desired manner of attack, the method of fire, and who has fire control
authority. The observer also indicates the ability to directly observe the
target. The methods are listed in table 5.
Table 5. Methods of Fire and Control
Fire when ready Cease loading
At my command Check firing
Cannot observe Continuous fire
Time on target Repeat
Time to target Request splash
Coordinated illumination Do not load
Continuous illumination Duration
Note: The observer should be prepared for the FDC to authenticate the observer
after the read back in the call for fire.
b. Message to Observer (MTO). This is information sent to the observer from
the supporting FDC. The observer will acknowledge the MTO by reading it
back in its entirety. And, if conducting a grid mission, include BREAK,
DIRECTION (observer target direction) at the end. The MTO consists of the
items listed in table 6 “Message to Observer”. Items with an asterisk (*) in
table 6 are required.
c. After spotting weapons impacts and effects, the observer should send
corrections to the FDC to move the burst onto an adjusting point. The
observer sends corrections, in meters, in reverse order of that used in
spotting; that is, deviation, range, and height of burst. See table 7 for an
example of the elements contained in the adjustment transmissions.
d. At the mission completion, the call for fire concludes with a mission
complete transmission as contained in table 8.
Table 6. Message to Observer

1. Units to fire* (firing unit, adjusting unit).
2. Changes to call for fire* (if any).
3. Number of rounds* (per tube).
4. Target number*.
5. Time of flight (in seconds).
6. Ordinate altitude.
7. Information.
*Required item.
Table 7. Adjustments
“Left / right ________________________________________________ ,
(meters, distance from impact to observer-target line [OTL])
Add / drop _________________________________________________ ,
(meters, distance from impact to target)
Up / down ____________________________________________, over.”
(meters, distance from height of burst (HOB) to desired HOB)
“Fire for effect, over.”
(Sent with the final correction, when effects on target are observed).
Table 8. Mission Completion

“End of mission _______________________________________ , over.”
(battle damage assessment and target activity) or
“Refinements, record as target, end of mission, and surveillance
(RREMS).”
e. Surface based fire support definitions.

(1) CHECK SOLUTION—An order sent by the spotter for the ship to
check the fire control solution when an excessive initial or SALVO-to-
SALVO error is observed.
(2) DANGER CLOSE—This is included with the method of engagement
when the predicted impact of a round or shell is within 600 meters (m) of
friendly troops for mortars or artillery and 750m for naval surface fires. The
creeping method of adjustment (no adjustment greater than 100m) will be
used exclusively during danger close missions. Do not confuse the
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“Danger Close” method of engagement with risk estimate distances (RED)

or minimum safe distances (MSD).
(3) DARK STAR—An illumination round that fails to properly ignite or fails
to properly deploy a parachute.
(4) DIRECTION—Indicates the direction from the observer to the target.
Usually transmitted in mils grid; degrees may be transmitted but must be
announced.
(5) FRESH TARGET—This is an order that can be sent any time during a
fire mission to indicate a spotter needs to engage a higher priority target.
Call for fire begins with FRESH TARGET and the ship interrupts fire on the
original target to engage the FRESH TARGET. Target location is sent as a
correction from the last impacted SALVO of the original target (shift from a
known point) and must include any elements of the call for fire which
differs from the original target.
(6) MARK—Spotting round, normally white phosphorous or illumination on
the deck to indicate targets to aircraft, ground troops, or fire support.
(7) MAXIMUM ORDINATE (MAXORD)—In artillery and naval gunfire
support, the height of the highest point in the trajectory of a projectile
above the horizontal plane passing through its origin. When announced, be
sure to correctly describe the unit of measure (meters/feet) datum used.
Conversion may be required.
(8) NEGLECT—Used by a ship to indicate the last SALVO was fired on
incorrect data.
(9) NEW TARGET—An order that can be sent any time during a fire
mission to indicate the spotter requires engagement to a target that is not
necessarily of a higher priority than the one already being engaged. Call
for fire begins with NEW TARGET and the ship will continue to fire on the
original target. The target location can be sent using any of the standard
methods, and any elements of the NEW TARGET which differ from the
original target must be sent.
(10) SALVO—One shot fired at a target simultaneously by all or part of the
guns in a battery.
(11) OBSERVER TO TARGET (OT) FACTOR—The distance in meters
from the observer to the target, expressed to the nearest thousand and in
thousands. When the distance is greater than 1,000m, the OT distance is
determined to the nearest 1,000m. If the OT distance is less than 1,000m,
the distance is determined to the nearest 100m and expressed in
thousands. For example, at a distance of 2,322m the OT factor would be
expressed as a 2; and for a distance of 800m the OT factor would be
expressed as .8.
(12) ORDINATE (ORD) “X”—ORD-X is defined as the altitude of the
artillery round at a specific distance from the target, along the gun-target
line (GTL), back toward the firing location. For example, 2 kilometers (k)
toward the tubes from the target would be ORD-2.
(13) REPEAT—1. (During adjustment) Fire again using the same method
of fire. 2. (During FFE) Fire the same number of rounds using the same
method of fire.
(14) RIPPED CHUTE—Sent by the spotter to indicate the illumination
round parachute was ripped or separated on deployment.
(15) ROUNDS COMPLETE—Indicates the FFE stage is complete.
(16) SHOT—A round has, or rounds have, been fired.
(17) SPLASH—Informative call to the observer or spotter 5 seconds prior
to estimated time of impact.
(18) STRADDLE—A spotting of STRADDLE is made for a multi-gun
SALVO when some rounds fall short and some fall beyond the target. The
spotter announces STRADDLE followed by a correction to place the mean
point of impact on the target. The term is normally used during a ship
adjust or a massed-fire mission.
(19) TIME ON TARGET—Time the observer desires a round, or rounds,
to impact.
f. Mission Formats. Tables 9–17 contain standard formats for transmitting the
essential information related to call for fire missions. Figure 2 provides a
graphical depiction and the mil-relation formula used in table 11 for an adjust
fire mission (shift from a known point).
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Table 9. Adjust Fire Mission (Grid or Laser Grid Method)

Observer: “ _____________ this is _____________ , adjust fire, over.”
(FDC’s call sign) (observer’s call sign)
“Grid _______________________________________________ , over.”
(minimum 6-digits)
Target Description: “_________________________________________ “
(target description, size, activity)
Method of engagement (optional): _______________________________
Method of fire and control (optional): _____________________________
“Over.”
Note: A laser grid mission is the same as a grid mission, except when the
observer announces “LASER GRID” in the warning order. Send the target
grid to a greater level of accuracy (8 or 10 digits, depending on
observation post location accuracy). In an adjust fire mission, send
corrections in the form of a grid to the burst location and announce
“BURST GRID.”
Message to Observer
Adjustments
Mission Completion
Table 10. Adjust Fire Mission (Polar Plot or Laser Polar)
Observer: “ ___________ this is __________ , adjust fire polar, over.”
“Direction ________________________________________________ .”
(observer-to-target line to the nearest 10 mils or 1 degree)
Note: Specify degrees to the FDC only if the direction is given in degrees.
“Distance ________________________________________________ .”
(to nearest 100m)
“Up / down _______________________________________________ .”
(to nearest 5m)
Note: The difference in target altitude is with respect to the observer. It is
not given if there is less than a 35m elevation difference between the
observer and target. For polar missions, the FDC must know the
observer’s location.
Target description: “ _________________________________________ .”
(target description, size, activity)
“Over.”
Note: Laser polar differs from a polar mission in that laser data is sent to
the nearest 1mil for direction and vertical angle and the nearest 10m for
distance. The observer announces “laser polar” in the warning order.
Message to Observer
Adjustments
Mission Completion
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Table 11. Adjust Fire Mission (Shift from a Known Point)

Observer: “ ________________ this is ________________ , adjust fire,
shift ________________________________________________ , over.”
(Identify the known point; for example: target AA7733.)
“Direction ________________________________________________ “
(observer-target line to nearest 10 mils or 1 degree grid to the new target)
Note: Must specify degrees to FDC only if the direction is given in
degrees.
“Left / right ________________________________________________,
(lateral shift to the nearest 10m)
“Add / drop ________________________________________________,
(range shift to the nearest 100m)
“Up / down __________________________________________ , over.”
(vertical shift to the nearest 5m)
Note: The difference in target altitude is with respect to known point; it is
not given if there is less than a 35m elevation difference between the
known point and target. For shift from a known point mission, the location
of the known point must be known to the observer and the FDC.
Target description: “ _________________________________________ “

(target description, size, and activity)
“Over.”
Message to Observer
Adjustments
Mission Completion
Figure 2. Mil-relation Formula in Shift From a Known Point Method
Table 12. Fire for Effect Mission (Grid Method)

Observer: “ ____________ this is ____________ , fire for effect, over.”
“Grid _______________________________________________ , over.”
(6-digits minimum)
Target description: “ _________________________________________ .”
(target description, size, and activity)
“Over.”
Message to Observer
Adjustment
Mission Completion
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Table 13. Suppression / Immediate Suppression / Immediate

Smoke Mission (Grid Method)
Suppressive fires are fires on or about a weapons system to degrade its
performance below the level needed to fulfill its mission objectives, during
the fire mission.
Observer: “ __________________ this is _________________________
suppress / immediate suppression / immediate smoke _______ , over.”
(target number or minimum 6-digit grid)
Note: The USMC may include a “DURATION” call after target location.
The USA will only fire one volley. Call “REPEAT” if an additional volley is
required.
Message to Observer
Adjustment
Mission Completion
Table 14. Marking Mission (Grid Method)

Marking missions could be used to identify targets for aircraft, to identify
friendly locations, or as navigational aids. Also, they can be used to signal
prearranged battlespace cues.
Observer: “ ___________, this is ______________ , fire for effect, over.”
“Grid ________________________________________________ , over.”
(minimum 6-digits)
“Marking round, white phosphorous, at my command, request time
of flight, over.”
Note: This is close air support (CAS) time over target for marking. White
phosphorous (WP) is delivered 30 seconds prior and illumination on deck
is delivered 45 seconds prior to CAS time over target.
Method of engagement (optional): ________________________________
Method of fire and control (optional): ______________________________
Message to Observer
Mission Completion
Table 15. Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) Mission
(Marine Corps Grid Method)
SEAD is that activity that neutralizes, destroys, or temporarily degrades
surface-based enemy air defenses by destructive or disruptive means.
Although ground or aviation forces provide SEAD, this example focuses
on delivering artillery SEAD fire missions.
Observer: “ ________________, this is ______________ , SEAD, over.”
“Grid to suppress ____________ , grid to mark ___________ , over.”
(6-digit minimum) (6-digit minimum)
“ ____________ , ______________________________ ,
(target description) (continuous / interrupted / non-standard)
________ CAS TOT (or TTT), over.”
(timing)
Note: Continuous: TOT-60, TOT-30, TOT, TOT+30, TOT+60 (sec)
|----------|----------|----------|----------|
Interrupted: TOT-60, TOT-30
Non-standard: As desired by observer.
Message to Observer
Mission Completion
Table 16. Artillery or Mortar Quick Smoke Request

Quick smoke obscures, screens, or deceives over large areas. Quick
smoke requires more planning and coordination than immediate smoke.
Observer: “ _____________, this is _____________ , adjust fire, over.”
“Grid _______________________________________________ , over.”
(minimum 6-digits)
“Screen __________________________________________________ “
(target description)
L–length of smoke screen desired
M–maneuver target line
D–direction of wind: (head or tail, right or left cross)
T–time or duration the smoke screen is to be effective
“Smoke / WP / RP in effect, over.”
Adjust Fire Up / Down
For ground burst: “Up 100”
Note: If using high explosive rounds to adjust onto the desired target area,
the observer will request shell smoke once the 200-meter bracket is
broken. The observer then will request “fire for effect”.
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Table 17. Artillery or Mortar Coordinated Illumination Request

Coordinated illumination is a fire mission in which firing illumination and
high explosive (HE) projectiles is coordinated to provide illumination of
the target and surrounding area only at the time required for spotting and
adjusting the HE fire. Other projectile types, besides HE, may be used
with illumination during a coordinated illumination mission.
WARNING
Using illumination requires care and adequate coordination to avoid
adverse impact on the operations of adjacent and supporting units.
Observer: “ __________________ , this is ______________________ “

(FDC / FSCC) (observer’s call sign)
Warning Order: “ ______________________________________ , over.”
Target location: “ ______________________________________ , over.”
(grid, polar, or shift)
Target description: “ _________________________________________ ,
(suspected, target description, size, and activity)
Method of Engagement: “Illumination,
Method of Fire and Control: _____________________________ , over.”
(by shell, at my command, request ordinate information)
Note: To receive 2- or 4-gun illumination during an illumination mission,
transmit the following under method of fire and control:
- For 2-gun illumination: “range spread” or “lateral spread” (in relation to
the observer-target line (OTL))
- For 4-gun illumination: “range and lateral spread”
Message to Observer From FDC
“Direction (If not already given) __________________________ , over.”
(the default is mils—specify if using degrees)
Adjustments Include:
“Left / right ________________________________________________
(in 200 meter increments)
Add / drop _________________________________________________
Up / Down _______________________________________________ .”
Adjust illumination over adjusting point or target. When maximum
illumination is obtained, the observer transmits: “illumination mark”
Table 17. Artillery or Mortar Coordinated Illumination Request (cont’d)
When the target is verified, the observer transmits “coordinated
illumination” and attacks with desired munitions using the standard call for
fire format. When adjusting either the illumination round or the HE round, the
observer must preface each correction with which munition to adjust.
Note: Coordinated illumination directs the FDC to calculate and direct firing
the illumination and attack munitions at a time that should result in the attack
munitions impacting when the target is at maximum illumination.
Observers who desire to control firing the illumination and attack munitions
transmit: “By shell, at my command”
2. Rockets and Missiles

a. Because the Global Positioning System Multiple Launch Rocket System
(GMLRS) and Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) are guided munitions,
the warning order is typically FFE.
(1) The method of target location is normally a grid location, as both polar
and shift from known point imply a large TLE. However, all methods of
target location are valid for area fire missions and the commander may
make a judgment call based on the desired effect and confidence in the
target location.
(2) Grid locations are transmitted in military grid reference system (MGRS)
with the 100k grid square designators and a 10-digit grid using a target
mensuration system, if available, or an 8-digit grid if using a less accurate
means of target location. Target elevation should be in meters mean sea
level (MSL) or height above ellipsoid using the most current datum
available. The observer must specify the datum used so the fire support
coordination center (FSCC) or FDC can convert it, if necessary.
(3) Some commands may direct that a remarks transmission will follow the
standard six elements. This is the place for additional requirements by
standard operating procedures or the operations order. Examples include
airspace coordination information, confirmation of positive identification,
method of target location, and location of closest friendlies or collateral
objects.
b. The following are additional GMLRS and ATACMS employment
considerations.
(1) The delay fuze mode on the GMLRS-Unitary is most appropriate for
engaging targets within buildings of modest construction or within bunkers
or similar battlefield structures with overhead cover, made of mud and
other available materials. In general, it will penetrate 3 feet of earth or 1–2
feet of concrete.
(2) The vertical trajectory is most effective when paired with proximity or
delay fuzes. It eliminates concerns about target area masks (e.g., steep
terrain or buildings) as well as errors in target location elevation. The
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nominal trajectory skews the fragmentation pattern forward along the GTL.
It achieves maximum lethal effect when combined with the point detonating
(PD) fuze setting.
(3) GMLRS is capable of converged (point) and circular sheafs. The
launcher can calculate two types of circular sheafs: open and closed,
which differ in the total radius of the geometry.
c. Rocket and missile artillery airspace coordination does not differ
fundamentally from other surface fires. Refer to “Integration Techniques” in
chapter III for target area integration techniques. Because of GMLRS’ and
ATACMS’ long ranges and high MAXORDs, additional planning may be
necessary to coordinate the rest of the trajectory.
3. Naval Surface Fire Support (NSFS)
a. Communications.
(1) Naval gun fire (NGF) ground spot net: high frequency/very high
frequency (VHF) (Voice).
(2) NGF air spot net: ultrahigh frequency/VHF (Voice).
(3) Shore fire control party local net: VHF (Voice).
b. Brevity words.
(1) PEPPER. Nonscheduled fire mission report. Ships make these to a
supporting arms coordination center (SACC) as soon as possible after
firing.
(2) HONEY. New target report. Spotters make these to a SACC as soon
as new targets are discovered or when known targets are given corrected
locations.
(3) PICKLE. Unfired target report. A ship or spotter makes these to a
SACC when scheduled targets cannot be fired or when effectiveness is
assessed as under 50 percent.
(4) CANDY. Ammunition remaining report. This is sent, coded, according
to the operations order.
(5) GURF. Guns up ready to fire report (GURF). Ship make these when
coming onto a naval gunfire support (NGS) station. The GURF
summarizes NGS capability when it may be unknown to NGS agencies.
c. Mission Formats. NGS reports are designed to keep interested agencies
informed of NGS status with the minimum of radio traffic. They are made by
ships to the SACC, FSCC, or spotters using the NGS report formats in
tables18, 19, and 20.
Note: In regard to NSFS, there are reports used by North Atlantic Treaty
Organization countries that are based on STANAG 1034, Allied Tactical
Publication 4(F), Allied Naval Fire Support, regarding the employment of NSFS.
These requests include the Naval Gunfire Request Form and Naval Gunfire
Allotment Signal and Ship Status Codes (November Codes).
Table 18. Guns Up Ready to Fire (GURF) Report
This format is used to report naval gun fire (NGF) ship capabilities when a
ship comes on station.
ELEMENT INFORMATION
Line A Call sign of the ship and date-time group (DTG) of the
message assigning the ship to the NGF mission.
Line B “On station and ready” and DTG (local) end of NGF ship’s
assignment.
Line C Planned firing location (grid coordinates). If the ship will be
firing from a track, enter the approximate center of the
track.
Line D Significant reduction in capability, including mount
casualties and / or ammunition shortages.
Line E Ammunition aboard, by type, available for NGF.
Line F Any other information of value.
EXAMPLE GURF:
Line A A2W, 012100Z NOV 00
Line B On station and ready, 022200P NOV 00
Line C MB 614 212
Line D High explosive 60, white phosphorous 15
Line E High explosive 140, white phosphorous 60
Line F Starting 021700P AUG 00, off station for 60 minutes for
ammunition resupply
Note: Use only applicable lines.
Note: NSFS ships will make some of the following reports, when appropriate,
during an amphibious assault.
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Table 19. Naval Gunfire Support Report Format

_____________________ ________________________
(firing ship call sign) (date-time group)
REPORT INCLUDE ITEMS TYPE OF REPORT
[ ] PEPPER ALPHA, BRAVO, CHARLIE NONSCHEDULED

DELTA, ECHO, & FOXTROT FIRE MISSION
[ ] HONEY ALPHA, BRAVO, CHARLIE NEW TARGET
[ ] PICKLE BRAVO, CHARLIE, & GOLF UNFIRED TARGET
[ ] CANDY HOTEL AMMO REMAINING
ALPHA __________________________________________________
(type of mission)
BRAVO __________________________________________________
(target number and grid coordinates)
CHARLIE __________________________________________________
(target description)
DELTA __________________________________________________
(agency controlling fire—voice call)
ECHO __________________________________________________
(target assessment—destroyed / neutralized / details)
FOXTROT __________________________________________________
(ammunition expended—code, number, type, and caliber)
GOLF __________________________________________________
(reason target not fired on)
HOTEL __________________________________________________
(enter, using code, amount, type, and caliber of each type of
bombardment ammunition remaining)
INDIA __________________________________________________
(action taken or under consideration)
d. Execution. The format shown in table 20 is used for NSFS.
Table 20. Naval Surface Fire Support Call for Fire
(Grid / Polar Plot / Shift from a Known Point)
First Transmission (spotter ID, warning order to include target #)
“ ____________________ , this is _________________ , fire mission,
(ship’s call sign) (observer’s call sign)
target # ___________________ , over.”
(assigned by observer)
Second Transmission (grid, polar plot or shift from a known point, to
include target description, method of engagement, method of control)
Target Location—Grid
“Grid __________________ , altitude___________________ ,
(6-digit minimum) (meters (m) mean sea level (MSL))
direction _________________ .”
(mils / degrees (deg))
Target Location—Polar Plot
“Direction ______________ ” in mils / deg (to nearest 10 mils / deg)
“Distance _______________ ” in meters (to nearest 100m)
“Up / down ______________ ” in meters (to nearest 5m)
(vertical shift)
Target Location—Shift from a Known Point
“Shift ___________________ ”
(target number / reference point)
“Direction _______________ ” in mils / deg (to nearest 10 mils / deg)
(from observer to target)
“Left / right ______________ ” in meters (to nearest 10m)
(lateral shift)
“Add / drop ______________ ” in meters (to nearest 100m)
(range shift)
“Up / down _______________ ” in meters (to nearest 5m)
(vertical shift)
Target Description: (type, size, degree of protection).
Method of Engagement: (danger close, trajectory, ammo, fuze type,
# guns, # salvos, special instructions).
Method of Control: (spotter adjust, ship adjust, fire for effect, cannot
observe, at my command) “Over”.
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Table 20. Naval Surface Fire Support Call for Fire

(Grid / Polar Plot / Shift from a Known Point) (Cont’d)
Pre-firing Report (Spotter Reads Back)
“Gun-target line (from gun to target)
Line of fire (if firing illumination)
First salvo at ________ (danger close missions only)

MAXORD (in feet for air spotter, meters for ground spotter)
Changes to call for fire
Ready, Time of flight (time of flight in seconds)”

“FIRE OVER” (command from spotter after pre-firing report is read back)
Legend:
MAXORD—maximum ordinate
e. Other Missions. Tables 21 and 22 give examples of fresh and new targets.
Table 21. Fresh Target (Example)

1. Spotter’s identification (Not required, already in contact)
2. Warning order and target number “Fresh target, target # UT 7082”
3. Location of target “Left 300, Drop 500, Up 100”
4. Target description “T-80 in tree-line”
“High Angle CVT 2 guns 4
5. Method of engagement
salvos”
6. Method of control “Fire for effect”
Notes:
1. The fresh target must be within 1,000m from the original target.
2. A new direction may be sent after the initial salvo on the fresh target
only if it has changed by more than 100 mils or 5 degrees.
Table 22. New Target (example)
1. Spotter identification “(call sign ship) this is (call sign
observer)”
2. Warning order and target number “FM target # UT 7081, Over”
3. Location of target “Grid 123 456, altitude 50
direction 4200”
4. Target description “Infantry platoon dug in, no
overhead protection”
5. Method of engagement “Variable timing in effect”
6. Method of control “Ship adjust, Over”
7. Warning order and target number “NEW TARGET, target # UT 7082,
Over”
8. Location of second target “Left 250, Add 400, Down 50”
9. Target description second target “Company Headquarters”
10. Method of engagement “VT in effect 2 salvo’s”
11. Method of control “Spotter adjust, Over”
Notes:
1. The orders for the second target will be sent when the ship has sent the
report “Shot” for the first target. Once data for the new target is read back
by the ship, the ship will report “GTL…, Ready…” for the new target. When
the ship reports “Shot” for the second target, the correction for the first
target can be sent, and so on. All corrections must have a prefixcontaining
the last two digits of the target number to which they apply.
2. The reports “Splash” and “Out” are not sent by the ship.
3. If end of mission is given for one target, it must have a prefixcontaining
the last two digits of the target number. If end of missions is given for both
targets, each has a prefixcontaining the full target number.
4. Only ships with fire control systems capable of engaging two targets
simultaneously can employ this procedure.
5. The number of salvos is sent when entering fire for effect (FFE) or when
the spotter desires to adjust fire with multiple salvos. If the method of
control is spotter adjust, the number of salvos is omitted until the spotter is
ready to enter FFE. If omitted, the ship will fire one salvo.
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26
4. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) Call For Fire

a. The TLAM is a precise, coordinate seeking weapon. A TLAM fire support
request must be preceded by weapons specifically allocated to the mission.
Planning and execution of TLAM fires follows two paths:
(1) Deliberate attack: joint forces maritime component commander
(JFMCC) led planning and execution.
(2) Dynamic attack: JFMCC or engagement authority.
b. Key Assumptions for Employment.
(1) Airspace: coordinating altitudes and control measures are established
in advance. Refer to the ATP 3-52.1/MCWP 3-25.13/NTTP 3-56.4/AFTTP
3-2.78) Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Airspace
Control.
(2) Salvo size default is one weapon; increased as specified.
(a) R/UGM-109-C (“3C”) or R/UGM-109-E (“4E”) missile (same WDU-
36B unitary warhead).
(b) Only 4E has data link communication for re-direction.
(c) Good targets are static points (e.g., structures, vehicles, locations).
A single weapon can impact and yield good effects.
c. Weapon Profile.
(1) Level flight from launch to terminal area.
(2) Pop-up to dive into target.
(3) Loiter boxes.
(a) Loiter boxes are planned as a discrete route(s) that the missile will
fly and should include multiple action points to maximize flexibility.
Multiple loiter boxes can be stacked vertically at each keyhole with
missile decks separated by 500 feet in altitude.
(b) There are two primary methods of establishing loiter boxes:
keyhole and echo. In both cases, loiter boxes are anchored on an
“Echo” point and placed at a specified distance from it. See figure 3 for
TLAM loiter geometry
d. Methods of control:
(1) At my Command.
(2) Specified time on target (TOT).
(3) Launch time soonest.
(4) No earlier/later than time.
Figure 3. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile Loiter Geometry
e. Procedural Deconfliction:
(1) Assigned altitude block.
(2) Hot radial.
(3) Final attack heading (FAH).
(4) Deconfliction using common route definition and keyhole markup
language files that can be downloaded into current mission planning tools
provided by the supporting unit.
f. Key Terminology:
(1) Attack profile—a high-angle dive preceded by a “pop up” to gain
altitude prior to attacking the target. The dive angle is selectable.
(2) First preplanned way point—a transition point over water from ship
entered way-points to a preplanned route of flight.
(3) Fuse setting—short, medium, long are selectable options providing a
range of effects from near instantaneous to delayed.
(4) Launch time soonest—the weapon will be launched as soon as
possible with no further direction to the supporting firing platform.
(5) Preferred launch point—where the launch platform is located at
launch. Typically defined as a box or point with radius.
(6) Ready to fire—the missile is fully aligned (Global Positioning System
initialized), mission is loaded, and the missile is ready for launch.
(7) Run-in azimuth/FAH—missile azimuth to the target.
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(8) Tables 23–26 contain the TLAM mission and MTO templates, and a
call for fire and MTO example.
Table 23. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) Call for Fire
(Call for fire given in two transmissions)
First Transmission (spotter ID, warning order to include target #)
“ _________________ , this is ________________ , TLAM fire mission,
target # _____________________ , over.”
(assigned by observer)
Second Transmission (location, elevation, target description, method
of engagement, method of control)
Target Location:
“Location ___________________ , elevation ____________________ ,
(10-digit MGRS or DD-MM-SS.ss) (feet MSL or feet HAE)
Target Description: ____________________________________________
(type, size, degree of protection)
Method of Engagement: _______________________________________
(Danger close, ordnance type (3C or 4E), desired
number of missiles, special Instructions, desired
final attack heading, or desired dive angle)
Method of Control: _____________________________________________
(At my command (standard), launch time soonest,
specified time on target, or no earlier / later than time)
“Over.”
Table 24. Example Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM)

