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TEMPORAL, INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA, MUSCLES OF

MASTICATION AND SALIVARY GLANDS

Temporal Fossa
➢ Boundaries:
- Anteriorly - The frontal and zygomatic bones.
- Laterally - The zygomatic arch.
- Inferiorly - The infratemporal crest.
➢ Contents:
- Temporalis muscle.
- Middle temporal artery.
- Zygomaticotemporal nerve and artery.
- Deep temporal nerves for supplying temporalis muscle.
- Deep temporal artery, branch of maxillary artery.

Infratemporal Fossa
BOUNDARIES
• Anterior: Posterior maxilla.
• Posterior: Temporal bone (articular tubercle) & spine of sphenoid.
• Medial: Lateral pterygoid plate (sphenoid).
• Lateral: Mandibular resume.
• Roof: Greater wing of sphenoid.
• Floor: Medial pterygoid muscle (superior surface).

Communications of Infratemporal Fossa

Contents of Infratemporal Fossa
• Muscles: Lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid, and tendon of temporalis.
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• Blood vessels: Maxillary artery, maxillary vein, and pterygoid venous plexus.
• Neural structures: Mandibular nerve, chorda tympani nerve, and otic ganglion.

MAXILLARY ARTERY

Branches of the maxillary artery

First part Second part Third part
Five Four Six
Posterior superior
Deep auricular artery Deep temporal
alveolar (dental) artery
Anterior tympanic artery Pterygoid branches Infraorbital artery
Middle meningeal artery Masseteric artery Greater palatine artery
Accessory meningeal
Buccal artery Pharyngeal artery
artery
Inferior alveolar artery Artery of pterygoid canal
Sphenopalatine artery

Branches from the 1st part

Branches Foramina Transmitting Distribution

Deep auricular Foramen in floor of Skin of EAM & outer surface of
EAM tympanic mem.
Anterior tympanic Petrotympanic fissure Inner surface of tympanic mem.
Middle meningeal Foramen spinosum Bones of skull, middle ear &
tensor tympani muscle
Accessory meningeal Foramen ovale Pterygoid muscles, meninges
Inferior alveolar Mandibular foramen Lower teeth & mylohyoid muscle

Branches from the pterygoid part

Branches Distribution
Masseteric Masseter
Deep temporal (Two) Temporalis
Pterygoid Lateral and medial pterygoids
Buccal Skin of cheek

Branches from the Pterygopalatine Part

Branches Foramina Transmitting Distribution
Post. Sup. Alveolar Alveolar canals in maxilla Upper molar, premolar, gums
Infraorbital Inf. Orbital fissure Orbital muscles, lacrimal SAC
Greater palatine Greater palatine canal Soft palate, tonsil, palatine glands
Pharyngeal Palatovaginal canal Roof of nose & pharynx

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Artery of pterygoid canal Pterygoid canal Auditory tube, middle ear, upper
pharynx
Sphenopalatine Sphenopalatine foramen Lateral & medial walls of nose

ASSOCIATED IMPORTANT GANGLIA

A. OTIC GANGLION
• Motor and parasympathetic root
- Formed by petrosal nerve.
- Preganglionic fibres – derived from inferior salivatory nucleus of 9th nerve.
- Post ganglionic fibres – pass through auriculotemporal nerve to parotid gland.
• Sympathetic root
- Plexus of middle meningeal artery.
- Contains postganglionic fibres arising in the superior cervical ganglion.
- Fibres pass through the ganglion without relay and reach the parotid gland via
auriculotemporal nerve.
- Vasomotor in function.
• Sensory root
- Auriculotemporal nerve and its sensory to the parotid.

B. PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA- Relations

• Anterior- Maxilla
• Posterior- Pterygoid plates
• Medial-Nasal fossa
• Lateral- Infratemporal fossa
• Roof- Greater wing of sphenoid; opens into inferior orbital fissure
• Floor- Pyramidal process of palatine bone; inferior end contains palatine canals
• Contents-
- Pterygopalatine (3rd) part of maxillary artery and its branches
- Maxillary nerve (V2)
- Nerve of pterygoid canal
- Pterygopalatine ganglion and branches
PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION
1. Parasympathetic root: From the greater superficial petrosal nerve (from the facial
nerve) which arises from the superior salivary nucleus.
2. Sympathetic root: From the deep petrosal nerve (from the nerve plexus around the
internal carotid artery) which arises from the superior cervical ganglion.
3. Sensory root: From the maxillary nerve which arises from the trigeminal nerve.

MAXILLARY NERVE
Branches-
• Middle meningeal nerve.
• Pterygopalatine nerve:
- Sensory fibers to the orbit.

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- Nasal branches.
- Nasopalatine nerve.
- Greater palatine nerve.
- Lesser palatine nerve.
- Pharyngeal branch.
• Zygomatic nerves:
- Zygomaticofacial.
- Zygomaticotemporal.
• Posterior superior alveolar nerve.
• Infraorbital nerve:
- Branches before the maxillary nerve exits the infraorbital canal.
▪ Middle superior alveolar.
▪ Anterior superior alveolar.
- After exits infraorbital canal.
▪ Inferior palpebral.
▪ Lateral (external) nasal.
▪ Superior labial

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION

Principal Muscles of Mastication Accessory Muscles of Mastication

Four paired muscles:
o Masseter Buccinator
o Temporalis Digastric
o Medial Pterygoid (internal pterygoid) Mylohyoid.
o Lateral Pterygoid (external pterygoid) Geniohyoid.

