Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

Transcendental Functions
The Transcendental functions are those functions, which are special, unusual and czz\e\1annot be
understood in ordinary way. A function that undoes, or inverts, the effect of a function ƒ is called
the inverse of ƒ. Transcendental functions are function that are not algebraic. They include the
trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic function, and many other functions
as well as hyperbolic functions.

One-to-One Functions
A function is a rule that assigns a value from its range to each element in its domain. Some
functions assign the same range value to more than one element in the domain. A function ƒ(x) is
one-to-one on a domain D if ƒ(x1) ≠ ƒ(x2) whenever x1 ≠ x2 in D.

Example 1:

𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 is one-to-one on any domain of nonnegative numbers because √𝑥1 ≠ √𝑥2 whenever
x1 ≠ x2.
𝜋 5𝜋
𝑔(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 is not one-to-one on the interval [0,2π] because sin 6 = sin 6

The graph of a one-to-one function y = f(x) can intersect a given horizontal line at most once. If
the function intersects the line more than once, it assumes the same y-value for at least two different
x-values and is therefore not one-to-one.

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Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

The Horizontal Line Test for One-to-One Functions

A function y = f(x) is one-to-one if and only if its graph intersects each horizontal line at most
once.

Inverse Functions
Definition: Suppose that ƒ is a one-to-one function on a domain D with range R.

The inverse function ƒ-1 is defined by:

𝑓 −1 (𝑏) = 𝑎 if 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑏

The domain of ƒ-1 is the range and the range of ƒ-1 is the domain.

Example 2: Suppose a function 𝑦 = ƒ(𝑥) is given by a table of values:

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
f(x) 3 4.5 7 10.5 15 20.5 27 34.5

A table for the values of 𝑥 = ƒ−1 (𝑦) can then be obtained by simply interchanging the values in
each column of the table for ƒ:

y 3 4.5 7 10.5 15 20.5 27 34.5

f-1(y) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Finding Inverses:
The process of passing from 𝑓 to 𝑓 −1 can be summarized as a two-step procedure.

1. Solve the equation y = 𝑓 (x) for x. This gives a formula x = 𝑓 −1 (y) where x is expressed as
a function of y.
2. Interchange x and y, obtaining a formula y = 𝑓 −1 (x) where 𝑓 −1 is expressed in the
conventional format with x as the independent variable and y as the dependent variable.
𝑥
Example 3: Find the inverse of 𝑦 = 2 + 1, expressed as a function of x.

Solution:

1. Solve for x in terms of y:

𝑥
𝑦= +1
2
2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2
𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 2

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Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

2. Interchange x and y:
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2

𝑥
The inverse of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 + 1 is the function ƒ−1 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 – 2 (see the figure below).

To check that, we verify that both composites give the identity function:
𝑥
𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 2 ( + 1) − 2 = 𝑥
2
1
𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = (2𝑥 − 2) + 1 = 𝑥
2

Example 4: Find the inverse of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ≥ 0 expressed as a function of x.

Solution: For 𝑥 ≥ 0, the graph satisfies the horizontal line test, so the function is one-to-one
and has an inverse. To find the inverse, we first solve for x in terms of y:
𝑦 = 𝑥2
√𝑦 = |𝑥| = 𝑥, because 𝑥 ≥ 0
We then interchange x and y, obtaining:
𝑦 = √𝑥
The inverse of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , is the function 𝑦 = √𝑥

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Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

Example 5: Show that 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 for:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5

Solution:

𝑦 = 𝑥 5 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 1/5

∴ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑥1/5

Check!
5
𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = (𝑥1/5 ) = 𝑥

𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = (𝑥 5 )1/5 = 𝑥 , OK.

Derivatives of Inverse of Differentiable Functions

The Derivative Rule for Inverses If f has an interval I as domain and 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) exists and is never
zero on I, then 𝑓 −1 is differentiable at every point in its domain (the range of 𝑓). The value of 𝑓 −1
at a point b in the domain of 𝑓 −1 is the reciprocal of the value of 𝑓 −1 at the point 𝑎 =
−1
𝑓 (𝑏):

1
(𝑓 −1 )′ (𝑏) =
𝑓 ′ (𝑓 −1 (𝑏))

𝑑𝑓−1 1
Or: | = 𝑑𝑓
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑏 |
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑓−1 (𝑏)

Example 6: Find the derivative of inverse for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ≥ 0 and its value when 𝑥 = 2.