Call for Fire
First Transmission:
“(ship tactical call sign) this is (observer’s call sign) TLAM fire mission
Target # AA 1234, over.”
Second Transmission:
“Grid 11S KS 61014 82984, elevation 12 feet height above ellipsoid
(HAE), one story building in the open, one block 4E, final attack
heading 030, at my command, out.”
Table 25. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM)
Message to Observer
Message to Observer (MTO) Direct Launch to Redirect
Launch Loiter
Firing unit(s) X X X
Changes to tasking X X X
Target number X X
Salvo size (i.e., number of rounds) X X X
Time of launch (TOL) Note 1 Note 1
Time on target (TOT) X X
Total time of flight (TTOF) (i.e., launch to
X X X
target)
Fire time available for redirect Note 2 X
Last time available to redirect Note 2 X
Weapons maximum ordinate (MAXORD) Note 3 Note 3 Note 3
Run-in heading X X
Dive angle X X
Fuze setting X X X
Additional remarks (e.g., time established
Note 2 Note 2 Note 2
in loiter)
Notes:
1. When a TLAM mission is “at my command”, the initial MTO will be missing
certain timing information. Once “fire for effect” or a TOT is passed, the
updated MTO needs only to contain updated information.
2. This information is provided as required.
3. MAXORD will be provided based on the final weapon maneuver in the
target area. It will NOT be based on the weapon’s preplanned flight path en
route to the target area.
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Table 26. Example of a Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM)

Message to Observer
“_________________ this is _____________ TLAM Target # AA 1234,
one x 4E, TOT 1425, TOL: 1306, TTOF 1+19, FAH 030, (default), short,
6,500’ MSL.”
Additional information required for missiles in loiter prior to redirection:

Missile Communication Status:
“Green missile” (good) or “red missile” (negative)
Time available first and last redirection: “REDIRECT 1313–1410”
Time established in loiter: “LOITER 1320–1400”
5. Surface Fire Munitions

Tables 27–32 contain descriptions of surface fire munitions.
Table 27. Field Artillery Cannons / Naval Surface Fire Support

Ammunition Range (kilometers) Rate of Fire
(rounds per
minute)
Projectile Fuze Max DPICM RAP Sust Max
HE, WP, ILLUM, PD, VT 11.5 14.1 19.5 3 10
105mm
APICM, DPICM MT, ET,

M119
MTSQ,
Delay
HE, WP, ILLUM, PD, VT, 18.3 or 22.0 18.0 or 30.1 2 4 for 2
APICM, DPICM, MT, ET, w/ M795 28.2 w/ minutes
155mm
M198
M825 Smoke, MTSQ, HE, M825 M864 then 1

SCATMINE Delay Smoke
Table 27. Field Artillery Cannons / Naval Surface Fire Support (cont’d)
Ammunition Range (kilometers) Rate of Fire
(rounds per
minute)
Projectile Fuze Max DPICM RAP Sust Max
HE, WP, PD, VT, 18.2 or 21.7w/ 17.9 or 30.0 1 4 for 2
ILLUM, MT, ET, M795 HE, 28.1 w/ minutes
M109A511/ A6
APICM, MTSQ, M825 Smoke M864 then 2

DPICM, Delay 24.5w/ M982
155mm
M825 Block 1-1a1

Smoke,
SCATMINE
HE, WP, PD, VT, 22.2 w/ N/A 30.0 2 4 for 2
155mm M777-series
ILLUM, MT, ET, M201A1 minutes

APICM, MTSQ, Change 8S or then 1
DPICM, Delay 22.5 w/ M232,
M825 Zone 5; 24.5
Smoke, w/ M982
SCATMINE Block 1-1a
Smoke; 24.5
w/ M982
HE, ILLUM PD, VT, 21.9 (full N/A N/A 16–20
CVT, charge)
5-inch/
Delay 12.2 (reduced

542
charge)
Notes:
1. Excalibur rounds are not authorized for the M109A5.
2. There are two NSFS-type ships: the USS Arleigh Burke-class guided-
missile destroyer (DDG), a one-gun ship; and the USS Ticonderoga-class,
guided-missile cruiser (CG) a two-gun ship. The biggest limitation to NSFS is
the hydrography, the average draft of an NSFS ship is 29 feet.
3. See Appendix H, Risk Estimate Distances, for a detailed discussion of
danger close.
Legend:
APICM—antipersonnel improved MT—mechanical time
conventional munition MTSQ—mechanical time superquick
CVT—controlled variable time NSFS––naval surface fire support
DPICM—dual purpose improved PD—point detonating
conventional munition RAP—rocket assisted projectile
ET—electronic time SCATMINE—scatterable mine
HE—high explosive sust—sustained
ILLUM—illumination VT—variable time
max—maximum WP—white phosphorous
mm—millimeter
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Table 28. Mortars

Weapon Ammunition Range (m) Rate of fire
Model Type Min. Max. (rounds per
minute)
60mm M224 M720 HE 70 3,4891 30 for 4 minutes2,
M888 HE 70 3,489 then 20.
M722 WP 70 3,489 Diameter of
M721 ILLUM 200 3,489 illumination:
M302A1 WP 35 1,830 M721–500m
M83A3 ILLUM 725 950 M83A3–300m
M49A4 HE 45 1,830
81mm M29A1 M374A2 HE 70 4,600 25 for 2 minutes,
M374A3 HE 73 4,800 then 8
M375A2 WP 70 4,595 Diameter of
M301A3 ILLUM 100 3,150 illumination: 360m
81mm M252 M821 HE 80 5,800 30 for 2 minutes,
M889 HE 83 5,800 then 15
M374A3 HE 73 4,800 Diameter of
M819 RP 300 4,875 illumination: 1500m
M375A2 WP 73 4,595
M853A1 ILLUM 300 5,060
M301A3 ILLUM 100 3,950
120mm M120 M57 HE 200 7,200 16 for 1 minute,
M68 WP 200 7,200 then 4
M91 ILLUM 200 7,100 Diameter of
M933 HE / PD 200 7,200 illumination: 1500m
M934 HE / MOF 170 7,200
M929 WP 170 7,200
M930 ILLUM 170 7,200
120mm M934A1 HE 478 6,700 4 for 1 minute, then
(smoothbore) M929 SMOKE 478 6,800 2
M327 (EFSS) M930 ILLUM 1,342 6,600
120mm (rifled) M1101 HE 1,222 7,900 4 for 1 minute, then
M327 (EFSS) M1103 SMOKE 1,222 7,900 2
M1105 ILLUM 1,222 7,900
Notes:
1. Bipod-mounted, charge 4, maximum handheld range is 1,300m.
2. This applies to charge 2 and over. Thirty rounds per minute can be
sustained with charge 0 or 1.
Legend:
EFSS—Expeditionary Fire Support min—minimum
System mm—millimeter
HE—high explosive MOF—multi-option fuze
ILLUM—illumination PD—point detonating
m—meter RP—red phosphorous
max—maximum WP—white phosphorous
Table 29. Artillery / Mortar / Illumination Factors
Weapon Type Height of Burn time Rate of Fall
Burst (seconds (meters /
(meters) second)
60mm M83A1 160 25 6
M83A2/3 32
M721 275–350 32 6
81mm M301A3 600 60 6
M853A1 475–600 50 6
105mm M314A2 750 60–65 12
M314A3
120mm M930 500 50 6
155mm M118 750 60 10
M485-series 600 120 5
155mm M1066 (IR 600 120 5
ILLUM)
5-inch / 54 Mk-91 (ILLUM) 500 65–70 10
Legend:
mm—millimeter IR—infrared
ILLUM—illumination
Table 30. Planning Data for Smoke

Time to Average Obscuration
Delivery Type of Build Average Length (m) per Round
System Round Effective Burning Time Wind Direction
Smoke Cross Head/Tail
155mm WP M825 30 sec 60–90 sec 150 50
105mm WP 30 sec 60–90 sec 75 50
120mm WP M1103 30 sec 3 minute 600 250
WP M929
81mm WP 30 sec 1 minute 100 40
RP 3–10 minutes 200 50
60mm WP 30 sec 1 minute 75 40
Legend:
m—meter sec—second
mm—millimeter WP—white phosphorous
RP—red phosphorous
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Table 31. Artillery Precision Munitions

Munitions Variant Payload Range
(kilometers)
Guided 155mm M982 59-pound warhead 8.0–37.5
Projectile (Excalibur) Block 1A-1 and fuze assembly
Target types: Precisely located targets (i.e., personnel, lightly armored
targets (stationary), and structures where collateral damage must be
restricted.
Note: Excalibur is fired only by the M777 and M109A6 cannon weapons. The
Excalibur has three fuze mode selections, point detonating, delay, and height
of burst (HOB). The HOB proximity function provides high order effects
approximately 3.7 meters off the ground, ±1 meter, and maximum lethality.
Table 32. Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) and

High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS)
Munition Variant Payload Accuracy Range Targets
(km)
Rockets M26 644 M77 Unguided 10–32 Personnel,
DPICM 10+ mils light armor,
M26A2 518 PI M77 Unguided 13–45 soft vehicles,
ER-MLRS 10+ mils area targets
Guided M30 404 PI M77 GPS: CEP 15–>84 Personnel,
rockets DPICM average 5m light armor,
Inertial: soft vehicles,
0.6mil area targets,
M31 51.5-lbs of GPS: CEP 15–>84 point targets
PBXN 109 average 5m (M31 only)
VT / PD/ Inertial:
delay fuze 0.6mil
nominal and
vertical angle
of fall
M31A1 54-lbs of PBXN GPS: CEP 15–>84
109 average 5m
Proximity high
and low / PD /
delay shallow
and deep
Table 32. Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) and
High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) (cont’d)
Munition Variant Payload Accuracy Range Targets
(km)
ATACMS Block 1 950 M74 25–>165 Personnel,
M39 APAM light armor,
bomblets soft vehicles
Block 1A 300 M74 70–>300 (stationary)
M39A1 APAM
bomblets
QRU 215-lb of 70–>270 Block 1 – 1A
M48/M57 DEXTEX PD targets when
Fuze duds /
Vertical angle collateral
of fall (M57) damage are
ATACMS Single unitary 70–>300 precluded.
Unitary warhead with Fixed
multifunction infrastructure
fuze, sites
proximity, PD, (buildings,
or delay etc.)
Notes:
1. Default rates of fire are 5 seconds between rockets and 15 seconds
between missiles. All munitions may be fired from the M142 HIMARS and the
M270A1 MLRS.
2. GMLRS and ATACMS minimum and maximum ranges depend on local
conditions, specifically firing unit elevation. Both munitions will reliably
achieve the ranges listed above, which can be used as planning factors.
Legend:
APAM—antipersonnel, antiarmor GPS—Global Positioning System
ATACMS—Army Tactical Missile km—kilometer
System lb—pound
CEP—circular error probable m—meter
DPICM—dual purpose, improved mil—miliradian
conventional munitions PBXN—polymer-bonded explosive
ER-MLRS—extended range PD—point detonating
multiple launch rocket system PI—product improved
GMLRS—Global Positioning Sytem QRU—quick reaction unitary
Multiple Launch Rocket System VT—variable time
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36

Chapter III
AIR-TO-SURFACE FIRES
1. Close Air Support
Refer to JP 3-09, Joint Fire Support, for detailed joint fire support procedures and
JP 3-09.3 Close Air Support, for detailed joint CAS procedures.
2. CAS Execution Considerations
a. Table 33 provides a CAS execution template.
Table 33. CAS Execution Template
1 Routing / safety of flight
2 Close air support (CAS) aircraft check-in
3 Situation update
4 Game plan
5 CAS brief
6 Remarks / restrictions
7 Readbacks
8 Correlation
9 Attack
10 Assess effects
11 Battle damage assessment (BDA)
12 Routing / safety of flight
b. Figure 4 provides an example of a CAS execution flow.
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38
Figure 4. A CAS Execution Template Example

3. Terminal Attack Control Responsibilities
Brief, stack, mark, and control are primary terminal attack control responsibilities.
When multiple joint terminal attack controller s (JTACs ) and/or forward air
controllers (airborne) (FAC(A)s) share the area of operations (AO), the brief,
stack, mark, and control responsibilities must be clearly assigned. (See table 34
for additional guidance).
Table 34. Terminal Attack Roles and Responsibilities

Role Responsibilities
• Is the primary area of operations (AO) battle tracking agent.
• Builds and manages the situation update.
• Performs the tactical risk assessment with the ground
commander.
Brief
• Builds the gameplan and close air support (CAS) briefs,
remarks, and restrictions.
• Collects readbacks and verifies target correlation.
• Tracks the battle damage assessment (BDA).
• Owns aircraft routing and safety of flight.
• Deconflicts aircraft from other air assets and surface fires.
• Collects CAS aircraft check ins.
Stack • May relay the situation update if tasked by brief owner.
• Provides primary AO threat mitigation.
• Tracks airspace coordinating measures (ACMs) and fire
support coordination measures (FSCMs).
• Accomplishes target correlation.
• Provides and coordinates target talk-ons and target marks.
Mark
• Coordinates approval and restrictions for kinetic or non-
kinetic marks.
• Provides terminal attack control for CAS attacks.
• Obtains fires approval authority from the ground
Control commander.
• Monitors attacking aircraft to ensure compliance with
restrictions.
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4. Routing and Safety of Flight

a. CAS aircraft will remain at the contact point and altitude as directed by C2
until cleared into the AO by the stack owner. See table 35 for routing and
safety of flight considerations.
Table 35. Routing and Safety of Flight Considerations

1. Three-dimensional directions from the current aircraft position to the
intended holding point or area.
2. Holding point and altitude, once established, and which agency to contact.
3. Other aircraft on station.
4. Surface-to-air threats that may immediately affect close air support
aircraft.
5. Any other safety of flight issues.
b. Initial Point (IP) Selection.

(1) Preplanned, geographic IPs are useful for multitarget environments.
(2) The keyhole template (see figure 5) is an efficient method for
establishing an IP in the absence of control points or when the control
point location does not sufficiently support target engagement. When using
the keyhole template, distance represents nautical miles from the echo
point, and closest allowable hold range to the echo point. Target location
may be used as the echo point. Stack owners may direct CAS aircraft to
loiter around the echo point outside a specified distance using the term
“maintain Echo (distance)” (e.g., “maintain Echo 5”).
Figure 5. Keyhole Template
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5. CAS Aircraft Check-in

The CAS aircrew will provide the standard CAS check-in brief (see table 36)
upon request from the JTAC or FAC(A).
Table 36. Close Air Support Check-In Briefing
Aircrew: “ ___________________ , this is _______________________ .”
Mission number: “ ____________________________________________ .”
Number and type of aircraft: “ ___________________________________ .”
Position and altitude: “ ________________________________________ .”
Ordnance: “ _________________________________________________ .”
Playtime or time on station: “ ___________________________________ .”
Capabilities: “ _______________________________________________ .”
(FAC(A), type of sensors, Link-16, VDL code, SITREPs on board,
map version or GRGs, UAS lost link procedures / route).
Abort code: “ ________________________________________________ .”
Legend:
FAC(A)—forward air controller SITREP—situation report
(airborne) UAS—unmanned aircraft system
GRG—gridded reference graphic VDL—video downlink
6. Situation Update
a. JTACs or FAC(A)s will provide the situation update to arriving aircraft,
when able.
b. Arriving aircraft should provide the JTAC with factor threat information, if
known. Tables 37 and 38 contain examples of situation updates.
Table 37. Situation Update Example 1
Situation
Close Air Support (CAS)
Update Battlefield Handover (BHO)
Situation Update
Line
Threat • Give general locations of surface-to-air threats not already
provided.
• Pass the time of the last observed surface-to-air fires.
Targets • Give the general enemy • Give the general enemy
disposition. disposition.
• Avoid giving a list of grids. • Include ground combat
Specific targets and locations element (GCE) targeting
will be addressed in a CAS priorities.
brief. • Include target location grids.
This may require breaking up
the transmission.
• Provide a GCE attack
guidance matrix and target
priority list.
Friendly • Provide the general situation and scheme of maneuver for
friendly forces.
• Use geographic references, phase lines, checkpoints, etc. The
technique is to use general terms: “all friendlies are east of the
94 easting.”
• Do not pass friendly grids, if it can be avoided. If necessary,
use no more than 6 digits.
• Include all friendlies that may be factors during time on station
(TOS), not just the joint terminal attack controller (JTAC).
• Include all CAS assets, ordnance, and TOS remaining for
BHO.
Artillery • Indirect fire assets that could • Include the firing unit’s
be factors during TOS, may location, call sign, frequency,
include the general direction and status.
of fire.
Clearance • Omit it if the speaker has control.
Authority • Clarify roles if there could be confusion due to multiple voices
on tactical air direction (e.g., “Savage 13 has control and is
located in the combat operations center, my JFO call sign E4B
is located with Charlie company, and is up this net”).
• Determine who has which elements of brief, stack, mark, and
control.
• Pass a plan for approving fires for BHO, if one has not been
prebriefed.
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Table 37. Situation Update Example 1 (cont’d)

Situation
Situation Update
Line
Ordnance • Determine the expected ordnance required to achieve the
ground commander’s intent.
• Provide any restrictions to ordnance, such as no cluster bomb
units or low collateral damage bombs only.
Remarks Remarks and restrictions may Remarks and restrictions may
and include the following: include the following:
Restrictions • JTAC capabilities (laser, • Hazards (weather) or other
infrared sparkle, video remarks.
downlink, etc.) • At the conclusion, provide a
• Intent for aircraft (CAS, positive passing of the
multisensory imagery appropriate elements of brief,
reconnaissance, etc.) stack, mark, and control.
• Hazards (weather) or other
remarks.
An Example of Situation Updates:
CAS: “The current surface-to-air threat is an SA-6 at KJ 123 456, just west of
MSR Tampa. The target is light a armored company attempting to flank us to
the north and two companies dug in 3 kilometers to our west, break.”
“Friendlies are two companies in the vicinity of OP 2, one on the high ground
and the other in a blocking position to the east. I am with the company on the
high ground. There is also a recon team at the northwest tip of Black
Mountain, artillery is located at Firebase 5E, firing generally west, break.”
“Savage 13 has control. Plan on using your GP bombs to disrupt the light
armor. Winds on the deck are 10-knots out of the west. Savage is laser and
IR capable, advise when ready for game plan.”
Table 38. Situation Update Example 2
Situation
Situation Update
Line
Threat • General locations of surface-to-air threats not already covered.
• Time of last observed surface-to-air fires may be passed also.
Enemy • Give the general enemy • Give the general enemy
Situation disposition. disposition.
• Avoid giving a list of grids. • Include ground combat
Specific targets and locations element (GCE) targeting
will be addressed in CAS priorities.
briefs. • Include target location grids
(this may require breaking up
the transmission).
• Provide a GCE attack
guidance matrix and target
priority list.
Friendly • Give the general friendly situation and scheme of maneuver.
• Use geographic references, phase lines, checkpoints, etc. The
technique is to use general terms: “all friendlies are east of the
94 easting.”
• Do not pass friendly grids if it can be avoided. If necessary,
use no more than 6 digits.
• Include all friendlies that may be factors during time on station
(TOS), not just the joint terminal attack controller (JTAC).
• Include all CAS assets, ordnance, and TOS remaining for the
BHO.
Artillery • List indirect fire assets that • Determine the firing unit’s
may be factors during TOS. location, call sign,
This may include general frequency, and status.
direction of fire.
Clearance • Omit it if the speaker has control.
Authority • Clarify roles if there is potential for confusion due to multiple
voices on tactical air direction. For example, “Broadsword 11
has control and is located in the combat operations center, my
JFO call sign, Mustang, is located with Charlie company and is
up this net.”
• Define who has which elements of brief, stack, mark, and
control.
• Pass a plan for approving fires for BHO, if one has not been
prebriefed already.
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Table 38. Situation Update Example 2 (Cont’d)

Situation
Situation Update
Line
Hazards • Towers, Min Safe Altitude, Weather (including surface winds)
Remarks Remarks and restrictions may Remarks and restrictions may
and include the following: include the following:
• JTAC capabilities (laser,
Restrictions • Other remarks.
infrared sparkle, video • At the conclusion, provide
downlink, etc.) positive passing of the
• Intent for aircraft (CAS, appropriate elements of
multisensory imagery brief, stack, mark, and
reconnaissance, etc.) control.
• Other remarks.
An Example of Situation Updates:
CAS: “The current surface-to-air threat is an unlocated ZSU 23-4, last seen
west of MSR 5. The enemy situation is a light armored company attempting
to flank us to the north and two companies dug in three klicks to our west,
break.”
“Friendlies are two companies in the vicinity of OP 2, one on the high ground
and the other in a blocking position to the east. I am with the company on the
high ground. There is also a STA team at the northwest tip of Blue Mountain;
81mm mortars are firecapped south of OP 2, firing generally northwest,
break.”
“Winds on the deck are 15–20 knots out of the northwest, I have a
videoscout, but no laser. Request ‘IN’ with a heading for all Type 2 controls. I
plan on using you to disrupt the light armor, advise when ready for game
plan.”
c. Reconnaissance (RECCE) Considerations.
(1) RECCE and Sensor Taskings. RECCE taskings, including sensor
postures, can be passed in the remarks of the situation update or as
required during the mission. Refer to appendix B for specific terminology.
(2) Covert Marking. Short-wave infrared (SWIR) technology enables the
user to observe coded laser and infrared (IR) marking devices. JTACs
equipped with SWIR may request to “MATCH SPOT” with CAS aircraft to
perform target correlation. “MATCH SPOT” refers to coded laser energy in
a similar manner to “MATCH SPARKLE”.
d. Night Considerations.
(1) Marking Devices. Refer to appendix A for compatibility of IR marking
devices and various CAS platform sensors.
(2) Air-delivered Illumination. Aerially delivered illumination (i.e., via LUU-
2/19 or Mk-257/278) can be useful to friendly ground units and an aircrew
locate targets and identify surrounding terrain and obstacles.
(a) Specific employment considerations vary greatly based on
environmental conditions and the tactical situation.
(b) The ground command must approve illumination. An aircrew will
employ illumination, as required, to meet the desired illumination
effects after receiving approval from the JTAC or FAC(A).
7. CAS Game plan and 9-Line CAS Briefing
The gameplan must include type of control and method of attack. Additional
elements are per JTAC or FAC(A) discretion. The 9-Line is the standard CAS
brief for fixed-wing (FW) and rotary-wing (RW) aircraft, and unmanned aircraft
system (UAS). See table 39.
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Table 39. Game Plan and 9-Line CAS Brief

