D

Pg. 2tt

MoTION
Kest8 A body is Aald to in rext when its pesitich does
not chande with sespect to a reterehce point

Motion 8 A body is_Said to be in State of motion when

Lts position change Continuo&Y with respect to
a
e-erente point

Types of Monol
( i ) Ciaculato Motion Citular
Motion

i)
LiR Linear motionIn a slsnight Line path
iR) OscillatorY motionloand so path Wert origin

A Scalar quanlity 8 Quandity which baa magntude_burt

Ono dimctidn i Called Scatar quantity
istance peed

Vector quantih Quandit uhich bas magnitude aswel

as diectidnis Called Vettor quantity
e9 displarenent Velocity
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 Dt.:
Pg.

DisHance lhe _actual path or Length tave fed tz Called

distahce

Distance iz a ScalarquantY,its baz ho dliection

Displocement Te Ahortest length beluen initial poin and

ina point trauelled by an obiecd is called
displacement

Displatement is a Vectorquandty it s bdth

magnitude & diection

Displacement can be zero when initial ard ina paint

0e3amee9 Ciulax moion

Distance Displacement

1Lengihof acdual Paih 1 Shor-esi lenq-lh_betuseeninitia

Lyavelled by an obfect poirst and finalgbind olan obbe
is Scalar quarslitya is Vector quantdy
3 Hermains pnsiiivecan| Hcan be positivenegai
be ZeD 0 negative 0 Ze0

) Distance can be equal5 Dixplacemeri Cabe equa

Drlaxqeyhan diolatemeil to disdane or H letgex ihan
digiante

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Example 1. A body travels in a semicircular path of radius 10 m starting its motion from
point A 'topoini 'B'. Calculate the distance and displacement.
Solution: Total distance travelled by body, S=?
Given, T=3.14, R =10m

S=nR
5.14

O
=3.14x 10m
=31.4m AnS.

Total displacement of body, D=?

Given, R 10m
D=2*R

=2x 10m-20m Ans.

115

Example 2.A body travels 4 km towards North then he turn to his right and travels another
4 km before coming to rest. Calculate (i) total distance travelled. (i) total displacement.
Solution:

4kmB
displacement
W E

Total distance travelled -OA++AB

4 km+4km
8 km Ans.

Total displacement = OB

OB OB
4y4

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5.65 km Ans
 Dt.
Pg.

Untfoxm Motion
wben a bods tavels equol dhistance in eguo itexva
otime,theh the_molion is Baid to be uniommothon

NonUntfom Motion 8
When a body Couers unequal distance in equal interal
time then the modion is non unibm motion

Si s1

Page tum Ove

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 Dt.
Pg.:

Non- uní-toxm Motion is of=hoo ues

)Accelerated motion When moion ct a bodyincreases
wiHb ime
( De -accelerated maion lhen mo-hion o abody decnease
uDth me

Speed =Distance txavelled

V=
Time taKen

SI uni=psmeer Per Second f

Unitom mtion& a Cans-tand Sþeed stat
31R Non unoxn maion a8peed wilLnat emain
Conitant
Seia Non- UDox mmdon ch idr ule CoDAide
he Concepi of Hverage peec
Hueraqe speed = lotal distance avelled
J
Toa me takeh

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Example: What will be the speedofbody in m/s and km/hr if it travels 40 kms
in 5 hrs ?

Solution: Distance (s) 4 0 km

Time () - 5 hrs.

otaldistance
Speedin km/ hr) =

Total time

40km
5 hrs

= 8 km/hr Ans.

Specd (in m/s) ?

40 km = 40 x 1000 m = 40,000 m

5 hrs 5 x 60 x 60 sec.

40x1000m
5x60x60s

80 m
36s

= 2.22 m/s Ans.

118
 Dt.:
Pg. 2tta

VELOCIT
tizthe speed abocy in a givendireetion
VelocHyE diplacement
lime

Jelncity iz a Vectar quantt|aValue chango

hen ther dAmagnitude or dimec ion chonde
tor unieottn motion_aeraae ve locY willbe
mon
Calculated i n -he 8ame ay alue clone inaa
peod
Aveage Velocity Tote dkplacement
TotouLime

o uni-omly chanqinq Velociy the aweaao

Uelocih Can be Cdlkdlate.d a
Aug ve bcity InitiaVeloci- + naVelocrte

VVava u+V

veloci-n con be +ye Ve 0Y ero

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Example 1: Duringfirst half of a journey by a body it travel with a speed of
40 km/hr and in the next half it travels with a speed of 20 km/hr. Calculate the
average speed of the whole jourmey.

