Facial primordia  Nasal Pits - the primordia of theanterior

> appear early in the 4th week to 8th week nares (nostrils) and nasal cavity.
> Gives rise to stomodeum  Mesenchymal cells are the majorsource
> arise from 1st branchial arch that split in of the connective tissuecomponents,
mandibular and maxillary. including muscles, cartilage, bone, and
ligaments in thefacial and in the oral
5 Facial Primordia appear as prominences
regions
around the stomodeum

 Between the 7th and 8th weeks, the

> Frontonasal prominence (single or 1) –
two medial nasal prominences merge
become the frontal (noo) and rostral part below
with each other together with the
will become nasal part.
maxillary and lateral nasal prominence
> Maxillary prominences (paired or 2) – form
forming INTERMAXILLARY SEGMENT.
the lateral boundaries of the stomodeum.
 Lower jaw and lower lips – first part of
> Mandibular prominences (paired or 3) –
the face to form.
constitute the caudal boundary of the primitive
mouth.  MEDIAN CLEFT LOWER LIP – a rare
condition because mandibular
 Prominences are produced mainly by prominences is the first to form.
neural crest cells.
 First pharyngeal arch will give rise to
maxilla and mandible and middle the  Nasolacrimal Groove – seperates the
stomodeum. maxillary and and lateral prominence.
- This becomes the nasolacrimal
duct.
 Oblique cleft – Lateral and maxillary
process did not fuse.
 Midlice Cleft – medial nasal process did
not fuse.

 Note: 5th and 6th – transient bcos it DEVELOPMENT OF PALATE (Palatogeneis)

bulged at first but it has no function.
 Begins at the end of 5th week and
NASAL PLACODES complete to 12th week
 End of 6th week to 9th week is the critical
 Two bilateral oval thickenings(NO PITS) period of the development of the palate
in the surface ectoderm (bawal galawin si buntis)
 the primordia(primitive) of the nose
and nasal cavities  Intermaxillary segment gives rise to:
 appear, by the end of the fourth week a. Philtrum
 convex b. Bridge of nose
 Soon become horseshoe shape that is c. 4 upper incisor
divided into lateral and medial nasal d. primary palate
process.
Develops from 2 stages
  Primary palate 2. Clefts involving the hard and soft
- Begin to develop in the early 6th regions of the palate
week from the intermaxillary
Different types of cleft
segment of maxilla
- Forms premaxillary(this is where  Bifid uvula – hati sa dalawa yung uvula
primary palate came from)  Unilateral hare lip – one side cleft
- Small part of the adult hard palate  Bilateral hare lip – two side cleft
 Medial cleft palate – rare condition.
 Secondary palate
- primordia of the hard and soft
palate
- This becomes the secondary palate
- Initially the lateral palatine
processes or palatal shelves project
inferomedially on each side of the
developing tongue (bababa si
tongue saka liliit tapos magcclose
si palate and fuses with nasal
septum) nagfuse 3 bone nasal
septum,and 2 palatal shelf
- During the 7th & 8th weeks, the
lateral palatine processes elongate
and ascend to a horizontal position
superior to the tongue
- Palatine processes also fuse with
the nasal septum and the posterior
part of the primary palate
- Nasal septum and palatine begins
to fuse in the 9th week and
completed in 12th week.
 The posterior part of these processes
do not ossify(soft palate)
 Uvula - soft conical projection
 Median palatine raphe indicates the
line of fusion of the lateral palatine
processes

Cleft Lip and Palate

 Defect is y classified according to

developmental criteria

2 major groups of cleft lip and palate:

1. Clefts involving the upper lip and

anterior part of the maxilla
Tongue Divided into:
a. Anterior 2/3 – oral part
 The tongue is a muscular organ situated
b. Posterior 1/3 – pharyngeal part.
in the floor of the mouth
 It is associated with functions of speech, DORSAL SURFACE (ORAL PART)
mastication (move the food) and
Anterior two third:
deglutition. (swallowing)
- Mucosa is rough (BECAUSE OF PAPILLA) -
 During swallowing tongue flattens to
Shows four types of papillae:
palate to push the food paloob.
 It has an oral part that lies in the mouth a. Filiform - most numerous papilla
and a pharyngeal part that lies in the - no taste buds
pharynx. - slender, threadlike keratinized
projections.
- e facilitate mastication
M. OF MASTICATION b. Fungiform - mushroom shaped
- more numerousnear tip & margins
T=temporalis of tongue
I-internal pterygoid/medial pterygoid - Smooth, round structures that
M=masseter (TIM=elevate) appear red
E=external pterygoid/lateral pterygoid (depress) - highly vascular connectivetissue
DEVELOPMENT OF TONGUE - Taste buds are seen within the
epithelium.
 Begins at the 4th week of the gestation c. Circum Vallate - Largest among papillae
 1st pharyngeal arch - foramen caecum - Shape: Blunt-ended cylindrical
and tuberculum impar and lingual - 1-2mm in diameter
swelling. - 8 to 12 in number
- Anterior 2/3 of tongue – fusion of 3 - Location: in front of sulcus
swellings. terminalis/terminal
- Supplied by Lingual nerve (Post- sulcus/boundary.
trematic) chorda tympani (pre- - Occur in V shape
tympanic) d. Foliate - Red leaf-like mucosal ridges
 3 and 4th pharyngeal arch -
rd
- at the sides of the tongue
hypobranchial eminence - Bear numerous taste buds
- Caudal part becomes epiglottis. - found in the pharyngeal part
- cranial part will become POSTERIOR
PHARYNGEAL PART
1/3 of tongue.
- Supplied by glossopharyngeal Nerve  Lies behind the palatoglossal arches
 2nd arch is embedded by the 3rd arch  Forms the anterior wall of the
(kaya sya 1,3,4 lang) oropharynx
 No papillae
Anatomy of the Tongue
 mucous membrane has manylymphoid
 Root is attached to the mandible and follicles that collectivelyconstitute the
soft palate above and to the hyoid bone lingual tonsil(Nagrirelease ng WBC, pag
below. namaga/indication of infection).
 Dorsum of the tongue is convex
 VENTRAL SURFACE EXTRINSIC MUSCLES (may attachment sa bone)
 ilalim ni dorsal
PDDRERE
 Covered by smooth mucous membrane
 lingual frenulum - thin strip of tissue 1. Genioglossus - genial tubercle
that runs verticallyfrom the floor of the  Protrusion and derpresses of the
mouth to theundersurface of the tongue
tongue. 2. Hyoglossus - hyoid bone
- limit the movement of thetongue.  Depresses and retracts tongue
 plica fimbriata - tissue na 3. Styloglossus - styloid process
pahaba,bluish,from the veins kaya  Elevates and retracts tongue
highly vascular 4. Palatoglossus - palatine aponeurosis
 Elevates the posterior part of the
MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
tongue
INTRINSIC MUSCLES (not attached to any bone)
> alter the shape of the tongue
> originate and insert within the tongue
> Paired

1. Superior longitudinal
 Shortens the tongue
 Turns the apex and sides of the tongue
upward to make the dorsum concave
 Origin: submucous fibrous layer below
the dorsum of the tongue and lingual
septum lingual septum=(naghahati sa
tongue into 2)
 Insertion: extends to the lingual margin

2. Inferior longitudinal
 Shortens the tongue
 Makes the dorsum convex
 Origin: root of tongue
 Insertion: apex of tongue

3. Transverse
 Narrows and elongates the tongue
 Origin: median fibrous septum
 Insertion: fibrous tissue at the margins
of tongue.
4. Vertical
 Flattens and broadens the tongue
 Origin: borders of the anterior part of
the tongue.
 Insertion: ventral surface of the borders
of the tongue.
Enamel/ Substancia Adamantia/ Amelo B. Chemical properties
 96% inorganic substance
 Hard, translucent tissue covering the
– Crystalline calcium phosphate (90%)
anatomical crowns of teeth
– Hydroxyl apatite crystals
 protective covering of the crown dentin
 4% organic substance + water
 Resists forces of mastication
– Proteins (amelogenins & non
amelogenins like enamelin &
ameloblastin)
A. Physical properties
1. varies in thickness
a. Incisal edge = 2mm
C. Macroscopic features
b. PM cusps = 2.3 – 2.5mm
1. Perikymata/ Imbrication lines of
c. M cusps 2.5 – 3mm
Pickerill – wavy ridges on the labial
(pinakamakapal, for grinding)
surface of anterior teeth)
2. Hardest calcified tissue in the body.
- Transverse, wavelike grooves
- has high mineral content
believed to be the external
- Hardness decreases from surface of
manifestations of Striae of Retzius.
enamel to DEJ
- visible to new erupted teeth,
- papasok ng papasok palambot ng
nawawala dahil sa abrasion.
palambot
2. Mamelons – rounded eminence of the
3. Brittle & Inelastic
incisal edges of newly erupted anterior
- prone to fracture if unsupported by
teeth
sound dentin
- Nawawala thru abrasion and
4. Translucent
malocclusion (kapag sungki di
- Color of teeth = color of dentin
natama sa opposing jkaya may
- Cervical area: more yellow(thinner
mamelon padin sa adult)
Enamel, reflects more of dentin)
like canine.

