DESTINATION

EXCEL ENCE
GVN- The Global School
Chemistry- Investigatory Project
Chemistry in black and white
photography
Academic Year-2022-23

Submitted By
Amogh Dubey
Class- 12th B
Roll No., 19605516
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Inthe accomplishment of this project
successfully, Iwould like to thank my
principal Mrs. Maninder Bhatia and
Chemistry teacher Mrs. Anushka
Sharma mam whose valuable guidance
has helped me make this project a fool
proof success. Her suggestions and
instructions have served as the major
contributorstowards the completion of
this project. Also, Iwould like to thank
my parentsand friends whohave
helped me throughout
 CERTIFCATE
This is to certify that Amogh Dubey of Class
XII Bof GVN The Global School, during the
academicyear 2022-23, has completed his
Project under my supervision. He has taken
Propercare and shown utmost sincerity in the
completion of this project

BHOPAL

Principles Signature

Signature Signature
[External] [Internal]
 INDEX
A Abstract
A Introduction
A Procedure
A Iron Toning
A Copper Toning
A Sepia Toning
A Conclusion
A Abstract
 ABSTRACT
This experiment is designed to illustrate the
purpose of the different components of a
photographic developer. It will also illustrate
the chemistry of the toning
process.
Specifically, you will determine the role of
one component in the developer and
the importance of reaction identify
duration as a
variable in the toning of black and white
prints. For the first part, be specific.
which component you are omitting. Indicate
the role of that
Discuss
section.
component in your conclusion

INTRODUCTION
Traditional black and white photography
utilized a chemical process that has been
observed since ancient times - that of the
photosensitivity of silver (Ag)
This ability was harnessed by compounds.
the19th century
photography pioneers by coating silver
halides (molecules of Ag and halide gases) in
an emulsion of gelatin onto a glass or
plastic
backer. The process of making traditional film
has not changed much from the basic
chemical reactions discovered in the 1800's.
Initially, elemental silver is reacted with nitric
acid to form silver nitrate. Complete and
balance the reaction below:
Ag (s) + HNO3 ’ AgNO3 + H2
ldentify the element oxidized and that
reduced in the above equation.
The silver nitrate is then
converted to the
silver halide (usually bromide) by fuming the
film with potassium bromide.
balance the next reaction: Complete and
AgNO3+KBr ’ ABr + KNO,
The AgBr is an ionic
compound that forms a
crystalline structure in grains. What does it
mean to be an ionic compound? The film
is ready for exposure and the now
creating of the
intended image. Stored within a light sealed
container, the AgBr film is a uniform darkish
yellow. The light exposure occurs when an
opening allows light to enter the dark
container and strike the film. These "storage"
containers that subsequently allow light
 exposure are more comnmonly referred to as
cameras.

Procedure:
In the first section of this experiment you will
determine a set of optimum conditions for
developing a contact print using a light bulb
for exposure and a standard, already
prepared developer. Two factors are
important in determining the optimum
conditions. The first is the amount of light
hitting the photographic paper. This depends
on the intensity of the light, the length of
the
exposure and the distance of the light from
the paper. The greater the amount of light
hitting the paper, the darker the print since
more silver halide grains are exposed. This
assumes all other conditions are held
constant. The directionsfor the first part are
listed in Section 1.
Inthe second section of the
experiment you
will prepare a developer by weighing out and
mixing the necessary chemicals. You will then
use the conditions determined in the first
part to prepare a contact print with your own
developer. Most photographic developers
have several components in common. These
are:

a reducing agent--to reduce the exposed

silver halide grains to metallic silver,
a preservative--to prevent reactionof the
reducing agent with oxygen from the air, 3.
an activator--to activate the
reducing agent,
4. a restrainer--to increase the
contrast
between light and dark areas in the print.
Inyour developer the chemicals willbe:
metol, the reducing agent.
sodium sulfite (Na2S03), the preservative.
sodium carbonate (Na2C03"H20), the
activator.
sodium bromide (NaBr), the restrainer.
Section 1: Determining the Optimum
Conditions Steps:
Obtain several sheets of photographic paper.
Caution: this paper is, of course, very
sensitive to light.
Place approximately 100 ml each of
developer, stop bath, fixer, and distilled
water into 400 ml beakers; Ilabeleach beaker.
Set up the exposing light as shown in the
Figure below.
red safety light

25-wat light bulb

ring stand cylinder shield
20"

Variac -glass
set at 52 -hegatve
-paper

bench

Using only safety lights, remove a piece of

photographic paper from its storagespace
and place it directly under the light with the
emulsion side up. Place the negative on top of
the paper and put a glass slide ontop of the
negative.
Turn on the light for 30 seconds to expose the
paper. Using only the safety light, observe the
paper. Does it appear to have changed?
Develop the print (stillunder safety light) by
placing it in the beaker containing the
developer for 60 seconds (caution: use tongs),
then the stop bath for 60 seconds, the fixer
for 5minutes and the distilled water for 5
minutes. While the paper is in the developer
and stop bath, be certain that you agitate it.
Place the print on a paper towel to dry.
Recordthe temperature ofthe developer.
Try to improve the print. If it istoo dark,
reduce the exposure or the developing time.
The exposure can be reduced by reducing the
exposure time, raising the bulb, or reducing
the setting on the Variac. If the print is too
light, the opposite remedies should be
applied. Be certain to keep an accurate record
experiment. A
of your conditions for each
well. Your
Table such as shown below works
conditions for the best
goal here is to find the
You will use these conditions
print possible.
developer.
in the subsequent section for your
1/2 of each print next tothe conditions in
Put
youur Results section.
 Trial Distance to paper Variac setting Exposure tine Developing time
1