Do not transmit the numbers. Units of measure are standard unless briefed.
Lines 4, 6, and any restrictions are mandatory readbacks. The joint terminal
attack controller (JTAC) may request an additional readback.
JTAC: “ _____________________ , advise when ready for game plan.”
JTAC: “Type (1, 2, 3) control (method of attack, effects desired or
ordnance, interval). Advise when ready for 9-line.”
1. IP / BP: “ ________________________________________________ ”
2. Heading: “ _______________________________________________ ”
(degrees magnetic, initial point or battle position-to-target)
Offset: “ ________________________________________________ . ”
(left or right, when requested)
3. Distance: “ _______________________________________________ ”
(initial point-to-target in nautical miles, battle position-to-target in meters)
4. Target elevation: “ _________________________________________ ”
(in feet, mean sea level)
5. Target description: “ _______________________________________ ”
6. Target location: “ __________________________________________ ”
(latitude and longitude or grid coordinates, or offsets or visual)
7. Type mark / terminal guidance : “ _____________________________ ”
(description of the mark, if laser handoff, call sign of
lasing platform and code)
8. Location of friendlies: “ _____________________________________ ”
(from target, cardinal direction and distance in meters)
Position marked by: “_______________________________________ ”
9. “Egress ________________________________________________ ”
Remarks / *restrictions:
• Laser to target line (LTL) / pointer target line (PTL)
• Desired type and number of ordnance or weapons effects (if not previously
coordinated).
• Surface-to-air threat, location, and type of SEAD.
• Additional remarks (e.g., gun-to-target line, weather, hazards, friendly marks).
• Additional calls requested.
• *Final attack headings or attack direction.
• *Airspace coordination areas (ACAs).
• *Danger close and initials (if applicable).
• *Time over target (TOT) / time to target (TTT).
• *Post launch abort restrictions (if applicable).
Note: For off-axis weapons, the weapons final attack heading may differ from the
aircraft heading at the time of release. The aircrew should inform JTAC when this
occurs and ensure weapon final attack headings comply with given restrictions.
8. Threat Mitigation Plan (Avoid-Suppress-Kill)
a. Factor threats are known threats in the AO that will affect the attacking
aircraft’s ingress or egress geometry or weapons delivery. JTACs or FAC(A)s
and the aircrew should coordinate to identify factor threats for the attack.
b. If the tactical situation allows, the aircrew will avoid factor threats using
standoff weapons, avoid the threat envelope using modified flight profiles,
masked ingress and egress profiles, or countermeasures.
c. If CAS aircraft cannot avoid the threat and provide the ground force
commander’s (GFC’s) desired effects on the target, JTACs or FAC(A)s and
the aircrew should develop a suppression plan using available assets.
Effective suppression must be timely and accurate.
d. If a located factor threat will impair the CAS aircraft’s ability to achieve the
GFC’s intent on the target, JTACs or FAC(A)s and the aircrew may elect to kill
(neutralize or destroy) the threat to allow follow-on attacks on the primary
target. Figure 6 displays an avoid-suppress-kill threat mitigation methodology.
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Figure 6. Avoid-Suppress-Kill Threat Mitigation Methodology

9. Aircraft and Surface Fires Integration Techniques
a. Aircraft and surface fires can be integrated and deconflicted through lateral
offsets, altitude, time, or a combination of these.
b. Lateral separation (see figure 7) typically works best when CAS aircraft
and surface fires engage separate target arrays, while timing (see figure 8) is
useful when both assets engage the same target array. Depending on
weapons delivery parameters, altitude deconfliction may be useful in either
situation.
Figure 7. Lateral Fires Deconfliction
Figure 8. Timed Fires Deconfliction
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c. Effective integration uses complementary capabilities of air and surface

fires to achieve the GFC’s intent without imposing unnecessary restrictions.
d. Aircraft can work near active GTLs with positive coordination.
e. Surface fires can require significant coordination time. When using surface
fires for SEAD, build and coordinate fire missions for factor AO threats early to
reduce coordination time during CAS attacks.
10. Coordinated Attacks
a. Generally, the tactical lead is the flight lead or FAC(A) with the most
situational awareness, and may be tasked to assist in coordinating attacks.
b. The type, ingress, egress, sort (TIES) method is a useful way to brief a
coordinated attack. TIES is a mnemonic which means the following.
(1) Type of coordinated attack.
(2) Ingress direction for each attacking flight.
(3) Egress direction for each attacking flight.
(4) Sort.
c. Table 40 describes the types of coordinated attacks.
Table 40. Coordinated Attacks
Type of Attack Simultaneous Sequential Random

Same avenue of Visual or timing Visual or timing Not normally
Combined
attack simultaneous (visual spacing used

time on target or or time
time to target separation)
Acknowledged Visual or timing Visual or timing Free flow (must

sector simultaneous (visual spacing ensure strafe fan
Sectored
time on target or or time or bomb and

time to target separation) missile fragment
deconflition)
Note: The joint standard for coordinated attack deconfliction refers to the
avenue of approach.
11. Joint Air Attack Team (JAAT)
a. A JAAT operation is a coordinated attack using a combination of FW and
Army RW assets normally supported by artillery or NSFS. Electronic warfare
(EW), air defense artillery, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
assets also may support a JAAT. To maximize the effectiveness of a JAAT,
fires are integrated, mutually supportive, and synergistic, not simply
deconflicted.
b. The supported ground commander must designate an air mission
commander (AMC) for JAAT operations. The AMC serves as an extension of
the ground commander. A tactical lead should coordinate all attacks through
the AMC. Detailed planning and thorough rehearsals are required to maximize
JAAT synergies and increase the possibility of mission success.
c. To maximize the effectiveness of a JAAT, the AMC should possess the
authority to coordinate attack execution directly with other elements. When
using CAS procedures, a JTAC or FAC(A) must be available to provide
terminal attack control. In a “non-CAS” JAAT application, the JTAC or FAC(A)
may perform duties as directed by the AMC in support of the ground
commander’s scheme of maneuver, but is not required to for terminal attack
control.
d. JAAT mission flow.
(1) The supporting aircraft contacts the AMC on an assigned frequency.
(2) The AMC verifies the aircraft received the current target and threat
information.
(3) The AMC briefs situation updates, followed by the JAAT attack plan,
including TOTs for indirect fire, FW and RW attacks, and attack type and
timing as described in table 40. The 9 Line CAS brief is the standard for
providing targeting information to CAS aircraft.
12. Battle Damage Assessment (BDA)
a. An accurate BDA is critical to confirm CAS attacks meet the GFC’s intent.
b. Attacking aircraft will frequently be able to provide a BDA post attack.
However, other CAS team members (such as the JTAC or FAC(A), joint fires
observers (JFOs), or other observers) also may be able to provide accurate
BDA.
c. Size, activity, location, time, remarks (SALT-R) is the standard format for
passing BDA information, as shown in table 41. Minimum requirements
include successful, unsuccessful, or unknown.
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Table 41. Battle Damage Assessment Report

Size: “ _____________________________________________________ .”
(number and type of equipment / personnel observed)
Activity: “ ___________________________________________________ .”
(movement direction, stationary, dug-in)
Location: “ __________________________________________________ .”
Time: “ _____________________________________________________ .”
Remarks: “ __________________________________________________ .”
(munitions expended, observed damage, mission number, and
mission accomplished)
13. FAC(A) Integration

a. FAC(A)s must be integrated into the ground scheme of maneuver to
assume the increased responsibilities of brief, stack, mark, and control.
b. FAC(A) capabilities include the following:
(1) Terminal attack control types 1, 2, and 3.
(a) Provides final attack clearance.
(b) Coordinates and controls special operations forces’ (SOF’s)
gunship missions.
(c) Provide a final quality control check to prevent friendly fire.
(2) Radio Relay.
(a) Provides a line-of-sight communication link:
• For the JTAC and the supported unit.
• Between the support unit and aviation C2 system.
• Between the JTAC and CAS assets.
(b) Performs on-scene command (OSC) duties in the event of combat
search and rescue.
(3) Reconnaissance.
(a) Performs a multispectral imagery function.
(b) Provides target analysis and weaponeering recommendations.
(c) Provides a perspective from the air.
(4) Coordinates Indirect Fires. Performs as an indirect fire observer and
performs calls for fire.
(5) Coordinates and Deconflicts Assets.
(a) Deconflicts aircraft and surface fires.
(b) Passes situation updates.
(c) Compiles targeting information into a CAS brief.
(d) Passes targeting information (i.e., CAS briefs, calls for fire, etc.).
(6) BDA. Develops and passes the BDA.
(7) Target Marking, Designation, and Coordinate Generation.
(a) Provides target talk-ons and marks.
(b) Provides terminal guidance for laser guided weapons.
(c) Generates target coordinates for weapons employment.
(8) Coordinates SEAD.
14. JFO Integration
a. JTACs and FAC(A)s can use JFOs to develop and correlate targeting data,
mark targets, and provide terminal guidance operations. Table 42 provides an
example of coordination elements for JTACs and JFOs.
Table 42. Examples of JTAC to JFO Coordination
Target refinement, if applicable

Ordnance or effects requested
Direction of attack
Abort code
Time on target
Mark information and joint fires observer (JFO) marking responsibilities (if
required):
• Mark the target
• Provide corrections from mark
• Set pulse repetition frequency (PRF) code to _________
Note: With this information, the JFO confirms the ability to provide any
required marks, terminal guidance operations, talk-ons, etc., and briefs the
close air support mission plan to the ground commander.
b. JFOs may pass the observer lineup (see table 43), the CAS situation
update, and observer target brief (lines 4 through 8 of the CAS 9-Line shown
in table 44) directly to the JTAC or may require the CAS aircraft to relay the
situation update to the JTAC.
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Table 43. Observer Lineup

“ _____________ this is _____________ with observer lineup, over.”
(JTAC call sign) (JFO call sign)
“My position is _____________________________________________ .”
(i.e., grid and reference point)
Note: JFOs should only pass their position directly to the JTAC
“I am in ____________________________________________________,
(overwatch, convoy, defensive, etc.)
located ____________________________________ from target area,
(direction and distance m / km)
marked by ________________. I have _____________ targets for CAS.
(friendly mark type) (number)
My specialized equipment is ____________________________ , over.”
(PSS-SOF, LTD with JFO PRF code, LRF, GPS, IR pointer, etc.)
Notes:
1. The JFO should be prepared to describe how the target coordinates
were derived for each 9-Line.
2. Friendly grid coordinates should not be passed on an unsecure net.
3. The number of targets refers to the number of CAS 9-Lines, not the
total number of desired points of impact.
Table 44. Joint Fires Observer Target Brief
4. Target elevation: “Line 4, ____________________________________ ”
(in feet mean sea level)
5. Target description: “ ________________________________________ ”
6. Target location: “ __________________________________________ ”
(latitude and longitude or grid coordinates or offsets or visual)
7. Type mark / terminal guidance : “______________________________ ”
(description of the matrix, If laser handoff, call sign of
lasing platform and laser code)
8. Location of friendlies: “ ______________________________________ ”
(from target, cardinal direction and distance in meters)
Position marked by: “ _______________________________________ ”
“Advise when ready for remarks.”
Remarks and Restrictions:
Final attack heading: “ ________________________________________ .”
Laser target line (LTL) or pointer target line (PTL): “ _________________ .”
Threat: “ ___________________________________________________ .”
(direction and distance)
Suppresion of enemy air defenses (SEAD): “ ______________________ .”
(interrupted, continuous, or non-standard)
Gun target line (GTL) or Line of Fire (LOF): “ ______________________ .”
(max ordinate)
Restrictions: “ _______________________________________________ .”
Time on target (TOT): “ _______________________________________ .”
(requires readback)
15. CAS Execution with Non-JTAC Personnel

a. In certain circumstances, the ground commander might require air support
when a JTAC or FAC(A) is not available, but detailed integration with friendly
forces fire and maneuver is still required.
b. The commander must consider the increased risk of fratricide when using
personnel who are not JTAC or FAC(A) qualified. If the maneuver commander
accepts the risk, the request is forwarded to the CAS controlling agency (i.e.,
ASOC, DASC, or joint air operations center) who will alert the aircrew who will
be working with non-JTAC personnel.
c. The aircrew executing CAS under these circumstances bear increased
responsibility for the detailed integration required to minimize fratricide
normally done by a JTAC or FAC(A). Therefore, ground commanders and
CAS aircrew members should use caution when providing CAS with non-
JTAC personnel.
d. Table 45 illustrates a checklist for the aircrew and non-JTAC qualified
personnel to conduct CAS in the absence of a capable, informed JTAC or
FAC(A).
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Table 45. Checklist for CAS with Non-JTAC Qualified Personnel
Steps Aircrew Non-JTAC Qualified

Personnel
1. Establish Establish two-way Establish two-way
two-way communication with the on- communication with the pilot
communication. scene JFO / Ground Force and state “I am not a JTAC”
Commander (GFC) or “I am a JFO”.
2. Attempt to Query the ASOC or DASC Contact a higher command
incorporate a for assistance from a echelon and request
capable JTAC qualified JTAC with assistance from the assigned
or FAC(A). awareness of the tactical JTAC.
situation.
Caution:
Proceed with caution if a capable JTAC or FAC(A) is not available.
3. Inventory Query local JFO / GFC for Prepare to mark friendly

marking potential friendly and target positions and the target
devices. marking capabilities. location as able after
coordinating with the aircrew.
4. Build 9-line Build 9-line by pulling target Be prepared to provide
information and and friendly data from the target location, description,
determine JFO / GFC. Be prepared to and elevation, if able. If
logical accept the target location as unable to specify target
restrictions. an offset and distance from coordinates, expect to pass
the friendly position. Query target location as an offset
about additional friendlies and distance from the
dislocated from JFO / GFC. friendly position. Account for
Build logical restrictions additional factor friendlies
based on target and friendly and pass their positions to
locations. the aircrew.
5. Perform a Perform a visual Be prepared to provide an
RECCE pass. reconnaissance (RECCE) enhanced target area
pass in the target area and description and mark target
attempt to correlate target and friendly locations with
and friendly data passed in available marking devices.
step 4. Integrate marks, if
able.
Table 45. Checklist for CAS with Non-JTAC Qualified Personnel (cont’d)
Steps Aircrew Non-JTAC Qualified

Personnel
6. Develop a Develop a progressive fire 6. Develop a progressive fire
progressive support plan integrating all support plan.
fire support appropriate capabilities to
plan. achieve the GFC’s intent
while mitigating risk to
friendly forces. Establish
contracts to abort attacking
aircraft and provide
corrections to weapons
effects, as required.
7. Take cover. Instruct friendlies to take Make every attempt to find
cover. Be prepared to vector cover to shield against
to the nearest cover. weapons effects.
8. Mark the Confirm the target location by Mark the target using any
target. marking it with a nonlethal available means (i.e., tracer
weapon, WP rocket, laser, or fire, mortars, smoke, crew
IR pointer, if able. served weapons, etc.)
9. Engage the With a valid mark or positive Provide corrections. Make
target. correction from the ground corrections as a cardinal
party, use the lowest CDE direction and distance from
weapon available to satisfy the last impacts. Request
the GFC’s intent. additional fires only as
required to satisfy the GFC’s
intent.
Legend:
ASOC—air support operations center GFC—ground force commander
CDE—collateral damage estimation IR—infrared
DASC—direct air support center JFO—joint fires observer
(USMC) JTAC—joint terminal attack controller
FAC(A)—forward air controller WP—white phosphorous
(airborne)
16. Bomber CAS Employment Considerations

a. Bombers are best suited for large target areas or targets which require
multiple desired point of impact (DPI) strikes in a single pass. Multiple DPIs
should be passed in the remarks section of the CAS 9-Line. Some bomber
platforms only may be able to provide system readbacks in latitude/longitude
formats.
b. Bomber aircraft require a considerable amount of airspace to conduct
CAS.
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c. Extended run-in profiles may result in loss of target identification and

create communication problems between the bomber and JTAC.
d. Expect level deliveries for all bomber attacks. Reattack times can extend
beyond 20 minutes.
e. See figure 9 for bomber CAS considerations.
Figure 9. Bomber CAS Considerations

17. RW CAS Employment Considerations
a. Once approved for a CAS attack, clearance to use off-axis weapons (e.g.,
crew served weapons) upon ingress to and egress from the target area is
implied. Fires from off-axis weapons are subject to the restrictions outlined in
the CAS attack brief.
b. The keyhole template is typically used for creating FW hasty IPs. When
using the keyhole template for RW CAS, the controller must coordinate with
the RW aircrew to specify the parameters of the established keyhole (e.g.,
firing point, center of a battle position, or a general attack axis).
c. The primary attack brief for RW CAS is the 9-Line. In certain situations,
RW aircraft, including Army RW aircraft conducting attacks using CAS tactics,
techniques, and procedures (TTP) may have higher situational awareness
due to a lower operating altitude. In these instances, the RW CAS 5-Line brief
(table 46) can expedite fires.
d. The RW CAS 5-Line brief is an observer-centric CAS brief. Typically, this
TTP is used for bomb-on-target attacks.
e. RW CAS briefs assume immediate TOT unless otherwise specified.
f. Transmission of the RW CAS 5-line IS NOT clearance to fire.
Table 46. Rotary-Wing CAS 5-Line Brief
1. Observer / Warning Order / Game Plan
“ _________________________ , __________________________ , 5-line,
(aircraft call sign) (JTAC call sign)
Type (1, 2, or 3) control, MOA (BOC or BOT), (ordnance requested).”
2. Friendly location / mark
“My position ________________ , marked by ____________________ “
(target reference point, grid, etc.) (VS-17, beacon, IR strobe, etc.)
3. Target location
“Target location, ___________________________________________ “
(magnetic bearing and range in meters, target reference point, grid, etc.)
4. Target description / mark
“ _______________________ , marked by _______________________ .”
(target description) (infrared marker, tracer, etc.)
5. Remarks / *Restrictions:
*Final attack headings
*Laser target line (LTL) or pointer target line (PTL)
Surface-to-air threat, location, and type of SEAD
*Airspace coordination areas (ACA)s
*Danger close and initials
Additional calls requested
Additional remarks (gun target line (GTL), weather, hazards, friendly mark)
*Time on target (TOT) / time to target (TTT)
*Post launch abort coordination and considerations
Note: The rotary-wing CAS 5-Line should be passed as one transmission. If
the restrictions portion is lengthy, it may be a separate transmission.
Legend:
BOC—bomb on coordinate JTAC—joint terminal attack controller
BOT—bomb on target MOA—method of attack
IR—infrared SEAD—suppression of enemy air defenses
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18. Army Attack Aviation Procedures

a. Army aviation units are organic, assigned, or attached to corps, divisions,
and brigades and perform air-ground operations as part of a combined arms
team. Army aviation assets, normally, receive mission-type orders and
execute them as an integral unit or maneuver element. Special situations may
arise where attack aviation assets are employed in smaller units. The Army
does not consider its attack aircraft as CAS systems, although they can
conduct attacks employing CAS TTP when operating in support of other
forces.
b. Army aviation conducts deliberate and hasty attacks across the width and
breadth of the supported ground commander’s AO. When operating in close
proximity to friendly forces, aircrews receive a situation update from the
ground commander or observer and develop a plan to engage the enemy,
while maintaining freedom to maneuver. Army attack aviation conducts
attacks using the Army attack aviation call for fire TTP and does not require
terminal attack control to employ ordnance.
c. Army attack teams will brief the information in table 47 at check-in.
Table 47. Army Aviation Air–to-Ground Check-In Brief
Aircraft: “ ___________________ , this is _______________________ .”

(ground unit) (aircraft call sign)
Aircraft Team: “ _____________________________________________ .”
(composition and location)
Munitions Available: “ ________________________________________ .”
(rockets / guns / missiles)
Night Vision (if applicable): “ ___________________________________ .”
(capability and type)
Station Time: “______________________________________________ .”
(minutes)
d. Army attack aviation call for fire can be used for all threat conditions. It
does not affect the aircrew’s tactics in executing attacks.
e. When operating in close proximity to friendly forces, the AMC or flight lead
must have direct communication with the ground commander or observer on
the scene to provide direct fire support. After receiving the army attack
aviation call for fire from the ground forces, the aircrews must positively
identify the location of the friendly element and the target prior to conducting
any engagement. Methods for marking the location of friendlies and the
enemy include, but are not limited to: laser hand off, tracer fire, marking
rounds (flares or mortars), smoke grenades, signal mirrors, VS-17 panels, IR
strobe lights, laser target marker, or chemical sticks.
19. Army Attack Aviation and Special Operations Forces (SOF) Gunship
Call for Fire
Table 48. Army Attack Aviation and

Special Operations Forces Gunship Call for Fire Format
1. Observer and Warning Order

“________________ , this is __________________ , fire mission, over”
(aircraft call sign) (observer call sign)
2. Friendly Location and Mark
“My position _________________ , marked by __________________ ”
(TRP, grid, etc.) (strobe, beacon, IR strobe, etc.)
3. Target Location
“Target Location __________________________________________ .”
(bearing (magnetic) and range (meters), TRP, grid, etc.)
4. Target Description and Mark
“________________________ , marked by _____________________ .”
(target description) (infrared pointer, tracer, etc.)
5. Remarks: “___________________________________________ , over.”
(threats, danger close clearance, restriction, at my command, etc.)
Notes:
1. Clearance. If airspace has been cleared between the employing aircraft
and the target, transmission of this brief is clearance to fire unless “danger
close” or “at my command” is stated.”
2. Danger Close. For danger close fire, the observer or commander must
accept responsibility for increased risk. State “cleared danger close” in line 5
and pass the initials of the on-scene ground commander. This clearance may
be preplanned.
3. At My Command. For positive control of the aircraft, state “at my
command” on line 5. The aircraft will call “ready to fire”, when ready.
20. SOF Gunship Fires

a. Due to unique systems and capabilities, AC-130s do not require terminal
attack control from ground controllers for all weapons profiles.
b. The AC-130 can accept a 5-Line (table 48) and a 9-Line (table 39). AC-130
crews prefer 5-Lines for gun engagements and 9-Lines for precision guided
munitions. When using both gun and precision guided munitions during a
simultaneous attack, use a 9-Line with gun reattack in the remarks. See table
49 for AC-130 adjust fire procedures.
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Table 49. Adjusting AC-130 Gunship Fire

1. If there is a significant miss distance or the wrong target was hit, adjust
the round impact by giving cardinal / subcardinal direction and range
(meters) from impact to the desired target. For example, “adjust fire northeast
200, over”.
2. Marking or confirming targets may be accomplished using covert
illumination with the IR marker (SPARKLE).
3. To move SPARKLE, say “move / roll sparkle 100 meters east.”
4. Once SPARKLE is over the target, say “freeze SPARKLE.” (If you say
“CEASE SPARKLE”, the gunship will turn off the SPARKLE).
Notes:
1. Do not reference clock positions.
2. Do not pass run-in headings for gun engagements.
3. Do not correct left / right or short / long.
4. If applicable, pass multiple target locations in precedence as soon as
possible to allow the AC-130 to engage as rapidly as possible to preclude an
enemy scatter effect.
d. FW Integration with an AC-130.