Solution:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ≥ 0 and its inverse 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥

1
(𝑓 −1 )′ (𝑥) =
𝑓 ′ (𝑓 −1 (𝑥))

1 1
= =
2(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) 2(√𝑥)

At 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓 ′ (2) = 2(2) = 4 and the derivative of 𝑓 −1 at 𝑓(2), are reciprocals, therefore:

1 1 1 1
(𝑓 −1 )′ (4) = = = =
𝑓 ′ (𝑓 −1 (4)) 𝑓 ′ (2) 2𝑥 4

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Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

Example 7: Find the derivative of inverse for 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3

Solution:

𝑦−3
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 ⇒ 𝑥 =
2

𝑥−3
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = , Check!
2
𝑥−3
𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 2 ( )+3= 𝑥
2

2𝑥 + 3 − 3
𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = = 𝑥 , OK.
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2
1 1
(𝑓 −1 )′ (𝑥) = = 2 , Check!
𝑓 ′ (𝑓−1 (𝑥))

1
(𝑓 −1 )′ (𝑥) = , OK.
2

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Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

Trigonometric Functions
This lecture reviews radian measure and the basic trigonometric functions.

Angles
Angles are measured in degrees or radians. The number of radians in the central angle A′CB′
within a circle of radius r is defined as the number of “radius units” contained in the arc s subtended
by that central angle. If we denote this central angle by θ when measured in radians, this means
that 𝜃 = 𝑠/𝑟 , as shown in Figure 1.

𝑆 = 𝑟𝜃 ⋯ ⋯ 𝜃 in radians

𝜋 (radians) = 180°

180
1 radian = ≈ 57.3 degrees or
𝜋
𝜋
1 degree = ≈ 0.017 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
180

Fig. 1

An angle in the xy-plane is said to be in standard position if its vertex lies at the origin and its
initial ray lies along the positive x-axis (Figure 2). Angles measured counterclockwise from the
positive x-axis are assigned positive measures; angles measured clockwise are assigned negative
measures.

Fig. 2

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Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

The Six Basic Trigonometric Functions

𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑦 𝑟
sine: sin 𝜃 = = , csc 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑟 𝑦
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑥 𝑟
cosine: cos θ = = , sec 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑟 𝑥
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑦 𝑥
tangent: tan 𝜃 = = , cot 𝜃 = opposite (y)
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑥 𝑦
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1 1 θ
sec 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 adjacent (x)

The ASTC rule, remembered by the statement “All Students Take Calculus,” tells which
trigonometric functions are positive in each quadrant.

Example 8: Find the value of trigonometric functions, if tan θ = 3/2 and 0 < θ < π/2.

Solution: we construct the right triangle of height 3 (opposite)

and base 2 (adjacent). The Pythagorean theorem gives the
length of the hypotenuse √4 + 9 = √13.
3 2 2
sin 𝜃 = , cos 𝜃 = , cot 𝜃 =
√13 √13 3 3

√13 √13
sec 𝜃 = , csc 𝜃 =
2 3
θ
o 2

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Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

Periodicity and Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions

A function ƒ(x) is periodic if there is a positive number p such that ƒ(𝑥 + 𝑝) = ƒ(𝑥) for every
value of x. The smallest such value of p is the period of ƒ.

cos(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = cos 𝜃, sin(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = sin 𝜃, tan(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = tan 𝜃,

sec(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = sec 𝜃, csc(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = csc 𝜃, cot(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = cot 𝜃

Similarly, cos(𝜃 − 2𝜋) = cos 𝜃, sin(𝜃 − 2𝜋) = sin 𝜃, and so on

Period π:

tan(𝜃 + 𝜋) = tan 𝜃
cot(𝜃 + 𝜋) = cot 𝜃

Period 2π:

sin(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = sin 𝜃

cos(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = cos 𝜃
csc(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = csc 𝜃
sec(𝜃 + 2𝜋) = sec 𝜃