119

Solution: Speed during first half (v) 40 km/hr

Speed during second half (v,) 20km/hr
Average speced = 2
2

40+20 60
2

30 km/hr

Average speed by an object (body) =

30 km/hr. Ans.
Example 2:A car travels 20 km in first hour, 40 km in second hour and 30 km
in third hour. Calculate the average speed of the train.
Solution: Speed in Ist hour -20 km/hr, Distumcetruvelled during Ist hr = I -20- 20 km

Specd in Ilnd hour 4 0 km/hr, Distancetravelled dhuring 2nd hr - I-40- 40 km

Speed in IIlrd hour = 30 km/hr, Distancetravelled during 3nd hr - I *30- 30 km

Average speed =.
Total distancetravelled
Total time taken

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20+ 40 +30 20+40+ 30
3 ++T|
30 km/hr Ans.
 2dta
Dt.
Pg.

TCCELERATION
The ae ot change ot Velocity oith time i3
Knouon as Hcceexa-hon
o
2 Non uni-f0m Moton Elä d1th Veloci
chage Elal e

Acelemion = change in Veloct

Rme
a Vu
V=fina VelociHy
u= intial Ve locit
If V>u ,then a witlbe(tve) t a ime z

Ketardation/Deacceleation 8
Deacce leration iA Seen in non_ unefom motion dumng
decrease ib VelociHy uitb ime Hbas Aame deinalon
a s acele
l exaton.

a V-u
t
Tf V<u thena uill be negaiuel-ve)
34Ve loct decrease 61àt

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Example 1:A car speed increases from 40 km/hr to 60 km/hr in 5 sec. Calculate
the acceleration of car

. 4 0 K m 4 0 X S _ 100
Solution:
hr 18
11.11
9 ms
60x5 150
60km
V-
18
16.66
9 ms
a =
I=5 sec.

a=

16.66-11.

1.11 ms Ans.

Example 2. A car travelling with a speed of 20 km/hr comes into rest in 0.5 hrs.
What will be the vaue of its retardation ?

Solution: =0 km/hr

u= 20 km/hr

I=0.5 hrs
Retardation, a ' = ?

0-20
0.5
200
=

-40 km/hr2 Ans.

121

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Graphical Representation of Equation

Distance-Time Graph: s/t graph

(a) sgraph for uniform motion:

Straight line
TRepresents uniform
eed unit zero accleration

(6) stgraph for non-uniform motion:

Continuous increase in slope Continuous decrease in slope

of curve indicates accelerated of curve indicates decelerate
non-iniform motion. noninitorm mofion

(c) st graph for a body at rest:

Continuous decrease in slope
of curve indicates deaccelerate
non-uniform motion.

But, SS

.
Or V=0

122

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(i) Velocity-Time Graph:wt graph
(a) t graph for uniform motion:

V
B

distance (s)= AC x CD
2
CT DD area of rectangle

ABCD
a

But, V,=V

a =

- Or a=0

(b) wigraph for non-uniform motion

(A) graph for accelerated (uniform) motion:

v
B

In uniformly accelerated motion, there will be equal increase in velocity

in equal interval of time throughout the motion of body.

123

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(B) i graph for aceelerated (non-uniform) motion:

Here is

Then,

Dr
- -
Or
(C) graphfor decelerated (uniform) motion:

T
Here,
V-V*V3V2

142/332
Then,
Or a2
(D) graph for decelerated (non-uniform) motion:

Here,

124

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Equation of Motion (For Uniformly Accelerated Motion)
) First Equation
Vutat

Or Final velocity = Initial velocity + Acceleration x Time

Graphical Derivation:
Suppose a body has initial velocity "u' (ie., velocity at time = 0 sec.) at

point "A' and this velocity changes to 'v' at point "B in *T' secs. i.e., final velocity
will be v'.
125

O sec

Time
For such a body there will be an acceleration.
g= Changein velocity
Change in time

OB-OA_V-
OC-0 -0

Or
Or

() Second Equation
ut+sat
Distance travelled by object Area of OABC(trapezium)
Area of OADC (rectangle) +
Area of AABD

=OA xAD+%x ADx BD

uxt+ %xfx(v-u)

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ul+% xfxat

at]
ut +%at
 Chapter-8
Motion
CONCEPT MAPPING
PhysicalState
Rest LMotion
(change n potion)
(No change in potion)

Uniform Motion Non-uniform Motion Linear Motion CirculatoryMotion

Equal distance Uncqual distance Straight line path Circulatory path
travellcd in cqual travelled in cqual
ume intervals. ime intervals.
Distance Displacement
Actual path Shortestdistance
between Initial and
travelled bya
Accelerated Motion Deaccelerated Motion body final position

Increase in motion with time Decrease in motion with time

LSpeed Velocity
Uniformly Non Uniformly Dstance trav Displacement
Accelerated Accelcratcu Unilormiy on
Deaccelerated Uniformy cled
Deaccelerated time. inUnit m/s
unit
a
traveled in
time.
a unit
Unit- ms
Motion
Motion Motion It is sealar (only It is vector (both
Magnitude) magnitude and
direction
Equations of Motion

V=u+ at S-Ut+1%at V-U+2as

First Equation Second Equation Third Equation

Where
VFinal velocity
u- Initialvelocity Time taken
s Distance covered
aAccelcrathon

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(ii) Third Equation
= u + 2as
s =Area of trapezium OABC

(OA+BC)xOC
2

126

+v)xt
=

Or
145/332

Or as

Example 1.A carstarting from rest moves with uniform accelerationof 0.1 ms*
Jor 4 mins. Find the speed and distance travelled.
Solution: u= 0 ms c a r is at rest.

a= 0.1 ms
=4 x 60= 240 sec.