(1) TTP in table 50 allow continuous support to ground forces while
integrating the firepower of the AC-130 and various CAS aircraft. Figures
10, 11, and 12 depict the FW integration tactics.
(2) Firepower should be amassed and constant. Limit any breaks in
weapons deliveries to flight path conflicts.
(3) The AC-130 flies a continuous (approximately 3 minute) orbit around
the target, or approximately 40–45 seconds per sector.
Table 50. AC-130 Integration Attributes
Tactic Deconfliction Advantages Disadvantages

Wheel Visual Less airspace required. CAS aircraft must remain
visual.
IP-Target Procedural Familiarity with standard IP-Higher workload,
Run-in to-target attack. communications intensive.
Effective for non-TGP Less frequent attacks.
equipped fighters or
bombers.
Opposite Procedural Allows constant fires from Requires gunship position
Sector CAS aircraft and the AC-130. updates.
Can incorporate more than
one set of CAS aircraft.
Figure 10. AC-130 Wheel Example
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Figure 11. AC-130 IP-to-Target Run-in Example

Figure 12. AC-130 Opposite Sector Attack Example
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e. RW integration with AC-130. The TTP in figure 13 allow continuous

support to ground forces while integrating the firepower and sensor capability
of the AC-130 and RW aircraft.
Figure 13. AC-130 Integration Example

Chapter IV
ELECTRONIC ATTACK (EA)
1. Background
a. EA involves using electromagnetic, directed energy, or antiradiation
weapons to attack people, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading,
neutralizing, or destroying an enemy’s operational capability. EA prevents or
reduces an enemy’s use of the electromagnetic spectrum. See table 51 for EA
targeting matrix. For more information on EA, see the classified appendix J of
this publication.
Table 51. EA Targeting Matrix
Loadout Targets
Early
Platform HARM /
Jammers Communications Warning SAMs
AARGM
Radar
EA-6B X X X X X
EA-18G X X X X X
EC-130H X X X X*
F/A-18 (A-F) X X* X
F-16 (Block 50) X X* X
*Limited Effects
Legend:
AARGM—Advanced Anti-Radiation SAM—surface-to-air missile
Guided Missile
HARM—high-speed antiradiation
missile
b. EW planning checklist.
(1) Determine the commander’s intent.
(2) Determine the desired effect.
(3) Ensure there is coordination with intelligence sources.
(4) Request the desired effect on a JTAR and an EA request form (EARF).
EA effects examples are the following:
(a) Deny early warning.
(b) Isolate the objective from visual observer networks.
(c) Screen friendly force movements prior to infiltration.
(d) Deny calls for fire or calls for backup.
(e) Isolate C2 from fire units.
(f) Force fire units into isolated, autonomous, or unsynchronized
operations.
(g) Suppress radio-controlled improvised explosive devices.
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c. Planning EA falls within three operational categories: preplanned,

preplanned on-call, and immediate.
d. Requesting airborne EA support for ground operations is similar to
requesting CAS. Request EA effects via the normal request process
(JTAR/ASR–DD Form 1972) and provide specific effects requests in the
EARF that accompanies the JTAR. Table 52 is the EARF format.
Table 52. Electronic Attack Request Format (EARF)

Requesting Major Supported Command:
Requesting Unit:
Contact Information: This person will be responsible to verify the EARF
has been approved before the mission starts and to relay the information
to the executing unit.
Joint Tactical Air Request (JTAR) Number: Enter the JTAR number that
will be submitted with this EARF.
Concept of Operations: Describe the concept of operations. This will
include the objective, forces used, timeline of the mission, and
coordination efforts required for mission success. Relate the impact of
mission success to specific objectives for the integrated tasking order.
Electronic Attack (EA) Concept of Operations: Define the desired effect(s)
and timeline.
CEASE BUZZER Procedures: This will be in accordance with theater
special instructions. Provide frequency to communicate between the
jamming control authority and EA asset. Very/ultrahigh frequency (V/UHF)
is the primary means to talk to a supporting aircraft. If unable to establish
communications, consider using another asset to relay information. Some
aircraft may be internet relay chat capable.
Friendly Frequency Use for Operation:
Target Target requested (list the type and frequency, if
Communication known).
System(s) to be Intelligence assessment (this is required for each
Jammed / request). Do not copy and paste frequencies from one
Denied: day to the next without intelligence validation and
assessment). Target Location (in latitude/longitude or
military grid reference system (MGRS)):
Jamming date-time group(s): From and To, in Zulu Time (preferred):
Type of EA Requested: Preplanned and scheduled on-call:
e. Execution. For on-call or immediate EA, use the EA briefing contained in
table 53 for execution proceduresto prepare the aircrew.
Table 53. Electronic Attack Brief
Do not transmit line numbers. Units of measure are standard unless
briefed. Lines 1 and 2 are mandatory readback lines. The JTAC may
request additional readback.
JTAC: “ _____________________ , this is_______________________ ”

(aircraft call sign) (JTAC call sign)
1. Target or Effect Description: “ _____________________________ ”
a. Rapper or Target Name (if applicable)
b. Frequency (if known)
c. Modulation (if known)
2. Target Location: “ _______________________________________ ”
(latitude and longitude or MGRS)
3. Remarks: “ ____________________________________________ ”
Legend:
JTAC—joint terminal attack MGRS—military grid reference
controller system
Note: For detailed information on EA, see the EW Toolbox SECRET Internet
Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) Web site:
http://ewtoolbox.eglin.af.smil.mil/default.asp
71
72

Chapter V
CYBERSPACE EFFECTS
1. Cyberspace Operations
Employing cyber capabilities achieves objectives in or through cyberspace.
Cyberspace operations use computer networks to deny, degrade, disrupt,
destroy, or manipulate information resident in, or in transit between, computers
and computer networks.
2. Planning Considerations
Approval and execution of cyberspace operations takes time to coordinate and
plan. Users must focus on desired effects, not the means to achieve the effects.
Due to the global nature of the cyberspace domain, consider unintended and
undesired effects. Tactical-level units provide information through their fire
support request channels using the cyber effects request format (CERF) for
strike package development and the joint tactical cyber request (JTCR) for timing
and tempo. See examples of targets vulnerable to cyberspace effects in table 54.
Table 54. Target Systems, Components, and Elements

Vulnerable to Cyberspace Effects
Target System
Target System Target Desired Effect
Component
Early Warning Deceive, Degrade,
Network
Radar Disrupt
Integrated Air
Defense Forces Public-switched
Support Facilities Telephone Deny, Disrupt
Network
Supervisory
Command and Degrade, Disrupt,
Control and Data
Electric Power Control Destroy
Acquisition
Distribution Power Substation
Disrupt, Destroy
Deny, Degrade,
Virtual Locations Host Server
Disrupt, Destroy
Safe Havens
Deny, Degrade,
Key Personnel Email
Disrupt
Product Deny, Degrade,
Wireless Phones
Intelligence Dissemination Disrupt
Finance Fund Transfers Deny, Disrupt
Deny, Disrupt,
Communications Media Tools Web based
Manipulate
73
74
3. CERF
a. The CERF is a formal request originating from any level within a combatant
command (CCMD) through the United States Cyberspace Command
(USCYBERCOM) to a cyber component. It initiates cyber strike or mission
package development against an already validated CCMD target.
b. The information required are the same on a manual CERF and a
USCYBERCOM digital CERF. The digital CERF is located on USCYBERCOM
Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System sharepoint at
https://intelshare.intelink.ic.gov/sites/uscc-j3f/CERF/SitePages/Home.aspx.
4. JTCR
The JTCR (table 55) is the format for tactical units to request the timing and
tempo of cyberspace effects. Generally, tactical units complete sections 1–3 and
submit requests to the CCMD 72 hours prior to execution via fire support request
channels. The CCMD submits the digital request via the cyber C2 portal for
operations to be included in the cyber tasking order.
5. Details
For more information on cyberspace operations, CERFs, and JTCRs, consult the
classified appendix K to JFIRE on the Air Land Sea Application Center’s
SIPRNET Web site: https://intelshare.intelink.sgov.gov/sites/alsa.
Table 55. Joint Tactical Cyber Request
1. Mission Request Description of Request - Required
JTCR Priority [___High] [___Medium] [___Low]
Cyber Operation Type [___OCO] [___DCO] [___DODIN] [___cyber ISR/OPE]
Operation ISO
Related CERF
Requesting Organization
2. Timing and Tempo Description of Request (Required)
Planning [___Preplanned] [___Immediate]
Schedule Type [___Scheduled] [___Immediate]
Start By mm/dd/yyyy hh:mm Z
Finish By mm/dd/yyyy hh:mm Z
3. Effects Requested Description of Request (Required)
Requested Effect
Target / Threat Location
Desired Effects
Termination Criteria
4. Cyber ISR / OPE Mission Description of Request (Only required for Cyber ISR & OPE missions)
Area of Operations
ISR Reference Points
Amplifying Information
5. DCO Mission Description of Request (Only required for DCO missions)
Threat
Assessment Type
Assessment Location
6. OCO Mission Description of Request (Only required for OCO missions)
Intel Trigger (optional)
IO Product (optional)
Valid Targets
7. DODIN Mission Description of Request (Only required for DODIN POND missions)
Justification
Locations Affected
Amplifying Information Provide a list of services and circuits.
Legend: ISR—intelligence, surveillance, and
CERF—cyber effects request format reconnaissance
DCO—defensive cyber operations JTCR—joint tactical cyber request
DODIN—Department of Defense Information OCO—offensive cyber operations
Network OPE—operational preparation of the environment
IO—information operations POND—period of non-disruption
ISO—information security officer
75
76

Appendix A
CAPABILITIES AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
1. Capabilities and Communications Equipment
Tables 56-58 contain information regarding the relevant capabilities of listed
aircraft. Figure 14 contains a depiction of spectrum usage of sensors, weapons,
and marking devices.
Table 56. Fixed-wing Capabilities and Communications Equipment
Sensor, Markings Safety
Aircraft Ordnance Data Voice
Capabilities Down Link
AV-8B LGB, GP, AGM- LITENING1 VMF 2 VHF/UHF Transmit: C-
65E/L, CBU, (FLIR, DTV, LTD, HAVE QUICK Analog and
JDAM, LJDAM, LST, IR pointer) II, Digital
2.75-inch LUU-2/19, Mk- SINCGARS
rockets, 257/258
5-inch Zuni,
25mm
A-10C LGB, GP, AGM- LITENING1 or SADL 1 VHF/UHF/ Transmit:

65, CBU/ SNIPER1 (FLIR, VMF SATCOM C-Analog
WCMD, JDAM, DTV, LTD, LST, IR 1 VHF and Digital
LJDAM, 2.75- pointer) 1 UHF
inch rockets, Scorpion HMCS HAVE QUICK
30mm LUU-2/19, Mk- II
257/278, Quickdraw SINCGARS
AC-130U 105mm, 40mm, MX-15 Link 16 2 UHF Transmit: C
25mm (FLIR HD, DTV HD, HPW 3 VHF Digital
SWIR, LTD, IR 2 HF
pointer, Overt 2 SATCOM Receive:
pointer) HAVE QUICK C-Analog
MTV II and Digital
(FLIR, LLLTV, LTD, SINCGARS
IR pointer)
SAR, projectile
impact predictions
AC-130W Griffin, 30mm, 2 MX-20 SADL 6 UHF/VHF Transmit
105mm, SDB I, (FLIR HD, DTV HD, HPW 4 SATCOM and
Laser SDB LTD, IR pointer) ANW2 HAVE QUICK Receive:
Gateway II UHF/L/S/
SINCGARS C/Ku
B-1B JDAM (with SNIPER Link 16 1 UHF/ Transmit: C-
pattern (FLIR, DTV, LTD, JRE VHF/FM Analog and
capability), LST, IR pointer) 1 UHF/ Digital
LJDAM, GP, SAR, terrain SATCOM
CBU/WCMD, following radar, 1 HF
JASSM, SDB GMTI/T HAVE QUICK
PSS-SOF II
SINCGARS
77
78

(cont’d)
B-2 JDAM, GP, SAR, radar Link 16 2 UHF/VHF/
JASSM, EGBU, HPW SATCOM
GBU-57 1 HF
HAVE QUICK
II
B-52 JDAM, GP, SNIPER1 or Link 16 UHF/VHF Transmit: C-
CBU / WCMD, LITENING SATCOM HF Analog and
LGB, CALCM, (FLIR, DTV, LTD, HAVE QUICK Digital
JASSM, MALD LST, IR pointer) II
radar SINCGARS
PSS-SOF
F-15E JDAM, SDB, SNIPER1 or Link 16 UHF/VHF Transmit:
LJDAM, LGB, LITENING1 SATCOM HF C-Analog
CBU/WCMD, (FLIR, DTV, LTD, HAVE QUICK and Digital
EGBU, GP LST, IR pointer) II
Bombs, JSOW, SAR SINCGARS
20mm Terrain following
radar
1
F-16 JDAM, LJDAM, SNIPER or Link 16 or 1 UHF/VHF/ Transmit:
LGB, GP LITENING1 SADL, SATCOM C-Analog
Bombs, (FLIR, DTV, LTD, IDM/IDT 1 UHF and Digital
CBU/WCMD, LST, IR pointer) HAVE QUICK
SDB, HARM, HTS2, JHMCS II
AGM-65, SINCGARS
JASSM, 2.75-
inch rockets,
20mm
F/A-18 JDAM, LJDAM, ATFLIR1 Link 16 2 UHF/VHF Transmit:
HARM, AGM- (FLIR, DTV, LTD, VMF HAVE QUICK ATFLIR:
65, CBU, GP LST, IR pointer) II C Analog
Bombs, SLAM- LITENING1 SINCGARS
ER, JASSM, (FLIR, DTV, LTD, LITENING:
LGB, 2.75-inch LST, IR pointer) C Analog
rockets, 5-inch NIGHTHAWK (CF- and Digital
Zuni, 20mm 18)
JHMCS,
LUU-2/19
F-22A JDAM, SDB Radar Link 16 UHF
(receive VHF (AM
only) only)
HAVE QUICK
II
F-353 LGB, JDAM, DAS Link 16 2 UHF/VHF
SDB (FLIR, DTV, LTD, VMF HAVE QUICK
LST) II
SAR/GMTI SINCGARS
(cont’d)
KC-130J Hellfire, Griffin
TSS 2 UHF Transmit:
Harvest (FLIR, DTV, LTD, IR 2 VHF Ku
Hawk pointer) 2 HF Receive:
LUU-2/19 HAVE QUICK L/S/C/Ku
PSS-SOF II
SINCGARS
MC-12 None MX-15DiD (HD) Link 16 2 VHF only Transmit
(IR, EOW, EON, SADL 4 UHF/ and
SWIR, LTD, LTM, HPW VFH/FM Receive: C-
Overt Pointer) HARRIS / 1 HF Analog and
SA SATCOM Digital, S/Ku
HAVE QUICK
II
SINCGARS
P-3 SLAM-ER, ASX-4, ASX-6, Star Link 11 3 UHF Transmit:
AGM-65P, SAFIRE HD (FLIR, 1 VHF common
AGM-84, CBU, DTV), SAR 2 HF data link or
GP SATCOM C/Ku
HAVE QUICK
II
P-8 SLAM-ER, APY-10, ALQ-218, Link 16 2 UHF Transmit:
AGM-65P, AAS, MTI, SAR, 2 VHF C/Ku
AGM-84, Mk- ISAR 1 HF
54, CBU, GP SATCOM
HAVE QUICK
II
U-28 None MX-15 Link 16 6 UHF/ VHF/ Transmit
(FLIR, DTV, LLLTV, SADL SATCOM and
LTD, LST, IR HPW HAVE QUICK Receive:
pointer, Overt ANW2 II SINCGARS UHF/L/S/
pointer) Gateway C/Ku
MTS-A
(FLIR, DTV, SWIR,
LTD, IR Pointer)
1
GR-4 (UK) LGB, GP, DMS LITENING Link 16 UHF Transmit:
Brimstone, (FLIR, DTV, LTD, VMF VHF-AM/ FM C-Analog
27mm LST, IR pointer) HAVE QUICK and Digital
HMS II
1
Typhoon EGBU, GP LITENING Link 16 UHF Transmit:
(UK) Bombs, 27mm (FLIR, DTV, LTD, VHF (AM C-Analog
LST, IR pointer) only) and Digital
HMS Tac VHF
HAVE QUICK
II
Sentinel Wide area GMTI/ Link 16 UHF/VHF Transmit:
(UK) SAR SATCOM C/Ku
HAVE QUICK
II
79
80

(cont’d)
Mirage LGB, JDAM, Radar UHF/VHF
(France) GP, 68mm
rockets, 30mm
Notes:
1. Not all aircraft with these pods have downlink capability.
2. This is to Block 40, 42, 50, or 52.
3. Listed F-35 ordnance is a postulated basic weapons capability.
Legend
AAS—Advanced Aerial Sensor JDAM—joint direct attack munition
ANW2—Adaptive Networking Wideband JHMCS—joint helmet mounted cueing
Waveform system
ATFLIR—advanced targeting forward- JRE—joint range extension
looking infrared JSOW—joint stand-off weapon
CALCM—conventional air-launched LGB—laser-guided bomb
cruise missile LJDAM—laser-Joint Direct Attack Munition
CBU—cluster bomb unit LLLTV—low-light level television
DAS—distributed aperture system LST—laser spot tracker
DMS—dual-mode seeker LTD—laser target designator
DTV—day television LTM—laser target marker
EGBU—enhanced guided bomb unit MALD—miniature air launched decoy
EON—electro-optic narrow MTI—moving target indicator
EOW—electro-optic wide MTS—multi-spectral targeting system
FLIR—forward-looking infrared MTV—mobile tactical video
GBU—guided bomb unit PSS-SOF— Precision Strike Suite for Special
GMTI—ground moving target indicator Operations Forces
GP—general purpose SA—situational awareness
HARM—high-speed antiradiation missile SADL—situation awareness data link
HD—high drag SAR—synthetic aperture radar
HMCS—helmet mounted cuing system SATCOM—satellite communications
HMS—helmet mounted sight SDB—small diameter bomb
HPW—high performance waveform SINCGARS—single-channel ground and
HTS—high-speed antiradiation missile airborne radio system
targeting system SLAM-ER—standoff land-attack missile-
IDM—improved data modem expanded range
IDT—interflight data transfer SWIR—short-wave infrared
IR—infrared TSS—target sight system
ISAR—inverse synthetic-aperture radar UK—United Kingdom
JASSM—joint air-to-surface standoff missile WCMD—wind corrected munitions dispenser
Table 57. Rotary-wing Capabilities and Communications Equipment
Ordnance Sensor
Video Down
Aircraft Marking Data Voice
Forward Off-axis Link
Capabilities
AH-1 Hellfire, 20mm AH-1W 2 VHF/ UHF Transmit: L/S
APKWS, NTSU HAVE Analog
2.75-inch, (FLIR, Single QUICK II
5-inch Color DTV, SINCGARS Receive:
rockets DVO, LTD, IR L/S/C Analog
pointer)
AH-1Z
TSS (FLIR,
DTV, LTD, IR
pointer)
AH-6 Hellfire, AESOP VHF-FM
2.75-inch (FLIR, LTD, VHF-AM
rockets, IR pointer) UHF/
50-caliber, SAT-AM
7.62mm HAVE
QUICK II
SINCGARS
AH-64 D Hellfire, 2.75- 30mm MTADS BFT 2 VHF-FM Transmit:
AH-64 E inch rockets (FLIR, DTV, Link 1 VHF-AM Ku-TCDL
1
LTD, IR 16 1 UHF/ Receive:
pointer) VMF SATCOM UHF/L/S/C/
MMW Radar HAVE Ku, Ku-TCDL
QUICK I/II
SINCGARS
HH-60 G2 50-caliber FLIR, LWIR SADL 2 VHF
7.62mm IZLID 1 UHF/
DALS/ SAT-AM
Quickdraw HAVE
QUICK I/II
SINCGARS
HH-60 H Hellfire 50-caliber FLIR BFT 3 VHF/UHF/
7.62mm IZLID SATCOM
HAVE
QUICK I/II
SINCGARS
MH-60 L, Hellfire, 2.75- 7.62mm AESOP VHF-FM
DAP inch rockets, (FLIR, LTD, VHF-AM
30mm, IR pointer) UHF/
7.62mm SAT-AM
HAVE
QUICK II
SINCGARS
MH-60 R Hellfire, 50-caliber MTS Hawk- 2 VHF/UHF/ Transmit:
APKWS 7.62mm (FLIR, DTV, link SATCOM Ku
LLLTV, LTD, Link 16 HAVE
IR pointer) QUICK I/II
IZLID SINCGARS
81
82
Table 57. Rotary-wing Capabilities and Communications Equipment

(cont’d)
Ordnance Sensor
Video Down
Aircraft Marking Data Voice
Forward Off-axis Link
Capabilities
MH-60 S Hellfire, 50-caliber MTS (FLIR, Link 16 2 VHF/UHF/ Transmit:
APKWS, 7.62mm DTV, LLLTV, SATCOM S/C Analog
2.75-inch LTD, IR HAVE
rockets, pointer) QUICK I/II
20mm IZLID DALS/ SINCGARS
Quickdraw
OH-58 D Hellfire, MMS BFT 2 VHF-FM Transmit:
2.75-inch (FLIR, DTV, VMF 1 VHF-AM Ku-TCDL
rockets, LTD, IR 1 UHF-AM
50-caliber pointer) HAVE Receive:
Smoke QUICK I/II C/Ku
Grenades SINCGARS
SH-60 B Hellfire 50-caliber FLIR Hawk- 2 VHF/UHF/
7.62mm link /SATCOM
HAVE
QUICK I/II
SINCGARS
Tiger (EU, Hellfire, 30mm RMS Euro- 3 VHF/UHF/
Aus) APKWS, (FLIR, DTV, grid SATCOM
2.75-inch LTD, LST) 1 HF/Data
rockets IZLID
UH-1 Y APKWS, 50-caliber BRITE Star II 3 VHF/UHF/
2.75-inch 7.62mm (FLIR, DTV, SATCOM3
rockets LTD, IR HAVE
pointer) QUICK II
SINCGARS
Notes:
1. Only AH-64E.
2. HH-60G aircrew train to the Army Attack Aviation and Special Operations Forces
Gunship Call for Fire attack briefing.
3. SATCOM is DAMA only.
Legend:
APKWS—Advanced Precision Kill Weapon MMS—mast mounted sight

System MMW—millimeter wave
BFT—blue force tracker MTADS—modernized target acquisition
DALS—downed aircrew locator system designation sight
DAMA—demand assigned multiple access MTS—multi-spectral targeting system
DTV—day television NTSU—night targeting system upgraded
DVO—direct view optics RMS—roof mounted sight
FLIR—forward-looking infrared SADL—situation awareness data link
IR—infrared SATCOM—satellite communications
IZLID—IR zoom laser illuminator designator SINCGARS—single-channel ground and
LLLTV—low-light level television airborne radio system
LST—laser spot tracker TCDL—Tactical Common Data Link
LTD—laser target designator TSS—target sight system
LWIR—long wave infrared VMF—variable message format
Table 58. UAS Capabilities and Communication Equipment
Sensor Video Altitude /
Aircraft Ordnance Marking Data Voice Down Endurance
Capabilities Link (in feet)
1
MQ-1 Hellfire MTS-A Link 16 VHF C Analog 15,000 /
(EO, LLLTV, UHF or
MWIR, LTD, SATCOM Digital, 24 hours
LRF, IR HAVE S, Ku
pointer) QUICK II
SINCGARS
MQ-1C Hellfire1 EO, LLLTV, TCDL VHF C Analog 8,000 to
MWIR, LTD, UHF or 20,000 /
LRF, IR SATCOM Digital,
pointer HAVE Ku 36 hours
SAR, GMTI QUICK II
SINCGARS
MQ-4C EO, IR, MFAS, TCDL VHF 50,000 to
AIS UHF 60,000 /
SATCOM
CT 31 hours
MQ-5B GBU-44 EO, MWIR, TCDL VHF C Digital 3,000 to
LTD, LRF, IR UHF 15,000 /
pointer SATCOM
HAVE 20.5 hours
QUICK II
MQ-8B BRITE Star II TCDL VHF C Digital, 8,000 to
(EO, MWIR, UHF Ku, CDL 10,000 /
LRF, LTD, IR SATCOM
pointer, AIS) 4.5 hours
VORTEX
MQ-9 Hellfire MTS-B Link 16 VHF C Analog 10,000 to
GBU-12, (DTV, LLLTV, UHF or 30,000 /
GBU-38, MWIR, SWIR, SATCOM Digital,
GBU-49 HD EO, HD HAVE Ku 14 to 17
MWIR, LTD, QUICK II hours
LRF, IR SINCGARS
pointer)
SAR, GMTI
RQ-4 EO, IR, SAR, TCDL VHF C 50,000 to
GMTI UHF Analog 58,000 //
SATCOM or
CT Digital 28 hours
83
84
Table 58. UAS Capabilities and Communication Equipment (Cont’d)

Sensor Video Altitude /
Aircraft Ordnance Marking Data Voice Down Endurance
Capabilities Link (feet)
RQ-7B POP-300D None/ VHF FM C 6,000 to
v1/v2 (EO, MWIR, TCDL Relay Analog 8,000 /
2
LTD, LRF, IR UHF or
pointer) UHF2 Digital 6 to 9 hours
SAT2
(CRP is VHF
FM only)
HAVE
QUICK II
SINCGARS
RQ-11B EO, MWIR VHF C 1,000 /
UHF2 Analog
SINCGARS or 1.5 hours
Digital
RQ-12A EO, MWIR VHF C 500 /
2
UHF Analog
SINCGARS or 50 minutes
Digital
RQ-20B EO, MWIR None VHF C 1,000 /
2
UHF Analog
SINCGARS or 2 hours
Digital
RQ-21A EO, MWIR, UHF Relay C Digital 3,000 to
2
LRF, IR VHF 5,000 /
2
pointer, AIS UHF
SATCOM2 12 hours
SINCGARS
Notes:
1. MQ-1/9 and Gray Eagle employ the K, M, N, P, P+, and R Hellfire variants.
2. The Ground Control Station (GCS) has these communication abilities. The RQ-7B air
vehicle itself has only VHF-FM capabilities.
All listed UAS are Rover 6 Capable. RQ-11, RQ-12, RQ-20, and MQ-1C are not Rover 4 or
5 capable.
Legend:
AIS—automatic information system LTD—laser target designator
CDL—Common Data Link MFAS—multifunctional active sensor
CT—cypher text MTS—multi-spectral targeting system
DTV—day television MWIR—mid-wavelength infrared
EO—electro-optical SAR—synthetic aperture radar
GBU—guided bomb unit SATCOM—satellite communications
GMTI—ground moving target indicator SINCGARS—single-channel ground and
IR—infrared airborne radio system
LLLTV—low-light level television SWIR—short-wave infrared
LRF—laser range finder TCDL—Tactical Common Data Link
2. Aircraft Sensor Capabilities
Table 59 contains aircraft sensor capabilities.
Table 59. Aircraft Sensor Capabilities

Laser Laser
IR
Sensor Spectrum Platforms Target Spot
Pointer
Designator Tracker
AN/AAS-44(V) IR MH-60R/S Yes No No
AN/AAS- IR, EO, SH-60B, HH-60H Yes No Yes
44C(V)2 LLTV
AN/SZQ-2 IR, LLTV, MH-47G, Yes Yes Yes1
SWIR1 MH-60M
AN/SZQ-3 (V)2 IR, LLTV A/H-6M Yes Yes2 Yes
ATFLIR IR, CCD F/A-183 Yes Yes Yes
BRITE Star II IR, CCD UH-1Y Yes No Yes4
LITENING IR, CCD AV-8B, A-10C, Yes Yes Yes

B52/H, F-16,
F/A-18 (USMC)
MTADS1 IR, DTV AH-64D/E Yes Yes Yes
MTS-A/B5 IR, EO, MQ-1/MQ-91 Yes No Yes1
LLTV,
SWIR1
MX-15Di IR, CCD, H-6, P-3, AC- Yes Yes Yes1
SWIR1 130U
King Air variants
Lynx, Wildcat
MX-20 IR, CCD, P-8A, P-3, Yes Yes6 Yes1
SWIR1 AC-130W6,
AC-130J7,6
NTS/NTSU IR, DVO, AH-1W Yes No No8
CCD
SNIPER IR, CCD A-10C,B-1B, Yes Yes Yes
F-15E
TISU8 IR, DTV OH-58DR Yes No Yes
TSS IR, CCD AH-1Z, KC-130J Yes No Yes
85
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Table 59. Aircraft Sensor Capabilities (cont’d)