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Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

Trigonometric Identities
y
𝑥 𝑦
cos 𝜃 = , and sin 𝜃 =
𝑟 𝑟
When 𝑟 = 1, and using the Pythagorean P(cos θ, sin θ) X2+y2=1
theorem:
(cos 𝜃)2 + (sin 𝜃)2 = 1
Dividing this identity in turn by cos2θ and θ
x
sin2θ gives: o 1
1 + (tan 𝜃)2 = (sec 𝜃)2
1 + (cot 𝜃)2 = (csc 𝜃)2

Additional Formula:

cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos B ± sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴

sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵)
tan(𝐴 ± 𝐵) =
cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵)

Double-Angle Formulas:

cos 2𝜃 = (cos 𝜃 )2 − (sin 𝜃)2

sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

Half-Angle Formulas:

1 + cos2𝜃
cos2 𝜃 =
2
1 − cos2𝜃
sin2 𝜃 =
2

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Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

The Law of Cosines

If a, b, and c are sides of a triangle ABC and if θ y

is the angle opposite c, then

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝜃
Derivation of cosines law: The coordinates of A
are (b, 0); the coordinates of B are (a cosθ, a B(a cosθ, a sinθ)

sinθ). The square of the distance between A and B

is therefore:
𝑐 2 = (𝑎 cos 𝜃 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑎 sin 𝜃)2 a
c

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 [(cos 𝜃)2 + (sin 𝜃)2 ] + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝜃 θ

x
C b A(b,0)
2 2 2
𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝜃
The law of cosines generalizes the Pythagorean
theorem. If θ = π/2 then cos θ = 0 and then:
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

The Law of Sines

A

sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 c b

y
= = h
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

B C
a

HomeWorks:
1. Prove the following equations:
𝜋 𝜋
a. cos (𝑥 + ) = − sin 𝑥 b. sin (𝑥 − ) = − cos 𝑥
2 2

3𝜋
2. Find the value sin2 8

3. Solve for the angle θ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, cos 2θ + cos θ = 0

4. A triangle has sided a = 2 and b = 3 and angle C = 60°. Find the sine of angle B using the
law of sines.
5. Express the given quantity in terms of sin x and cos x.
a. cos(𝜋 + 𝑥) b. sin(2𝜋 − 𝑥)
3𝜋 3𝜋
c. sin ( 2 − 𝑥) d. cos ( 2 + 𝑥)

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Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inverse trigonometric functions arise when we want to calculate angles from side measurements
in triangles. They also provide useful antiderivatives and appear frequently in the solutions of
differential equations. This section shows how these functions are defined, graphed, and evaluated,
how their derivatives are computed, and why they appear as important antiderivatives.

Defining the Inverses

The six basic trigonometric functions are not one-
to-one (their values repeat periodically).
However, we can restrict their domains to intervals
on which they are one-to-one. The sine function
increases from −1 at x = −π/2 to + 1 at x =
π/2. By restricting its domain to the interval
[−π/2, +π/2], we make it one-to-one, so that it
has an inverse sin-1 x. Similar domain restriction
can be applied to all six trigonometric functions.
Domain restrictions that make the trigonometric functions one-to-one:

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Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

Since these restricted functions are now one-to-one, they have inverses, which we denote by:

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥

The graphs of the six inverse trigonometric functions are shown in Figure below. We can obtain
these graphs by reflecting the graphs of the restricted trigonometric functions through the line y
= x. We now take a closer look at these functions and their derivatives.

√3 −1
Example 9: Evaluate (a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 2 ) , (b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 2 )
Solution:

√3 𝜋
a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 2 ) = 3
−1 2𝜋
b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 2 ) = 3

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Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

Using the same procedure illustrated in Example 9, we can create the following table of common
values for the arcsine and arccosine functions.

Fig.4: Values of the arcsine and arccosine functions.

Example 10: During an airplane flight from Chicago to St. Louis, the navigator determines that
the plane is 12 mi off course, as shown in Figure below. Find the angle a for a course parallel to
the original correct course, the angle b, and the drift correction angle c = a + b.