Detailed description of the muscles of the mastication

A. Temporalis (fan shaped).

• Origin:
- Temporal fossa and adjacent fascia.
• Insertion:
- Tip, ant border, and medial surface of coronoid process.
- Anterior border of ramus.
• Nerve supply: Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve.
• Actions:
- Elevation of mandible by anterior and middle fibres.
- Retraction of mandible by posterior fibres.

B. Masseter (quadrilateral).
• Origin: Zygomatic arch adjoining part of zygomatic process of maxilla.
• Insertion:
- Lateral surface of ramus of mandible.
- Coronoid process.

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• Nerve supply: Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve.

• Actions: Elevation of mandible to occlude the teeth for forceful bite.

C. Lateral pterygoid.
• Origin:
- Upper head from infratemporal surface and crest of greater wing of sphenoid.
- Lower head from lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate.
• Insertion:
- Pterygoid fovea on anterior surface of neck of mandible.
- Articular disc and capsule of TMJ.
• Nerve supply: Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve.
• Actions:
- Depression of mandible.
- Protraction of mandible
- Side to side movement of mandible when the muscles act alternatingly
- Loss of nerve supply leads to deviation of mandible/chin to same side upon opening
wide

D. Medial pterygoid (quadrilateral).

• Origin:
- Superficial head from tuberosity of maxilla.
- Deep head from medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate.
• Insertion: Medial surface of angle adjoining ramus of mandible.
• Nerve supply: Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve.
• Actions:
- Elevation of mandible
- Protraction

MANDIBULAR NERVE
Branches Supplies
A. From the main trunk
Spinous nerve Sensory nerve innervating the dura mater
Nerve to medial pterygoid Medial pterygoid muscle, tensor velipalatini
muscle, tensor tympani muscle

B. From the anterior trunk

Buccal nerve (sensory branch) The inner surface of the cheek
Massetric nerve Massetric muscle
Nerve to lateral pterygoid Lateral pterygoid muscle
Deep temporal nerves Deep temporal muscle

C. From the posterior trunk

Auriculotemporal nerve Sensory and secretomotor fibres to parotid gland and
TMJ
Auricular part Skin of tragus, External acoustic meatus, Tympanic
membrane, Upper part of pinna

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Temporal part Skin of temple

Lingual nerve Sensory fibres to anterior 2/3rd of tongue and floor of
mouth
Inferior alveolar nerve:
- Branches All mandibular teeth on its side
- Mental nerve Skin of chin and lower lip

SALIVARY GLANDS

A. PAROTID
• Situation: Below the external acoustic meatus between the ramus of mandible
and SCM. Largest of all salivary glands.
• Duct Opening: Stenson’s duct- after piercing the buccinators opens into the
vestibule of mouth opposite maxillary second molar.
• Secretion: Purely serous.
• Innervation:
- Parasympathetic Nerves: Secretomotor. They reach the gland through the
auriculotemporal nerve. The preganglionic fibres begin in the inferior salivatory
nucleus, pass through the 9yh nerve, its tympanic branch, tympanic plexus and
lesser petrosal nerve and relay in otic ganglion. The post ganglionic fibres pass
through the auriculotemporal nerve and reach the gland.
- Sympathetic Nerves: Sympathetic nerves are vasomotor. They are derived
from the plexus around the external carotid artery.
- Sensory Nerves: Auriculotemporal nerve.

Structures within the parotid gland

- Arteries:
- Maxillary artery
- External carotid artery
- Superficial temporal vessel
- Posterior auricular artery
- Veins: Retromandibular vein
- Nerve: Facial nerve

B. SUBMANDIBULAR
• Situation: Roughly J shaped salivary gland, situated in the anterior part of the
digastric triangle. The gland is divided into larger superficial and small deep parts
by mylohyoid muscle.
• Duct Opening: Wharton’s duct- opens on the floor of mouth, on the summit of the
sub lingual papilla, at the side of frenulum of tongue.
• Secretion: Mixed and predominantly serous.

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• Innervation:
- Supplied by submandibular ganglia.
- Parasympathetic Fibres: Are secretomotor from chorda tympani. They begin in
the superior salivatory nucleus and pass through sensory root of facial nerve,
geniculate ganglion, facial nerve, chorda tympani, lingual nerve and
submandibular ganglion where the preganglionic fibres relay. The post
ganglionic fibres emerge from the ganglion and soon enter the submandibular
gland.
- Symapthetic Fibres: Are vasomotor. They are from the plexus around the facial
artery.
- Sensory Fibres : From lingual nerve.

C. Sublingual
• Situation: Smallest of the three salivary gland. It is situated above the mylohyoid,
below the mucosa of the floor of the mouth.
• Duct Opening: Bartholin’s duct – 10-15 ducts emerge from the gland. Most of
them open directly into the floor of the mouth on the summit of sublingual fold.
A few of them join the submandibular duct.
• Secretion: Mixed and predominantly mucous
• Innervation:
- Supplied by submandibular ganglia.
- Parasympathetic Fibres: Are secretomotor from chorda tympani. They begin in
the superior salivatory nucleus and pass through sensory root of facial nerve,
geniculate ganglion, facial nerve, chorda tympani, lingual nerve and
submandibular ganglion where the preganglionic fibres relay. The post
ganglionic fibres emerge from the ganglion and soon enter the submandibular
gland.
- Sympathetic Fibres: Are vasomotor. They are from the plexus around the facial
artery.
- Sensory Fibres: From lingual nerve.