Notes:
1. The SWIR capability enables the aircrew to see IR pointers and markers
(strobes, etc.) in the EO / IR sensor image.
2. The AN/SQZ-3 fielded on some A/H-6Ms only has an LTD / IR pointer. The
AN/SQZ-3(V)2 has an added LST capability.
3. USN- and CVN-based USMC F/A-18s only.
4. BRIGHT STAR Block II only.
5. MQ-1B, MQ-1C, and MQ-9.
6. AC-130W and AC-130J do not have LST.
7. AC-130W/AC-130J have two MX-20 EO / IR sensors.
8. The IR pointer is not boresighted to laser / EO / IR for AH-64 / AH-1W
helicopters.
Legend:
ATFLIR—advanced targeting forward MTADS—modernized target
looking infrared acquisition designation sight
CCD—charge coupled device MTS—multi-spectral targeting system
CVN—carrier, fixed-wing aircraft, NTS—night targeting system
nuclear NTSU—night targeting system
DTV––day television upgrade
DVO—direct view optics SWIR—short-wave infrared
EO—electro-optical TISU––thermal imaging system
IR—infrared upgrade
LLTV—low-light television TSS—target sight system
LST—laser spot tracker USMC—United States Marine Corps
LTD—laser target designator USN—United States Navy
Figure 14. Spectrum Usage of Sensors, Weapons, and Marking Devices
87
88

Appendix B
BREVITY
Tables 60–68 contain brevity terms, grouped by tactics, relevant to the fire
support mission.
Table 60. Marking Brevity Terms
Term Definition
BLIND No visual contact with FRIENDLY aircraft / ground position.
Opposite of VISUAL.
VISUAL Sighting of a FRIENDLY aircraft or ground position.
Opposite of BLIND.
CONTACT Acknowledges sighting a specified reference point (either
visually or via sensor).
LOOKING The aircrew does not have the ground object, reference
point, or target in sight (opposite of CONTACT).
TALLY Sighting a target, nonfriendly aircraft, or enemy position.
Opposite of NO JOY.
NO JOY Aircrew does not have visual contact with the TARGET /
BANDIT. Opposite of TALLY.
Table 61. Laser Brevity Terms

Term Definition
TEN Standby for LASER ON call in approximately 10 seconds
SECONDS
LASER ON Start or acknowledge laser designation.
SHIFT Shift laser / infrared / radar / device energy / aimpoint.
(direction/track Note: This can be used to shift from the offset position onto
number) the target. It is also used during multi-aircraft attack to shift
laser energy or target assignments.
SPOT 1. Acquisition of laser designation.
2. The platform is laser spot tracker (LST) capable.
CEASE Cease (activity). Discontinue stated activity; e.g., CEASE
(See note) BUZZER, CEASE LASER, CEASE SPARKLE, etc.
DEAD EYE The laser designator system is inoperative
NEGATIVE Laser energy has not been acquired.
LASER
LASING The speaker is firing the laser.
REMOTE Request for launching a platform to provide laser guided
munitions. Reverse of BUDDY LASE.
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Table 61. Laser Brevity Terms (cont’d)

Term Definition
STARE (with Cue the laser spot search / tracker function on the
laser code and specified laser code in relation to the specified reference
reference point. Reference point may include the following:
point) steerpoint, geographic reference (GEOREF), bearing and
(See note) range, or data link point.
Note: STARE and CEASE (activity) are not North Atlantic Treaty
Organization brevity words.
Table 62. Night Infrared Close Air Support Brevity Terms

Term Definition (Note 1)
SPARKLE 1. Mark / marking a target by infrared (IR) pointer.
2. The platform is capable to infrared point.
The joint terminal attack controller (JTAC) marks the target
with an IR pointer. Can be initiated by a JTAC or aircrew.
The proper aircrew response is CONTACT SPARKLE or
NO JOY.
SNAKE Oscillate an IR pointer in a figure eight about a target.
Call made by exception for the JTAC to oscillate the IR
beam on the target. This aids in distinguishing the friendly
position from the target, verifies the aircrew is looking at
the proper IR pointer and can aid in acquiring the IR
energy. The proper aircrew response is CONTACT
SPARKLE, STEADY, or NO JOY.
PULSE Illuminate / illuminating a position with flashing IR energy.
(See note 2) The JTAC uses the pulse mode available on some IR
pointers. It can be initiated by a JTAC or aircrew. May be
used by a JTAC to emphasize that an enemy position is
being illuminated by flashing IR energy, which is often
used to identify friendly positions. The proper aircrew
response is CONTACT SPARKLE, STEADY, or NO JOY.
STEADY Stop oscillation of an IR pointer.
The JTAC steadies the beam after a SNAKE or PULSE
call. This can aid in verifying that the aircrew is looking at
the proper IR pointer.
CEASE Discontinue sparkle activity.
SPARKLE The JTAC turns the beam off. This can aid in verifying that
(See note 3) the aircrew is looking at the proper IR pointer, especially if
followed with a SPARKLE call.
Table 62. Night Infrared Close Air Support Brevity Terms (Cont’d)
Term Definition (Note 1)
ROPE Circling an IR pointer around an aircraft to help the aircraft
(See note 4) identify the friendly ground position.
Caution:
This technique may damage night vision devices.
CONTACT Acknowledges sighting sparkle. It is a call acknowledging

SPARKLE sighting a specified reference point (either visually or via
sensor).
After the SPARKLE call is made, the close air support
aircraft should respond with NO JOY or SNAKE. Once the
aircrew sees the IR energy and is able to discern between
the friendly and target end of the pointer, a CONTACT
SPARKLE call may be made.
MATCH Overlay the requested target designator type (e.g., MATCH
SPARKLE SPARKLE, MATCH LASER).
This is a directive term for a second party to overlay an IR
mark on an existing mark.
Notes:
1. The brevity terms listed in this table amplify the IR communications in
Army Tactical Publication 1-02.1/Marine Corps Reference Publication 3-
25B/Navy Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures 6-02.1/Air Force Tactics,
Techniques, and Procedures 3-2.5, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures for Multi-Service Brevity Codes, October 2014.
2. The meaning of PULSE may differ from the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization brevity word.
3. CEASE (activity) is not a North Atlantic Treaty Organization brevity word.
4. ROPE is not recommended for rotary-wing aircraft.
Table 63. Video Down Link Brevity Terms

Term Definition
CHECK The target appears to be no longer tracked by the sensor.
CAPTURE (This is an informative call from a video downlink (VDL)
operator to a pilot or sensor operator that the target
appears to be no longer tracked by a full-motion video
source).
CHECK The sensor image appears to be out of focus. (This is an
FOCUS informative call from a VDL operator to a pilot or sensor
operator that the full-motion video image appears to be
out of focus).
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Table 63. Video Down Link Brevity Terms (cont’d)

Term Definition
DECLUTTER An authoritative request for the pilot or operator to remove
targeting symbology to allow the user to see a better
picture of the target area (minimize on-screen graphics to
prevent an object of interest from being obscured. For
sensors with multilevel declutter capability, it is indicated
as level 1, 2, 3, etc.).
HANDSHAKE A video data link is established. Opposite of HOLLOW.
(VDL operator communications to indicate a good full-
motion video signal and data to VDL).
HOLLOW 1. Any data link message not received. 2. A lost video
data link. The opposite of HANDSHAKE. (Lost full-motion
video signal or data to VDL. VDL screen freezes or is not
updating. If the picture is not rotating or slant range is not
changing, these are indicators of not updating). 3.
(Expect) HOLLOW: A condition likely will exist that limits
video data link reception (e.g., maneuvers or terrain). An
informative call from the pilot or sensor operator to VDL
operator that a condition likely will exist that limits VDL
reception.
SET 1. Set (or have set) a particular speed. May be indicated in
knots or Mach. 2. No longer slewing sensor and awaiting
further updates. 3. Overwatch aircraft is in position.
(Informative call from pilot or sensor operator to VDL
operator indicating no longer slewing the full-motion video
source and waiting for further updates).
SHADOW Follow the indicated target.
SLEW Move the sensor in the direction indicated (usually
accompanied with a unit of measure). For example,
“SLEW left one-half screen.” ((LEFT / RIGHT / UP /
DOWN or CLOCK POSITION and DISTANCE ¼
SCREEN, ½ SCREEN, FULL SCREEN) Directive call
from a VDL operator to a pilot or sensor operator to slew
the full-motion video source a given direction and
distance.)
STAKE A full-motion video system mark has been set and is used
as a frame of reference
SWITCH Switch full-motion video to electro-optical (EO) or infrared
CAMERA (IR). (Request from a VDL operator to a pilot or sensor
operator to switch the full-motion video to EO or IR).
Table 63. Video Down Link Brevity Terms (cont’d)
Term Definition
SWITCH Switch IR polarity to black hot or white hot. (A request
POLARITY comes from a VDL operator to a pilot or sensor operator to
switch the full-motion video IR polarity to black hot or
white hot.)
ZOOM (IN / Increase / decrease the sensor’s focal length. (Request
OUT) from a VDL operator to change the full-motion video field
of view (FOV). The “Zoom” command is to be given with a
1, 2, 3, or 4 attached to it. The 1, 2, 3, or 4 indicates the
number of full-motion video FOVs the joint terminal attack
controller wants to change in or out. Recommend only 1
full-motion video FOV change at a time, in or out).
Table 64. Digitally Aided Close Air Support Brevity Terms

Term Definition
DATA (object, Standby for a data-link message concerning an object at a
position) stated location.
HOOK A data-link directive call to cue sensors to a described
point (e.g., point of interest, surface-to-air missile,
markpoint, or track number).
(Type) POINT A data-link sensor point / track of interest, such as the
J12.6 SID 10 data-link message.
OSR / AOS On-station report / aircraft on-station. A variable message
format (VMF) message set.
SPI The location (horizontal coordinate and elevation) at which
a system calculates its sensor is pointed.
TIMBER The Link 16 network.
TIMBER Potential problems with net entry; initiates premission link
SOUR troubleshooting.
TIMBER Confirms receipt of data-link information (the opposite of
SWEET TIMBER SOUR).
TRACK Data-link information file number. Commonly called “track”
NUMBER (#) or written as TN.
ZAP Request for data link information, for example “ZAP data”
or “ZAP point.”
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Table 65. Data Link Radio Call Brevity Terms

Term Definition
CALL The aircrew or terminal attack controller checks setup and
READY FOR makes sure the station is ready to receive a data burst.
DATA
CROSS- Confirmation via sensor point of interest (SPI) on correct
CHECK hostile location.
DATA IN 5 Data transmission will be sent in 5 seconds.
DIGITAL Digital target reference point. Used to direct aircraft sensors
TRP to a location, via Link 16 or situation awareness data link
(SADL), using J3.5 land/point tracks to mark a target or
location.
DROP Directs removing a track from the Link 16/SADL network.
This does not require users to remove tracks from internal
networks or displays; the track originator normally
accomplishes the task.
INITIATE The act of broadcasting (enabling) a track onto the Link
16/SADL network.
PUBLISH The directive term to broadcast a track onto the Link
16/SADL network from the tactical network.
READ This is a terminal attack controller to aircrew call. The
BACK aircrew is to read back mandatory lines from the 9-line close
air support brief. Reading back target coordinates should
only take place after the coordinates have been entered into
the aircraft system and the read back is from the system and
is not what the joint terminal attack controller sent (as
displayed for review in an aircraft’s cockpit).
READ This is a terminal attack controller to aircrew call. The
BACK aircrew has done a correct read back of the 9-line brief.
CORRECT
READY FOR The aircrew or terminal attack controller is ready to receive
DATA data (e.g., a 9-line brief, check in brief, mark point, free text,
or message).
RECEIVED Data was received successfully.
UPDATE This is a term to direct updating a previously initiated Link 16
track. The track number should be referenced.
Table 66. Sensor Tasking Brevity Terms
Term Definition
(Target / Specified surface target or object has been acquired and
object) is being tracked with an onboard sensor.
CAPTURED
TRACK This is a directive call assigning responsibility to maintain
sensors / visual awareness on a defined object or area.
SORT This is assigning responsibility within a group; criteria can
be met visually, electronically (e.g., radar), or both. It is a
directive call to assign sensor priority within a group of
vehicles / personnel.
DROP(PING) Stop / stopping monitoring of a specified emitter / target /
group and resume / resuming search responsibilities. This
is a directive call to discontinue sensor / visual track
responsibility.
MELD Shift radar responsibilities from sanitizing to gaining
situational awareness (SA) on the assigned group.
Directive call for assets to bring sensors onto a single
point of interest.
STATUS A call from the joint terminal attack controller requesting
the aircrew update the activity of the track responsibility or
requested label.
SQUIRTER A ground-borne object of interest departing the objective
area.
NEUTRAL The lead aircraft’s responsibility is the friendly force. The
wingman is primarily responsible for scanning the
objective (or assigned checkpoint) and back to the friendly
force.
OFFENSIVE Lead and wingman aircraft concentrate on the objective.
DEFENSIVE The lead aircraft’s responsibility is the friendly force. The
wingman is responsible for sanitizing the route directly in
front of the friendly force.
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Table 67. Electronic Warfare Brevity Terms

Term Definition
BUZZER Electronic communications jamming.
BUZZER ON Commence electronic communications jamming.
CEASE Discontinue communications jamming.
BUZZER
CEASE Discontinue radar jamming.
MUSIC
MUSIC Electronic radar jamming.
MUSIC ON Commence electronic radar jamming.
Table 68. General Brevity Terms

Term Definition
CHATTERMARK Begin using briefed radio procedures to counter
communications jamming.
LOWDOWN A request for the tactical ground picture in an area of
interest
PLAYTIME The amount of time aircraft can remain on station, it is
given in hours plus minutes (e.g., ONE PLUS THIRTY
equals 1 hour and 30 minutes).
POGO Switch to communication channel number preceding
POGO. If unable to establish communications, switch to
channel number following POGO. If no channel number
follows POGO, return to this channel.
REMINGTON No air-to-air or air-to-surface ordnance remaining except
(See note 1) gun or self-protect ammo.
RIFLE FRIENDLY air-to-surface missile launch.
(See note 2)
SUNSHINE Illuminating a target with artificial illumination.
WINCHESTER No ordnance remaining.
WEAPONS **Weapons control status. Fire only:
(status) 1. (FREE): at targets not identified as FRIENDLY in
(See note 1) accordance with current rules of engagement (ROE).
2. (TIGHT): at targets positively identified as HOSTILE,
in accordance with current ROE.
3. (HOLD / SAFE): in self-defense or in response to a
formal order.
Notes:
1. REMINGTON and WEAPONS (status) are not a North Atlantic Treaty
Organization brevity words.
2. RIFLE meaning may differ from North Atlantic Treaty Organization brevity
word.
Appendix C
LASER OPERATIONS
1. Laser Designation Zones
Figure 15 provides a depiction of the optimal laser designation attack zones and
safety zone.
WARNING
Infrared (IR) pointers or laser sources should not be used as the sole
source for target mark or verification. Attack aircraft may confuse an IR
pointer or laser energy source with the intended target. When using IR
pointers or lasers to mark a target, include “IR POINTER” or “LASER” in
the marks portion (Line 7) of the close air support briefing. Joint terminal
attack controllers (JTACs) also should provide the pointer-target-line or
laser-target-line in degrees magnetic from the energy source to the
target. JTACs should consider using a discriminate target mark
whenever possible.
Figure 15. Laser Designation and Optimal Attack Zones

2. Rotary-wing Hellfire Designator Safety Zone
a. See figures 16 and 17 for rotary-wing Hellfire designation depictions.
b. Within 30-degrees of the shooter aircraft’s line of fire (in the Hellfire
designator safety zone), there is a possibility the missile may track and impact
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an obstruction (e.g., trees, grass, or hills) near the designator operator if it is

accidentally illuminated by the laser beam.
c. The designator shall have a clear, unobstructed line of sight to the target.
Take care to ensure the designator line of sight is unobstructed across the
entire path of a moving target during the time of missile flight to impact.
d. Airborne designators must ensure they are outside the Hellfire designator
safety zone, per figure 17.
Figure 16. Rotary-wing Hellfire Designator Three-dimensional View

Figure 17. Hellfire Designation Two-dimensional View
3. United States Marine Corps (USMC) RQ-7B Fixed-wing (FW) Laser
Guided Bomb (LGB) Designation
a. Preserve 60 degrees for the RQ-7B orbit, as shown in figure 18.
b. Three hundred degrees are available for FW final attack headings.
c. The RQ-7B anchor point shall be no closer than 1.6 kilometers (km) from
the target location at 6,000 to 8,000 feet above ground level (AGL).
d. Use the template (figure 18) when employing LGBs against nonvertically
developed targets while employing level-lay delivery.
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Figure 18. USMC RQ-7B Laser Guided Bomb Designation Template

4. USMC RQ-7B Offset Laser Guided Weapons Designation
a. The final attack cone for attacking aircraft shall be no greater than 20
degrees.
b. The unmanned aircraft system position will be prescribed using either a
“LEFT OFFSET” or “RIGHT OFFSET” in the RESTRICTIONS portion of the
attack brief.
c. The RQ-7B anchor point shall be 3km from the target location at 6,000 to
8,000 feet AGL and 25 degrees from the nearest final attack heading.
d. For lock-on before launch AGM-114 employment, the attacking aircraft
should not be farther than 4.1km from the target location.
e. The template (figure 19) may be used for AGM-114 (lock-on before launch
and lock-on after launch), or laser-guided bomb (LGB) from FW aircraft when
podium effect is a tactical employment consideration.
Figure 19. USMC RQ-7B Offset Laser Guided Weapon Designation
Template
5. Laser Communications Examples
The following paragraphs clarify the use multi-Service brevity codes and provide
examples for their recommended usage during laser operations.
a. The call “10 SECONDS” is an informative call and, thus, should be
prefaced with one’s ownship call sign.
b. The “LASER ON” call is directive and, thus, should be prefaced with the
call sign of the laser designator.
c. If the attacking aircraft or laser designator uses the brevity term “SPLASH”
when weapon impacts are observed, “CEASE LASER” is an implied and
unnecessary call. Normally, a “SPLASH” call should come from the laser
designator who has captured or has a visual on the target from weapons
release to weapons impact. There are cases where the laser designator may
not see weapon impacts, including instances where bombs do not impact the
intended target area or weapon release is simulated for training. In these
cases, it is appropriate for the attacking aircraft to make a “SPLASH” call
indicating a weapon impact. This call should be delayed until 5 seconds after
the calculated impact time to account for potential time-of-flight (TOF)
calculation errors.
d. For laser handoffs, a “SPOT” call does not imply “CEASE LASER”. Based
on the situation, an aircrew may want the laser energy to continue after
acquisition of laser designation. Laser designators should continue to lase
until a “CEASE LASER” call is made. In situations where it is apparent a
“CEASE LASER” call was missed or omitted, the laser designator should
query the aircrew with “(aircraft call sign), STATUS”. The following are
examples of lasing operations.
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(1) Example 1. Ground or airborne based continuous lase for a FW

delivered LGB.
(a) Assumption 1: the attacking aircraft is delivering the LGB bomb on
coordinate (BOC), target location and laser code coordination were
conducted as part of the attack brief, and the laser designator is
guiding the LGB with a continuous lase.
(b) Assuption 2. The attacking aircraft’s call sign is Viper 11 and the
laser designator’s call sign is Broadsword 22. The weapon TOF is 30
seconds and the laser code is 1688.
• Laser Designator: “Broadsword 22, CAPTURED, 1688 SET”.
• Attacking aircraft: “Viper 11, 10 seconds”.
• Attacking aircraft: “Viper 11, one away, 30 seconds, Broadsword
22 LASER ON”.
• Laser designator: “Broadsword 22, LASING 1688”.
• When weapon impact is observed, laser designator: “SPLASH”.
(2) Example 2. Ground or airborne based delay lase for a FW delivered
LGB.
(a) Assumption 1: The attacking aircraft is delivering the LGB BOC,
target location and laser coordination conducted as part of the attack
brief, and the laser designator is guiding the LGB with a delay lase.
(b) Assumption 2: The attacking aircraft’s call sign is Viper 11 and the
laser designator’s call sign is Lightning 33. The weapon TOF is 30
seconds and the laser code is 1688.
• Laser designator: “Lightning 33, CAPTURED, 1688 SET”.
• Attacking aircraft: “Viper 11, one away, 30 seconds”.
• Attacking aircraft: “Viper 11, 10 seconds”.
• Attacking aircraft: “Lightning 33, LASER ON”.
• Laser designator: “Lightning 33, LASING 1688”.
• When weapon impact is observed, laser designator: “SPLASH.
(3) Example 3. Laser handoff.
(a) Assumption 1: The target location has been coordinated.
(b) Assumption 2: The laser designator’s call sign is Broadsword 22
and Viper 11 is the aircraft receiving the laser handoff. The laser code
is 1688.
• Aircraft receiving laser handoff: “Viper 11, 10 Seconds”.
• Aircraft receiving laser handoff: “Broadsword 22, LASER ON”.
• Laser designator: “Broadsword 22, LASING 1688”.
• Aircraft receiving laser handoff: “Viper 11, SPOT” (add “CEASE
LASER” if designation is complete).
• Aircraft receiving laser handoff: “Viper 11, CEASE LASER” when
designation is complete (if not completed in conjunction with the
“SPOT” call).
• Aircraft receiving laser handoff: “Broadsword 22, CEASE
LASER”.
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Appendix D
AIRCRAFT-DELIVERED MUNITIONS DESCRIPTIONS
1. Bomb Live Unit (BLU) Munitions
a. BLU-111: 500-pound (lb), improved, thermally protected general purpose
(GP) bomb.
-Effects: blast, fragmentation, and limited cratering.
b. BLU-126: 500-lb, thermally protected, low collateral damage bomb (LCDB)
(6% explosive fill of BLU-111).
-Effects: Limited blast and fragmentation.
c. BLU-129: 500-lb, very low collateral damage, precision lethality bomb.
Carbon-fiber composite for low fragmentation with a multi-phase blast
explosive for high lethality. Explosive equivalent to Mk-82, compatible with
laser, Global Positioning System (GPS), and inertial navigation system (INS)
kits.
d. BLU-110/B: 1,000-lb, improved, thermally protected GP bomb.
-Effects: blast, fragmentation, and cratering.
e. BLU-109/B: 2,000-lb, penetrator, improved, protected, GP bomb.
-Effects: cratering and hard-target penetration.
f. BLU-117: 2,000-lb, improved, thermally protected, GP bomb.
-Effects: blast, fragmentation, and cratering.
g. BLU-113 Penetrator bomb: 4,400-lb, improved, GP bomb.
-Effects: cratering and hard-target penetration.
2. Guided Bombs
a. Inertially aided munitions (IAMs). These are near precision, all weather,
INS/GPS-guided bombs for use against stationary targets. Multiple IAMs can
be dropped on different targets in a single pass. The following are IAMs.
(1) Guided bomb unit (GBU)-38 joint direct attack munition (JDAM) with a
Mk-82 bomb body.
(2) GBU-38 (v)5/B JDAM with a BLU-129 bomb body (United States Air
Force (USAF)).
(3) GBU-38 (v)4/B JDAM with a BLU-126 bomb body (United States Navy
(USN)).
(4) GBU-32 (v)2/B JDAM with a Mk-83 bomb body (USN/USAF).
(5) GBU-32 (v)4/B JDAM with a BLU-110 bomb body (USN).
(6) GBU-31 (v)1/B (USAF) or (v)2/B (USN) JDAM with a Mk-84 bomb
body.
(7) GBU-31 (v)3/B (USAF) or (v)4/B (USN) JDAM with a BLU-109 bomb
body.
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(8) GBU-39 small diameter bomb (SDB). This is effective against fixed or
stationary targets and has limited penetration capabilities. As a standoff
weapon, the SDB may climb in altitude after release to assume its glide
profile. The weapon’s flight path may present deconfliction problems
depending on the airspace coordination areas in place.
b. Paveway II. This is a laser-guided, free-fall weapon. Laser codes are
preflight selectable (code 1511-1788). GBU-51/B is a laser-guided, free-fall
GBU-12 kit with a BLU-126 LCDB body.
c. Paveway III. This is a low-level, laser-guided, maneuverable free-fall
weapon.
(1) Paveway III uses Mk-84 (GBU-24), BLU-109 (GBU-24A) or BLU-116
advanced unitary penetrator (AUP) bomb bodies. AUP is a 2,000-lb class
penetrator bomb with twice the penetration capability of the BLU-109. It is
used only in GBU-24C/B (USAF) and GBU-24D/B (USN). Preflight
selectable codes.
(2) Effects are cratering and hard target penetration as with the Ml-84.
GBU-24E/B adds GPS/INS guidance to allow adverse weather capability
with the BLU-109 bomb body. It can be released from very low or very high
altitudes. It can be released below a low overcast (3,000–4,500 feet (ft)
above ground level (AGL)) if the correct mode switches have been set
prior to takeoff. It can be launched without laser signal acquisition.
d. GBU-54 laser JDAM (LJDAM). LJDAM is a multi-mode weapon (including
guidance via GPS) with coordinate refinement through laser updates. It can
be used in legacy mode as GPS only with no degradation in capability.
LJDAM is capable of hitting high speed, moving targets. Target heading and
velocity can be programmed into the weapon to generate an impact point in
front of the target. At 4.5 kilometers (km), if laser energy is present, the
LJDAM will calculate new coordinates based on the movement of the laser.
Then, the weapon will guide to the updated lead point. If the weapon loses
laser energy, it will guide on the last known coordinates.
3. Guided Missiles
a. Air-to-ground missile (AGM)-65 (Maverick). Designed for strike against
tanks and a variety of tactical targets, including moving vehicles. Maverick
seeker locks on to the target prior to release and guides autonomously
(except AGM-65E/E2/L), providing standoff ranges of up to 10 nautical miles
(nms).
Note: For ground-based laser employment, use the 120-degree attack wedge
discussed in Joint Publication (JP) 3-09.3, Close Air Support. Using AGM-
65E/E2/L on a moving target with a ground-based designator as the primary
designator is not recommended due to the rapidly changing laser safety cone.
(1) Guidance: television (A, B, H, K); infrared (IR) (D, F, G2); Laser (E/L).
(2) Warheads: a 125-lb shaped charge jet and blast (A, B, D, H) or a 300-
lb penetrator/blast-fragmentation (E, E2, F, G2, K).
b. AGM-84E Stand-off Land Attack Missile (SLAM)-AGM-84H/K (SLAM-
Expanded Range (ER)). An intermediate range (over 150 nm for SLAM-ER)
missile designed to provide day, night, and adverse weather precision strike
capability against land targets and ships in port. The SLAM uses INS with
GPS, IR terminal guidance coupled with automated target recognition, and
man-in-the-loop control.
c. AGM-88 High-speed Antiradiation Missile. A supersonic missile designed
to seek and destroy radar equipped air defense systems (range>40 nm).
d. AGM-114 (Hellfire). This is a laser or radar frequency guided missile.
Radar frequency Hellfire (Longbow) is all weather capable
(1) A/B/C/F/K. Shaped charge warheads designed for use against
armored vehicles.
(2) F/A,K2A. This is a shaped charge warhead with a fragmentation
sleeve.
(3) L. This is a millimeter wave radar guided, shaped charge
warheadcompatible with the AH-64D Apache Longbow.
(4) M. This is a blast-fragmentation warhead with delay fuse only.
(5) N/N-5. This is a thermobaric blast-fragmentation warhead with a metal
augmented charge. It is designed to kill by overpressure and
overtemperature in confined spaces. Delay fuse only.
(6) P+ - 3 variants. These are capable of unmanned aircraft system
(UAS), off-axis employment. They are designed for structures, armor, light
vehicles and personnel.
(a) P4. Shaped charge warhead (K).
(b) P-AA. Shaped charge warhead with a fragmentation sleeve.
(c) P2A. Shaped charge warhead with fragmentation sleeve (K2A).
(d) N4. Blast-fragmentation warhead with metal augmented charge.
(7) R/R2. This is a multirole, programmable fuze, integrated blast
fragmentation sleeve warhead; tandem shaped charge, blast
fragmentation warhead; and integrated steel sleeve in a single warhead
system. UAS high off-axis capable. Designed for structures, armor,
vehicles, and personnel.
(8) R9E. This is a multirole, programmable fuze, integrated blast
fragmentation warhead with an internal tungsten sleeve; designed for
structures, vehicles, and personnel.
e. AGM-154 Joint Stand-off Weapon (JSOW). This is a low observable, all
weather 1,000-lb class family of standoff air-to-ground glide weapons. It is a
modular payload assembly designed to attack armored and light-armored
vehicle columns, surface-to-air targets, and personnel.
(1) Guidance.
(a) AGM-154A and B-INS/GPS.
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(b) AGM-154C (USN only) INS/GPS with IR seeker and precision