Solution:
we see that 180 sin a = 12 and 62 sin b = 12, so:
12
𝑎 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 0.067 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 3.8°
180 𝐶 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 15°
12
𝑏 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 0.195 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 11.2°
62

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Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

The Derivative of y = sin-1 u

We know that the function x = siny is differentiable in the interval (−𝜋/2 < 𝑦 < 𝜋/2) and
that its derivative, the cosine, is positive there. Theorem 1 therefore assures us that the inverse
function y = sin-1 x is differentiable throughout the interval - 1 < x < 1. We cannot expect it to be
differentiable at x = 1 or x = -1 because the tangents to the graph are vertical at these points (see
Figure below):

We find the derivative of y = sin-1 x by applying Theorem 1 with f(x) = sin x and f −1 (x) =
sin−1 x :
1
(𝑓 −1 )′ (𝑥) =
′ −1
𝑓 (𝑓 (𝑥))
1
= , 𝑓 ′ (𝑢) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)
1
= , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑢
√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)
1
= , 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2
If u is a differentiable function of x with |𝑢|< 1, we apply the Chain Rule to get:

𝐝 𝟏 𝐝𝐮
(𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝐮) = , |𝐮| < 𝟏
𝐝𝐱 √𝟏 − 𝐮𝟐 𝐝𝐱
d
Example 11: Using the Chain Rule, calculate the derivative dx (sin−1 x 2 )
Solution:
d 1 d 2
(sin−1 x 2 ) = (x )
dx √1 − (x 2 )2 dx

2x
=
√1 − x 4

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Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

The Derivative of y = tan-1 u

We find the derivative of y = tan-1 x by applying theorem 1 with 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 and 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥. Theorem 1 can be
applied because the derivative of tan x is positive for (−π/2 < y < π/2)

1
(𝑓 −1 )′ (𝑥) =
𝑓 ′ (𝑓 −1 (𝑥))
1
= , 𝑓 ′ (𝑢) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)
1
= , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑢
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)
1
= , 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
If u is a differentiable function of x with |𝑢|< 1, we apply the Chain Rule to get:

𝐝 𝟏 𝐝𝐮
(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝐮) =
𝐝𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐮𝟐 𝐝𝐱

The Derivative of y = sec-1 u

Since the derivative of sec x is positive for 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋⁄2 and 𝜋⁄2 < 𝑥 < 𝜋, Theorem 1 says
that the inverse function y = sec-1 x is differentiable. Instead of applying the formula in Theorem
1 directly, we find the derivative of y = sec-1 x, |𝑥| > 1, using implicit differentiation and the Chain
Rule as follows:
y = sec −1 x
sec y = x

d d
(sec y) = x
dx dx
dy
sec y tan y =1
dx
dy 1
=
dx sec y tan y

sec y = x , tan y = ±√𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 − 1 = ±√𝑥 2 − 1

dy 1
=±
dx x√𝑥 2 − 1

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Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

With the absolute value symbol, we can write a single expression that eliminates the "±"
ambiguity:
d 1
(sec −1 x) =
dx |x|√𝑥 2 − 1

If u is a differentiable function of x with |u| > 1, we have the formula:

𝐝 𝟏 𝐝𝐮
(𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝐮) = |𝐮| > 𝟏
𝐝𝐱 |𝐮|√𝐮𝟐 − 𝟏 𝐝𝐱

Example 12: Using the Chain Rule and derivative of the arc secant function, find: 5𝑥 4
Solution:
d 1 𝑑𝑢
(sec −1 u) =
dx |u|√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
d 1 𝑑
(sec −1 (5𝑥 4 )) = (5𝑥 4 )
dx |5𝑥 4 |√(5𝑥 4 )2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∗ 20𝑥 3
5𝑥 4 √25𝑥 8 − 1
4
=
𝑥√25𝑥 8 − 1
Derivatives of the Other Three
We could use the same techniques to find the derivatives of the other three inverse trigonometric
functions---arccosine, arccotangent, and arccosecant---but there is an easier way, thanks to the
following identities.