From, Vutaa

0 + 0 . l x 240

Or 2 4 ms Ans.
Example 2. The brakes applied to a car produces deceleration of 6 ms* in
opposite direction to the motion. If car requires 2 sec. to stop afier aplication of
brakes, calculate distance iravelled by the car during this time.
Solution Deceleration, a = - 6 ms

Time, 2 sec.
Distance, s =?
Final velocity, v =0 ms ': car comes to rest.

Now Vut at
Or uy-at

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Or u 0 - ( - 6 ) x 2= I2 ms'

And, sul+at
=
12 x2+ h x
(-6) x(2)
=24 12 12 m Ans.
 Dr
Pg 2

UnfoermCncuBR Honoa
abods is mouing in.a Cieulat path h uOith
Unitom3peed theb it ik said 4o be executin
Un-fom Circularmotion

CRai SAA peed a Same Ed R

RVeloci+ Poit Heli
E1dT due to Centinuouß charge
in direction

66 SATa Unitom Cirularmotton Dfecton of Velocit

3 an aceeleraBed motion. 39

V=T

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 QUESTIONS
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
. Change the speed 6 m/s into km/hr.
2. What do speedometer and odometer used for ?
3. What is the other name of negative acceleration?
4. What does the slope of distance-time graph indicate ?

What can you say about the motion of a body if its speed-time graph is a
straight line parallel to the time axis ?
6. Define Motion.

7. Is distance is a scaler or vector quantity? Why?

8. Is displacement is a scaler quantity? Why?
9. Define average speed.
I0. What is difference between speed and velocity?
128

SHORT ANSWER TYPEQUESTIONSs

. A tortoise moves a distance of 100 m in 15 minutes. What is its average

speed in km/hr?

2. If a bus travelling at 20 m/s is subjected to a steady deceleration of

S m/s, how long will it take to come to rest?

3. What is the difference between uniform linear motion and uniform

circular motion ?

4. Explain why the motion ofa body which is moving with constant speed
in a circular path is said to be accelerated.

Define velocity. What is SI unit of vclocity?

6. What is meant by the tem acceleration? Write its SI unit.

Write difference between 'distance' and

7.
"displacement
8. Under what conditions can a body travel a certain distance and yet its
resultant displacement be zero.

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Is a uniform circular motion accelerated? Explain.

10 What type of motion is exhibited by a free falling body & why?

 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

. Derive the equations v=u+ al, s =ut + eat andv =u +2as graphically.

2. What is uniform circular motion ? Give two examples which force is

responsible for that.

A car travels 30 kilometers at a uniform speed of 40 km/hr and next 30

km at a uniform speed of 20 km/hr. Find its average speed.
4. (a) Convert a speed of 54 km/hr into m/s.

(b) Change the speed of 6 m/s into km/hr.

(c) A driver decreases the speed of a car from 25 m/s to l0 m/s in

S seconds. Find the acceleration of car.
. A scooter acquires a velocityof 36 km/hr in 10seconds just after the stat.
Calculate the acceleration of the scooter.
129

[Hint: change speed in m/s, v =

u+ at].
6. A car increase its speed from 20 km/hr to 50 km/min 10 seconds. Find it
acceleration. [Hint: convert km/hr to m/s. v =u+ at].
7.
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A cyclist goes around a circular path once every 2 minutes. If the radiu
ofthe track is 105 metres. Calculate hisspeed.v
8. Which type of motion is represented by each one of the following
graphs?

(a) (b) (C) (d)

Answer of Long Questions:

3. 26.6 km/hr.

. (a) T5 m/S (b) 21.6 km/hr (c)a-3 m/s*

. a=I m/s
6. a =
0.83 m/s 148/332
7. V=5.5 m/s

130
 OBJECTIVE TYPES QUESTIONS
MCQ
. Thenumerical ratin of displacement to distance for a moning object is
(a) cqual to or less than l (b) always equals to 1
(C) always less than (d) always more than
2. Retanlation of a body is expressed in
(a) m
(b) ms
C)-ms (d) ms
3. If the displacement time graph of a particle is parallel to the time axis, the
velocity of the particle is
(a) Unity (b) Infinity
) Zero (d) None of these
4. The slope ofvelocity-time graph gives
(b) the distance
(a) the displacement
(c) the acceleration (d) the speed
5. The distance covered by a bus moving with a speed of 36Km/hris 15 min. is
(a) 0.9Km (b) 9 Km
(c) 90Km (d) 900Km
6. A body is thrown vertically upward with velocity "u' the gracate height 'h' to
which it will rise is,
(a) c) (d)-
7. Match the following:
Columnl ColumnI
p. Constant velocity

9. Non-uniform speed

r. Body at rest

t. uniform retardation

131
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