automated target acquisition.
(2) Warheads.
(a) AGM-154A with 145 BLU-97 bomblets.
(b) AGM-154B with 6 BLU-108s (24 skeets).
(c) AGM-154C With BLU-111 or BROACH.
(3) Range. 15 nm at low altitude, >40nm at high altitude.
f. AGM-158A. This is a joint air-to-surface standoff missile. It is a precision
cruise missile designed for launch from outside area defenses to kill hard,
medium-hardened, soft, and area targets. Guidance includes imaging, IR, and
radar.
g. AGM-176. This is a Griffin Missile with GPS/INS, semi-active laser terminal
homing, and subsonic air-ground missile with a blast-fragmentation warhead.
It is designed for personnel and soft skinned targets and can be employed in
GPS/INS-only mode.
4. Guns
a. 7.62 Mini-Gun. Target practice (TP), armor piercing (AP), tracer.
b. .50 Caliber. TP, AP, armor piercing incendiary (API), and tracer.
c. 20mm. AP, high explosive (HE), and incendiary.
d. 20mm Gatling. TP, high explosive incendiary (HEI), API, target practice
tracer (TPT), high explosive incendiary-tracer (HEI-T), penetrator with
enhanced lateral efficiency.
e. 25mm Gatling (GAU-12). TP, HEI, API, TPT, or HEI-T.
f. 30mm (M230 Cannon AH-64). TP, high explosive dual purpose (shaped
charge and fragmentation).
g. 30mm Gatling (GAU-8). 1.5-lb projectile TP, HEI, API.
h. 30mm (M44 on AC-130W). PGU-13/B HEI and PGU-46/B HEI.
i. 40mm (AC-130). HEI, API, HEI-plugged. Fired from 4,500 ft AGL (minimum
altitude) to 18,000 ft AGL (maximum altitude).
j. 105mm (AC-130). HE and HE high fragmentation, proximity. Target types:
personnel, light vehicles, buildings. Fired from 4,500 ft AGL (minimum
altitude) to 18,000 ft AGL (maximum altitude).
5. Rockets
a. 2.75-inch rocket warheads.
(1) High explosive.
(a) M-151. 10-lb HE; fuses: PD, time delay (TD).
(b) M-229/146. 17-lb HE; fuses: PD, TD.
(c) M-261. Multipurpose submunition (MPSM); fuse: airburst; 9-shape
charge/fragmentation submunitions.
(d) M-282. Multipurpose penetrator used for military operations for
urbanized terrain applications or on hardened structures; equivalent to
M229 with TD fuzing and a hardened penetrator nosecone.
(e) Advanced precision kill weapon system. Laser guided 2.75-inch
HE rocket.
(2) Illumination.
(a) M-257. Overt illumination, 1 million candlepower, average 100-
second (sec) burn.
(b) M-278. Covert (near IR) illumination (.7–1.1 microns) ~1 micron
candlepower, averaging a 180-sec burn.
(3) Flechettes (all are airburst).
(a) M-255A1. 1,179, 60-grain flechettes (United States Army).
(b) WDU-4A/A. 2,200, 20-grain flechettes (United States Marine Corps
(USMC)).
(c) M-149. 1,179 60-grain flechettes (USMC).
(4) Phosphorus.
(a) Mk-67 mod 1. Smoke, red phosphorous (RP).
(b) Mk-67 mod 0. Smoke, white phosphorus (WP).
(c) M-156. WP (used for target marking).
(d) M-264. RP (smoke screening), airburst.
(5) Training.
(a) M-274. TP (a practice M-151).
(b) M267. TP (a practice M-261/MPSM warhead).
b. 5.00-inch Rocket Warheads.
(1) High explosive.
(2) Illumination.
(3) Flechette.
(4) Phosphorus.
(a) Mk-63 mod 0. Fuzes: PD, P, TD; HE-fragmentation; AP, and
antimaterial.
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(b) Mk-24 GP. Fuzes: PD, P, TD; fragmentation, AP, anti-material,

and light armor.
(c) Mk-32 antitank/AP. Fuses: PD, P, and TD; for use against
personnel.
(d) Mk-34 Mod 2 RP. Fuses: PD, P, TD; smoke.
(e) Mk-84. Chaff rocket for use against radar threats.
(f) Mk-6/24/32 and WTU-11/B practice rounds. Inert practice variants.
6. Cluster Munitions
a. Mk-20 and Cluster Bomb Unit (CBU)-99/100 Cluster Munitions (USN). This
is an excellent weapon against armor, personnel, artillery, and other material
targets. It dispenses 247 Mk-118 mod 0/1 bomblets in an oval pattern.
Bomblet density and pattern size vary with release parameters.
b. CBU-78 GATOR (USN). This is a Rockeye dispenser loaded with 60
submunition mines. There are 45 BLU-91/B antitank and 15 BLU-92/B
antipersonnel mines in each weapon. Submunitions must be set to one of
three self-destruct times: T1 (3.2–4.0 hours), T2 (38.2–48.0 hours), and T3
(288–360 hours).
c. CBU-87/B combined effects munitions. Excellent weapon against armor,
personnel, artillery, etc. Dispenses 202 BLU-97 bomblets (same as the joint
stand-off weapon with a shaped charge for armor, steel-scored liner for
fragmentation, and incendiary ring.
Note: Dispersion is an oval. Density and size of the covered area depend upon
release parameters and spin rates.
d. CBU-89/B GATOR. This is a SUU-64 tactical munitions dispenser loaded
with a mix of 72 BLU-91/B antiarmor and 22 BLU-92/B antipersonnel mines
with preset self-destruct times.
Note: Dispersion varies from circular at high altitudes, to linear at low angles.
e. CBU-97/B Sensor-fuzed-Weapon. This is a SUU-64 with an airbag
dispensing system and 10 BLU-108/B submunitions. It provides multiple-kills-
per-pass capability against columns of tanks, armored vehicles, artillery,
armored personnel carriers, and support vehicles. This cluster weapon is
dropped over an area with armor. The fuze sensors detect heat and fires
down at the engine of the armored vehicle.
f. CBU-107 Passive-attack Weapon. This is a mix of inert kinetic energy
penetrators (364 large, 1,004 medium, and 2,406 small rods).
7. Illumination Flares
a. Illuminating Unit (LUU)-1/B, 5B, 6D (target marking flares). LUUs are
designated for a 30-minute burn time on the ground, providing a colored
flame. LUU-1 burns red, LUU-5 burns green, and LUU-6 burns maroon.
b. LUU-2A/B. B/B Flare – Parachute flare with a 4-minute burn time at an
average of 1.6 million candle power.
c. LUU-19B. A/B Covert Flare – Parachute flare with a burn time of
approximately 7 minutes in the IR spectrum.
d. M257. A 2.75-inch rocket that delivers overt (visible) illumination and
provides 1 million candlepower for an average 120-sec burn time.
e. M278. A 2.75-inch rocket delivers IR (.7–1.1 microns) illumination and
provides 180-sec of coverage.
8. Common United Kingdom Weapons
a. Paveway II. Similar to GBU-16, the enhanced Paveway II is a hybrid using
either GPS or laser for terminal guidance. It is carried by the Typhoon.
b. Paveway IV. Dual mode, using either GPS or laser for terminal guidance. It
is fully programmable inflight for impact angle, azimuth, and fuze settings.
Carried by the Tornado GR4.
c. 1,000-lb Bomb. This unguided, freefall weapon is similar to the United
States’ Mk-83. The fuze is set before flight to impact, delay, or airburst. It is
carried on the Tornado GR4 and Typhoon.
d. Dual Mode Seeker Brimstone. This low-collateral, dual-mode missile based
on a Hellfire body, uses laser or millimeter-wave radar for terminal guidance. It
is optimized for moving targets and small groups of personnel. It is carried on
the Tornado GR4 and sometimes referred to as Hellfire UK.
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9. Weapon Pairings
Table 69 provides recommended target-to-weapon pairings.
Table 69. Recommended Target-Weapon Pairings
Targets Recommended Ordnance Priority1
Priority 1 Priority 2 Priority 3 Priority 4
Soft targets: Hellfire LJDAM2 JDAM2 GP2
vehicles, radar, K2A/P4A/R DMLGB2 Flechette FW: 20–40mm
aircraft in open Maverick LGB2 Rockets SAPHEI
DMS HE Rockets RW 7.62-
Brimstone Hellfire 30mm
Griffin M/N/N4/N-5 SAPHEI
2
Moving vehicles Hellfire LJDAM Hellfire Flechette
K2A/P4A/R DMLGB2 M/N/N4/N-5 Rockets
Maverick LGB2 HE Rockets
DMS FW 20–40mm
Brimstone SAPHEI
Griffin RW 7.62-
30mm
SAPHEI
Armored Hellfire LJDAM2 JDAM2 CBUs
2
vehicles: K/K2A/P4A/R DMLGB SDB
(moving or Maverick LGB2 CBU-97
stationary) tanks, DMS
armored Brimstone
personnel
carriers
Personnel: LJDAM2 Maverick JDAM2 HE Rockets
Individual/small DMLGB2 Flechette CBU FW 20-40mm
group LGB2 Rockets Hellfire HEI
SDB GP2 M/N//N4/N-5
DMS RW 7.62-
Brimstone 30mm HEI
Hellfire
K2A/P4A/R
Griffin
Table 69. Recommended Target-Weapon Pairings (cont’d)
Personnel: LJDAM2 Maverick JDAM2 HE Rockets
Individual/small DMLGB2 Flechette CBU FW 20–40mm
group LGB2 Rockets Hellfire HEI
2
SDB GP M/N//N4/N-5
DMS RW 7.62-
Brimstone 30mm HEI
Hellfire
K2A/P4A/R
Griffin
Large group LJDAM2 Flechette GP2 (INST and FW 20–40mm
DMLGB2 Rockets airburst) HEI
LGB2 SDB HE Rockets
SDB Maverick RW 7.62-
INST JDAM2 30mm HEI
CBU
Griffin
(multiple
missiles)
In tree line or LJDAM2 LGB2 Maverick HE Rockets
cover JDAM2 SDB GP2 FW 20–40mm
DMLGB2 Griffin Flechette HEI
Rockets RW 7.62-
30mm HEI
Hardened JDAM2 SDB Hellfire
position (i.e., LJDAM2 Maverick K/K2A/P4A
sandbag fortified, DMLGB2 Hellfire DMS
bunkers) LGB2 M/N/N4/N-5/R Brimstone
Griffin
Buildings3 JDAM2 Maverick GP2 HE Rockets
DMLGB2 Hellfire FW 20–40mm
LGB2 M/N4/N5/R SAPHEI
LJDAM2 SDB RW 20–30mm
SAPHEI
Artillery / Fixed LJDAM2 Hellfire Hellfire GP
AAA DMLGB2 K2A/P4A/R M/N/N4/N5
LGB2 DMS Maverick
JDAM2 Brimstone
SDB
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Table 69. Recommended Target-Weapon Pairings (cont’d)

Self-propelled (Primary threat (Primary threat JDAM2 GP2
SAM and AAA to RW) to FW) SDB Flechette
LJDAM2 Hellfire CBU Rockets
2
DMLGB K2/ K2A Hellfire HE Rockets
LGB2 M/N/N4/N5 FW 20-40mm
DMS SAPHEI
Brimstone RW 20-30mm
Maverick SAPHEI
Hellfire
P4A/R
Notes:
1. Priorities 1–4 represent the recommended weapon-to-target match to achieve
the most destructive effect on the target. Consider the type of aircraft, aiming
system, delivery mode, threat, and required time to employ to select the most
appropriate weapon for the tactical situation.
2. All LGBs, DMLGBs, LJDAMs, JDAMs, and GPs (except SDB (GBU-39)) are
assumed to use 500-pound class, or higher, bomb bodies.
3. Building construction type can vary greatly among structures. Material
composition and construction techniques will directly impact weapon
effectiveness. The weapons in Priority 1 may provide a greater damage
mechanism than those in Priority 2 due to their warhead size. If localized effects
to specific rooms or smaller structures are desired, consider Priority 2 weapons
as the primary weapon-to-target match.
Legend:
AAA––antiaircraft artillery LGB—laser-guided bomb
CBU—cluster bomb unit LJDAM—laser Joint Direct Attack
DMLGB—dual-mode laser-guided bomb Munition
DMS—dual-mode seeker mm—millimeter
FW—fixed-wing RW—rotary-wing
GP—general purpose SAM—surface-to-air missile
HE—high explosive SAPHEI—semi-armor piercing, high
HEI—high explosive incendiary explosive incendiary
INST—instantaneous SDB—small diameter bomb
JDAM—Joint Direct Attack Munition
Appendix E
COLLATERAL DAMAGE
1. Collateral Damage
a. Collateral damage is the unintentional or incidental injury or damage to
persons or objects that are not lawful military targets. The collateral damage
estimation (CDE) methodology balances operational imperatives and legal
requirements to determine if a strike is proportional given the circumstances.
There are five levels of collateral damage estimation. CDE Levels 1–4 refine
the targeting and weaponeering to assess and reduce the possibility of
collateral damage and still achieve the desired effects. CDE Level 5 assesses
the amount of collateral damage that will occur if the target is destroyed.
b. For detailed information on CDE methodology, refer to Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction 3160.01, No-Strike and the Collateral Damage
Estimation Methodology. Classified collateral damage tables can be found at:
https://jtcg.amsaa.army.smil.mil/jpias/index.html. The methodology is outlined
in table 70.
2. The Five Basic Questions of CDE
a. Question 1. Are there protected or collateral objects, civilian or
noncombatant personnel, involuntary human shields, or significant
environmental concerns within the effects range of the weapon I would like to
use to attack the target?
Question 2. Can I positively identify and validate the object that I want to
affect? (Positive identification is derived from observation and analysis of
target characteristics including visual recognition, electronic support systems,
noncooperative target recognition techniques, identification friend or foe
systems, or other physics-based identification techniques. Validation ensures
targets meet the objectives and criteria outlined by the commander’s guidance
and ensures compliance with the law of war and rules of engagement (ROE).
b. Question 3. Can I mitigate damage to those collateral concerns by
attacking the target with a different weapon or with a different method of
engagement, yet accomplish the mission?
c. Question 4. If not, how many civilians and noncombatants do I think will be
injured or killed by the attack?
d. Question 5. Are the collateral effects of my attack excessive in relation to
the expected military advantage gained, and do I need to elevate this decision
to the next level of command to attack the target based on the ROE in effect?
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Table 70. Collateral Damage Estimate (CDE) Levels of the

Joint Collateral Damage Estimation Methodology
CDE
CDE Level Mitigation
Questions
I - Target Validation or 1 and 2 Positive identification and rules of
Initial Assessment engagement.
II - General or Target Size 3 Precision guided munition (PGM),
Assessment air-to-surface unguided munitions,
surface-to-surface ballistic
munitions. 1, 2
III - Weaponeering 3 Specific delivery system, warhead,
Assessment and fuze. 2, 3
IV - Refined Assessment 3 Effect on structure(s) identified as
collateral concern(s). 2, 3
V - Casualty Estimate or 4 and 5
Assessment
Notes:
1. Define weaponeering options that achieve the desired target effect and
mitigate the potential for collateral damage (i.e., determining if the collateral
concern is mitigated by using a type of PGM versus a general purpose
munition).
2. Refer to classified CDE tables for specific numbers
3. Mitigation Techniques.
a. A delay fuze is the primary mitigation technique for fragmentation, blast,
and thermal warhead effects. It is built into the CDE methodology
beginning in CDE Level 3.
b. A variable time (VT) proximity fuze is the primary mitigation technique
for debris and penetration.
c. VT proximity fuze is the secondary mitigation technique for blast and
delivery errors. A blast dissipates rapidly in open air, reducing an impulse
to 1/3 of that encountered in a surface detonation. It is a recommended
mitigation technique at CDE Level 4 for surface-to-surface ballistic
munitions (SSBMs).
d. Shielding is a valid mitigation technique only if it is present as a
complete structure or significant terrain, located between the designated
point of impact and the collateral concerns. It is not a valid debris
mitigation technique for outdoor collateral concerns.
e. Delivery heading is the primary mitigation technique for delivery error.
Warheads have a tendency to impact long of an intended aimpoint.
f. Delivery heading is a secondary mitigation technique for fragmentation.
Most fragmentation effects occur in the forward quadrants (270°–90°) of a
warhead in relation to the delivery/terminal attack heading.
g. Offset the aimpoint or move the desired point of impact to a different
portion of the target to put the collateral concern outside the collateral
effects radius.
Appendix F
GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Conversion Tables
Use table 71 to calculate the number of minutes and seconds it will take an
aircraft to go from the initial point to the target at various ground speeds (GSs).
GS is airspeed adjusted for winds at altitude. Table 72 shows aircraft run-in
speeds and table 73 converts meters to feet for use on 9-Line briefings.
Table 71. Speed and Time Conversions
GS nm/
8 nm 9 nm 10 nm 11 nm 12 nm 13 nm 14 nm 15 nm
(knots) min
60 1 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00
80 1.3 6:00 6:45 7:30 8:15 9:00 9:45 10:30 11:15
90 1.5 5:20 6:00 6:40 7:20 8:00 8:40 9:20 10:00
110 1.8 4:22 4:55 5:28 6:00 6:33 7:05 7:38 8:11
120 2 4:00 4:30 5:00 5:30 6:00 6:30 7:00 7:30
150 2.5 3:12 3:36 4:00 4:24 4:48 5:12 5:36 6:00
270 4.5 1:47 2:00 2:13 2:27 2:40 2:53 3:07 3:20
300 5 1:36 1:48 2:00 2:12 2:24 2:36 2:48 3:00
330 5.5 1:28 1:39 1:50 2:00 2:11 2:23 2:33 2:44
360 6 1:20 1:30 1:40 1:50 2:00 2:10 2:20 2:30
420 7 1:09 1:17 1:26 1:34 1:43 1:51 2:00 2:09
450 7.5 1:04 1:12 1:20 1:28 1:36 1:44 1:52 2:00
480 8 1:00 1:08 1:15 1:23 1:30 1:38 1:45 1:53
510 8.5 0:57 1:04 1:11 1:18 1:25 1:32 1:39 1:46
540 9 0:53 1:00 1:07 1:13 1:20 1:27 1:33 1:40
Legend:
GS—ground speed min—minute nm—nautical mile
Table 72. Aircraft Run-in Speeds

Ground Ground Ground
Aircraft Aircraft Aircraft
Speed Speed Speed
AH/UH-1 60–120 OH-58 60–90 KC-130J 150–200
AH-6 60–90 B-1 440–540 MQ-1B/C 40–100
AH-64 60–120 B-2 400–460 MQ-9 80–220
A-10 270–350 B-52 380–440 RQ-5 65–70
MH-60 60–120 Fighters 420–540 RQ-7B 65–70
Note: Ground speed is expressed in knots.
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Table 73. Distance Conversion Table (1 meter = 3.28 feet)

Meters Feet Meters Feet Meters Feet
25 82 525 1,722 1,025 3,362
50 164 550 1,804 1,050 3,444
75 246 575 1,886 1,075 3,526
100 328 600 1,968 1,100 3,608
125 410 625 2,050 1,125 3,690
150 492 650 2,132 1,150 3,772
175 574 675 2,214 1,175 3,852
200 656 700 2,296 1,200 3,936
225 738 725 2,378 1,225 4,018
250 820 750 2,460 1,250 4,100
275 902 775 2,542 1,275 4,182
300 984 800 2,624 1,300 4,264
325 1,066 825 2,706 1,325 4,346
350 1,148 850 2,788 1,350 4,428
375 1,230 875 2,870 1,375 4,510
400 1,312 900 2,952 1,400 4,592
425 1,394 925 3,034 1,425 4,674
450 1,476 950 3,116 1,450 4,756
475 1,558 975 3,198 1,475 4,838
500 1,640 1,000 3,280 1,500 4,920
Notes:
One statute mile (5,280 feet) = 1,610 meters.
One nautical mile (6,076 feet) = 1,852 meters.
2. Radio Frequency Bands
Table 74 contains a list of frequency bands commonly used in military
applications.
Table 74. Frequency Band Descriptions

Band Designator Frequency Range
HF 2–30 megahertz
VHF 30–300 megahertz
UHF 300–3000 megahertz
L 1–2 gigahertz
S 2–4 gigahertz
C 3.7–4.2 gigahertz
X 9–12 gigahertz
Ku 12–18 gigahertz
K 18–27 gigahertz
Ka 27–40 gigahertz
3. Surface-to-Air Threat Capabilities

Tables 75 and 76 provide unclassified range and altitude capabilities of specific
surface-to-air threats. For detailed threat information and mission planning
resources, refer to your unit’s intelligence personnel or classified service manual
(e.g., Air Force Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures 3-1. Vol 1. Threat
Reference Guide and Counter Attacks).
Table 75. Surface-to-Air Missile Threat Capabilities

Maximum Minimum
Effective Effective Altitude Associated
System Guidance Remarks
Range Range (feet) Radars
(nm/km) (nm/km)
SA-2f 18.4 / 5.4 / 1.6–98K Radar FAN SONG Area defense
34 10
SA-2d 23.2 / 4.3 / 1.3–98K Radar FAN SONG Area defense
43 7
SA-3 13 / 2/ 100–46K Radar LOW BLOW Area defense,
24 3.5 2/4 rail
launcher
SA-5 162 / 3.8 / 984K– Radar SQUARE High speed,
300 7 114K PAIR high altitude,
HVAA threat
SA-6 13.4 / 2/ 100–46K Radar STRAIGHT Tracked, 3-
25 4 FLUSH missile
launcher
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Table 75. Surface-to-Air Missile Threat Capabilities (cont’d)