Inverse Function-Inverse Cofunction Identities

𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
2
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
2
𝜋
𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑥 = − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥
2
We saw the first of these identities. The others are derived in a similar way. It follows easily that
the derivatives of the inverse cofunctions are the negatives of the derivatives of the corresponding
inverse functions. For example, the derivative of cos-1 x is calculated as follows:

d d 𝜋
(cos−1 𝑥) = ( − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)
dx dx 2
d 1
= − (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = −
dx √1 − 𝑥 2

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Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

The derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions are summarized in Table below:

Derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions

d 1 du
1. (sin−1 u) = √1−u2 dx , |u| < 1
dx

d 1 du
2. (cos−1 u) = − √1−u2 dx , |u| < 1
dx

d 1 du
3. (tan−1 u) =
dx 1+u2 dx

d 1 du
4. (cot −1 u) = − 1+u2 dx
dx

d 1 du
5. (sec −1 u) = |u| > 1
dx |u|√u2 −1 dx

d 1 du
6. (𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 u) = − |u|√u2 |u| > 1
dx −1 dx

Integration Formulas
The derivative formulas in the Table above yield three useful integration formulas in Table below.
The formulas are readily verified by differentiating the functions on the right-band sides.

Integrals evaluated with inverse trigonometric functions

The following formulas hold for any constant a ≠ 0
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
1. ∫ √𝑎2 2 = sin−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐
−𝑢

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
2. ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑢2 = 𝑎 tan−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
3. ∫ = 𝑎 sec −1 |𝑎| + 𝑐
𝑢√𝑢2 −𝑎2

√3⁄2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 13: Evaluate: (a) ∫√2⁄2 √1−𝑥 2
(b) ∫ √3−4𝑥2 (c) ∫ √𝑒 2𝑥
−6

Solution:
√3⁄2 𝑑𝑥 2 ⁄ √3 √2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) ∫√2⁄2 √1−𝑥 2
= sin−1 𝑥]√3
√2⁄2
= sin−1 ( 2 ) − sin−1 ( 2 ) = 3 − 4 = 12
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢 1 2𝑥
(b) ∫ √3−4𝑥 2 = 2 ∫ √𝑎2 2 = 2 sin−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐 = 2 sin−1 ( ) + 𝑐
−𝑢 √3

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Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Calculus I

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢 1 𝑒𝑥
(c) ∫ √𝑒 2𝑥 −6 = ∫ 𝑢√𝑢2 −𝑎2 = 𝑎 sec −1 |𝑎| + 𝑐 = √6 sec −1 |√6| + 𝑐

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 14: Evaluate: (a) ∫ √4𝑥−𝑥 2 (b) ∫ 4𝑥 2+4𝑥+2

Solution:
a) 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = −(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥) = −(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) + 4 = 4 − (x − 2)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
∫ =∫ 2
=∫
√4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 4 − (x − 2) √𝑎2 − 𝑢2
𝑢 x−2
= sin−1 ( ) + 𝑐 = sin−1 ( )+𝑐
𝑎 2
b) We complete the square on the binomial 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2 :
1 4
4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2 = 4(𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 2 = 4 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + ) + 2 −
4 4
1 2
= 4 (𝑥 + ) + 1 = (2𝑥 + 1)2 + 1
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2 =∫ = ∫ 2
4𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 2 (2𝑥 + 1) + 1 2 𝑎 + 𝑢2
2

1 1 𝑢 1
= ∗ tan−1 ( ) + 𝑐 = tan−1 (2𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐
2 𝑎 𝑎 2
HomeWorks:
1. Find the derivative of y with respect to the appropriate variable.
a) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥 2 )
1
b) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥)

c) 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √2 𝑡
d) 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)
e) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑒 −𝑡 )
2. Evaluate the integrals:
𝑑𝑥
a) ∫ √9−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
b) ∫
𝑥√25𝑥 2 −2
2 𝑑𝑡
c) ∫0 √8+2𝑡 2

−√2⁄3 𝑑𝑦
d) ∫−2⁄3
𝑦√9𝑦 2 −1
𝑑𝑥
e) ∫ 1+(3𝑥+1)2

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