(1f necessary, or more)

Best conditions

Section 2: Preparing your own developer

Steps:
Prepare your own developer by dissolving 2.0

Na2S03, 0.25 g sodium bromide, NaBr, 0.6 g

metol, and 2.0g of sodium carbonate
(Na2C03-H20) in distilled water and dilute to
100ml. Be sure to dissolve these chemicals in
the order listed.
Expose and develop a contact print again
according to your optimum conditions of
Section 1. Record your results. Try to improve
the print.
How does this print compare with that of
Section 1?
Prepare 8extra prints for the toning
experiments. Make these prints as soon as
possible after your determination of the
optimal conditions.
What happens if...? What happens if you
prepare adeveloper but leave out one of the
ingredients? Try it and record your results.
Section 3: Toning [Note: these experiments
can be performed in regular light].
Iron Toning:
Prepare an iron toning bath by mixing 10.0 ml
of ferric ammonium citrate (10% solution),
10.0 ml of K3 Fe(CN)6 (10% solution) and 100
ml of a 10% solution of acetic acid in a 400-ml
beaker. This solution can be safely disp0sed
of in the sink.
Place a print in the iron toning solution for 5
minutes. What happens? How does the length
of time in the toning solution affect the print?
Test this by placing a print in the toning bath
for only 2 minutes. Try another time for the
toning bath. Rinse the print in deionized
water briefly, and record your results.
Copper Toning:
Prepare acopper toning bath as follows.
Dissolve 0.54 g of K3Fe(CN)6 and 2.65 g of
potassiumcitrate in 100 ml of H20. In a
separate beaker, dissolve 0.66 g of copper
sulfate and 2.65gof potassium citrate in 100
ml of water. Mix equal volumes of the two
solutions just prior to use. (Copper is a heavy
metal. Dispose of this solution in the aqueous
waste container).
Place a print in your bath for 5 minutes and
rinse What do you see? How does the length
of time in the bath affect the result?
Sepia Toning:
Place a print in a 400 ml beaker containing
about 100 ml of 20% sodium thiosulfate
solution for 5 minutes. Without rinsing,
immerse the print in abeaker containing the
prepared hydrochloric acid for 30 minutes
then rinse in distilled water. (Both of these
solutions can be put down the drain with the
water running). What do you observe? How
does length of time in the acid bath affect the
result? (Note: In your Results section, include
the prints by taping them in the
section).
appropriate
For your conclusion describe the role of the
chemical which youleft out of the developer.
Refer to the mechanismof the action of the
black and white developer as described by
your lab instructor and in the handout. Also
draw a conclusion about the effect of time on
the progress of the toning reaction.

CONCLUSION
For your conclusion describe the role of the
chemical which youleft out of the developer.
Refer to the mechanism of the action of the
black and white developer as described by
your lab instructor and in the handout. Also
draw aconclusion about the effect of time on
the progress of the toning reaction.

ABSTRACT
Indicators are chemical compounds
which are different colours when in
contact with either acids or bases. With
acids, indicators generallyturn red, and
with bases they generally turn a
bluelgreen colour. In addition to
indicators, heat can also be used to
reveal messages. A substance applied
to the paper that burns at a
lower
temperature than the paper and so the
message is revealed. In this practical
you will investigate making up
and then solutions
using them to create your own
secret messages!
Materials
Baking Soda
Paper
Water
Light Bulb (heat source)
Paintbrush or Swab
Measuring Cup
Purple Grape Juice
Paper
SmallSponge
Activity
Making the invisible ink:
There are at least two methods to use
baking soda as an invisible ink. Mix
equal parts water and baking soda.
Use a cotton swab, toothpick, or
paintbrush to write amessage onto
white paper, using the baking soda
solution as
'ink'.
Allow the ink to dry.
One way to read the message is to hold
the paper up to a heat sOurce, Such as a
light bulb. The baking soda will cause
the writing in the papêr to turn
brown.
Asecond method to
read the message is
to paint over the paper with
grape juice. The message will purple
adifferent color. appear in
Tips:
If you are using the heating
method,
avoid igniting the paper - don't use a
halogen bulb.
Baking soda and grape
each other in an juice react with
producing acoloracid-base reaction,
The baking
soda change in the
paper.
used more mixture can also be
soda to twodiluted, with
parts water. one part baking
Grape juice
more visibleconcentrate
color results in a
grape juice. change than regular
Procedure:
Mix asmall
amount
cornstarch (use of water
with
cornstarch and 4about 2
the pan and stir tablespoons of
teaspoons of water) in
until
Heat the
mixture for smooth.
Stir. (heat each several minutes.
Dip a mixture
separately)
toothpick into
water mixture and the
cornstarch and
on paper. Let write with the
To the paper dry. mixture
observe the
sponge into themessage, dip the small
carefully wipe iodine
the solution and
paper too wet.Thepaper. Do not get the
appear purple. message should
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
NCERT
www.g00gle.com
www.docfoc.com
Www.Wikipedia.com
www.meritnation.com
Www.topperlearning.com
www.asklearncbse.com