Maximum Minimum
(nm/km) (nm/km)
SA-7 2.3 / 0.2 / 82–7.5K IR MANPAD,
4.2 1.2 tail only
SA-8 5.5 / 0.8 / 90–16.5K Radar LAND ROLL 6-wheeled
10 1.5 vehicle
SA-9 2.3 / 0.4 / 98–11.5K IR BRDM-2,
4.2 0.8 4 missile
canisters
SA-10 40 / 2.7 / 33–82K Radar FLAP LID Cruise missile
75 5 defense
SA-11A 17 / 1.6 / 49–72K Radar FIRE DOME Tracked, 4-
32 3 missile
launcher
SA-12A 40 / 4/ 820–98K Radar GRILL PAN High-
75 7 performance,
anti-ARM
SA-12B 54 / 7/ 2K–98K Radar GRILL PAN Standoff
100 13 jamming
aircraft threat
SA-13 2.7 / 0.3 / 32–11.5K IR SNAP SHOT MT-LB
5 0.6 chassis,
tracked
SA-14 3.2 / 0.3 / 165– IR MANPAD,
6 0.6 19.7K all aspect
SA-15 6.5 / 0.8 / 50–19.6K Radar SCRUM HALF Mobile, SA-8
12 1.5 follow on
SA-16 2.7 / 0.27 / 0–11.5K IR MANPAD,
5 0.5 improved SA-
14
SA-17 17 / 1.6 / 49–82K Radar FIRE DOME Mobile, SA-11
32 3 follow on
SA-18 2.8 / 0.26 / 32–11.5K IR MANPAD, SA-
5.2 0.5 16 follow on
SA-19 6.5 / 0.5 / 16–26.2K IR / DF HOT SHOT Mobile,
12 1 mounted on
2S6
SA-20 74 / 2.69 / 32–88.5K Radar TOMB Mobile, SA-10
200 5 STONE follow on
SA-21 64.8 / 0.53 / 16–98.5K Radar 64N6 Mobile,
120 1 wheeled
SA-22 10.8 / 0.53 / 16.4– IR / Radar SNAP SHOT Mobile,
20 1 49.2K wheeled or
tracked
Table 75. Surface-to-Air Missile Threat Capabilities (cont’d)
Maximum Minimum
(nm/km) (nm/km)
SA-24 4.3 / 0.53 / 32–11.5K IR 9E435 2-color MANPAD, SA-
8 1 IR Seeker 18 follow on
SA-26 15.1 / 1.8 / 60.6– Radar LOW BLOW Area defense,
28 3.5 65.6K 2/4 rail
launcher
Stinger 4/ 2.2 / 0–9.8K IR MANPAD,
Basic 7.4 4.1 effective
against low
altitude, high
speed
Roland II 4.3 / 0.3 / 33–18K Radar THOMPSON 4.3/8
8 0.5 CSF
Crotale / 15 / 8.1 / 49–18K Radar TRS 2630 Wheeled, 4
Shahine 28 15 missile
launcher
Hawk 21.6 / 0.8 / 197–58K Radar AN/NPQ 46
40 1.5
CSA-2 32.4 / 0–59.1K Radar SJ-202 Similar to SA-2
60
CSA-9 54 / 0–65.6K Passive Wheeled
100 Radar vehicle, 8
wheels
QW1 2.7 / 0.3 / 98–13.1K IR MANPAD
5 0.5
Legend:
ARM—antiradiation missile MANPAD—man-portable air defense
DF—direction finding MT-LB—multi-purpose light-armoured
HVAA—high-value airborne asset towing vehicle
IR—infrared
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Table 76. Air Defense Artillery Threat Capabilities

Tactical Maximum
Barrel(s) x Range Vertical/
System Radar Remarks
Caliber (kilometers/ Horizontal
feet) (feet)
M38/M46 1 x 12.7 1.0 / 13,800 / No Tripod mounted
3,300 25,800 heavy
machinegun
ZPU-1/2/4 1/2/4 x 14.5 1.4 / 15,100 / No Towed or APC
4,600 20,700 mounted
ZU-23 2 x 23 2.0 / 16,700 / No Towed or APC
6,600 23,000 mounted
ZSU 23-4 4 x 23 2.5 / 16,400 / Yes Tracked vehicle
8,200 23,000
ZSU 57-2 2 x 57 4.0 / 30,800 / No Tracked vehicle
13,100 39,400
M53/M59 2 x 30 3.0 / 20,700 / No Large, 8-wheel
9,800 31,800 vehicle
S-60/ Type 1 x 57 6.5 / 30,800 / Yes 4-wheel, towed
59 21,300 39,400
M-1985 2 x 57 4.0 / 28,900 / Yes Tracked vehicle
13,100 39,400 (North Korea)
KS-12A, 1 x 85 10.2 / 33,500 / Yes 4-wheel, towed
M1939/1944 33,500 50,900
KS-19/KS- 1 x 100 13.7 / 49,200 / Yes Towed
1A 45,000 68,900
2S6 4 x 30 4.0 / 20,300 / Yes Tracked with 8 x
13,100 27,200 SA-19
Type 80 1 x 57 5.5 / 28,900 / Yes Tracked vehicle
18,000 39,400
Twin 37 2 x 37 4.0 / 22,000 / Yes Tracked T-69
13,100 26,200 chassis
Note: All systems are radar capable and can be fired optically.
Legend:
APC—armored personnel carrier
Appendix G
MEDICAL EVACUATION (MEDEVAC), CASUALTY EVACUATION
(CASEVAC), AND LANDING ZONE (LZ) BRIEFS
1. MEDEVAC
A MEDEVAC is moving patients using tactical or logistical assets, equipped and
staffed with medical attendants for en route care. See table 77 for a MEDEVAC
breifing.
Note: The Geneva Convention places aircraft conducting MEDEVAC missions in
a protected status. Aircraft must be clearly marked (e.g., a red cross) and used
exclusively in removing the wounded and sick.
2. CASEVAC
A CASEVAC uses available assets that are not equipped and staffed with
medical attendants for en route care (unless augmentation is included in the
operation plan).
Note: The Geneva Convention does not place aircraft conducting CASEVAC
missions in a protected status.
3. Helicopter Landing Zone (HLZ)/Tilt-Rotor LZ Brief
Table 78 is a simple tool for informing aircraft about a particular zone. If more
information is necessary to ensure an aircraft has an appropriate level of
situational awareness, it shall be included. Table 78 does not preclude a
conversation or plain language dialogue from taking place to ensure ground
personnel and aircrew know exactly what needs to happen and why.
Table 77. MEDEVAC or CASEVAC Brief
Line Item Explanation
1 Location (using the
military grid reference
system)
2 Call Sign and HLZ Call sign and suffix may be transmitted
Frequency in the clear
3 Number and A—Urgent
Precedence of B—Priority
Casualties C—Routine
4 Special Equipment A—None
Required B—Hoist
C—Extraction equipment
D—Ventilator
Other (Specify)
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Table 77. MEDEVAC or CASEVAC Brief (cont’d)

5 Number of Casualties by L—Litter plus number of casualties
Type A—Ambulatory plus number of
casualties
6 Security of the HLZ N—No enemy
P—Possible enemy in area
E—Enemy in area
X—Armed escort required
7 HLZ Markings A—Panels
B—Pyrotechnic signal
C—Smoke (color)
D—None
E—Other (Specify)
8 Casualties by Nationality A—Coalition military
or Status B—Coalition citizen
C—Noncoalition forces
D—Noncoalition citizen
E—Opposing force or detainee
F—Child
9 HLZ Terrain and
Obstacles
MIST Additional information (if time and the situation permit):
M–mechanism of injury
I–injury
S–signs and ymptoms
T–treatment
Table 78. HLZ or Tilt-rotor Landing Zone Brief
Zone Location: Geographical feature, checkpoint, grid, road intersection, etc.
Marked by: Air panel, buzzsaw, chemical lights, infrared strobes, smoke, etc.
Obstacles: Power lines, trees, etc. (Include the height of the obstacle.)
Winds are from _________
Tell the aircraft from which subcardinal heading winds are blowing. Include
the estimated speed in knots or estimated strength, such as strong or light.
Note: Aircraft should always land into the wind.
Friendlies: Direction and distance from the HLZ, and orientation.
Enemy: Direction and distance from HLZ, and orientation. Report the most
recent activity and type.
Remarks (as required): These may include:
Dimensions and slope of the HLZ.
Where to land in reference to the mark.
The number of passengers (PAX) to be picked up.
Time on target (TOT) / time to target (TTT) (the time pickup needed, or
ready for pickup).
Ingress and egress instructions.
4. Helicopter/Tilt-Rotor Landing Zone Considerations

Table 79 provides landing zone considerations.
Table 79. Helicopter or Tilt-rotor Landing Zone Considerations
Landing Zone (LZ) Size
Type (Length x Width) Remarks
Single Ship Two Ship
H-1 100’ x 100’ 200’ x 200’ Narrow skids, require a flat and smooth
surface
H-46 100’ x 100’ 200’ X 200’ Can land on semi-rough terrain
H-47 120’ x 120’ 240’ X 240’ Large rotor wash
V-22 160’ x 180’ 310’ x 330’ Large rotor wash
Note: Service or unit standard operating procedures or aircrew proficiency may require
adjusting the LZ size.
5. Airdrop Planning Considerations
a. Make an attempt to find a large open area with access to friendlies.
Attempt to keep friendlies 200 yards outside of the desired point of impact.
b. If able, minimize the effect of terrain on ingress and egress routing due to
airlift aircraft performance limitations (i.e., engine-out performance).
c. The airdrop briefing format in table 80 can be used for a high altitude or
joint precision aerial delivery system.
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Table 80. Airdrop Brief

Do not transmit line numbers. Units of measure are standard unless briefed.
Lines 1, 2, and 7 (restrictions only) are mandatory readbacks (*). The
controller may request additional readback. When able, have qualified drop
zone (DZ) controller control the airdrop.
Controller: “______________, this is ____________ for airdrop control.”
(aircraft call sign) (controller call sign)
1. Point of Impact Location: “ ___________________________________ “
(MGRS, latitude / longitude,
grid includes map datum (e.g., WGS 84))
2. Point of Impact Elevation: “ __________________________________ “
(in feet above mean sea level)
3. Run-In Course (magnetic): “ _________________________________ “
4. DZ Visual Description “ _____________________________________ “

(i.e., road intersection, open field north / south)
Point of Impact Marking: “ ___________________________________ “
(code letter, mirror, IR strobe, IR chemstick, smoke etc.)
5. Location of Friendlies: “ _____________________________________ “
Position marked by: “ _______________________________________ “
6. Surface Winds, “ __________________________________________ “

(from “240 (magnetic) / 8 (knots)”)
Temperature and Altimeter Setting (if available) “ _________________ “
(15C, 29.92)
7. Restrictions: “ _____________________________________________ “
REMARKS (as appropriate):

a. Timing
Time on Target (TOT): “ _______“ or
Time to Target (TTT): “ _______ , ready, ready, HACK”
b. Applicable ground threats to aircraft / suppression coordinated /
hazards (terrain, towers) / surface winds / estimated ceiling and
visibility / gun-target line / additional friendly aircraft in the
area/egress direction (if required).
CLEARANCE:
Controller: “ _____________________ CLEARED TO DROP “
(aircraft call sign)
Note: Military grid reference system (MGRS) coordinates are standard.
Appendix H
RISK ESTIMATE DISTANCES (REDS)
1. Background
a. The values in tables 81–87 assume a 0.1% probability of incapacitation
(PI), indicating a horizontal distance from the intended point of weapon impact
to the closest friendly troops.
Note: The methodology and assumptions concerning the REDs are available via
a white paper on the Air Land Sea Application (ALSA) Center’s classified web
site: https://intelshare.intelink.sgov.gov/sites/alsa. In addition, a video lecture
discussing the use of the REDs tables is available on the ALSA classified and
unclassified (restricted) website (http://www.alsa.mil).
WARNING
The risk estimate distances in this document are
highly generalized and will not apply to all cases
encountered on the battlefield. For more detailed
values and assumptions, refer to the ALSA
classified website.
b. “Danger close” is a term used to alert ground commanders, fire direction

centers (FDCs), and aircrews of the proximity of the intended weapon impact
point to the closest friendly forces. Forward observers or joint terminal attack
controllers (JTACs) will pass the phrase “Danger Close” during a fire mission,
method of engagement, or CAS attack brief remarks to alert FDCs, ground
commanders, and aircrews of the proximity of the closest friendly troops to the
intended point of weapon impact. “Danger Close” is a warning of the proximity
of friendly forces and possibility of increased risk.
Note: “Danger close” does not restrict ground force maneuver or fires
employment.
WARNING
Commanders, controllers, and aircrews will
apply danger close procedures at, or inside, the
ranges listed under the standing column for air-
to-surface risk estimate distances.
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WARNING
The risk estimate distances in the Prone
Protected column should not be used without
understanding the detailed assumptions used to
develop these values. A comprehensive
explanation should be viewed on the ALSA
classified website.
2. Surface-to-Surface REDs
Surface-to-surface danger close distances are much more generic than air-to-
surface distances, and are not directly tied to PI, in most cases.
WARNING
Cannon risk estimate distances were calculated
assuming an observer has adjusted fires onto
the target. Unadjusted fire for effect missions
may significantly increase the 0.1% probability of
incapcitation (PI) distances.
Table 81. Unguided Mortar Risk Estimate Distances

0.1% Probability of
Danger
Incapacitation
System Description Close (in Range
(in meters)
meters)
Standing Prone
M224 60 millimeter 600 1/3 115 115
(mm) Mortar 2/3 125 120
Max 145 145
M252 81mm Mortar 600 1/3 170 160
2/3 195 190
Maximum 195 185
M120/ 120mm Mortar 600 1/3 280 260
M327 2/3 395 365
Maximum 430 410
Table 82. Unguided Cannon Risk Estimate Distances
0.1% Probability of
Danger
Incapacitation (in
System Description Close (in Range
meters)
meters)
Standing Prone
M119/M1 105mm 1/3 290 270
19A2 Howitzer HE
(M1 Comp 600 2/3 300 285
B/M760) Maximum 455 430
105mm 1/3 250 230
Howitzer HERA
600 2/3 410 395
(M913 HERA/
M927 HERA) Maximum 650 620
M109A6/ 155mm 1/3 300 285
M777A2 Howitzer HE
600 2/3 460 440
(M107 Comp
B/M795) Maximum 695 665
155mm 1/3 270 260
Howitzer DPICM 600 2/3 325 310
(M483A1) Maximum 510 490
155mm 1/3 325 305
Howitzer DPICM 600 2/3 500 485
(M864) Maximum 825 775
155mm 1/3 360 360
Howitzer RAP 600 2/3 530 520
(M945A1 RAP) Maximum 1,045 965
Legend:
DPICM—dual purpose improved conventional munition
HE—high explosive
HERA—high explosive rocket assisted
RAP—rocket assisted projectile
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Table 83. Precision Guided Munitions Risk Estimate Distances

0.1% Probability of
Danger
Fuze Incapacitation (in meters)
System Description Close (in
Type Prone
meters) Standing Prone
Protected
M120 120mm PD 135 100 80
XM395 600
Prox 155 130 105
PGMM
M109A6 155mm PD 150 125 90
M777A2 M982 600
Prox 175 150 115
Excalibur
M142 M31A1 PD 215 170 130
HIMARS/ GMLRS 600
Prox 250 210 170
M270A1 Unitary
M48
ATACMS 600 PD 225 155 115
QRU
M57
ATACMS 600 PD 150 95 60
T2KU
Note: Risk estimate distances for precision guided munitions do not depend
on range.
Legend:
PD—point detonating Prox—proximity
PGMM—precision guided mortar munition
Table 84. Naval Gunfire Risk Estimate Distances

0.1% Probability of
Danger Incapacitation (in
System Description Close (in Range meters)
meters)
Standing Prone
1/3 380 320
5-inch/
5-inch Gun 750 2/3 415 370
54/62
Maximum 595 475
Table 85. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile Risk Estimate Distances
Danger 0.1% Probability of Incapacitation
System Description Close (in (in meters)
meters) Standing Prone
Tomahawk 1,000-pound
Land Attack unitary
300 300 225
Missile warhead
(TLAM)
Note: TLAM risk estimate distances are not range dependent.
3. Air-to-Surface REDs
Aviation delivered fires are more complex than surface-to-surface fires due to the
greater variety of weapons effects and delivery conditions. Therefore, each
weapon will have a unique RED, which will vary by release parameters, terminal
ballistics, and fusing. These REDs are listed in tables 86 and 87. Regardless of
friendly force posture, commanders, JTACs, and aircrew will refer to the Standing
posture column and use this distance to determine when danger close
procedures apply.
Table 86. Fixed-wing Risk Estimate Distances
0.1% Probability of Incapacitation (in
meters)
Weapon Description
Danger Close or Prone
Prone
Standing Protected
Mk-82/BLU-111 500-lb bomb 305 225 165
Contact (Airburst) (425) (325) (255)
Mk-83/BLU-110 1,000-lb 345 270 205
Contact (Airburst) bomb (435) (350) (295)
Mk-84/BLU-117 2,000-lb 355 255 195
Contact (Airburst) bomb (440) (335) (270)
CBU-871 CEM 300 285 255
CBU-1031 CEM 270 255 225
(WCMD)
GBU-10 2,000-lb LGB 315 230 165
GBU-12 500-lb LGB 275 200 130
GBU-16 1,000-lb LGB 310 245 165
GBU-24/B 2,000-lb LGB 340 235 180
GBU-31 Contact 2,000-lb 335 235 180
(Airburst) JDAM (420) (295) (230)
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Table 86. Fixed-wing Risk Estimate Distances (cont’d)

meters)
Weapon Description
Prone
Standing Protected
BLU-109 PGM 2,000-lb 380 260 185
(GBU-24A/B/ Penetrator
GBU-31v3)
GBU-32 Contact 1,000-lb 320 250 180
(Airburst) JDAM (410) (315) (255)
GBU-38 Contact 500-lb JDAM 290 200 140
(Airburst) (410) (295) (220)
GBU-38v4 500-lb LCDB 175 115 90
Contact (BLU-126)
GBU-38v5 500-lb LCDB 140 90 65
Contact (BLU-129)
GBU-39 Contact 250-lb SDB 205 145 100
(Airburst) (285) (210) (155)
GBU-39 FLM 250-lb SDB 70 50 40
Contact
GBU-44 Viper Strike 85 70 60
GBU-49 500-lb 290 205 145
Contact (Airburst) Enhanced (405) (310) (230)
Paveway II
GBU-51 Contact 500-lb LCDB 150 105 70
(BLU-126)
GBU-54 Contact 500-lb LJDAM 290 200 140
(Airburst) (420) (330) (240)
GBU-54v5 500-lb LJDAM 140 90 65
LCD BLU-129
AGM-652 Maverick (All) 175 115 80
AGM-84 SLAM(ER) 255 195 145
AGM-114 Hellfire 110 100 80
K/M/N/FA
AGM-114R Hellfire 130 90
AGM-114R2 Hellfire 150 115
AGM-114R9E Hellfire
Contact (Airburst)
AGM-158A JASSM 290 195 140
AGM-176 II Griffin 120 90 80
AGM-176 III Griffin 170 105 70
Brimstone3 UK Hellfire 175 90
Table 86. Fixed-wing Risk Estimate Distances (cont’d)
meters)
Weapon Description
Prone
Standing Protected
Paveway IV3 500-lb PGM 480 320
SBU-643 500-lb
200
AASM+IR
Mk-151/229/261 2.75-inch
Rockets Med 265 250 240
Alt
2.75-inch
Rockets Low 290 265 250
Alt
Mk-24 5-inch Zuni
340 300 265
Rocket
4
FW Gun 20mm 95 75 70
FW Gun4 25mm or
95 85 65
30mm
AC-1303 25mm 95 85 75
40mm 95 80 65
105mm 190 140 100
AC-130W4 30mm 100 90 70
Notes:
1. Cluster munitions are not recommended for use in proximity to friendly
forces.
2. Seeker type and environmental background should be considered before
use in proximity to friendly forces.
3. The risk estimate distances for the Brimstone, Paveway IV, and SBU-64
were calculated using the North Atlantic Treaty Organization methodology.
4. Controllers must be aware of the possible gun ricochet fan.
Legend:
AASM—advanced air-to-surface JDAM—Joint Direct Attack Munition
missile lb—pound
BLU—bomb live unit LCDB—low collateral damage bomb
CBU—cluster bomb unit LGB—laser guided bomb
CEM—combined effects munition mm—millimeter
FLM—focused-lethality munition PGM—precision guided munition
FW—fixed-wing SLAM-ER—stand-off land attack
GBU—guided bomb unit missile-expanded response
IR—infrared WCMD—wind corrected munitions
JASSM—joint air-to-surface standoff dispenser
missile
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Table 87. Rotary-Wing Risk Estimate Distances

Firing meters)
Airframe /
Range (in
Weapon Danger Close Prone
meters) Prone
Standing Protected
AH-1 / 300 60 50 45
20 millimeter 800 80 70 70
(M56) 1,500 115 100 100
AH-64 / 500 75 60 55
30 millimeter 1,000 95 80 75
(M789) 1,500 115 100 90
2.75-inch HE 300 140 115 100
Rockets (Mk- 800 210 175 160
146/151/229) 1,500 305 280 270
2.75-inch
Flechette (Mk- 1,000 170 170
149/255)
5-inch HE Rockets 1,000 300 245 215
(Mk-24) 1,500 370 315 270
APKWS Rockets All 95 75 60
AGM-114
All 110 100 80
K/M/N/FA/L
AGM-114R All 130 90
Notes:
1. Door gun REDs are not available due to the inability to model employment
of a crew-served weapon without a fire control system.
2. The .50 caliber, fixed forward platforms are not able to be modeled at this
time. REDs will be released as RW delivery accuracy programs increase in
fidelity for systems without fire control computers.
Legend:
APKWS—advanced precision kill weapons system
HE—high explosive
Appendix I
MINIMUM SAFE DISTANCES (MSDs)
WARNING
Users must adhere to all local range procedures and Service
directives; the minimum safe distances provided are not intended to
allow personnel to deviate from any published guidance. They are
authorized only for aircrew and joint terminal attack controllers (JTACs)
conducting close air support (CAS) training in accordance with the
established tactics, techniques, and procedures in Joint Publication 3-
09.3, Close Air Support.
a. Applicability. Table 88 establishes minimum distances ground personnel

may be safely located relative to the target or impact area of standard
munitions. The area within the limits established by table 88 is designated as
the danger area. MSDs are from the target or impact area and for ground
function fuzed weapons only (no airburst munitions). Solely the listed
weapons may use the distances contained in the table and the aircrew will
adhere to specific remarks for individual weapons, if they are listed. Only the
following aircraft may use the unguided MSD parameters in table 88: A-10, F-
15E, F-16, F/A-18, AV-8B, B-1, B-2, B-52, AC-130, MC-130, AH-1, AH-64,
HH/MH-60, OH-58, UH-1.
b. Parameter Assumptions. Aircraft attack parameters must be at or below
15,000 feet above ground level, employing level or diving deliveries with a
maximum of 550 knots true air speed. B-1, B-2, and B-52 must refer to note 6,
and AC/MC-130 must refer to note 5 in table 88.
c. Multiple Deliveries. General purpose ripple, string, or stick deliveries must
be less than 500 feet in total length, with a maximum of six weapons.
d. Guided Bomb Unit (GBU)-31/32/38/39. Altitude and release airspeeds are
limited by range regulation parameters and weapon battery life. Munitions
must use category (CAT) IV or better coordinates. For pattern-managed
inertially aided munition (IAM) deliveries, use a 200-foot maximum impact
distance from the primary target location. When using pattern-managed
employment, use CAT III, or better, coordinates.
e. Ammunition/Bullet Numbers. For AC-130 operations, MSD numbers are
taken from Air Force Instruction 11-2AC-130v3, AC-130 Operations
Procedures. All other numbers are derived from Joint Munitions Effectiveness
Manual, Weaponeering System.
f. Rocket Deliveries. Employment must occur inside a 12,000-foot slant range
to adhere to published MSD for 2.75-inch rockets. For 5-inch rockets,
employment must occur inside of 7,000-foot slant range.
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g. Rotary Wing Assumptions. All helicopter deliveries of unguided ordnance