Depends on age and diet D. Microscopic structures

1. Enamel prisms/Enamel rods
a. Age – through time, it abrades &
- Basic structural unit of enamel
what is seen is yellow dentin
- formed by ameloblasts (responsible
b. Diet – enamel is semipermeable;
for enamel production)
color of food may stick
- Long and slender structures with
5. Permeable to certain ions– decreases
roughly 5 or six sides
with age
- Length of rods > Thickness of
- Responsible for fluoride
enamel
applications
- Diameter: 4-5 μ DEJ
- bata palang dapat nagffluoride
- Length: 9 μ in length
khabang bukas pa yung pores dahil
- Wavy pag inunat mas mahaba
pag matanda close na.
- Cross section: rods appear
- Fluoride-papalakasin ipin ara di
hexagonal, oval or round -Has a
makapasok bacteria
head and tail that resembles a
- bacteria byroduct acid - no.1 acid
keyhole/ paddle
na nagpapalmbot ng ipin
 - Longitudinal section: Segmented - Brownish bands illustrating the
appearance – dark lines crossing the incremental pattern of enamel
rod - LS – surrounds the tip of dentin
- CROSS STRIATION(pag nag criss - XS – Concentric circles (growth rings
cross si enamel rod at striae of of tree)
retzius)– daily appositional growth
BAKIT NAGKAKAROON NG INCREMENTAL LINES
of enamel rods
OF RETZIUS
2. Gnarled Enamel
- Cusps and Incisal edges: bundles of a. periodic bending of enamel rods
rods intertwining irregularly from b. Variation in basic organic structure
the DEJ, straightens as it reaches c. Physiologic calcification rhythm (of
the surface of the Enamel enamel)
- Offer greatest resistance to cusps
and incisal edges.
- CANINE= maramming gnarled 7. Structureless/Prismless Enamel
enamel,makes the cusp matibay - No prism outlines are visible; 30μ
kase madaming enamel rods thick
3. Interprismatic Substance –cements rods - Found in primary dentition and
together cervical region of permanent
- 1μ thick; from terminal bar - Apatite crystals are parallel to one
apparatus another; perpendicular to Striae of
- Surrounds each rod Retzius
4. Prism Sheath/Rod Sheath - More heavily mineralized than bulk
- Outermost covering of the rod; take of enamel beneath it
stain easily (more organic) 8. Neonatal Line/Ring
- Narrow spaces serving as the - differentiating prenatally developed
boundary between (2) rod and enamel from postnatal enamel
interrod enamel. - result of abrupt changes in
Direction of Enamel rods: environment and nutrition of
newborn infant
• Rods are oriented at right angles to DEJ - PRENATAL ENAMEL=nabuo enamel
• Pits and Fissures: tent-like manner inside the womb,kumukuha
• Proximal: horizontal/oblique nutrition sa nanay
• Cervical: horizontal/oblique - POSTNATAL ENAMEL=nabuo
• Permanent – Apically (pababa) outisde the womb,nakuha
• Decidous – Coronally(pataas) nutrition sa labas
- PERMANENT=walang PRENATAL
5. Hunter-Schreger Bands
LINE,kase nabuo sya nung
- Alternating light and dark bands
napanganak na
- Seen in longitudinal ground section
9. Enamel Cuticle/Nasmyth’s Membrane
under oblique reflected light or
- Delicate membrane that covers the
polarized light
entire crown of a newly erupted
6. Incremental Lines of Retzius or, Striae of
teeth
Retzius
- Removed by mastication
 - Erupted crowns – covered by - May contain a living process of the
precipitates of salivary proteins - > odontoblast contributing to the
PELLICLE - maybe colonized by vitality of the DEJ
bacteria and food debris; reorms - Pag si tubule lumabas sa DEJ now
within hours after mechanical called= ENAMEL SPNDLES
cleaning. 13. Scalloped DEJ
- After maremove ang enamel - shallow depression/pits where
cuticle,nagkakaroon ng pellicle,sya enamel caps are fitted
na nagcocover ng EC - Firm attachment of enamel to
- Biofilm=pag nahaluan ng dentin surface (increased surface
laway,nagiging pellicle, pag di area and adhesion)
natoothbrush nagiging plaqu thn - Concavity – Enamel
nagiging tartar - Convexity – Dentin
10. Enamel Lamellae - Hindi straight line,mas rough mas
- Cracks visible to the naked eye makapit si enamel sa dentin
- Leaflike structural defects extending
from surface of enamel towards the
DEJ
- Consists of linear, longitudinally
oriented defects filled with enamel
protein or organic debris from the
oral cavity ->possible avenue for
dental caries
11. Enamel Tufts
- Narrow, ribbon-like structure
composed of bundles of poorly
calcified rods and interrod
cementing substance (di gano
tumigas)
- Originates from DEJ occupying 1/3
to 1/5 of entire enamel thickness
- “Tuft” resembles blades of grass
attached to a parent stem
- Filled with protein and organic
material
- Believed to occur developmentally
because of abrupt change in the
direction of groups of rods that
arise from regions of DEJ
12. Enamel Spindles
- Club-shaped extentions/projections
of dentinal tubules/odontoblastic
pocesses in enamel
Dentition