will occur inside a 2,000-meter slant range. Unguided rockets will be
employed in a diving profile.
h. Not all munitions and platforms have MSD values associated with them;
this is a limitation of the software and data used to calculate the MSDs.
Requests to employ weapons not listed in table 88 should be forwarded to Air
Combat Command/Weapons and Tactics (United States Air Force) or Marine
Aviation and Weapons Tactics Squadron-1 (United States Marine Corps) for
approval.
i. The data sources (e.g., assumptions and calculations) for table 88 can be
requested from Headquarters Air Combat Command A3TW by emailing
[email protected] or calling DSN 574-5896.
Table 88. Minimum Safe Distances for Ground Parties
(for training use only)
Minimum Safe Ricochet Fan
Weapon Distance (in (degrees / Notes
meters) meters)
Guided Munitions (All Platforms)
GBU-10 (2,000-lb LGB) 1,300 N/A 1 and 2
GBU-12 (500-lb LGB) 1,000 N/A 1 and 2
GBU-16 (1,000-lb LGB) 1,300 N/A 1 and 2
GBU-10/12/16 Inert 500 N/A 1 and 2
GBU-31 (2,000-lb JDAM) 1,300 N/A 1
GBU-32 (1,000-lb JDAM) 1,400 N/A 1
GBU-38/54 (500-lb JDAM) 1,100 N/A 1
GBU-39 (250-lb SDB) 1,200 N/A 1
GBU-31/32/38 Inert 500 N/A 1
GBU-39 Inert 500 N/A 1
Fighters and Helicopters
Mk-82 LD/HD (500-lb) 1,300 N/A
Mk-83 LD/HD (1,000-lb) 1,500 N/A
Mk-84 LD/HD (2,000-lb) 1,600 N/A
Mk-82/83/84 Inert 500 N/A
CBU-87/103 1,800 N/A 4
CBU-99/100, Mk-20 1,400 N/A 4
BDU-33/38/45/50/56 500 N/A
Mk-76 500 N/A
LGTR I 500 N/A 1 and 2
AGM-65 (WDU-24) 1,300 N/A 1
2.75-inch Rockets WP or HE 700 60° / 2300 3
2.75-inch Rockets TP or SP 500 60° / 1700 3
5-inch Rockets WP or HE 750 60° / 2800 3
5-inch Rockets TP or SP 500 60° / 2200 3
20mm (fighter and helicopter) 500 60° / 2500 3
25mm (fighter) 500 60° / 2400 3
30mm (fighter and helicopter) 500 60° / 3,400 3
7.62mm (helicopter) 500 60° / 1,700 3
.50 caliber (helicopter) 500 60° / 3,000 3
AC-130
25mm 500 (400) 60° / 2,000 3 and 5
40mm 500 (300) N/A 3 and 5
105mm 650 (600) 60° / 700 3 and 5
AC-130W
30mm 500 N/A 3 and 5
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(For training use only) (cont’d)
Minimum Safe Ricochet Fan
Weapon Distance (MSD) (degrees / Notes
(in meters) meters)
General Purpose Bombs (Medium Altitude Bombers (Live or Inert))
B-1: Mk-82 1,300 N/A 6
B-1: Mk-84 1,500 N/A 6
B-52: Mk-82 1,800 N/A 6
B-52: Mk-84 2,000 N/A 6
Other Munitions
AGM-114 Hellfire 900 N/A 1
AGM-176 Griffin N/A N/A 1
GBU-44 Viper Strike N/A N/A 1
Notes:
1. Guided Weapon Hazard Areas. Hazard areas for guided weapons (AGM-
65, AGM-114, LGBs, and JDAMs) are highly dependent upon launch
conditions and, in some cases, coordinate accuracies. Coordinate quality
target location error (TLE) and passage present significant risks to ground
personnel for coordinate seeking weapons release. Take caution to prevent
mishaps. Weapon malfunctions (such as fin failures) are not included, with
the assumption that malfunctioning weapons have the same probability of
impacting any point within the weapons danger zone (WDZ).
a. JTACs may tactically derive coordinates, but these coordinates must be
cross-checked and confirmed, using all available means, including target
coordinates listed in range supplements, if applicable. Likewise, aircraft
may tactically derive coordinates (via targeting pod (TGP), synthetic
aperture radar (SAR), etc.) for actual employment with coordinate seeking
weapons. Aircraft derived coordinates must be cross checked and
confirmed as well. CAT IV, or better, coordinates must be used for all
coordinate seeking weapon deliveries to adhere to MSD assumptions.
b. Guided weapons distances are not platform specific. Minimum
distances apply to all delivery platforms, however, release parameters
must be in accordance with the previously detailedparameter assumptions
detailed.
2. Environmental Factors for Laser-guided Weapons. Data assumes
environmental conditions are conducive to seeker or weapon acquisition, and
reflected laser energy is sufficient to guide the weapon to the target.
3. Bullet / Rocket Ricochet Fans. The ricochet fan must be applied to each
target so ground personnel are not within the ricochet fan. The aircraft flight
path or firing direction will bisect the ricochet fan. A 60º fan will be drawn 30º
right and 30º left of the final attack headings (FAH) and restriction
parameters (i.e., FAH 060–090º, no personnel will be 030–120º from the
target within the ricochet fan). Ricochet fans for all platforms (except AC-130
/ MC-130) are derived using WDZ distances provided by Headquarters Air
Combat Command (A3A).
4. CBU-87/99/100/103. Data is for intact canister detonations and based on a
650 x 300 foot total pattern size. Delivery assumptions are for four canisters
or less, and a maximum of 150 foot spacing. For patterns that exceed these
parameters, the MSD must be expanded to include the larger pattern.
Indicated distances must be added to the radius of the calculated bomblet
pattern. CBU data is for fighters and fighter employment, only.
5. AC-130 parameters and restrictions.
a. When radar is the primary fire control sensor, attack targets no closer
to the ground party than 650m for 105mm TP/HE and 500m for 40mm
HEI and 25mm TP/HEI. When a visual sensor is the primary fire control
sensor and the system has been tweaked (a minimum of 750m away from
friendlies), attack targets no closer to ground parties than 600m for
105mm HE; 400m for 105mm TP; 300m for 40mm HEI; and 400m for
25mm TP/HEI.
b. For ricochet risk mitigation with TP ammunition, the AC-130 will use no-
fire zones if the ground party is within 700m for 105mm, and 2,000m for
25mm TP. No-fires are relative to the ground party’s location from the
target and are based on the aircraft heading, not gun-to-target line. To
compute the no-fire aircraft headings, take the heading from the friendly
position to the target and subtract 60º to define the beginning of the no-
fire zone. Then subtract an additional 60º to define the end of the no-fire
zone. For example, the friendly position is north of the target. The bearing
from the friendly position to the target is 180º. In this case, the no-fire
zone would encompass headings from 120º to 060º.
c. Ricochet distances are provided by Air Force Special Operations
Command (AFSOC) and Air Force Instruction 13-212, Range Planning
and Operations. Specialized WDZ footprints are available from
Headquarters, AFSOC/A3TW and the AC-130H/U/W (Gunship Safety
Footprint program).
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6. Bombers (B-1, B-2, B-52).
a. Guided Weapons. Bombers must adhere to note 1 for guided weapon
employment. The maximum pattern distance for IAM weapons deliveries
using pattern management tactics will not exceed 200 feet from the
intended target passed from the JTAC. When dropping patterns of
weapons, category III, or better, coordinates must be used to adhere to
MSD assumptions.
b. GP Bombs. Bombers conducting aircraft-computed Mk-82 / Mk-84
deliveries are limited to 30,000 feet AGL and below. Airspeeds will not
exceed 540 KTAS, and the maximum stick length of weapons will not
exceed 500 feet and six weapons. Weapon releases above the listed
maximums will not meet weapon accuracy criteria used in the MSD
calculations and, therefore, will not be used.
c. Bombers will not use modifiable ballistic winds.
d. B-2 deliveries are restricted to GBU-31/38 only.
Legend:
AGL—above ground level LD—low drag
GP—general purpose LGB—laser-guided bomb
HD—high drag LGTR—laser-guided training round
HE—high explosive SDB—small diameter bomb
HEI—high explosive incendiary SP—signal practice
IAM—inertially aided munition TP—target practice
JDAM—joint direct attack munition WDU—weapons detonation unit
KTAS—knots true air speed WP—white phosphorous
Appendix J
ELECTRONIC ATTACK/CALLS FOR ELECTRONIC FIRES (SECRET)
Appendix J is SECRET and includes planning considerations and procedures for
requesting electronic attack and calls for electronic fires. It is located on the Air
Land Sea Application Center’s SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network
website at https://intelshare.intelink.sgov.gov/sites/alsa.
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Appendix K
CYBERSPACE EFFECTS (SECRET)
Appendix K is SECRET and includes procedures for requesting cyberspace
effects. It is located on the Air Land Sea Application Center’s SECRET Internet
Protocol Router Network web site at https://intelshare.intelink.sgov.gov/sites/alsa.
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REFERENCES
JOINT PUBLICATIONS
CJCSI 3160.01, No-Strike and the Collateral Damage Estimation Methodology,
12 October 2012
JP 3-09, Joint Fire Support, 12 December 2014
JP 3-09.3, Close Air Support, 25 November 2014
JP 3-60, Joint Targeting, 31 January 2013
NAVY
NTTP 3-03.1, Tomahawk Land-Attack Missile (TLAM-C/D/E) Employment
Manual, May 2013
AIR FORCE
AFI 11-2AC-130v3, AC-130 Operations Procedures, 19 Oct 2015
AFI 13-212V1, Range Planning and Operations, 23 April 2015
AFTTP 3-1 Vol 1, Threat Reference Guide and Counter Attacks, 2 May 2014
(Secret)
MULTI-SERVICE PUBLICATIONS
ATP 1-02.1/MCRP 3-25B/NTTP 6-02.1/AFTTP 3-2.5, Multi-Service Tactics,
Techniques, and Procedures for Multi-Service Brevity Codes, 23 October 2014
ATP 3-52.1/MCWP 3-25.13/NTTP 3-56.4/AFTTP 3-2.78), Multi-Service Tactics,
Techniques, and Procedures for Airspace Control, 9 April 2015
NATO PUBLICATIONS
STANAG 1034, ATP-4(F), Allied Naval Fire Support, 25 February 2013
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Geneva Convention, Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the
Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 12 August 1949.
REFERENCED FORMS
DD Form 1972, Joint Tactical Air Strike Request (Available at
http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/forms/index.htm)
WEBSITES
EW Toolbox SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) web site
http://ewtoolbox.eglin.af.smil.mil/default.asp (last accessed 28 Nov 2015)
Classified collateral damage tables (SIPRNET) website

https://jtcg.amsaa.army.smil.mil/jpias/index.htm (last accessed 28 Nov 2015)
Air Land Sea Applications Center classified and unclassified (restricted) website
http://www.alsa.mil (last accessed 28 Nov 2015)
145
146

GLOSSARY
PART I – ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
A
A/A air-to-air
AAA antiaircraft artillery
AARGM Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile
AAS Advanced Aerial Sensor
ACA airspace coordination area
ACC Air Combat Command
ACM airspace coordinating measure
AFI Air Force instruction
AFSOC Air Force Special Operations Command
AFTTP Air Force tactics, techniques, and procedures
AFTTP Air Force tactics, techniques, and procedures
AGL above ground level
AGM air-to-ground missile
AIS automatic information system
ALSA Air Land Sea Application Center
AMC air mission commander
ANW2 Adaptive Networking Wideband Waveform
AO area of operations
AOS aircraft on station
AP armor-piercing
APAM Antipersonnel/antiarmor
APC armored personnel carrier
API armor-piercing incendiary
APICM antipersonnel improved conventional munition
APKWS Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System
ARM antiradiation missile
A/S air-to-surface
ASAP as soon as possible
ASOC air support operations center
ASR air support request
ATACMS Army Tactical Missile System
ATFLIR advanced targeting forward-looking infrared
ATP Army techniques publication
AUP advanced unitary penetrator
AWACS airborne warning and control system
B
BDA battle damage assessment
BDU bomb dummy unit
BFT blue force tracker
BHO Battle handover
BLU bomb live unit
BOC bomb on coordinate
147
148
BOT bomb on target

BP battle position
C
C2 command and control
CALCM conventional air-launched cruise missile
CAS close air support
CASEVAC casualty evacuation
CAT category
CBU cluster bomb unit
CCD charge-coupled device
CCMD combatant command
CD&I Combat Cevelopment and Integration
CDE collateral damage estimation
CDL Common Data Link
CEM combined effects munition
CEP circular error probable
CERF cyber effects request format
CG Guided-Missile Cruiser
CGRS common geographic reference system
CP contact point
CRC control and reporting center
CRD common route definition
CRP communications relay payload
CT cypher text
CVN carrier, fixed-wing aircraft, nuclear
CVT controlled variable time
D
DACAS digitally aided close air support
DALS downed aircrew locator system
DAMA demand assigned multiple access
DAP direct action penetrator
DAS distributed aperture system
DASC direct air support center (USMC)
DC Deputy Commandant
DCO defensive cyber operations
DD Department of Defense (form)
DDG Guided-Missile Destroyer
deg degree
DF direction finding
DMLGB dual-mode laser-guided bomb
DMS dual-mode seeker
DODIN Department of Defense Information Network
DPI desired point of impact
DPICM dual purpose improved conventional munitions
DS direct support
DSN defense switched network
DTG date-time group
DTV day television
DVO direct view optics
DWE desired weapons effects
DZ drop zone
E
E enhanced
EA electronic attack
EARF electronic attack request format
EFSS Expeditionary Fire Support System
EGBU enhanced guided bomb unit
EO electro-optical
EON electro-optic narrow
EOW electro-optic wide
ER extended range
ER-MLRS Extended Range-Multiple Launch Rocket System
ET electronic time
EU European Union
EW electronic warfare
F
FAC(A) forward air controller (airborne)
FAH final attack heading
FDC fire direction center
FFE fire for effect
FLIR forward-looking infrared
FLM focused-lethality munition
FM frequency modulation
FO forward observer
FOV field of view
FSCC fire support coordination center
FSCM fire support coordination measure
ft foot (feet)
FW fixed-wing
G
GARS Global Area Reference System
GBU guided bomb unit
GCE ground combat element
GEOREF geographic reference
GFC ground force commander
GMLRS Global Positioning Sytem Multiple Launch Rocket System
GMTI ground moving target indicator
GMTI/T ground moving target indicator and tracking
GP general purpose
GPS Global Positioning System
149
150
GRG gridded reference graphic

GS ground speed
GTL gun-target line
GURF guns up ready to fire report
H
HA holding area
HAE height above ellipsoid
HARM high-speed antiradiation missile
HD high drag
HE high explosive
HEI high explosive incendiary
HEI-T high explosive incendiary-tracer
HERA high explosive rocket assisted
HF high frequency
HIMARS High Mobility Artillery Rocket System
HMCS helmet mounted cuing system
HMS helmet mounted sight
HOB height of burst
HPW high performance waveform
HQ headquarters
HQMC Headquarters Marine Corps
HTS high-speed antiradiation missile targeting system
HVAA high-value airborne asset
I
IAM inertially aided munition
ID identification
IDM improved data modem
IDT interflight data transfer
ILLUM illumination
INS inertial navigation system
INST instantaneous
IO information operations
IP initial point
IR infrared
IRC internet relay chat
ISAR inverse synthetic-aperture radar
ISO information security officer
ISR intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
IZLID infrared zoom laser illuminator designator
J
JAAT joint air attack team
JASSM joint air-to-surface standoff missile
JCA jamming control authority
JDAM Joint Direct Attack Munition
JFMCC joint forces maritime component commander
JFO joint fires observer
JHMCS joint helmet mounted cueing system
JOC joint operations center
JP joint publication
JRE joint range extension
JSOW joint stand-off weapon
JTAC joint terminal attack controller
JTAR joint tactical air strike request
JTCR joint tactical cyber request
JTIDS Joint Tactical Information Distribution System
K
km kilometer(s)
KTAS knots true air speed
L
lb pound
LCDB low collateral damage bomb
LD low drag
LGB laser-guided bomb
LGTR laser-guided training round
LJDAM laser-Joint Direct Attack Munition
LLLTV low-light level television
LLTV low-light television
LRF laser range finder
LST laser spot tracker
LTD laser target designator
LTL laser target line
LTM laser target marker
LUU illuminating unit
LWIR long wave infrared
LZ landing zone
M
m meter(s)
MALD miniature air launched decoy
MANPAD man-portable air defense
MAXORD maximum ordinate
MCRP Marine Corps reference publication
MEDEVAC medical evacuation
MFAS multifunctional active sensor
MGRS military grid reference system
mil miliradian
min minimum
MLRS Multiple Launch Rocket System
mm millimeter
MMS mast mounted sight
MMW millimeter wave
151
152
MOA method of attack

MOF multi-option fuze
MPSM multipurpose submunition
MSD minimum safe distance
MSR main supply route
MSL mean sea level
MT mechanical time
MTADS modernized target acquisition designation sight
MTI moving target indicator
MT-LB multi-purpose light-armoured towing vehicle
MTO message to observer
MTS multi-spectral targeting system
MTSQ mechanical time superquick
MTTP multi-Service tactics, techniques, and procedures
MTV mobile tactical video
MWIR mid-wavelength infrared
N
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGF naval gun fire
NGS Naval Gunfire Support
NLT no later than
nm nautical mile
NSFS naval surface fire support
NTS night targeting system
NTSU night targeting system upgraded
NTTP Navy tactics, techniques, and procedures
NWDC Navy Warfare Development Command
O
OCO offensive cyber operations
OHP overhead protection
OP observation post
OPE operational preparation of the environment
ORD ordinate
OSR on-station report
OT observer to target
OTL observer-target line
P, Q
PAX passengers
PBXN polymer-bonded explosive
PD point detonating
PGM precision guided munition
PGMM precision guided mortar munition
PI probability of incapacitation
POND period of non-disruption
POP plug-in optronic payload
PRF pulse repetition frequency
PSS-SOF Precision Strike Suite for Special Operations Forces
PTL pointer target line
Prox proximity
R
RAP rocket assisted projectile
RECCE reconnaissance
RED risk estimate distance
RMS roof mounted sight
ROE rules of engagement
RP red phosphorous
RREMS refinement, record as target, end of mission, and surveillance
RW rotary-wing
S
SA situational awareness
SACC supporting arms coordination center
SADL situation awareness data link
SALT-R size, activity, location, time, remarks
SAM surface-to-air missile
SAPHEI semi-armor piercing high explosive incendiary
SAR synthetic aperture radar
SAT satellite
SATCOM satellite communications
SCAT MINE scatterable mine
SDB small diameter bomb
SEAD suppression of enemy air defenses
sec second
SINCGARS single-channel ground and airborne radio system
SIPRNET SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network
SITREP situation report
SLAM stand-off land attack missile
SLAM-ER standoff land-attack missile-expanded range
SOF special operations forces
SP signal practice
SPI sensor point of interest
S/S surface-to-surface
SSBM surface-to-surface ballistic munitions
sust sustained
SWIR short-wave infrared
T
TACP tactical air control party
TCDL Tactical Common Data Link
TD time delay
TGO terminal guidance operations
TGP targeting pod
153
154
TGT target
TISU thermal imaging system upgrade
TLAM Tomahawk Land Attack Missile
TLE target location error
TN track number
TOC tactical operations center
TOF time of flight
TOL time of launch
TOS time on station
TOT time on target
TP target practice
TPT target practice tracer
TRADOC United States Army Training and Doctrine Command
TRP target reference point
TSS target sight system
TTOF total time of flight
TTP tactics, techniques, and procedures
TTT time to target
TV television
U
UAS unmanned aircraft system
UHF ultrahigh frequency
UK United Kingdom
URN unit reference number
US United States
USA United States Army
USAF United States Air Force
USCYBERCOM United States Cyberspace Command
USMC United States Marine Corps
USN United States Navy
V
VDL video downlink
VHF very high frequency
VMF variable message format
VT variable time
W, X, Y, Z
WCMD wind corrected munitions dispenser
WDU weapons detonation unit
WDZ weapon danger zone
WP white phosphorous
ATP 3-09.32
MCRP 3-16.6A
NTTP 3-09.2
AFTTP 3-2.6
21 January 2016
By Order of the Secretary of the Army
Official: MARK A. MILLEY

General, United States
Army
Chief of Staff
GERALD B. O’KEEFE
Administrative Assistant to
The Secretary of the Army
1536202
DISTRIBUTION:
Active Army, Army National Guard, and US Army Reserve: Distribute in accordance with the
initial distribution number (ID) 114378, requirements for ATP 3-09.32.
By Order of the Secretary of the Air Force
TIMOTHY J. LEAHY
Major General, USAF
Commander
Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine
Development and Education
ACCESSIBILITY: Publications and forms are available on the e-

Publishing website at www.e-publishing.af.mil for
downloading or ordering.
RELEASABILITY: Distribution authorized to DOD and DOD contractors
only to protect technical or operational information from
automatic dissemination under the International
Exchange Program or by other means. This protection
applies to publications required solely for official use
and to those containing valuable technical or
operational information. This determination was made
on 26 February 2015.
REL TO NATO, FVEY, FIN, JOR, ROK, SAU, SWE,
and UAE
* Supersedes ATP 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP 3-2.6, dated
November 2012.
List of Most Commonly Used Figures and Tables
AC-130 Integration Techniques ......................................................................... 65-68
Adjust Fire Mission (Grid or Laser Grid Method)...................................................... 12
Adjust Fire Mission (Polar Plot or Laser Polar) ........................................................ 13
Adjust Fire Mission (Shift from a Known Point) ........................................................ 14
Adjusting AC-130 Gunship Fire............................................................................... 64
Aircraft Run-In Speeds ......................................................................................... 117
Airdrop Briefing..................................................................................................... 126
Air Defense Artillery Threat Capabilities ................................................................ 122
Artillery or Mortar Coordinated Illumination Request................................................ 18
Artillery / Mortar / Illumination Factors ..................................................................... 33
Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) Report .............................................................. 54
CAS Check-in Briefing ............................................................................................ 42
CAS Execution Template ........................................................................................ 37
Army Attack Aviation Brief and SOF Gunship Call for Fire Format ........................... 63
Coordinated Attacks ............................................................................................... 52
Electronic Attack Brief............................................................................................. 71
Fire for Effect Mission (Grid Method)....................................................................... 15
Fixed-wing Capabilities and Communications Equipment........................................ 77
Game Plan and CAS 9-Line Brief............................................................................ 48
HLZ or Tilt-rotor Landing Zone Brief ...................................................................... 125
Hellfire Designator Two-dimensional View .............................................................. 99
JFO Target Brief ..................................................................................................... 57
Observer (JFO) Lineup ........................................................................................... 56
Laser Designation and Optimal Attack Zones.......................................................... 97
Marking Mission (Grid Method) ............................................................................... 16
Message to Observer (MTO) .................................................................................... 9
Mil-relation Formula in Shift Known Point Method ................................................... 15
Mission Completion (RREMS) .................................................................................. 9
Guns Up Ready to Fire( (GURF) Report ................................................................. 21
NSFS Call for Fire (Grid / Polar Plot / Shift from a Known Point) ............................. 27
Planning Data for Smoke ........................................................................................ 33
Rotary-wing Capabilities and Communication Equipment ........................................ 81
Rotary-wing CAS 5-Line Brief ................................................................................. 61
Rotary-wing Hellfire Designator (3D View) .............................................................. 98
Routing and Safety of Flight Considerations............................................................ 40
Situation Update Example #1 (TTFACOR) .............................................................. 43
Suppression / Immediate Supp / Immediate Smoke Mission (Grid).......................... 16
Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) Mission (Marine Corps Grid Method) . 17
Surface-to-Air Missile Threat Capabilities.............................................................. 119
Terminal Attack Roles and Responsibilities (Brief / Mark / Stack / Control) .............. 39
TLAM Call for Fire .................................................................................................. 28
TLAM Message to Observer (MTO) ........................................................................ 29
UAS Capabilities and Communication Equipment ................................................... 83
USMC RQ-7B FW LGB Designation Template...................................................... 100
USMC RQ-7B RW Offset LGW Designation Template .......................................... 101
Medical or Casualty Evacuation Brief
Line Item Explanation
1 Location (MGRS)
Call sign and Call sign and suffix may be transmitted in
2
Frequency at HLZ the clear
Number and A—Urgent
3 Precedence of B—Priority
Casualties C—Routine
Special Equipment A—None
Required B—Hoist
4 C—Extraction equipment
D—Ventilator
Other (Specify)
Number of L—Litter plus number of casualties
5
Casualties by Type A—Ambulatory plus number of casualties
Security of HLZ N—No enemy
P—Possible enemy in area
6
E—Enemy in area
X—Armed escort required
HLZ Markings A—Panels
B—Pyrotechnic signal
7 C—Smoke (color)
D—None
E—Other (Specify)
Casualties by A—Coalition military
Nationality or Status B—Coalition citizen
C—Non-Coalition forces
8
D—Non-Coalition citizen
E—Opposing force or detainee
F—Child
HLZ Terrain and
9
Obstacles
Additional Info (if time and situation permits):
M—Mechanism of injury
MIST I—Injury
S—Signs / Symptoms
T—Treatment
MARINE CORPS PCN: 144 000033 00 PIN: 103080-000

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JFIRE

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT D: Distribution authorized to

WILLARD M. BURLESON III R. B. TURNER JR

S. A. STEARNEY TIMOTHY J. LEAHY

This publication is available through the following web sites:

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4. Routing and Safety of Flight .................................................................. 40

Figure 15. Laser Designation and Optimal Attack Zones .................................. 97

Table 79. Helicopter or Tilt-rotor Landing Zone Considerations ....................... 125

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Table 1. General Planning for Joint Fire Support

Table 1. General Planning for Joint Fire Support (cont’d)

Table 1. General Planning for Joint Fire Support (cont’d)

Table 2. Variable Message Format (VMF) Settings Checklist

Table 3. Situation Awareness Data Link Settings Checklist

Figure 1. Sample DD Form 1972

Table 4. Elements and Transmissions of a Call for Fire

(e) Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD). SEAD fires

Table 6. Message to Observer

Table 8. Mission Completion

e. Surface based fire support definitions.

“Danger Close” method of engagement with risk estimate distances (RED)

Table 9. Adjust Fire Mission (Grid or Laser Grid Method)

Table 11. Adjust Fire Mission (Shift from a Known Point)

Target description: “ _________________________________________ “

Table 12. Fire for Effect Mission (Grid Method)

Table 13. Suppression / Immediate Suppression / Immediate

Table 14. Marking Mission (Grid Method)

Table 16. Artillery or Mortar Quick Smoke Request

Table 17. Artillery or Mortar Coordinated Illumination Request

Observer: “ __________________ , this is ______________________ “

2. Rockets and Missiles

Table 19. Naval Gunfire Support Report Format

REPORT INCLUDE ITEMS TYPE OF REPORT

[ ] PEPPER ALPHA, BRAVO, CHARLIE NONSCHEDULED

[ ] HONEY ALPHA, BRAVO, CHARLIE NEW TARGET

[ ] PICKLE BRAVO, CHARLIE, & GOLF UNFIRED TARGET

[ ] CANDY HOTEL AMMO REMAINING

Table 20. Naval Surface Fire Support Call for Fire

First salvo at ________ (danger close missions only)

Ready, Time of flight (time of flight in seconds)”

Table 21. Fresh Target (Example)

4. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) Call For Fire

Table 24. Example Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM)

Table 26. Example of a Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM)

Additional information required for missiles in loiter prior to redirection:

5. Surface Fire Munitions

Table 27. Field Artillery Cannons / Naval Surface Fire Support

APICM, DPICM MT, ET,

M825 Smoke, MTSQ, HE, M825 M864 then 1

APICM, MTSQ, M825 Smoke M864 then 2

M825 Block 1-1a1

ILLUM, MT, ET, M201A1 minutes

Delay 12.2 (reduced

Table 28. Mortars

Table 30. Planning Data for Smoke

Table 31. Artillery Precision Munitions

Table 32. Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) and

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Observer: “ , this is ____ “

Aircraft: “ _ , this is _____ .”

JTAC: “ _ , this is___ ”